Name: Amey Y.

Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

Exp no:02

EXPERIMENT 2: BLOCK DIAGRAM REDUCTION TECHNIQUE

AIM: Study of different MATLAB functions for Block Diagram Reduction and obtaining the
overall transfer function.

REQUIREMENT: MATLAB software

THEORY:

The functions used to obtain the transfer function of given block diagram by simplification are
as follows:

1. Parallel

2. Series

3. Feedback

1. Parallel

The syntax of the above-mentioned function is

“system= parallel(numsystem1,densystem1,numsystem2,densystem2)”

“system= parallel(system1, system2)”

sys1=system1 & sys2=system2

This function connects the two given systems in parallel and gives the output accordingly. It is
applicable when both the given functions are continuous or discrete LTI systems. The use of
this function results in addition of the two systems y=system1+system2

2. Series

The syntax of the above-mentioned function, series, is

“system=series(numsystem1,densystem1,numsystem2,densystem2)”
“system=series(system1,system2)”
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 ExpB1-05
NEIL ANCHAN, no:02

This function connects the two given systems in series and gives the output accordingly. It is
applicable when both the given functions are continuous or discrete LTI systems. The use of
this function results in multiplication of the two systems y= system1 * system2

3. Feedback

The syntax of the function feedback is

“system=feedback(system1,system2,+1)” OR
“system=feedback(system1,system2,-1)”

Here the first system is the main system, and the second system is feedback provided.
By default, system=feedback (system1, system2) means negative feedback.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

1. To construct block diagrams in Matlab Simulink, obtain the simplified transfer function by
solving them using Block Diagram Reduction Technique and view the system response when
subjected to sinusoidal input.
(i) Transfer function:

s^2 + 7 s + 10
---------------------
s^3 + 6 s^2 + 6 s + 2
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02
NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

(ii) Transfer function:

s^3 + 3 s^2 + 2 s
-----------------------------------------
s^5 + 15 s^4 + 58 s^3 + 85 s^2 + 42 s + 2

2. Write a MATLAB program to obtain the overall transfer function of given block diagrams
using block diagram reduction functions.

(i) System 1
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Exp no:02

PROGRAM 1:
clc
n1=[4];
d1=[1,4,0];
[n2,d2]=cloop(n1,d1,-1)
H2=tf(n2,d2)
display(H2)
n3=[1,1.2];
d3=[0,0,1];
n4=[1,0.8];
d4=[0,0,1];
[n5,d5]=parallel(n3,d3,n4,d4)
H5=tf(n5,d5)
display(H5)
[n6,d6]=feedback(n2,d2,n5,d5,-1)
H6=tf(n6,d6)
display(H6)

Output:
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN,
Exp B1-05
no:02

(ii) System 2

PROGRAM 2:
clc
n1=[1,0];
d1=[0,1];
n2=[4];
d2=[0,1];
[n3,d3]= parallel (n1,d1,n2,d2)
H3=tf(n3,d3);
display(H3)
n4=[0,1];
d4=[1,2,0];
[n5,d5]=series (n3,d3,n4,d4)
H5=tf(n5,d5);
display(H5)
n6=[0.5];
d6=[1];
[n7,d7]=feedback(n5,d5,n6,d6,-1)
H7=tf(n7,d7)
display(H7)
[n8,d8]=cloop(n7,d7,-1)
H8=tf(n8,d8)
display(H8)
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02
NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

Output: NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

CONCLUSION: We have successfully performed the experiment for obtaining the overall
transfer function of the given block diagrams, by block diagram simplification. For the block
diagram reduction/simplification we used the functions parallel (), series (), feedback (), etc.,
which finally gave us the final simplified transfer function.
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Exp no:02

QUESTIONS:

1. Why is block diagram representation of a dynamic system important?

→ The advantages of the block diagram representation of a system are that it is easy to
form the overall block diagram for the entire system by merely connecting the blocks of
the components according to the signal flow and that it is possible to evaluate the
contribution of each component to the overall performance of the system.
In general, the functional operation of the system can be visualized more readily by
examining the block diagram than by examining the physical system itself.
It should be noted that in a block diagram the main source of energy is not explicitly
shown and that the block diagram of a given system is not unique. A number of different
block diagrams can be drawn for a system, depending on the point of view of the analysis.
• Provide a high-level graphical representation of real-world systems, as in the
figure below
• Understand the relationship and interdependencies among different parts of a
system, such as a house heating system
• Analyze dynamic system behavior in time and frequency domains

2. Define: (a) Take off point (b) Summing point

→ Summing Point.

Referring to Figure , a circle with a cross is the symbol that indicates a summing operation.
The plus or minus sign at each arrowhead indicates whether that signal is to be added or
subtracted. It is important that the quantities being added or subtracted have the same
dimensions and the same units.

→Take-off Point

The take-off point is a point from which the same input signal can be passed through
more than one branch. That means with the help of take-off point, we can apply the same
input to one or more blocks, summing points.
In the following figure, the take-off point is used to connect the same input, R(s) to two
more blocks.
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Exp no:02

3. Why block diagram reduction is necessary for any given control system?
→A complicated block diagram involving many feedback loops can be simplified by a
step-by-step rearrangement. Simplification of the block diagram by rearrangements
considerably reduces the labor needed for subsequent mathematical analysis. It should
be noted, however, that as the block diagram is simplified, the transfer functions in new
blocks become more complex because new poles and new zeros are generated.

4. List out the rules for block diagram reduction.

→Follow these rules for simplifying (reducing) the block diagram, which is having many
blocks, summing points and take-off points.
• Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
• Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
• Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
• Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it towards
right.
• Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it towards
left.
• Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single block.
Note − The transfer function present in this single block is the transfer function of the
overall block diagram.
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02
NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

EXPERIMENT NAME 2(B): An Introduction to MATLAB and Simulink.

AIM: Study of MATLAB and SIMULINK TOOL for Control Systems.

PROBLEM STATEMENT: (i) Write a MATLAB program to plot the pole-zero plot of a
given transfer function,
1. H(s) =(s+2)/(s^2+4s+5)

2. H(s) = (8s^2+56s+96)/(s^4+4s^3+9s^2+10s)

(ii) Draw the given block diagrams on Simulink and obtain the overall transfer function on
MATLAB.

REQUIREMENTS: MATLAB

THOERY: Simulink is used to model analyse and simulate dynamic systems using block
diagrams. It is fully integrated with MATLAB, easy to learn and flexible. It has
comprehensive block library which can be used to simulate linear, non-linear, or discrete
systems-excellent research tools. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable block
libraries, and solvers for modelling and simulating dynamic systems. The models are
hierarchical in nature. This approach provides insight into how a model is organized and how
its parts interact components, and connectors. C codes can be generated from Simulink
models for embedded applications and rapid prototyping of control systems. It is integrated
with MATLAB, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export
simulation results to MATLAB for further analysis. Simulink is able to numerically
approximate the solutions to mathematical models that we are unable to, or don't wish to,
solve "by hand” thus it allows us to analyse the response of complicated systems, quickly that
may be prohibitively difficult to analyse analytically; which is one of the advantages of
Simulink.

The basic commands used in the MATLAB code below are as follows:

1. tf:

It is used to create a transfer function model or to convert to transfer function model . It’s
syntax is - sys = tf (num,den).

2. pzmap:

This command is used for plotting the poles and zeroes of a given continuous or a
discontinuous time-dynamic system. The functions sgrid or zgrid are used to plot lines of
constant damping ratio and natural frequency in the s- or z-plane. Its syntax is - pzmap
(sys)Control system Experiments
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Exp no:02

→EXP 2B1:

PROGRAM:
clc; n=[1,2];
d=[1,4,5];
H=tf (n,d);
pzmap (H);
printsys(n,d);
grid on;
num/den =

s+2
-------------
s^2 + 4 s + 5

OUTPUT:
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02
NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

→EXP2 B2:

PROGRAM:
clc;
n=[8,56,96];
d=[1,4,9,10,0];
H=tf(n,d);
pzmap(H);
printsys(n,d);
grid on;

num/den =

8 s^2 + 56 s + 96
--------------------------
s^4 + 4 s^3 + 9 s^2 + 10

OUTPUT:
 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02

EXP 2 B3:

OUTPUT:
 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02

EXP 2 B4:

OUTPUT:
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Exp no:02
NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05

EXP 2 B 5

OUTPUT:
 NEIL ANCHAN, B1-05
Name: Amey Y. Jadhav Roll No:20 Exp no:02

CONCLUSION: In this experiment, using the MATLAB 2011(b) software, we have plotted
the pole-zero plot for the given system with the help of the commands like tf() and
pzmap().We also used SIMULINK which is included within MATLAB to construct block
diagrams and to simplify them ,to obtain a simplified transfer function.