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    Physics

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    Rajat Anand
    The document discusses various topics related to rotational and translational motion including types of motion, moment of force, torque, types of moments, uniform circular motion, and centripetal and centrifugal forces. It also provides the formulas and principles for moment, torque, and equilibrium as well as examples of numerical problems.

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    Physics

    Uploaded by

    Rajat Anand
    289 views162 pages
    The document discusses various topics related to rotational and translational motion including types of motion, moment of force, torque, types of moments, uniform circular motion, and centripetal and centrifugal forces. It also provides the formulas and principles for moment, torque, and equilibrium as well as examples of numerical problems.

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    The document discusses various topics related to rotational and translational motion including types of motion, moment of force, torque, types of moments, uniform circular motion, and centripetal and centrifugal forces. It also provides the formulas and principles for moment, torque, and equilibrium as well as examples of numerical problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    289 views162 pages

    Physics

    Uploaded by

    Rajat Anand
    The document discusses various topics related to rotational and translational motion including types of motion, moment of force, torque, types of moments, uniform circular motion, and centripetal and centrifugal forces. It also provides the formulas and principles for moment, torque, and equilibrium as well as examples of numerical problems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 162

    TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

    • Translational motion:
    All points of moving body move uniformly in the same line or
    direction.
    Example: Moving car

    • Rotational motion:
    Object spins about a fixed axis
    Example: merry go round
    MOMENT OF FORCE (OR TORQUE)

    • A force(turning effect) which causes the object


    to rotate about an axis
    • Formula
    • Torque = force × perpendicular distance between the application of force and turning
    point
    FORMULA TO MEMORISE

    SI unit of torque: Nm (newton metre)


    TYPES OF MOMENT

    • NOTE: Knowing types is important to solve numerical problems in this chapter


    SI UNIT AND SIGN OF COUPLE

    • SI unit: Nm (newton metre)


    • Sign:
    Clockwise – negative
    Anticlockwise – positive
    EQUILIBRIUM

    • A object has a state of balance or a stable situation even if the external


    force applied on it. [In the given diagram, forces are applied on both the
    sides. But the see-saw is balanced. So, see-saw is in equilibrium]
    PRINCIPLE OF MOMENT

    • Sum of all anticlockwise moments= Sum of all clockwise


    moments
    (Or)
    • The algebraic sum of moments of various forces= 0
    Note: This principle is important to solve numerical problems in
    this chapter
    PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS EXPLANATION
    CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF REGULAR OBJECTS

    • Geometric centre will be the centre of gravity of regular


    objects
    TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

    • Translational motion:
    All points of moving body move uniformly in the same line or
    direction.
    Example: Moving car

    • Rotational motion:
    Object spins about a fixed axis
    Example: merry go round
    UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

    • Motion of an object in a circular path


    with a uniform speed is called uniform
    circular motion.
    • This is an accelerated motion. Reason:
    Object will have same speed. But it has to
    change direction. So, velocity changes.
    That’s why this is an accelerated motion.
    CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

    CENTRIPETAL CENTRIFUGAL
    • Force required to move an object • An imaginary force that appears
    uniformly along a circular path. to act on a body moving in a
    • Always acts towards the centre of circular motion due to inertia.
    the circle • Appears to act outward of the
    circle (directed away from the
    centre).
    NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

    Click the link below

    • http://www.docbrown.info/ephysics/forces5.htm
    Simple Machines and it’s function

     Simple machine- simple tool which


    can be handled manually
     Functions:
     Force multiplier
     Change the direction of force
    applied
     Change the point of application of
    force
     Speed multiplier
    MOMENT OF FORCE (OR TORQUE)

    • A force(turning effect) which causes the object


    to rotate about an axis
    • Formula
    • Torque = force × perpendicular distance between the application of force and turning
    point
    Difference between ideal and actual
    machine

    Ideal Machine Actual Machine


     There is no wastage of  There is wastage
    energy (dissipation) of energy
     Output is equal to input  Output is not equal to
     Efficiency is 100% input

     No machine in this world  Efficiency is less than


    is an ideal machine 100%
     All machines in this world
    is actual machine
    Relation between M.A, V.R and ŋ
    Levers and it’s principle

     Lever is a rigid bar resting on a pivot(fixed


    point)

    Principle of lever:
     Lever works on the principle of moments.
    Kinds of levers
    Difference between each levers
    First class Second class Third class
    Fulcrum at centre Load at centre Effort at centre

    M.A (or) V.R may >1 Effort arm always Effort arm always
    (or) =1 (or) <1 longer. So, M.A and shorter,, So, M.A
    V.R >1 and V. R <1
    Can be force
    multiplier or speed Force multiplier Speed multiplier
    multiplier or
    direction changer
    Pulleys

     Used to lift heavy loads

     Types:
    1. Single fixed pulley
    2. Single movable pulley
    3. Combination of pulleys
    4. Block and tackle system
    Details of Load, Effort, M.A and V.R Of all pulleys

    Single fixed pulley Single movable Combination of


    pulley pulleys
    L = T (T-Tension) L= 2T (n= Number of
    E= T pulleys)
    E=T L= nT
    M.A<2 (for actual) E= T
    M.A <1 (for actual) M.A =2 (for ideal)
    M.A < n (for actual)
    M.A =1 (for ideal) V.R = 2 M.A = n (for ideal)
    V.R = n
    V.R =1 [When you pull [When you pull
    the effort by ‘d’ effort by ‘d’
    distance, load distance, load
    will raise ‘d/2’ will raise ‘d/n’
    distance] distance]
    Note
     You can expect give reason questions on the
    topic ‘Lever’ – (7th slide)

     You can expect diagram or numerical problems


    on the topic ‘Pulleys’

     9th slide is very important to solve numerical


    problems in this chapter. (Try to learn by heart)
    WORK
    • Work is said to be done when force is applied on the object and
    the object moves.
    • Two conditions should be satisfied for the work to be done
     Force should act on the object
     There should be a displacement of the object

    Work done (W) = Fs cosθ


    F- Force, s- displacement
    W = Fs cosθ
    • Case I:
    θ= 0° ( ‘F’ and ‘s’ in same direction)
    W= Fs cos 0° , W=Fs
    • Case II:
    θ= 180° (‘F’ and ‘s’ are in opposite direction)
    W= Fs cos 180° , W= -Fs
    • Case III:
    θ= 90° (‘F’ and ‘s’ are in perpendicular direction)
    W= Fs cos 90° , W= 0
    UNITS OF WORK

    • SI Unit
    joule
    1 joule = 1 Nm
    • CGS Unit
    erg
    1 erg= 1 dyne × 1 cm
    ENERGY

    • Anything having a capability to do work is said to


    possess energy

    • SI Unit : joule
    • CGS Unit : erg
    • Other units: calorie, electron volt
    POWER
    •It is a measure of rate of doing work

    •SI unit: watt (W)

    •Other units: erg s-1, horse power


    KINETIC ENERGY, POTENTIAL ENERGY

    • Formulae for both the energies are important


    TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

    •Refer page 69 (table) in book

    •This can be asked in one words


    LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

    • Statement of law: Energy can neither be created nor be


    destroyed but it can be converted from one form to
    another
    • Sum of potential energy and kinetic energy is constant-----
    video link:
    HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=BGAJZU3HVRG
    Learn the following:
    1. Learn the refraction through glass block. (Page: 93)
    2. Learn the following questions from ‘Illustrative
    questions’ in book. Page: 111
    2, 3, 4, 15, 27, 28, 29, 32, 37, 40, 55, 58, 61
    Learn the following questions in book:
    Illustrative questions (Page: 80)
    5, 7, 8, 18, 19, 34, 39, 42, 46, 50
    Refraction of Light
    Laws of refraction
     The incident ray, reflected ray and the
    normal, to the interface of any two
    given mediums; all lie in the same
    plane.
     The ratio of the sine of the angle of
    incidence and sine of the angle of
    refraction is constant.
     Snell’s Law: The ratio of the sine of the
    angle of incidence to the sine of the
    angle of refraction is a constant for the
    light of given colour and for the given
    pair of media.
    Speed of light in different
    media
    Denser medium- speed less

    Rarer medium - speed high


    Refractive index
    Refractive index

    Relative Refractive
    Index
    Note: Learn
    Refractive indices
    of water, glass
    and diamond.
    Page No: 90 (In
    Book)
    Real and apparent depth
    Refraction through prism
    Total internal reflection
    The complete reflection of a light ray reaching an
    interface with a less dense medium when the angle
    of incidence exceeds the critical angle.
    Critical angle

    Critical angle is the angle of the incidence in the


    optically denser medium for which the angle of
    refraction in rarer medium is 90°
    Total internal reflection of glass prism

    Refer book for the total internal reflection


    of different types of prism. Page: 102-
    104

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