COMMUNITY PLANNING DEVELOPMENT

THE PROCESS
What Do We Mean by
Development?
Because the term development may mean
different things to different people, it is
important that we have some working
definition or core perspective on its
meaning.
Traditional Economic
Measures
gross national income (GNI) - The total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents
of a country. It comprises gross domestic product (GDP) plus factor incomes accruing to
residents from abroad, less the income earned in the domestic economy accruing to
persons abroad.
accruing=sum

income per capita

gross domestic product (GDP) - The total final output of goods and services produced
by the country’s economy, within the country’s territory, by residents and nonresidents,
regardless of its allocation between domestic and foreign claims.
The New Economic View of Development

The experience of the first decades of post–World War II and

postcolonial development in the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s,
when many developing nations did reach their economic growth
targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained
for the most part unchanged, signaled that something was very
wrong with this narrow definition of development.
 poverty
unemployment
inequality

The questions to ask about a country’s development are therefore: What

has been happening to poverty? What has been happening to
unemployment? What has been happening to inequality? If all three of
these have declined from high levels, then beyond doubt this has been a
period of development for the country concerned. If one or two of these
central problems have been growing worse, especially if all three have,
it would be strange to call the result “development” even if per capita
income doubled.
- Dudley Sears
Development must therefore be conceived of as
a multidimensional process involving major
changes in social structures, popular attitudes,
and national institutions, as well as the
acceleration of economic growth, the
reduction of inequality, and the eradication of
poverty.
 Amartya Sen’s “Capability”
Approach
Sen argues that poverty cannot be
properly measured by income or even
by utility as conventionally understood;
what matters fundamentally is not the
things a person has—or the feelings
these provide—but what a person is, or
can be, and does, or can do. What
matters for well-being is not just the
characteristics of commodities
consumed, as in the utility approach, “ functionings”
but what use the consumer can and What people do or can do with
does make of commodities. the commodities of given
characteristics that they come to
possess or control.
Capabilities

The freedoms that people have, given their

personal features and their command over
commodities.

Sen’s perspective helps explain why development economists have

placed so much emphasis on health and education, and more
recently on social inclusion and empowerment, and have referred to
countries with high levels of income but poor health and education
standards as cases of “growth without development.”

For Sen, human “well-being” means being well, in the basic sense of
being
healthy, well nourished, well clothed, literate, and long-lived, and
more
broadly, being able to take part in the life of the community, being
mobile, and having freedom of choice in what one can become and
Development and Happiness
 Three Core Values of Development

Sustenance Self-esteem
The basic goods and services, such feeling of worthiness that a society
as food,clothing, and shelter, that are enjoys when its social, political, and
necessary to sustain an average economic systems and institutions
human being at the bare minimum promote human values such as respect,
level of living. dignity, integrity, and self-determination.

Freedom
A situation in which a society has at
its disposal a variety of alternatives
from which to satisfy its wants and
individuals enjoy
real choices according to their
preferences.
The Central Role of
Women
The Three Objectives of Development

1. To increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life-sustaining

goods such as food, shelter, health, and protection

2. To raise levels of living, including, in addition to higher incomes, the provision

of more jobs, better education, and greater attention to cultural and
human values, all of which will serve not only to enhance material wellbeing
but also to generate greater individual and national self-esteem

3. To expand the range of economic and social choices available to

individuals and
nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence, not only in relation
to other people and nation-states, but also to the forces of ignorance
and human misery
ASSET-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
• The idea is to build capacity within a
community – to build and strengthen a
community’s assets.

• Focuses on a community’s strengths

and assets\community’s capacity
rather than on its deficits.

• For instance, rather than focusing on

missing small businesses, this approach
would focus on existing small
businesses and their success.
Phillips, R. & Pittman, R. (2009) AN
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
ASSET-BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
• The idea is to build capacity within a
community – to build and strengthen a
community’s assets.

• Focuses on a community’s strengths

and assets\community’s capacity
rather than on its deficits.

• For instance, rather than focusing on

missing small businesses, this approach
would focus on existing small
businesses and their success.
Phillips, R. & Pittman, R. (2009) AN
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Assessing Local Needs and Resources
Why assess needs and resources?
1. It will help you gain a deeper understanding of the community.
2. It will help determine how to address the needs of a particular
underserved or neglected group.
3. To determine the impact, intensity, and distribution of a particular
issue, to inform strategies for approaching it.
4. It will encourage community members to consider the community's
assets and how to use them, as well as the community's needs and
how to address them.
5. It will help you make decisions about priorities for program or
system improvement.
6. Eliminating unpleasant surprises down the road.
7. As a guide to advocacy efforts or policy change.

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Assessing Local Needs and Resources
When should needs and assets be identified?

• Prior to planning the initiative.

• This gives coalition members, community leaders, and those
being served an idea of how to improve their circumstances.

• During implementation of an initiative.

• Identifying needs and assets during the life of the initiative helps
you use your own resources well, and ensures that you're
addressing the right issues in the right way.

• On an ongoing basis. During monitoring and evaluation, either

ongoing or after the completion of a project

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Community assessment topics
Physical • Lack of governmental “red tape”
• Transportation system • Tax rates on business
• Public Infrastructure • First-rate scientific community in area
• Urban Structure • Strong existing businesses

Social Human
• Quality health care • Broad-based “can-do spirit”
• Public spaces & buildings • Desire for development
• Safety & security • Competitive wage rate/salary rates
• Housing • Labor availability
• Education system • Quality of workforce
• Labor climate
Economic
• Low cost of living Environment
• Quality and competitiveness of public • Natural resources
utilities • Natural features
• Availability of water and waste systems • Flora Fauna
• Telecommunications Phillips, R. & Pittman, R. (2009) AN
• Available commercial buildings INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
What types of information needed
Community-Level Indicators
• All the community-level indicators you use, however,
should have some things in common.
• They should be:

 Relevant
 Available
 Usable in practice
 Statistically measurable
 Logically or scientifically defensible Reliable
 Leading - “Leading indicators” tell you what’s coming.
If they change, it usually means that the rest of that
category will make the same changes soon.
 Policy-relevant

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Community-Level Indicators Samples
Health
• Wellness promotion and health maintenance
 Percentage of adults people with a Primary Care Provider
 Average number of prenatal doctor visits for pregnant women
 Shelf space devoted to healthy and/or organic products and foods
in supermarkets
 The mileage of bike paths and hiking/running trails, compared to
road miles in the community
 Number of practicing primary care providers
 Patient to primary care provider ratio
 Availability of ambulance and emergency medical services,
particularly in rural areas
 Infant mortality rate, low-birthweight babies, babies with fetal
alcohol syndrome, etc.

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Community-Level Indicators Samples
Human services and education

 Number of families that are below the poverty line

 Frequency of child abuse and neglect
 Number of 16-and-under youth seeking family planning services
 The percentage of people in the community who are unemployed
 The percentage of adults in the community lacking high school
diplomas
 Availability of public transportation
 School status: dropout rate, number of children in grades 3-12
more than one grade level behind in reading or math
 Class size, age and condition of public school buildings, teacher
pay scale, amount spent per pupil, and other indications of
community commitment to education

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Community-Level Indicators Samples
Community development (Economic)

 The number of new businesses starting annually

 The average income level
 The average education level
 The unemployment rate
 Local revenue from taxes and fees
 The average commute to work for local residents
 Average housing prices
 The percentage of people who are below the poverty line, homeless, or
receiving public assistance

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Community-Level Indicators Samples
Environment

 The amount and condition of open space in the community

 Amount of protected land in the community
 The quality and adequacy of drinking water in the community Air quality
in the community
 Availability and ease of recycling of paper, plastic, hazardous waste, and
metal for both households and business/industry
 Level of regulation and enforcement of environmental standards for
business and industry
 Number of families vulnerable to landslides/floods

Community Tool Box. https://ctb.ku.edu/en

Data-collection methods
• Research secondary data
• Windshield survey
• Foot survey
• Key informant interviews
• Community meetings
• Focus group meetings
• Questionnaires and opinion surveys

Phillips, R. & Pittman, R. (2009) AN

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Assessment Data or Information
Secondary Data

• Local & Regional Government Agencies offices (DENR, DA,

DOT, DOE, PAGASA, DTI, PSA, DPWH)

• Local & Regional Government Agencies Websites

• Local Government Units (City hall, Municipal Hall, Local

MPDO)-Comprehensive Land Use Plan

• Local heath centers

• Existing studies, researches

 Existing Situation
 Foot survey
 Area inspection done on foot (walking).
 Recommended for high-density areas
 Produces precise survey checks,
specifically for the urban areas or
poblaciones.
 Windshield survey
 Systematic observation while riding a
vehicle.
 A rapid survey of the project area.
 Useful when the area of concern is large.

HLURB (2013), CLUP Guidebook: A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Planning

 Existing Situation
 Gathering of Secondary Data
 Data that have been already collected.
 Data from other sources.
 Possible data needed:
o Maps
o Google maps
o Satellite maps
o NAMRIA maps
o Geo-hazard maps
o Journals
o Reports
o Articles
o Web resources
o Georeferenced data https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-
and-resources/windshield-walking-surveys/main
 Existing Situation
 What to examine while doing a Foot survey or
a Windshield survey?
 Buildings & Housing
 Public Spaces
 Culture & Entertainment
 Streetscape
 Commercial Activity
 Land Use
 Traffic & Transportation
 Environmental Quality
 Differences among Neighborhoods
 Impression of the community
 Outputs:
 Geotagged Images
 Sketches
 Journal/Report https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-
and-resources/windshield-walking-surveys/main