ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM FOR STUDENT ORGANIZATION

AMONG STUDENTS OF TRIMEX COLLEGES

A Software Engineering
Project Presented to
The Faculty of Trimex Colleges

By:

Genita, Alvin F.
Martinez, Bon Henly C.
Masindo, John Erick M.

April 2023
 Table of Contents

Title Page i

Table of Contents ii

Appendix iii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Chapter

1 The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction 1

Conceptual Model 4

Objectives of the Study 5

Assumption of the Study 5

Scope and Delimitation of the Study 6

Significance of the Study 7

Definition of Terms 8

2 Review of Related Literature

State of the Art 11

Related Literature and Studies 11

Synthesis of the Review Literature 27

Gaps and Bridged by the Presented Study 28

ii
3 Research Methodology

Research Design 30

Sources of Data 34

Population and Sampling 35

Research Instrument 35

Data Gathering Procedure 42

Statistical Treatment of Data 44

System Design 49

System Block Diagram 49

System Flowchart Diagram 51

System Development 53

4 References 58

iii
Appendix

A Request Letters

B Research Consultation Form

C Research Survey Form

D Research Interview form and Result

E System Quality Evaluation Form ISO/IEC 25010

F Gantt Chart

G Photographs

H User’s Manual

I Program Listings

J Turnitin Originality Check System Certification

L Curriculum Vitae

iv
 List of Figures

Figure

1 Conceptual Model 4

2 Software Development Cycle 32

3 ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model 36

4 ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model in Used 38

5 System Block Diagram 49

6 System Flowchart 51

7 Visual Studio Code 53

8 React 54

9 MySQL Workbench 55

10 JavaScript 56

v
 List of Tables

Table

1 Likert Scale of the Level of Reliability of the System 40

2 Likert Scale of the Level of Efficiency of the System 41

3 Likert Scale of the Level of Convenience of the System 42

4 System Hardware and Software Requirements 46

5 JavaScript System Requirements 47

6 MySQL Workbench System Requirements 47

7 React System Requirements 48

8 Visual Studio Code System Requirements 48

vi
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Online voting systems have become increasingly popular in

recent years, with many organizations and institutions adopting them

as a means of conducting democratic processes in a more efficient and

convenient manner. In this research, we will focus on the

implementation of an online voting system for student organizations

among the students of Trimex Colleges. This system will allow for a

more democratic and transparent approach to student organization

elections, as well as the ability to conduct referendums and polls in a

more efficient and timely manner. The aim of this research is to

explore the benefits and challenges of implementing an online voting

system for student organizations at Trimex Colleges and to provide

recommendations for its successful implementation.

Online voting is a method of voting that allows voters to cast

their ballots electronically using the internet, typically through a secure

web portal or mobile application. It has been used in various countries

around the world as a means of increasing accessibility and

convenience for voters, particularly for those who may have difficulty

accessing physical polling stations. However, the use of online voting

 2

systems is complex and controversial issue, with concerns surrounding

their security, reliability, and potential for interference. Switzerland is

another country that has experimented with online voting, with a

number of cantons (states) allowing citizens to vote electronically in

local and national elections. However, concerns over security and

reliability led the Swiss government to suspend online voting in federal

elections in 2019 (Swissinfo, 2019). In the United States, some states

have also experimented with online voting in local elections, primarily

for military and overseas voters. However, the use of online voting has

been limited due to concerns over security and the potential for

hacking and other forms of interference (Pew Research Center, 2018).

Vote counting machines have drawn controversy and criticism

in the Philippines despite assurances to the contrary that they are

more accurate and efficient than hand counting. The security and

dependability of electronic voting methods, especially the recently

utilized vote counting machines, have been a source of worry for

proponents of electoral reform. In actuality, there have been instances

of malfunctions or erroneous results from voting machines in previous

elections. To maintain the accuracy and transparency of the voting

process in an automated system, it is crucial to have the right

technology, security precautions, processes, laws, and regulations.

(Vitangol, 2023)
 3

The propose system will be use in Trimex Colleges with the

estimated number of students of 3000. The correct voting process must

be chosen for student of Trimex Colleges council elections because

everyone on campus should be able to participate. Voting online can

help boost turnout and boost the credibility of the election. An internet-

connected device is all that is required to cast an online ballot. As the

election manager, you can choose how to distribute the election results,

deliver voter information, and make the electoral roll available.

The adoption of an online voting system for student organizations

in Trimex Colleges aligns with the global trend towards using

technology to improve the election process. The implementation of an

online voting system for student organizations among the students of

Trimex Colleges has the potential to increase efficiency, transparency,

and security in the democratic process. This research will explore the

benefits and challenges of implementing such a system and provide

recommendations for its successful implementation. The success of

local governments in the Philippines in using online voting systems for

local elections suggests that it is a feasible option for Trimex Colleges.

 4

Conceptual Model

Figure1. The conceptual model of the study.

Figure 1 shows how the system will operate; the system will send

an email that is registered in the database of Trimex Colleges which

contain a link. The link will take the user to the online voting website.

The user needs to sign up and verify his/ger credentials. After the

verification the user needs to sign in for be avail to vote. The system will

display the GUI of election announcement, candidates’ profile, voting

and live result. The system will allow the authorized users to cast their

votes electronically through a web-based interface. The user interface

will be intuitive, user-friendly, and accessible to all users. The system

will automatically count the votes and generate the results. The student

organizations will have access to the results and will be able to analyze

the data for further decision-making.

 5

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design and implement an

online voting system for the student council elections in Trimex

Colleges. Specific objectives include:

1. To develop an automated voting system for Trimex Colleges

Student Organizations.

2. To determine the level of acceptance and willingness of

students to use an online voting system for student

organization elections.

3. To assess the security, reliability and convenience of the

online voting system.

Assumption of the Study

The study focused on the assumptions listed below, which are

specified in the objectives.

1. The program should be able to handle a large volume of

users and provide quick and accurate results.

2. The program should also be easy to navigate and use, with

clear instructions and guidelines for students to follow.

3. The implementation of an online voting system will increase

student participation in student organization elections

 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on the feasibility of implementing an online

voting system for student organization elections at Trimex Colleges. The

study will only cover the perceptions and attitudes of students towards

the use of an online voting system. The study will not assess the

effectiveness of the student organization's leadership or the impact of the

online voting system on student engagement.

The study will focus on the technical, legal, and social aspects of

online voting, including the security and reliability of the system, the

compliance with relevant laws and regulations, and the acceptance and

trust of the stakeholders.

While online voting has the potential to increase voter participation

and streamline the voting process, it also presents significant challenges

and concerns that must be addressed. Some of the limitations and

delimitations of online voting include issues related to security, privacy,

accessibility, and the potential for fraud or manipulation. Additionally,

online voting may not be feasible or practical for all elections,

particularly those with limited resources or technical infrastructure.

Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the advantages and

 7

disadvantages of online voting before implementing it in any particular

context.

Significance of the study

The Researchers believes that this study would benefit the following:

Senior High School and College Students of Trimex Colleges: The

online voting system for student organizations can significantly

benefit the students of Trimex Colleges by providing them with a

more efficient and accessible method for participating in the

democratic process. The system would eliminate the need to

physically attend polling stations, which would reduce the time

and effort required to participate in elections.

Trimex Colleges: The implementation of an online voting system for

student organizations can benefit Trimex Colleges by improving

the efficiency and accuracy of the election process. The system

would also enhance the transparency and legitimacy of the

results, which would increase the trust and confidence of the

student body in the democratic process. Additionally, the system

can help the college to save resources and time required for

traditional paper-based voting

Researcher: This study can be significant for researchers in the field of

information technology, as it can provide valuable information

about the potential benefits and challenges of implementing an

 8

online voting system for student organizations. The study can

also serve as a reference point for future research on the

development and implementation of electronic voting systems in

different contexts.

Future Researcher: The study can be significant for future researchers

interested in exploring the benefits and challenges of

implementing an online voting system for student organizations.

It can serve as a guide for conducting similar studies in other

contexts and provide insights into the potential benefits and

limitations of such systems. The study can also inspire future

researchers to explore other innovative solutions to improve the

democratic process in educational institutions.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined in both conceptual and operational

manner.

Website: A website is a collection of related web pages, multimedia

content, and interactive features, accessible through a specific web

address, and hosted on a web server. (W3C, 2021). In the context

of the proposed online voting system for student organizations, a

website refers to the web-based interface that allows eligible voters

to access the online voting platform, view election announcements,

candidate profiles, and cast their votes.

 9

Database: A database is information that is set up for easy access,

management and updating. Computer databases typically store

aggregations of data records or files that contain information,

such as sales transactions, customer data, financials and product

information. Databases are used for storing, maintaining and

accessing any sort of data. They collect information on people,

places or things. That information is gathered in one place so that

it can be observed and analysed. Databases can be thought of as

an organized collection of information (Lutkevich, 2023). In the

context of the proposed system, a database refers to the

structured collection of information on eligible voters, candidates,

election results, and other relevant data that are essential for the

system's operation.

Credentials: Credentials are a set of personal information, such as

usernames, passwords, or security tokens, used to verify a user's

identity and provide access to a system or service (Microsoft,

2021). In the context of the proposed system, credentials refer to

the unique identifiers, such as student ID numbers and

passwords, that eligible voters will use to access the system, verify

their identity, and cast their votes.

 10

Authentication: Authentication is the process of verifying a user's

identity to access a system or service, often through the use of

credentials, biometrics, or other security mechanisms (Techopedia,

n.d.). In the context of the proposed system, authentication refers

to the process of verifying the identity of eligible voters using their

credentials, such as student ID numbers and passwords, to

ensure that only authorized users can access the system and cast

their votes.
 11

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes information on community application and

concepts that has been gathered from books, published papers, local

and worldwide research, blogs, and other research studies so that

researchers will have a solid basis on which to base their research

study. This also covers the current state of knowledge, a summary of

the research, and the knowledge gaps that need to be filled up before

more research can be done.

State of the Art

The State of the Art focuses on the most recent research in a

certain field or on a specific issue. In a certain subject of interest,

current and upcoming educational trends, research agendas, and

standardizations are outlined. This section is to give a critical

assessment of the considerable literature created over the last decade to

give a synthesis of current thinking on the topic.

Evolution of Online Voting

Common to the legal norms, describing what constitutes a

“democratic election” (Suksi, et al. 2018) is the right of every citizen to

participate in genuine periodic elections through universal and equal

suffrage and the right to secret ballots. Nowadays, most elections

 12

around the world use ICT in elections to some degree, at least to

summarize and aggregate the votes.

The first recorded voting procedures occurred in meetings held in

face-to-face societies. The aim of such meetings was to reach

homomonia, a state that would allow the leaders to know their decisions

would be backed by their citizens. They asked assemblies for approval

or disapproval of their decisions, especially when considering whether to

go to war. This acclamation vote proceeded either through raising the

voice or clapping swords, a procedure documented elsewhere in the

Homeric institutions of early Greece or the Viking’s assembly, known as

Thing. In England, the beginning of the nineteenth century saw

increasingly active debate about electoral reform, including the

proposition of abandoning viva voce voting in favor of paper ballots.

Moreover, individuals using the machine could mark the ballot only by

punching holes into it so that they would not unintentionally spoil the

ballot and thus “vote according to their own inclination” However, his

proposal was not successful – in a vote in Parliament on 8 March 1837,

the initiative failed 155 to 267

A Polish-born inventor, Jan Jozef Baranowski, proposed a

mechanical voting machine that supported casting and counting of

 13

votes in polling stations based on the concept of the adding machines in

Paris in 1849. His aim was to minimize human error during counting.

While the origins of the voting machine have been documented in

Europe, it was further developed in the United States. The US presented

an environment that was hospitable to inventors, so they developed

many election-related innovations and patented them in the late

nineteenth century. Such inventions included transparent ballot-boxes

made out of glass or the machines that serialized paper ballots in order

to prevent electoral fraud. Jacob H. Myers’ pull-lever machine was the

first to be used in a legally binding election in Lockport in 1892.

Since the first voting machines appeared, electrical engineering

developed rapidly. Around the world, inventors approached their

respective parliaments to suggest methods of recording votes electrically

(Drechsler, et al. 2020). All e-voting inventions in the nineteenth century

shared the same fate: politicians found them interesting, but they did

not consider them useful enough to pursue, as far as one can gather

from the parliamentary debuts.

The numerous arguments made by politicians can be summed up

by the statement that using these electronic voting machines would

have required altering the current processes with unpredictable results.

 14

With the growing mobility of voters, election administrations were forced

to offer possibilities to participate when voters were not present in their

home constituency on election day (Braun, 2019). The idea of using

electronic means to enable voters to participate outside polling stations

came already during the Second World War. Buckminster Fuller had the

idea of providing every American household with a voting device that

would allow “democracy finally come true”.

According to (Coleman, et al. 2018) Voting technology in its many

forms has been a significant part of elections since their inception.

Notwithstanding the numerous applications for mechanical and

electronic voting technology as stated above, there is still substantial

controversy surrounding the usage of electronic voting machines

globally. Despite being a minority practice, voting online is undoubtedly

becoming more popular.

Voters Authentication

As technology continues to advance, online voting systems have

become more prevalent in universities and colleges. However, the

security of these systems remains a concern, and ensuring the

authentication of voters is a critical component. This essay will discuss

the importance of voter authentication in online voting systems in

 15

universities and colleges, as well as some of the methods used to

authenticate voters.

One of the most common methods of voter authentication in online

voting systems is through the use of usernames and passwords. This

method requires voters to provide a unique username and password

combination to access the voting system. This method has been shown

to be effective in some cases, but it is also vulnerable to attacks such as

password guessing or theft (Zhang et al., 2021).

Another method of voter authentication is the use of two-factor

authentication (2FA), which requires the user to provide two different

forms of identification before being granted access to the voting system.

For example, a voter may be required to enter a password and then

provide a code that is sent to their mobile device. This method has been

shown to be more secure than using passwords alone (Arshad et al.,

2019).

Biometric authentication is another method that has gained

popularity in recent years. This involves using a physical characteristic

of the user, such as their fingerprint or facial recognition, to authenticate

their identity. This method has been shown to be highly secure, but it
 16

can also be costly to implement and may require specialized hardware

(Khan et al., 2020).

Finally, blockchain technology has also been explored as a means

of voter authentication in online voting systems. Blockchain can provide

a decentralized and secure platform for voter authentication, which can

help to prevent fraud and ensure the integrity of the voting process

(Hussain et al., 2021).

Ensuring the authentication of voters in online voting systems in

universities and colleges is crucial to maintaining the integrity of the

voting process. While there are several methods of voter authentication,

it is essential to carefully consider the strengths and weaknesses of

each method before implementation. The use of 2FA, biometric

authentication, and blockchain technology are all promising avenues for

future research and implementation in online voting systems.

Vote Tracking

Voting systems offer faster and more accurate voting and ballot

tabulation, but they present new challenges. Computer programming

experts have focused primarily on election security, calling for

 17

investigation into the possibility that voting systems could be

maliciously compromised and elections rigged. Usability researchers

have focused on the interaction between citizens and voting systems,

pointing out the potential for e-voting systems to reduce voter errors at

the polls

As a result, user interfaces for e-voting systems must be more

robust than many other user interfaces. They must provide simple and

clear instructions, offer graceful recovery from user errors, provide

adequate and detailed feedback regarding the effects of user actions

and they must handle user and system errors and mistakes.

Furthermore, these interfaces must meet all of these requirements for

voters who vary widely in age, skills, physical abilities, education and

cultural background, while guaranteeing confidentiality for all voters.

Voting is a decision-making mechanism in a society and security

is indeed an essential part of voting. The term “electronic voting”

represents the practice of electronic means in voting to safeguard the

security, reliability, and transparency. The crucial role in determining

the result of an election, electronic voting systems should be developed

with the greatest responsibility and security. Electronic voting

machines aid blind users by reading off the instructions using

 18

headphones and also provide essential tools to help people with

disabilities.

Voting Feedback

Voting system designed in this paper, including the realization

principle of the feedback step and the algorithm of the feedback

coefficient. Most of the block chain voting schemes are implemented in

the form of transactions, and transactions are often accompanied by the

value transfer, so the voting results are also a reflection of the benefits

of users. In conventional points-weighted voting schemes, the benefits of

voters are only related to the voting results. When a candidate wins the

vote, the voters who support it may gain a sense of psychological

happiness and self-identity.

(Sheikh Khan et al., 2020). Various applications of OVS (e.g., for

indoor temperature control or POE) have been studied. Berquist et al.

(2019) had set up electronic panels with five buttons at an entrance to a

gymnastics center in Ontario, Canada for 7 months to demonstrate the

feasibility of collecting long-term thermal and indoor air quality (IAQ)

votes in transient occupancy spaces. They collected over 1000 votes and

demonstrated a significant correlation between the votes and measured

indoor conditions. Lassen et al. (2020) conducted a 3-month study in

two office buildings. 

 19

Advantages of Online Voting

Elections are not just opportunities for leadership renewal and

change, but they are also significant political turning points that reveal

the nature of change. Elections that we hold to select candidates who

will work for our well-being frequently turn into a pointless exercise.

(Zulueta, 2018) Also, as technology is constantly evolving, we will

always face fresh difficulties, worries, and uncertainties that we may

easily overcome if we choose to give them a shot. Online voting makes it

simpler for individuals to cast their ballots from the convenience of their

homes; in contrast to traditional voting, which needs voters to travel,

online voting only involves a few clicks to select a candidate.

Hence, convenience and flexible voting times for voters are the

biggest advantages of online voting. Voting merely needs a few clicks for

everyone with access to typical connectable household devices, such as

a smart phone or computer. Critics of Internet voting say that

government may be making it easier for some people to vote, but not for

others (Alvarez and Nagler, 2020). People would be able to vote without

having to overcome the usual hurdles, which would improve election

participation. Also, voters with disabilities, such as those who have

hearing or vision problems, are given more privacy while casting their
 20

ballots through phone or the internet than they would in a traditional

election.

According to the survey for the Department for Education showed

that youngsters between 25 and 34 were the most voracious consumers

of net technologies, spending around 16 hours per week online.

Findings of Tolbert and McNeal show that the young are significantly

more likely to use the Internet that the elderly. Therefore, they conclude

that the Internet thus may represent an important venue for mobilizing

younger voters, who have historically been underrepresented in the

electorate (Tolbert & McNeal, 2018).

Students in Trimex Colleges has one or more computers and

smartphones as well as access to the internet that makes online voting

possible. This method of voting is also very convenient to the students

because reduces the need for transportation and postage on paper

ballots. (P MacWilliam, 2019). For Trimex Colleges and its students,

different forms of online voting might be less expensive to operate and

carry out than conventional voting processes that require staffing and

setup. With fewer ballot errors and faster ballot counting, the quality of

votes could potentially improve.

 21

Effectiveness of online voting

The global pandemic has given discussions about new and

alternative voting methods importance because it has postponed and

disturbed democratic elections globally (International Institute for

Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021). (Krimmer et al., 2021a).

Voting is still mostly analogue in most countries, despite the many

benefits of Internet voting (i-voting), such as increased accessibility,

convenience, speed, and cost savings. In fact, trials of Internet voting

systems have recently been suspended or abandoned in a number of

nations (BBC, 2014; Duenas-Cid et al., 2020; Kuenzi, 2019, Reuters,

2017); in addition, widespread worries about the validity and security

of any form of electronic voting have fueled calls for solely using time-

tested paper ballots

Modern technologies are becoming more and more popular,

which has prompted governments around the world to Encouraging

people to start conversations or perhaps take the first steps toward

creating I-voting systems The switch from conventional political voting

to electronic voting in elections Online voting is given special

consideration. Due to the urgent necessity to find new voting

techniques, the COVID-19 outbreak played a significant role in

accelerating talks about hold secure, democratic elections. When being

worried about attendance and the security of Administrations have

 22

failed to address electoral issues brought on by the Several states and

regions have already begun their response to the pandemic (IDEA,

2020; James, 2021), The pilot programs for online voting (Krimmer et

al., 2021; Musia-Karg & Kapsa, 2021).

According to Divya et al (2019) the software enabled a voter To

cast his/her vote through internet without going to the Voting booth

after registering oneself for voting in advance Which include storing

ones data by himself in the database. The study claimed to achieve

elimination of proxy vote and Double voting, fast access to the software,

highly secured Software, easy to maintain all information of voting,

highly Efficient and flexible which improves voting drastically. Their

system was developed using JavaScript and MY SQL As the database in

both front end and back end.

In 2018, West Virginia became the first U.S. state to utilize mobile

voting in a federal election, allowing it for overseas voters from 24 of its

counties. I utilize this trial to assess the likely effects of mobile voting on

the size and composition of the voting population. Implementing a

differences-in-differences design with individual-level administrative

data, I estimate that the ability to vote with a mobile device increased

turnout by three to five percentage points, and I find little evidence that
 23

the effects vary across age, party, or military status. At the same time,

new survey data shows that many Americans are understandably wary

of online voting

Accuracy of Online Voting

As we outlined in our in-depth guide to online voting, internet

elections are the perfect voting method for the age in which we live.

According to the Digital 2019 report from social media management

platforms Hootsuite and We Are Social, there were 4.39 billion internet

users globally in 2019, representing a 9-percent increase over the prior

year. The report also found that the average user spends six hours and

42 minutes online each day. While down seven minutes from last year,

that figure nonetheless underscores how insatiable our appetite is for

digital connections.

The 2021 elections to the German Bundestag mark a record high

in absentee voting: 47.3 percent of ballots were postal ballots compared

to 28.6 percent during the last national election in 2017

(Bundeswahlleiter, 2017). The special circumstances of the election

during the COVID-19 pandemic can be regarded the main reason for

this drastic increase, however, the share of postal ballots has been

steadily increasing.
 24

In a recent survey conducted in Germany (Bitkom, 2021a), a

majority of respondents expressed their willingness to cast their ballot

online (18–29 years: 73 percent; 30–49 years: 66 percent; 50–64 years:

60 percent 65 years and older: 46 percent). While disadvantages

according to the respondents (Bitkom, 2021c) include the potential to

make election fraud easier (49 percent), or the fear that the secrecy of

voting is compromised (40 percent)–17 percent voice the concern that

technically skilled citizens might benefit, hence the principle of equal

vote could be violated. Yet, respondents see advantages (Bitkom, 2021b)

in the fast delivery of election results (64 percent), the enhanced

convenience of the voting act (56 percent), an increase in turnout (37

percent), and a decrease in costs (25 percent). In Germany, however,

electronic voting (stationary or online) does not play a prominent role in

the ongoing discussion on electoral system reform.

As of the June 2, 2020, primary election, all 67 of the

Pennsylvania’s counties have deployed voting systems that produce

voter-verifiable paper records and meet 21st-century standards of

security, auditability and accessibility. In April 2018, the Department

had informed counties they must select voting systems that meet the

new criteria no later than December 31, 2019, and implement the

systems by the 2020 primary. During the 2018 municipal elections,

 25

177 municipalities, representing 1.5 million voters, offered online

voting. The majority of these municipalities (131) did not provide a

paper ballot alternative. Online voting was first introduced in Nova

Scotia in 2008, and was used by 39 of the 47 municipalities that held

elections in 2020, with 26 offering no alternative.

Security of Online Voting

Recent studies have highlighted the security concerns associated

with online voting systems for student organizations. While online voting

systems can provide convenience and accessibility, they are vulnerable

to cyber-attacks and manipulation of election results. To address these

concerns, several measures need to be implemented to ensure the

security of online voting systems for student organizations.

A study by Das et al. (2018) recommends the use of end-to-end

encryption and secure transmission of data to prevent unauthorized

access and tampering of election results. The study also suggests the

use of blockchain technology to provide greater transparency and

accountability in the election process. Blockchain technology can

provide a tamper-resistant and decentralized ledger that can be used to

record and verify election results, thereby enhancing the security and

integrity of the election process.

 26

Similarly, a study by Arshad et al. (2019) recommends the use of

multi-factor authentication, such as biometric authentication, to

prevent unauthorized access to the online voting system. The study

also suggests the use of intrusion detection systems and firewalls to

detect and prevent cyber-attacks on the voting system. Additionally,

the study recommends the use of paper backups as an audit trail for

post-election verification.

In conclusion, the security of online voting systems for student

organizations remains a critical concern that requires the

implementation of robust security measures. The use of end-to-end

encryption, blockchain technology, multi-factor authentication, intrusion

detection systems, and firewalls can mitigate the risks associated with

online voting systems. Additionally, the use of paper backups can

provide an audit trail for post election verification and enhance the

security and integrity of the election results.

 27

Synthesis of Reviewed Studies

According to the (Suksi, et al. 2018) The first recorded voting

procedures occurred in meetings held in face-to-face societies. The aim

of such meetings was to reach homomonia, a state that would allow the

leaders to know their decisions would be backed by their citizens. They

asked assemblies for approval or disapproval of their decisions,

especially when considering whether to go to war. This acclamation

vote proceeded either through raising the voice or clapping swords, a

procedure documented elsewhere in the Homeric institutions of early

Greece or the Viking’s assembly, known as Thing.

Tolbert and McNeal show that the young are significantly more

likely to use the Internet that the elderly. Therefore, they conclude that

the internet thus may represent an important venue for mobilizing

younger voters, who have historically been underrepresented in the

electorate (Tolbert & McNeal, 2018). According to Divya et al (2019) the

software enabled a voter to cast his/her vote through internet without

going to the Voting booth after registering oneself for voting in advance

Which include storing one’s data by himself in the database. As we

outlined in our in-depth guide to online voting, internet elections are

 28

the perfect voting method for the age in which we live. According to the

Digital 2019 report from social media management platforms

Hootsuite and We Are Social, there were 4.39 billion internet users

globally in 2019, representing a 9-percent increase over the prior year.

The report also found that the average user spends six hours and 42

minutes online each day.

In terms of security of online voting the study that is conducted by

Das et al. (2018) recommends the use of end-to-end encryption and

secure transmission of data to prevent unauthorized access and

tampering of election results. The study also suggests the use of

blockchain technology to provide greater transparency and

accountability in the election process recommends the use of multi-

factor authentication, such as biometric authentication, to prevent

unauthorized access to the online voting system. The study also suggests

the use of intrusion detection systems and firewalls to detect and

prevent cyber-attacks on the voting system.

Gaps and Bridge of the Present Study

Despite the growing interest in online voting, there is a lack of

empirical evidence on its impact on voter behavior and participation.

Many studies have been conducted on the feasibility and security of

 29

online voting, but few have explored its actual effects on voter turnout

and election out comes. there are still technical challenges to

implementing online voting,including security vulnerabilities and the

potential for cyberattacks. Online voting may not be accessible to

everyone, especially those who are not tech-savvy or do not have access

to the internet. This could create a digital divide in the voting process.

development is needed to improve the security, accessibility, and

feasibility of online voting systems. Governments and election officials

will need to work together to develop and implement effective online

voting systems that are secure, trustworthy, and accessible to all voters.

Furthermore, more studies need to be conducted to investigate the

actual impact of online voting on voter behavior and participation.

 30

Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter is critical as it outlines the steps taken by the

researcher in collecting and analyzing data, and how the findings are

interpreted. In this chapter, the researcher provides a comprehensive

overview of the research design, research population, sample size, data

collection methods, and data analysis techniques. The methodology

used must be appropriate for the research questions, and the

researcher must justify why they chose the particular approach. This

chapter serves as a guide for other researchers who might want to

replicate the study or build on it. Thus, the purpose of this chapter is to

provide readers with a clear understanding of how the research was

conducted and to establish its credibility. With that stated, all of the

material supplied in this chapter was helpful in the development of the

Online Voting System for Student Organization Among Students of

Trimex Colleges.

Research Design

The researchers decided that descriptive quantitative method

would be appropriate research design for studying the online voting

system for student organization among students of Trimex Colleges.

Descriptive Quantitative Method is suitable for the objective of

 31

determining the level of acceptance and willingness of students to use

the propose system.

A. Descriptive Quantitative Method

Descriptive quantitative method is a research methodology

that aims to describe or summarize a specific phenomenon or

group of phenomena through the use of numerical data. This

method involves collecting and analyzing quantitative data using

statistical tools to provide a comprehensive understanding of the

topic under investigation. Descriptive quantitative research may

use a variety of data collection techniques, including surveys,

questionnaires, and standardized tests. The data obtained from

these methods are analyzed using descriptive statistics such as

mean, median, and mode to provide a clear picture of the

research topic (Kumar, 2019). The data was gathered through a

survey and an interview. The data that will be acquire will be used

to determine both the users' expectations for the online system

that will be produce and if it met the quality standards.

 32

B. System Developmental Stage

Figure 2. Software Development Cycle

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a framework that

provides a structured approach to the development of software systems.

The SDLC process is divided into six phases: Planning, Analysis,

Design, Implementation, Testing and Integration, and Maintenance.

Each of these phases has its specific objectives and activities that are

critical to the successful development of software systems. During the

planning phase, the project's feasibility is determined, and a plan is

developed for the entire project. The analysis phase involves defining the

system requirements and analyzing user needs to determine the

system's functions, outputs, and inputs. The design phase involves

 33

creating a detailed design of the system, including the software

architecture, data models, and interface design.

In the implementation phase, the actual software is developed,

and the system is built according to the design specifications. In the

testing and integration phase, the software is tested for any errors or

bugs and integrated with other software systems. Finally, during the

maintenance phase, the system is monitored and updated regularly to

ensure its optimal performance. The SDLC framework is essential in

ensuring the successful development and implementation of software

systems. By following a structured approach, developers can identify

and mitigate risks, manage resources effectively, and ensure that the

system meets user requirements. Additionally, the SDLC process

ensures that the software system is thoroughly tested and integrated

with other systems, reducing the risk of system failure.

Various studies have highlighted the importance of using the

SDLC process in software development. In a study conducted by Kline

and Vergara (2019), they found that the use of the SDLC process

significantly reduced the occurrence of software defects and improved

system performance. Another study by Wibowo et al. (2021) found that

following the SDLC process led to improved software quality, increased

user satisfaction, and reduced development costs.

 34

The SDLC process is a crucial framework for the development and

implementation of software systems. Its structured approach ensures

that software is developed efficiently, thoroughly tested, and meets user

requirements. The use of the SDLC process has been shown to reduce

software defects, improve system performance, and increase user

satisfaction.

Sources of Data

The data collection process for the study on the Online Voting

System for Student Organization Among Students of Trimex Colleges

will involve multiple sources. The primary data sources will be trial

tests, surveys, interviews, and reviews conducted by professional

engineers and IT experts. The collected data will provide valuable

insights into the demands and requirements of the system.

Complementing the primary data sources, the researchers will also

gather information from secondary sources such as internet articles,

books, theses, journals, and other related publications. By utilizing a

wide range of data sources, the researchers can obtain a comprehensive

understanding of the subject matter, which will help in the development

of a system that meets the study's objectives.

 35

Population and Sampling

The objective of the study was to gather primary data sources for

the development of an Online Voting System for Student Organization

Among Students of Trimex Colleges, and a certain set of respondents

were targeted for this purpose. The population of the study consisted of

students from eleven different departments within the Trimex Colleges,

and a total of forty (40) respondents were selected using Controlled-

Quota sampling. Specifically, four (4) students were selected from each

department, along with ten (10) professors, and five (5) Information

Technology (IT) specialist and engineers. This non-probability sampling

technique was utilized to gather data from a specific population of

individuals who met the desired profile. Through Controlled-Quota

sampling, the researchers were able to gather crucial information from a

small group of people who were integral to the development and testing

of the system.

Research Instrument

To gather vital data for a thorough understanding of the study,

the researchers will utilize various research instruments, including a

Likert scale questionnaire, consultations, beginning and final

observations, and testing of the created system. The survey form will

undergo an approval
 36

process, and the developers will seek permission from Trimex Colleges

administration to conduct the survey. In addition, the researchers will

request permission from Trimex Colleges management to conduct

surveys and interviews to ensure legal compliance and coordinate the

activities' schedule.

Figure 3. ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model

Figure shows the ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model is a widely

recognized standard for software quality management that provides a

 37

comprehensive and systematic approach for evaluating the quality of

software products. The model defines eight quality characteristics that

software should possess, including functional suitability, performance

efficiency, compatibility, usability, reliability, security, maintainability,

and portability. Each of these characteristics is further divided into sub-

characteristics that help in measuring the quality attributes of software.

The ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model provides a structured

approach to software quality management, making it easier for

developers and stakeholders to identify and address quality issues

during the software development process. It helps in ensuring that the

software meets the expectations of end-users and delivers value to

stakeholders. These elements will be used to develop the propose

system.
 38

Figure 4. ISO/IEC 25010 Quality Model in Used

The System Product Quality in Use Model is depicted in Figure 4.

According to the ISO/IEC 25010:2012 international standard, the

quality of software products and systems is assessed by the quality in

use model.

This standard outlines a set of usability criteria and requirements

for software products and systems. It offers a common framework for

assessing software system quality from the user's perspective and

includes a broad range of quality criteria such as functionality,

reliability, usability, performance, security, and others. The standard is

utilized by software development companies and testing organizations to

analyze software systems and improve product quality (Codacy, 2022).

 39

For Online Voting System for Student Organization Among

Students of Trimex Colleges, the ISO/IEC 25010 quality model can be

used to ensure that the system meets the necessary quality standards.

The functionality characteristic ensures that the system meets the

requirements of the users and performs the necessary functions

accurately. The reliability characteristic ensures that the system is

stable and dependable, and can handle large volumes of data without

crashing. The usability characteristic ensures that the system is easy to

use and understand, and that users can navigate through the system

with ease. The efficiency characteristic ensures that the system uses

resources efficiently and performs its functions in a timely manner. The

maintainability characteristic ensures that the system can be easily

updated and maintained, and that it can adapt to changes in the

environment. The portability characteristic ensures that the system can

be used on different platforms and can be easily transferred from one

environment to another. The compatibility characteristic ensures that

the system can interact with other systems and can be integrated with

other software products. Finally, the security characteristic ensures that

the system is secure and can protect the data and privacy of the users.

Overall, the ISO/IEC 25010 quality model can be used to ensure

that the online voting system for student organization among students
 40

of Trimex Colleges meets the necessary quality standards and is

reliable, efficient, user-friendly, and secure.

Evaluation and Scoring

The Likert scale is a type of survey response scale commonly used

in research to measure attitudes or opinions of respondents towards a

particular topic. It is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis

Likert. The scale typically consists of a series of statements or questions

that respondents are asked to rate on a scale of agreement or

disagreement, ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly

disagree."(Britannica, n.d)

Table 1

Likert Scale of the Level of Reliability of the System

Assigned Point Reliability Percentage Yield Interpretation

5 91%- 100% Very Reliable
4 81%-90% Reliable
3 71%-80% Fairly Reliable
2 61-70% Unreliable
1 60% below Very Unreliable

Note. Retrieved from ―SBC-Based Cataract Detection

System using Deep Convolutional Neural Network with
Transfer Learning Algorithm‖, by K. Karamihan, et. al.,
2019, International Journal of Recent Technology and
Engineering, 8(2), p. 4610.

Presented in Table 1, to evaluate the dependability of the propose

system. The scale classifies reliability rates into five categories. A

reliability rate ranging from 91% to 100% is considered highly reliable,

while a rate between 81% to 90% is classified as reliable. Fairly reliable

 41

is the term used for a rate that falls between 71% to 80%, while a rate of

61% to 70% is deemed unreliable. If the rate is less than 60%, it is

considered highly unreliable. The purpose of this scale was to

accurately measure the system's reliability and produce accurate and

objective outcomes.

Table 2

Likert Scale of the Level of Efficiency of the System

Assigned Point Reliability Percentage Yield Interpretation
5 91%- 100% Very Efficient
4 81%-90% Efficient
3 71%-80% Fairly Efficient
2 61-70% Inefficient
1 60% below Very Inefficient
Note. Retrieved from ―SBC-Based Cataract Detection System
using Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Transfer
Learning Algorithm‖, by K. Karamihan, et. al., 2019,
International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering,
8(2), p. 4610.

Table 2 presents the Likert Scale utilized by the researchers to

evaluate the system's efficiency rate. This scale uses a 5-point rating

system to analyze the collected data. A score ranging from 91% to 100%.

indicates that the system is very efficient, while a score ranging from

81% to 90% is considered efficient. A score ranging from 71% to 80% is

considered fairly efficient, while a score ranging from 61% to 70%

indicates that the system is inefficient. A score of less than 60%

indicates that the system is very inefficient. The Likert Scale provides a

clear and unambiguous assessment of the system's ability to operate

 42

effectively and efficiently. However, it is important to note that these

evaluations are based on predetermined criteria and metrics, and should

be interpreted within the context of the overall system evaluation.

Table 3

Likert Scale of the Level of Convenience of the System

Assigned Point Reliability Percentage Yield Interpretation

5 91%- 100% Very Convenient
4 81%-90% Convenient
3 71%-80% Fairly Convenient
2 61-70% Inconvenient
1 60% below Very Inconvenient

Table 3 provides a convenient way to assess the convenience of the

propose system. The scale categorizes reliability rates into five levels,

ranging from highly reliable (91% to 100%) to highly unreliable (less than

60%). The terms reliable, fairly reliable, and unreliable are used for rates

between 81% to 90%, 71% to 80%, and 61% to 70%, respectively. The

scale is designed to provide an accurate and objective measurement of

the system's convenience.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure for the study on the Online Voting

System for Student Organization Among Students of Trimex Colleges

involved several methods. Firstly, trial tests were conducted to assess

the system's functionality and identify any issues that need to be

addressed. Secondly, surveys were distributed to students and faculty

members to gather information about their opinions and experiences

 43

with the current voting system, as well as their expectations and

requirements for the propose system. Thirdly, interviews were conducted

with key stakeholders, including student leaders, faculty advisors, and

IT professionals, to gain deeper insights into the current system's

strengths and weaknesses and identify potential improvements.

Fourthly, reviews and feedback from professional Engineers and IT

experts were collected to evaluate the system's technical aspects

The data collected through these primary sources were

supplemented by secondary sources, such as internet articles, books,

theses, journals, and other related publications. This wide range of data

sources provided a comprehensive understanding of the topic and helped

to create a system that meets the objectives of the study. All data were

collected in compliance with ethical guidelines and informed consent was

obtained from all participants. The data were analyzed using statistical

methods and qualitative techniques to draw conclusions and make

recommendations for the development of the Online Voting System for

Student Organization Among Students of Trimex Colleges.

Statistical Treatment of Data

 44

The researchers utilized the following statistical data treatments to

evaluate the data and information gathered to produce this study:

1. Percentage - This method was used to determine the

distribution of responses for each question in the survey. The

percentage was computed by dividing the number of

responses for a particular category by the total number of

respondents and then multiplying by 100.

2. Weighted Mean - This method was used to determine the

average rating of each item in the Likert scale questionnaire.

The weighted mean was computed by multiplying the rating of

each item by the number of respondents who chose that

rating, adding the products, and then dividing by the total

number of respondents.

3. Frequency and Percentage Distribution - This method was

used to determine the frequency of each response for each

question in the survey. The frequency was computed by

counting the number of responses for each category, while the

percentage distribution was computed by dividing the

frequency of each category by the total number of responses

and then multiplying by 100.

4. t-test - This method was used to determine whether there

was a significant difference between the mean ratings of two

 45

groups. In this study, the t-test was used to compare the

mean ratings of the students who were in favor of the online

voting system and those who were not in favor.

5. ANOVA - This method was used to determine whether there

was a significant difference in the mean ratings of three or

more groups. In this study, the ANOVA was used to compare

the mean ratings of the students from different academic

levels.

System Planning and Requirements Analysis

System planning and requirements analysis is a crucial step in

the development of any software system, including an online voting

system for student organizations. This process involves identifying the

needs and goals of the system and determining the technical

requirements necessary to meet these needs. In the case of the online

voting system for student organizations among students of Trimex

Colleges, the main objective was to create a system that would

streamline the voting process and increase participation among

students.

System Hardware and Software Requirements

 46

Table 4

System Hardware and Software Requirements

System Requirements Characteristics Properties

Operating System Windows 10 or later
Hardware Processor, RAM, and HDD
Processor Intel Core i3 or higher
RAM 4 GB minimum
8 GB recommended
HDD 125 minimum
512 recommended
Application Type Web-based
Browser Google Chrome
Microsoft Edge
Firefox
Programming Language JavaScript
Framework React
Database MySQL Workbench
Text Editor Visual Studio Code

System Software Specifications

Table 5
 47

JavaScript System Requirements (Bold Reports, 2023)

System Specifications System Requirements

Operating System Windows 10 or later

Processor 1 GHZ or faster, 32 bit or 64 bit processor.

RAM 1 GB or higher

Table 6

MySQL Workbench System Requirements (Oracle, n.d.)

System Specifications System Requirements

Operating System Windows 10 or later

Processor Intel Core or Xeon 3GHz (or Dual Core

2GHz) or equal AMD CPU.

RAM 1 GB or higher

Graphic Accelerators NVidia or ATI with support of OpenGL 1.5

or higher.

Display Resolution 1024×768 (minimum)

1280×1024 (recommended)

Table 7

React System Requirements (Mishra, 2023)

 48

System Requirements Characteristics Properties

Operating System Windows 10 or later
Processor Intel Core i3 or higher
RAM 4 GB minimum or higher
HDD 10 GB available space on the
hard disk
Browser Google Chrome
Microsoft Edge
Firefox
Code Editor Visual Studio Code
Atom
Sublime

Table 8

Visual Studio Code System Requirements (Visual Studio Code,

2022)

System Requirements Characteristics Properties

Operating System Windows 8.0, 8.1 and 10, 11
(32-bit and 64-bit)
Processor 1.6 GHz or faster processor
RAM 1 GB minimum or higher
HDD 2 GB available space on the
hard disk

System Design
 49

The system design will feature block and flowchart diagrams to

illustrate the system's functionality clearly. The flowchart diagram will

outline the system's step-by-step procedure, while the block diagram

will showcase the software components' interaction. These diagrams

will serve as crucial tools in the development, testing, and

implementation of the system, ensuring its efficiency and effectiveness

in delivering the intended results.

System Block Diagram

Voter’s Interface Registered

Voter
Device Voters data

Encryption

Blockchain

Figure 5. System Block Diagram

Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the propose system. In the

proposed online voting system, the process for a user to cast their vote

involves several steps. Firstly, the user needs to login to the voting

system using their credentials. These credentials will be verified by the

 50

system to ensure that the user is authorized to cast their vote. Once the

user is authorized, they will be presented with a list of candidates for the

election. The system will provide a user-friendly interface for the voter to

cast their vote conveniently. After the voter has made their selection, the

system will generate an encrypted input that contains the voter's

identification number and name. This encrypted output will be recorded

in the form of a block.

Each time a vote is cast, a new block will be created and linked

to the previous vote casted, forming a synchronized blockchain. This is

a critical aspect of the system design, as it ensures that the voting

process is secure and tamper-proof. The use of blockchain technology

provides transparency and accountability, ensuring that the integrity of

the voting process is maintained.

System Flowchart Diagram

 51

Figure 6. System Flowchart

Figure 6 shows the flowchart of the propose system. The initial

step is for the user to register for the application, without which they

cannot proceed further. Upon successful registration, the user can

then proceed to login into the app. The app validates the user's

credentials by checking the ID number and password. If the credentials

are incorrect, the user will not be granted access, whereas if the

credentials are correct, the user can start voting. During the voting
 52

process, the user can select the candidate of their choice, and once the

vote is casted, the system verifies the vote's success. The user is

notified of their vote's success or failure after casting it.

System Development

System software development is a crucial aspect of the broader

process of system development, which involves the planning, design,

implementation, and maintenance of a software system. In the context

of system development, software packages, programs, and simulators

are essential tools that are used by developers to create and design

software modules for the system. These tools provide the necessary

support to facilitate the software development process, including

requirements gathering, code development, testing, and deployment.

System Software Development

 53

Figure 7. Visual Studio Code (Pedamkar, 2023)

Visual Studio Code is a code editor that provides a user-friendly

platform for writing and debugging code. According to Techopedia, it is

a "free and open-source code editor that provides support for a wide

variety of programming languages and features, such as debugging,

syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, code

refactoring, and embedded Git." It is designed to be lightweight yet

powerful, and its versatility makes it a popular choice among

developers. In the past, developers would write code using traditional

editors or basic editors like notepad, which provided limited support for

coding. With Visual Studio Code, developers can write code in a more

efficient and effective way (Pedamkar, 2023). The researchers will use

Visual Studio Code as their primary code editor for creating the web-
 54

based voting system for the student organization among students of

Trimex Colleges. They will use the numerous built-in features of Visual

Studio Code, such as syntax highlighting, debugging, and code

completion, to write efficient and effective code.

Figure 8. React (javatpoint, n.d.)

ReactJS is a JavaScript library designed for creating reusable

user interface (UI) components in a declarative, efficient, and flexible

way. This open-source front-end library focuses solely on the view layer

of an application and utilizes a component-based structure. Jordan

Walke, a Facebook software engineer, is the creator of ReactJS.

Initially, it was developed an maintained by Facebook, and it was later

incorporated into various products, including WhatsApp and

Instagram. ReactJS was first introduced within Facebook's newsfeed

section in 2011, and it was made available to the public in May 2013
 55

(javatpoint, n.d.). The researchers will use React as their primary front-

end framework for building the user interface of the web-based voting

system. They will use React's component-based architecture to create

reusable UI components, such as buttons, forms, and input fields, and

manage the application state using React's state management features.

Figure 9. MySQL Workbench (Nath, 2022)

MySQL Workbench is a visual database modeling and designing

tool capable of accessing MySQL databases on remote or on-site

servers. It injects ease of use and functionality into your SQL and

MySQL development projects. Furthermore, the tool offers a graphical

interface to work with your on-site or remote databases (Nath,

2022). The researchers will use MySQL Workbench to design and

develop the database for the web-based voting system. They will use

the schema visualization tools to create the database schema and the

SQL development tools to write and execute SQL queries. They will also
 56

use the administration tools to manage the database, such as creating

users and assigning privileges.

Figure 10. JavaScript (Mozilla, n.d.)

JavaScript is a scripting language that is object-oriented and

works across various platforms. It is mainly used to create interactive

web pages that have animations, clickable buttons, and pop-up menus.

With advanced server-side versions like Node.js, websites can have

additional features such as real-time collaboration among multiple

devices. When running inside a host environment such as a web

browser, JavaScript can connect to the environment's objects and

provide programmatic control over them (Mozilla, n.d.). The researchers

will use JavaScript as their primary programming language for building

the web-based voting system. They will use JavaScript to add

interactivity to the user interface, validate form input, and

 57

communicate with the server using AJAX requests. They will also use

JavaScript libraries and frameworks, such as React and jQuery, to

simplify development and enhance functionality.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A
Request Letters
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Appendix B
Research Consultation Form

Appendix C
Research Survey Form

Appendix D
Research Interview form and Result

Appendix E
System Quality Evaluation Form ISO/IEC 25010

Appendix F
Gantt Chart

Appendix G
Photographs

Appendix H
User’s Manual

Appendix I
Program Listings

Appendix J
Turnitin Originality Check System Certification

Appendix K
Curriculum Vitae