Module 1 - World Literature

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
LIT 1/LIT 114

Instructor: BB. GIRL GRACE ANN G. PEREZ
Facebook Account: Grace Ann Gonzales Perez
Email Address: [email protected]
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION AND THE DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the
country's history. It has withstood time and periods and has evolved through
generations. For every period that passed, different genres appeared, and these literary
works rooted from all regions reflecting their culture, society, and lifestyle.
This module was created to orient students of the Filipino history, culture, tradition,
and belief with the notion that it would promote a wide range of understanding. This will
provide literary texts from the different regions of the Philippines and the selections were
chosen to fuse significant human experiences of the past and of the present to possibly make
sense of the future. It contains learning opportunities that calls for the application of the
higher order thinking skills. Most questions are thought-provoking to promote critical
thinking. Learning activities were also provided to further intensify the student’s
understanding of the given texts. In this way, they would become aware of themselves, of
others, and of the world. This serves as enduring values, students are expected to embrace
and to make sense of their existence.
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, the learners are to (A) Respond to strategies that develop
critical and creative thinking, and/or other higher-order thinking skills. 5.1.5.1; Internalize
an understanding of the range of verbal and non-verbal classroom communication strategies
that support learner understanding, participation, engagement and achievement. 5.1.7.1;
Value understanding of learning environments that promote fairness, respect and care to
encourage learning. 5.2.2.1; (S) Embody teaching strategies that are responsive to learner’s
linguistic, cultural, socio-economic and religious backgrounds. 5.3.2.1; Perfect knowledge of
providing timely, accurate and constructive feedback to improve learner performance.
5.5.3.1; Articulate the relationship of language, literature, culture, and society in teaching-
learning process. 6.0.1.1; (K) Apply an understanding of supportive learning environments
that nurture and inspire learner participation. 5.2.4.1; Evaluate knowledge and
understanding of differentiated teaching to suit the learner’s gender, needs, strengths,
interests and experiences. 5.3.1.1; Synthesize original compositions in expository and
creative writing. 6.0.4.2
CONTENTS OF THE MODULE

This module contains the following lessons:
Lesson 1 : Introduction to Literature
Lesson 2 : Divisions of Literature
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DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE PROPERLY

In order to benefit profoundly from this module, please be guided by all the key points
presented below.
1. This module contains two ( 2 ) lessons. Each lesson i s explained substantively.
Read the explanations thoroughly so that you would understand the lesson
entirely.
2. On the f i rst page of each lesson, you will find the specific learning outcomes
( SLOs) of each lesson. SLOs are knowledge and skills you are expected to acquire
at the end of the lesson. Read them heartily.
3. You must answer the Learning Activities/ Exercises ( LAEs). The LAEs
are designed to help you acquire the SLO
4. Feel free to chat, call, text or send me an email i f you have questions, reactions,
or reflections about the module’ s contents or activities.
5. The Practice Task/ Assessment and the Assignment shall be checked by me.
LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
After studying this module you should be able to:
1. Value the importance of literature.

2. Embody literature in the curriculum
3. Analyze similarities between literature and history
MOTIVATIONAL/PROMPTING QUESTIONS
Have you ever read a literary composition and wondered why did the author
produced such thing? What have you learned from the selection that you have read? Have
you ever created one? What was your purpose on writing the composition?
DISCUSSION
There are different definitions given to literature by different writers but let us
summarize some of them.
1. Taken from Oxford English Dictionary:
• Literature is literally “acquaintance with letters” (from the Latin littera
meaning letter);
• The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts or work of art;
• The class of writings in which imaginative expression, aesthetic form,
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universality of ideas, and permanence are characteristics features, as fiction,

poetry, and drama;
• It may also mean any printed material.
2. According to Robert Frost, Literature is “a performance in words”.
3. According to Henry Van Dyke, Literature consists of writings which interpret the nature
and life, in words of charm and power, touched with personality of the author in artistic
forms of interests.
4. To Arsenia Tan of University of Santo Tomas, Literature is life which presents human life
experience.
All of these definitions are true to Literature. Literature exists because there are people who
wanted to express their feelings, emotion, and experiences in writing. They used language
craftsmanship and artistry to convey their perceptions in life.
Importance of Literature
In the emergence of media technology, literature has now taken another form. Literature
has now come alive in the Filipino television set as Telenovelas which were the counterpart
of Soap Operas in radio. Why are these programs patronized by the national audience? Some
of the possible answers will be:
✓ For pleasure and entertainment
✓ For emotional gratification
✓ For information and education
The most common answer would be for pleasure and entertainment. But because
curiosity is a natural instinct of man, people want to talk to people and people want to know
about people. This helps man understand life by reflecting on their own and others’ lives. By
reading literature, man picks-up something in life that he applies to his own.
How to study literature?
Primarily, what we should learn from literature is what the writer wanted to convey
us. The subject that the author wanted to figure out in us is the first concern of the study of
literature. The subject could be anything under the sun like love, forgiveness, regrets,
courage, nature, etc. Next to the subject is the technical part which the writer employed to
make his ideas be written with arts and beauty. It is here where the students have to be
acquainted with the different literary genre and their elements. It is a great help for the
student to study the different literary genre or type so that he may appreciate better the
Literature.
Literature and History
Literature and history are closely interrelated. In discovering the history of race, the
feelings, aspirations, customs and traditions of the people are to be included… and these
feelings, aspirations, customs, and traditions that are written is literature. History can also
be written and this too, is literature. Events that can be written down are part of true
literature. Literature, therefore, is part of history.
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Literary Compositions that Have Influenced the World. Among them are:
1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings – This has become the basis of Christianity originating
from Palestine and Greece.
2. Koran – The Muslim Bible originating from Arabia.
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey – These have been the source of myths and legends of Greece.
They were written by Homer.
4. The Mahab-harata – The longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in
India.
5. Canterbury tales – It depicts the religion and customs of the English in the early days. This
originated from England and was written by Chaucer.
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the U.S. This depicted the sad
fate of slaves; this became the basis of democracy later on.
7. The Divine Comedy – (Dante of Italy) This shows the religion and customs of early Italians.
8. El Cid Compeador – This shows the cultural characteristics of the Spaniards of the
Spaniards and their national history.
9. The Song of Roland – This includes Doce Pares and Roncesvelles of France. It tells about
the Golden Age of Christianity in France.
10. The Book of the Dead – This includes the cult of Osiris and the mythology and theology
of Egypt.
11. The Book of the Days – This was written by Confucius of China. This became the basis of
the Christian religion.
12. One Thousand and One Night or Arabian Nights – From Arabia and Persia (Iran). It shows
the ways of the government, of industries, and of the society of the Arabs and Persian.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES

Present your own idea on the following.
1. Importance of literature to the 21st century learners.
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2. Importance of including literature in the curriculum.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Difference between literature and history.

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TEACHER INTERVENTION
The teacher created a students’ directory that includes the student name, home
address, preferred learning delivery mode, available gadgets, contact number, email address
and connectivity. The students are opting to pass their answers/output and ask queries
regarding the subject matter via email, messenger, text message, or they can drop their
modules at the guard house/ NORSU gate.
PRACTICE TASK/ASSSSMENT
With the emergence of media technology, literature has taken its new form with the
use of television. Provide TV shows that present the following.
1. Pleasure and entertainment
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2. Emotional gratification
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Information and education

_____________________________________________________________________________________
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FEEDBACK TO ASSESSMENT
Please be guided with the following criteria in answering your learning activities and
practice task.
RUBRICS FOR JOURNAL WRITING
Assessment 1 2 3
0
Ratings Partially meets Meets Exceeds Score
Does not meet
Expectations expectations expectations expectations
Response Response to
adequately assigned topic
addresses thorough and
Response . Response
some aspects well written,
consists of thoughtful and
of the with varied
unsupported fairly well
assigned sentence
Content opinions only written; most
topic; structure and
marginally opinions
opinions vocabulary;
related to the supported
sometimes opinions
topic with facts
based on always
incorrect supported
information with facts.
Incomplete Good reliance
Excellent use
development upon
of examples
Ideas not of ideas; examples and
Idea and details to
clearly stated details and details to
Development explore and
or developed. examples not illustrate and
develop ideas
always develop ideas
and opinions.
evident. and opinions.
Journal is The response Responses Response is
Quality completely off is not focused. are adequate. well thought
topic. No There is no There is a out and well
personal personal little personal prepared.
connection connection. connection. There is a
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was made. The topic is The topic is personal

The topic is not clear. No somewhat connection to
not clear. No descriptive focused and the content.
detail or language or somewhat The topic is
thought was detail was clear. Some, focused and
put into used. not a lot of clear. You
content. The descriptive have used
reader is language, or vivid,
confused. detail. Some descriptive
details are details when
explained at necessary to
length. capture the
reader’s
attention.
Details are
well thought
out and
explained.
The journal is
organized.
The start
Journal is well
and/or finish
The journal is organized.
The journal is to your entry
not organized. There is a
not organized. is somewhat
The start clear start and
There is no clear. Most
and/or finish finish to your
start or finish explanations
to your entry entry.
to your entry. or events are
is not clear. Explanations
Your sequenced in
Your or events are
explanations a logical way.
explanations sequenced in a
are unclear Explanations
are unclear logical way.
and do not are adequate.
Organization and illogical. Explanations
make sense. You've used
You have used and details
You have not some
1 or 2 and show time
used transition
transition and effort. You
transition words and
words. Events have used
words. Events other writing
are not transition
are not in any elements in
sequenced in a words and
sequential your entry.
logical way. other
order. The The
The reader has necessary
reader cannot organization
a difficult time writing
understand has some
understanding elements that
your entry. glitches but
your entry. add to your
overall the
writing.
reader can
understand
your entry.
More Work Getting There Near Target Met/Exceeded
Needed Goal Target
The journal
The journal is entry is short The journal The journal is
only 1-3 and shows entry is at the required
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sentences little effort put almost the length. You

long and does into it. required have given
not show any length. Entry more than the
effort. shows some required
effort put into length but
it. maintained
high quality.
The journal
reflects time
and effort put
into it.
You had You had a
You had some You had no
Grammar numerous couple of
errors in error in
and errors in errors in
spelling, spelling,
Mechanics spelling, spelling,
capitalization, capitalization,
capitalization, capitalization,
and and
and and
punctuation. punctuation.
punctuation punctuation.
Overall
Assessment
ASSIGNMENT
Research about prose and poetry and the literary compositions under each in
the Philippines for our next topic.
REFERENCES
• Arcinas Lolita V., “Listening to Many Voices; Year 4”. De La Salle University Press, Inc.
2002.
• Lapid, Milagros G, Serrano, Josephine B., “English Communication Arts and Skills
through World Literature.” Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.
1997.
• Mora, Hemmady S., Tenedero, Edwin V., “World Literature (The literary Masterpieces
of the World)” Grandwater Publication, Metro Manila. 2018.
LESSON 2 – DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE
After studying this module you should be able to:

1. Internalize the division of literature
2. Perfect the kinds of Literature
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3. Synthesize examples of the division of Literature
MOTIVATION/PROMPTING QUESTIONS
What was your first ever literary piece? Is it a poem? A short story? A journal? Or
perhaps an epic? How did you classify it? Were you able to know its classification? How?
DISCUSSION
Poem – a composition usually written in verse. Poems rely heavily on imagery, precise word
choice, and metaphor; they may take the form of measures consisting of patterns of stresses
(metric feet) or of patterns different-length syllables (as in classical prosody); and they may
or may not utilize rhyme.
Prose – consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other
than simple grammar). It is spoken or written language without metrical structure as
distinguished from poetry or verse.
Kinds of Poetry
A. Narrative Poetry – a narrative that tells a story in verse

1. Epic – retells in a continuous narrative life and works of a heroic or mythological person
or group of persons. It is considered as the oldest form of literature since its existence is
known to be along ancient history.
2. Ballad – a songlike poem that tells a story, often one dealing with adventure or romance.
3. Metrical Tale – is a narrative poem that relates to real or imaginary events in simple
straight forward language from a wide range of subjects, characters, life experiences, and
emotional situations.
4. Metrical Romance – a long narrative poem that presents remote or imaginative incidents
rather than ordinary, realistic experience.
B. Lyric Poetry – a poem that expresses the emotions, feelings and observations of the
writer.
1. Song – a lyric poem set to music and is intended to be sung
2. Sonnet – a fourteen-line lyric poem focused on a single theme
3. Elegy - a solemn and formal lyric poem about death
4. Ode – a long formal lyric poem with a serious theme
5. Simple Lyric – includes all lyric poems that do not fall under the 4 types
C. Dramatic Poetry – like narrative poetry, tells stories but in dramatic poetry, the poet lets
one or more of the story’s characters act out the story.
1. Dramatic Monologue – a combination of the words dramatic and monologue. The
“dramatic” says that it could be acted out, and is a form of drama, while the “monologue”
defines it as speech that one person makes, either to himself or to another.
2. Soliloquy – a long speech in which a character who is alone on stage expresses his or her
private thoughts or feelings. It is intended to give the illusion of unspoken reflections.
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Elements of Poetry
A. Sound - poems use rhyme, rhythm, and repetition to create special sound effects.
1. Rhyme - the regular recurrence of similar sounds usually at the end of lines.
2. Rhythm - like the beat in music, is the recurrence of pattern of sound.
3. Meter - the measure with which we count the beat of rhythm.
4. Repetition - is the repeated use of a sound, word, phrase, sentence, rhythmical pattern or
grammatical pattern.
4.1. Alliteration - repetition of initial consonant sounds.
4.2. Consonance - repetition of internal consonant sounds.
4.3. Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds.
4.4. Parallelism - repetition of grammatical pattern
4.5. Onomatopoeia - refers to words that sound like what they mean.
B. Figures of Speech - an utterance not in its literal meaning but in its implication. The
following are the reasons why speakers, conversationalists and writers use figures of speech.
• It makes the language more colorful and interesting.
• It gives more effect to the listener or to the reader
• It gives more vivid and concrete description
1. Simile - a stated comparison between two things that really are different, but share some
common element.
Ex.: A poem as lovely as a tree.
His mind is like a sponge.
2. Metaphor - a suggested or implied comparison between two unlike things without the
use of as, as if, like.
Ex.: You are my angel.
He's a walking encyclopedia.
3. Personification - a figure of speech that gives human qualities or attributes to an object,
an animal or an idea.
Ex.: Only the moon was the witness in the accident.
The volcano is very angry.
4. Metonymy - consists in substitution the literal noun for another which it suggests because
it is somehow associated with it.
Ex.: Lend me your ears.
I give you my heart.
5. Hyperbole - is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration - not to deceive, but to
emphasize a statement - often for humorous effect.
Ex.: She cried forever.
He almost died laughing.
6. Irony - a statement of one idea, the opposite of which is meant.
Ex.: For Brutus is an honorable man.
You're a great guy! (Meant bitterly)
7. Oxymoron - the combination of contraries to portray a particular image or to produce a
striking effect.
Ex.: Parting is such a sweet sorrow.
Less is more.
8. Apostrophe - a direct address to an inanimate object, a dead person (as if present), or an
idea.
Ex.: O death! Where is thy sting?
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Love, thy will be done.
Kinds of Prose
A. Fiction - is a prose writing that tells about imaginary characters and events.
1. Short story - a brief prose narrative that usually can be read in one sitting.
2. Novel - consists simply of a long story written in prose.
3. Drama - a narrative prose intended to be played on the stage.
4. Fable - is a brief story usually with animal characters that teaches a lesson or moral.
5. Parable - a short narrative that is at least in part allegorical and that illustrates a moral or
spiritual lesson.
6. Legend - a story that reflects the people's identity or cultural values, generally with more
historical and less emphasis on the supernatural.
7. Myth - a fictional tale, originally with religious significance that explains the action of gods
or heroes, the causes of natural phenomena or both.
8. Fairy Tale - a story featuring folkloric characters such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls,
giants, talking animals and others.
B. Non Fiction - a prose writing that presents and explains ideas or tells about real people,
places, objects or events.
1. Autobiography - is a biography written by the author about himself.
2. Biography - a genre of literature based on the written accounts of individual lives.
3. Essay - a short work of writing that treats a topic from an author's personal point of view.
4. Diary or Journal - a book for writing discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what
has happened over the course of a day or other period.
Elements of Fiction
A. Plot - defined as the arrangement of events and actions in a story to convey a theme. The
story tells us what happened, plot tells us why it happened.
A.1. Initial Incident or Exposition - the opening section. It tells you who would be
the possible characters and where the possible setting might be.
A.2. Development of the Problem - the problem of the story begins. It is where the
complications take place.
A.3. Conflict - makes the story interesting. It is in the conflict that the reader would
get his interest to follow the consequences of the events.
A.3.1 Man vs. Man - the usual thing we see in the movie, the protagonist
against the antagonist, good man against the evil one.
A.3.2 Man vs. Environment - the main character is against the things that
surround him like society, disaster, natural calamity, etc.
A.3.3. Man vs. Himself - the main character was against himself (his dilemma,
conflicting ideas, and conflicting beliefs that reign in his mind).
B. Character - a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part in the action of a story
or in other literary work.
Protagonist - the principal figure around whom a story revolves.

Antagonist - the person or thing that opposes with the principal figure.
B.1. According to the complexity of their characterization
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B.1.1. Flat Characters - are simple and one-dimensional. They represent a

single dominant trait or characteristic and they remain essentially
unchanged throughout the story.
B.1.2. Round Characters - are complex and multidimensional. They exhibit a
number of traits which may be conflicting. Because of their complicated
personality, round characters cannot be easily pigeonhole.
B.2. According to their role in advancing the plot
B.2.1. Dynamic Characters - characters who make things happen and that
they can alter the course of events in the story. Protagonist are usually
dynamic characters.
B.2.2.Static characters - they do not effect changes in the story. They may
contribute to the action, but they are not the primary agents of change.
B.3. Characterization - the presentation and the establishment of the character.
B.3.1. Expository mode - a direct and explicit way of characterizing. It tells
what the character is like.
B.3.2. Dramatic mode - is indirect and implicit. Instead of explicit statements,
the speech, action, or thoughts of the characters are ways to know what he or
she is like.
C. Setting - not only refers to the place where the story takes place but it actually
encompasses both the physical locale that frames the action and specific time including dates
and years, the climatic actions, and even the historical period during which the story took
place.
Atmosphere - is an aspect of short story that is closely related to setting. This is the mood
or feeling that pervades a literary work. When a story is light and cheerful or gray and lonely,
it is referred to as the atmosphere.
D. Point of View - refers to two things, first, the person narrating the events in the story and
second, the position of that narrator in relation to the events being recounted.
Classification of POV
D.1. First Person Point of View - if the narrator is the main character in the story.
D.2. Second Person Point of View - if the narrator has a part in the story but not the
main character.
D.3. Third Person Point of View - if the narrator has no part in the story at all, just
plain narrating.
E. Theme - the central idea or belief in a story. The plot is considered as the body of the story
and the theme is its soul.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES

A. Choose the correct answer. Write the letter on the space provided.
______ 1. It is a long narrative poetry.
a. short story b. epic c. novel d. poem
______ 2. It has a single plot which can be read in one setting.
a. short story b. epic c. novel d. poem
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______ 3. It is intended to be played in the stage.

a. novel b. short story c. drama d. epic
______ 4. It is a story with animal characters that gives moral lesson.
a. fable b. anecdote c. parable d. essay
______ 5. It is a brief account (story) with heavenly implication.
______ 6. It is written about the life of the author himself.
a. fable b. anecdote c. biography d. autobiography
______ 7. It means an “attempt”
______ 8. Derived from the French word “essais”
a. essay b. anecdote c. biography d. autobiography
______ 9. Derived from the latin word “littera”
a. biography b. testimony c. short story d. literature
______ 10. It represents human life and experiences.
a. biography b. testimony c. short story d. literature
______ 11. It is written in verse.
a. testimony b. literature c. poem d. biography
______ 12. It is a long story written in prose.
a. epic b. novel c. literature d. biography
______ 13. It is written about the life of a known person.
a. epic b. novel c. literature d. biography
______ 14. It is the product of the imagination of the writer.
a. genre b. fiction c. children literature d. diary
______ 15. It is the technical term for kind or type of literature.
a. genre b. fiction c. children literature d. diary
B. Identify what figure of speech applied in the following sentences: simile, metaphor,
metonymy, personification, hyperbole, irony, apostrophe, oxymoron. Write your
answer on the space provided.
_______________ 1. You are my fire.
_______________ 2. It’s a tragedy when morning cries.
_______________ 3. I wandered lonely as a cloud.
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_______________ 4. She has a figure like an hourglass.

_______________ 5. I will love you till the end of time.
_______________ 6. I said, “I love you” (but not).
_______________ 7. He was addicted to the bottle.
_______________ 8. The motor coughed once and then died.
_______________ 9. Silence spoke to him with healing words.
_______________ 10. She must have weighed a ton.
_______________ 11. O liberty! O liberty! What crimes are committed in your name?
_______________ 12. You are normally abnormal.
_______________ 13. Oh, mother, how I wish you were here to see the sight.
_______________ 14. The living dead.
_______________ 15. The sun looked upon the ship all day.
TEACHER INTERVENTION
The teacher created a students’ directory that includes the student name, home
address, preferred learning delivery mode, available gadgets, contact number, email address
and connectivity. The students are opting to pass their answers/output and ask queries
regarding the subject matter via email, messenger, text message, or they can drop their
modules at the guard house/ NORSU gate.
PRACTICE TASK/ASSSSMENT
WRITING CONFLICT. Give situations or circumstances that will exemplify the
following conflicts.
1. Man vs. Man
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2. Man vs. Environment

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_____________________________________________________________________________________
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3. Man vs. Himself

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ASSIGNMENT
Think of your favorite movie. Provide the plot and write your own reflection on that
certain movie. (This will be under your project for this module.)
REFERENCES
• Arcinas Lolita V., “Listening to Many Voices; Year 4”. De La Salle University Press, Inc.
2002.
• Lapid, Milagros G, Serrano, Josephine B., “English Communication Arts and Skills
through World Literature.” Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City Philippines.
1997.
• Mora, Hemmady S., Tenedero, Edwin V., “World Literature (The literary Masterpieces
• of the World)” Grandwater Publication, Metro Manila. 2018.
15

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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH

LIT 1/LIT 114

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

CONTENTS OF THE MODULE

DIRECTIONS ON HOW TO USE THE MODULE PROPERLY

LESSON 1 – INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

After studying this module you should be able to:

1. Value the importance of literature.

universality of ideas, and permanence are characteristics features, as fiction,

LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES

2. Importance of including literature in the curriculum.

3. Difference between literature and history.

3. Information and education

was made. The topic is The topic is personal

sentences little effort put almost the length. You

LESSON 2 – DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE

After studying this module you should be able to:

3. Synthesize examples of the division of Literature

A. Narrative Poetry – a narrative that tells a story in verse

Love, thy will be done.

Protagonist - the principal figure around whom a story revolves.

B.1.1. Flat Characters - are simple and one-dimensional. They represent a

LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND EXERCISES

______ 3. It is intended to be played in the stage.

_______________ 4. She has a figure like an hourglass.

2. Man vs. Environment

3. Man vs. Himself

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