Microsoft Silverlight

2
Based on Beta 2—Updates Online
Introducing SECOND
Microsoft
EDITION
®
Silverlight 2 ™
Laurence Moroney
Chapter 1
Introducing Silverlight 2
Silverlight represents the next step toward enriching the user’s experience through the tech-
nology of the Web. The goal of Silverlight is to bring the same fidelity and quality found in
the user interfaces (UIs) associated with desktop applications to Web applications, allowing
Web developers and designers to build applications for their clients’ specific needs. It is de-
signed to bridge the technology gap between designers and developers by giving them a
common format in which to work. This format will be rendered by the browser and will be
based on XML, making it easy to template and to generate automatically. The format is
XAML—Extensible Application Markup Language.
Before XAML, a Web experience designer would use one set of tools to express a design using
familiar technology. The developer would then take what the designer provided and would
interpret it using the technology of his or her choice. The design would not necessarily trans-
fer properly or problem-free into development, and the developer would need to make many
alterations that could compromise the design. With Silverlight, the designer can use tools that
express a design as XAML, and the developer can pick up this XAML, activate it with code, and
deploy it.
Microsoft Silverlight is a cross-browser, cross-platform plug-in that was developed to deliver

rich media experience and rich interactive Internet applications via the Web. It offers a full
programming model that supports AJAX, .NET, and dynamic languages such as Python and
Ruby. Silverlight 1.0 is programmable by using actual Web technologies including AJAX, Java-
Script, and DHTML. Silverlight 2 adds dynamic and .NET language support, as well as a host of
new features that are only possible when using the .NET Framework, such as Isolated Storage,
Networking, a rich control set, and more.
The first part of this book will introduce you to the fundamentals of Silverlight 2 by looking at
the design and development tools that are available to you, and the second part will examine
the programming model more closely.
Silverlight and User Experience

Silverlight is designed to be part of a much larger ecosystem that is used to deliver the best
possible end-user experience. There are a number of typical scenarios for accessing informa-
tion via the Internet:
x Mobile devices
x Digital home products
3
4 Part I Introducing Silverlight 2
x Unenhanced browsers (no plug-ins)

x Enhanced browsers (using plug-ins such as Flash, Java, or Silverlight)
x Desktop applications
x Office productivity software
Over the years, users’ expectations about how these applications should work have evolved.
For example, the expectation is that the experience of using an application on a desktop
computer should provide more to the user than the same type of application on a mobile de-
vice because, as users, we are accustomed to having much more power on the desktop than
we do on a mobile device. In addition, many users assume that “because this application is on
the Web,” it may not have the same capacity level as a similar desktop application. For exam-
ple, a user may have lower expectations about a Web-based e-mail application because they
don’t believe it can offer the same e-mail capability that office productivity software such as
Microsoft Office Outlook provides.
However, as these platforms are converging, the user’s expectations are also increasing—and
the term rich is now commonly used to describe an experience above the current baseline
level of expectation. For example, the term “rich Internet application” was coined in response
to the increased level of sophistication that Web users were seeing in applications powered by
AJAX to provide a more dynamic experience in scenarios, such as e-mail and mapping. This
evolution in expectations has led to customers who now demand ever richer experiences that
not only meet the needs of the application in terms of functionality and effectiveness but also
address the perception of satisfaction that the user has with a company’s products and ser-
vices. This can lead to a lasting relationship between the user and the company.
As a result, Microsoft has committed to the User Experience (UX) and is shipping the tools and
technologies that you as a developer can use to implement rich UX applications. Additionally,
they are designed to be coherent—that is, skills in developing UX-focused applications will
transfer across the domains of desktop and Web application development. So, if you are build-
ing a rich desktop application but need a Web version, then you will have a lot of cross-
pollination between the two. Similarly, if you are building a mobile application and need an In-
ternet version, you won’t need two sets of skills, two sets of tools, and two sets of developers.
Concentrating on the Web, Figure 1-1 shows the presentation and programming models that
are available today. As you can see, the typical browser-based development technologies are
CSS/DHTML in the presentation model and JavaScript/AJAX/ASP.NET in the development
model. On the desktop, with the .NET Framework 3.x, XAML provides the presentation model,
and the framework itself provides the development model. There is an overlap between these,
and this is where the Silverlight-enhanced browser provides a “best of both worlds” approach.
Chapter 1 Introducing Silverlight 2 5
Unenhanced Silverlight Windows

Browser Enhanced Desktop
Browser
Presentation
Model CSS/DHTML
XAML
Programming
JavaScript/AJAX/ASP.NET
Model
.NETFramework
FIGURE 1-1 Programming and presentation models for the Web.
The typical rich interactive application is based on technologies that exist in the unenhanced
browser category. The typical desktop application is at the other end of the spectrum, using
unrelated technologies. The opportunity to bring these together into a rich application that is
lightweight and runs in the browser is realized through the Silverlight-enhanced browser that
provides the CSS/DHTML and XAML design model and the JavaScript/AJAX/.NET Framework
programming model.
Silverlight achieves this by providing a browser plug-in that enhances the functionality of the
browser with the typical technologies that provide rich UIs, such as timeline-based animation,
vector graphics, and audiovisual media. These are enabled by the Silverlight browser-based
XAML rendering engine. The rich UI may be designed as XAML, and because XAML is an
XML-based language and because XML is just text, the application is firewall-compatible and
(potentially) search-engine friendly. The browser receives the XAML and renders it.
When combined with technology such as AJAX and JavaScript, this can be a dynamic proc-
ess—you can download snippets of XAML and add them into your UI, or you can edit, rear-
range, or remove XAML that is currently in the render tree using simple JavaScript
programming.
Silverlight Architecture
As I mentioned, the core functionality of Silverlight is provided by a browser plug-in that ren-
ders XAML and provides a programming model that can be either JavaScript and browser-
based or the .NET Framework and CLR-based. The architecture that supports this is shown in
Figure 1-2. When scripting the control in the browser, the main programming interface that is
exposed in Silverlight 1.0 is via the JavaScript DOM API. This allows you to catch user events
that are raised within the application (such as mouse moves or clicks over a specific element)
and have code to execute in response to them. You can call methods on the JavaScript DOM
for XAML elements in order to manipulate them—allowing, for example, control of media
playback or animations to be triggered.
For a richer and more powerful experience, you can also program an application that is ren-
dered by the control using the new .NET Framework CLR. In addition to what you can do in
JavaScript, this capability offers many of the namespaces and controls that come as part of
the .NET Framework, allowing you to do things that are either very difficult—or not possible—
in JavaScript, such as accessing data with ADO.NET and LINQ, communicating with Web Ser-
vices, building and using custom controls, and so on.
Silverlight Architecture
Presentation .NET Runtime
JavaScript DOM API Controls/Extensibility
XAML Networking/Data
A/V Media Codecs CLR App Domain
Presentation Core Isolated Storage
Browser Plug-In
OS Support Browser Support

Windows Vista Internet Explorer 5.5+
Windows XP SP2 FireFox 1+
Windows Server 2003 Mozilla 1+
Mac OS X 10.4.8+ Safari
FIGURE 1-2 Silverlight architecture.
Additionally, the presentation runtime ships with the software necessary to allow technologies
such as WMV, WMA, and MP3 to be played back in the browser without any external de-
pendencies. So, for example, Macintosh users do not need Windows Media Player to play
back WMV content—Silverlight is enough. Underpinning the entire presentation runtime is
the presentation code, and this manages the overall rendering process. This is all built into the
browser plug-in that is designed to support the major browsers available for both Windows
and the Macintosh.
The architecture of a simple application running in the browser using Silverlight is shown in
Figure 1-3.
JavaScript .NET Runtime XAML
METHOD CALLS
METHOD CALLS
RENDER
EVENTS
EVENTS
Silverlight Plug-In
HTML Markup
FIGURE 1-3 Application architecture with Silverlight.
As the application runs within the browser, it is typically made up of HTML. This markup con-
tains the calls to instantiate the Silverlight plug-in. As users interact with the Silverlight appli-
cation, they raise events that can be captured by either JavaScript or.NET Framework func-
tions. In turn, program code can make method calls against the elements within the Silverlight
content to manipulate it, add new content, or remove existing content. Finally, XAML can be
read by the plug-in and rendered. The XAML itself can exist inline in the page, externally as a
static file, or as dynamic XAML returned from a server.
Silverlight and XAML

Now that we’ve taken a high-level look at the architecture of Silverlight and how a typical ap-
plication will look, let’s examine the base technology that holds the UX together: XAML.
XAML is an XML-based language that is used to define the visual assets of your application.
This includes UIs, graphical assets, animations, media, controls, and more. It was introduced
by Microsoft for the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), formerly Avalon, which is a
desktop-oriented technology and part of the .NET Framework 3.0 and beyond. It’s designed,
as discussed earlier, to bridge the gap between designers and developers when creating
applications.
The XAML used in Silverlight differs from that in the WPF in that it is a subset that is focused
on Web-oriented features. So, if you’re familiar with XAML from the WPF, you’ll notice some
missing tags and functionality, such as the <Window> element.
XAML uses XML to define the UI using XML elements. At the root of every Silverlight XAML
document is a container element, such as a Canvas, that defines the space on which your UI
will be drawn. When building a Silverlight Web application, you’ll have a root Canvas that
contains the XML namespace declarations that Silverlight requires.
Here’s an example:
<Canvas
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/client/2007"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Width="640" Height="480"
Background="White"
>
</Canvas>
You will notice that two namespaces are declared. The typical XAML document contains a
base set of elements and attributes as well as an extended set, which typically uses the x: pre-
fix. An example of an extended namespace attribute is the commonly used x:Name, which is
used to provide a name for a XAML element, allowing you to reference it in your code. The
root Canvas element declares the namespace location for each of these.
The Canvas element is a container. This means that it can contain other elements as children.
These elements can themselves be containers for other elements, defining a UI as an XML
document tree. So, for example, the following is a simple XAML document containing a Can-
vas that contains a number of children, some of which are Canvas containers themselves:
<Canvas
Background="Black"
>
<Rectangle Fill="#FFFFFFFF" Stroke="#FF000000"
Canvas.Left="120" Canvas.Top="240"/>
<Canvas>
<Canvas Width="320" Height="104"
Canvas.Left="96" Canvas.Top="64">
Width="120" Height="96"/>
</Canvas>
</Canvas>
</Canvas>
Here you can see that the root Canvas has two children, a Rectangle and another Canvas. This
second Canvas also contains a Rectangle and a Canvas, and the final Canvas contains two
more Rectangles. This hierarchical structure allows for controls to be grouped together logi-
cally and to share common layout and other behaviors.
Silverlight XAML supports a number of shapes that can be combined together to form more
complex objects. You’ll find a lot more details about using XAML in Chapter 4, “XAML Basics,”
but a few of the basic shapes available include the following:
x Rectangle Allows you to define a rectangular shape on the screen

x Ellipse Allows you to define an ellipse or circle
x Line Draws a line connecting two points
x Polygon Draws a many-sided shape
x Polyline Draws many line segments
x Path Allows you to create a nonlinear path (like a scribble)
In addition, XAML supports brushes, which define how an object is painted on the screen. The
inside area of an object is painted using a fill brush, and the outline of an object is drawn us-
ing a stroke. Brushes come in many types, including solid color, gradient, image, and video.
Following is an example using a SolidColorBrush to fill an ellipse:

<Ellipse Canvas.Top="10" Canvas.Left="24"
Width="200" Height="150">
<Ellipse.Fill>
<SolidColorBrush Color="Black" />
</Ellipse.Fill>
</Ellipse>
In this case, the brush uses one of the 141 Silverlight-supported named colors, Black. You also
can use standard hexadecimal RGB color notation for custom colors.
Fills and strokes also may have a gradient fill, using a gradient brush. The gradient is defined
by using a number of gradient stops across a normalized space. So, for example, if you want a
linear gradient to move from left to right—phasing from black to white through shades of
gray—you would define stops according to a normalized line. In this case, consider the be-
ginning of the normalized line as the 0 point and the end as the 1 point. So, a gradient from
left to right in a one-dimensional space has a stop at 0 and another at 1. Should you want a
gradient that transitions through more than two colors—from black to red to white, for ex-
ample—you would define a third stop somewhere between 0 and 1. Keep in mind that when
you create a fill, however, you are working in a two-dimensional space, so (0,0) represents the
upper-left corner, and (1,1) represents the lower-right corner. Thus, to fill a rectangle with a
gradient brush, you would use a LinearGradientBrush like this:
<Rectangle Width="200" Height="150" >
<Rectangle.Fill>
<LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1">

<LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
<GradientStop Color="Red" Offset="0" />
<GradientStop Color="Black" Offset="1" />
</LinearGradientBrush.GradientStops>
</LinearGradientBrush>
</Rectangle.Fill>
</Rectangle>
XAML also supports text through the TextBlock element. Control over typical text properties
such as content, font type, font size, wrapping, and more are available through attributes. Fol-
lowing is a simple example:
<TextBlock TextWrapping="Wrap" Width="100">
Hello there, how are you?
</TextBlock>
Objects can be transformed in XAML using a number of transformations. Some of these in-
clude the following:
x RotationTransform Rotates the element through a defined number of degrees

x ScaleTransform Used to stretch or shrink an object
x SkewTransform Skews the object in a defined direction by a defined amount
x TranslateTransform Moves the object in a direction according to a defined vector
x MatrixTransform Used to create a mathematical transform that can combine all of the
above
Transformations may be grouped so that you can provide a complex transformation by
grouping existing ones. That is, you could move an object by translating it, change its size by
scaling it, and rotate it simultaneously by grouping the individual transformations together.
Here’s a transformation example that rotates and scales the canvas:
<Canvas.RenderTransform>
<TransformGroup>
<RotateTransform Angle="-45" CenterX="50" CenterY="50"/>
<ScaleTransform ScaleX="1.5" ScaleY="2" />
</TransformGroup>
</Canvas.RenderTransform>
XAML supports animations through defining how their properties are changed over time us-
ing a timeline. These timelines are contained within a storyboard. Different types of animation
include:
x DoubleAnimation Allows numeric properties, such as those used to determine location,

to be animated
x ColorAnimation Allows colored properties, such as fills, to be transformed
x PointAnimation Allows points that define a two-dimensional space to be animated

As you change properties, you can do it in a linear manner, so that the property is phased be-
tween values over a timeline, or in a “key frame” manner, in which you would define a num-
ber of milestones along which the animation occurs. We’ll examine all of this in a lot more de-
tail in Chapter 5, “XAML: Transformation and Animation.”
Beyond this basic XAML, you will define your full UIs using controls and layout using XAML,
too. These will be explored in more detail in Chapter 7, “Silverlight Controls: Presentation and
Layout,” and in the rest of the chapters in Part 2 “Programming Silverlight 2.”
Silverlight and the Expression Suite

Microsoft has introduced the Expression Suite of tools to provide a robust, modern set of
tools for designers to express their work using artifacts that developers can include while de-
veloping using the Microsoft Visual Studio tool suite.
There are several tools in the Expression Suite:
x Expression Web This is a Web design tool that allows you to use HTML, DHTML, CSS,
and other Web standard technologies to design, build, and manage Web applications.
x Expression Media This is a media asset management tool that permits you to catalog
and organize these assets, including the facility to encode and change encoding between
different formats.
x Expression Encoder This application is designed to allow you to manage encoding of
media assets. It can also be used to bundle media with the relevant code to have a Silver-
light media player for it.
x Expression Design This is an illustration and graphic design tool that you can use to
build graphical elements and assets for Web and desktop application UIs.
x Expression Blend This tool is designed to let you build XAML-based UIs and applica-
tions for the desktop with WPF or for the Web with Silverlight.
When using Silverlight, you’ll use some or all of these applications. In the rest of this chapter,
we’ll take a look at how Design, Blend, and Encoder enhance your toolkit in designing and
building Silverlight applications.
Silverlight and Expression Design

Expression Design is a graphical design tool that allows you to build graphical assets for use in
your applications. It’s a huge and sophisticated tool, so we will just provide an overview of
how it can be used for Silverlight XAML here. Expression Design allows you to blend vector-
based and raster-based (bitmap) images for complete flexibility.
It supports many graphical file formats for import, such as:
x Adobe Illustrator—PDF Compatible (*.ai)

x Adobe Photoshop (*.psd)
x Graphical Interchange Format (.gif)
x Portable Network Graphics format (.png)
x Bitmaps (.bmp, .dib, .rle)
x JPEG formats (.jpeg, .jpg, .jpe, .jfif, .exif)
x Windows Media Photos (.wdp, .hdp)
x Tagged Image File Format (.tiff, .tif)
x Icons (.ico)
It supports export of the following image types:
x XAML Silverlight Canvas

x XAML WPF Resource Dictionary
x XAML WPF Canvas
x Adobe Illustrator (.ai)
x Portable Document Format (.pdf)
x Adobe Photoshop (.psd)
x Tagged Image File Format (.tif, .tiff)
x JPEG formats (.jpeg, .jpg)
x Windows Bitmap (.bmp)
x Portable Network Graphics format (.png)
x Graphical Interchange Format (.gif)
x Windows Media Photos (.wdp)
As you can see, Expression Design supports export of graphical assets as XAML files. Later in
this chapter, you’ll see how to use Expression Design to design the graphical elements of a
simple application, and you’ll export these as XAML, which you can use in Expression Blend
and Visual Studio to create an application.
Figure 1-4 shows the Export XAML dialog box in Expression Design. There are several format op-
tions, one of which is XAML Silverlight Canvas (shown selected). This option will format your
drawing using the subset of XAML elements that are usable by Silverlight, allowing you to import
the resulting XAML into Visual Studio or Expression Blend to build your Silverlight application.
FIGURE 1-4 Exporting XAML from Expression Design.
This will export the content as an XML document containing a Canvas element that contains
the elements of your design. Here’s a (truncated) example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Canvas xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" x:Name="Document">
<Canvas x:Name="Layer_1" Width="640.219" Height="480.202" Canvas.Left="0" Canvas.Top="0">

<Ellipse x:Name="Ellipse" Width="135" Height="161" Canvas.Left="0.546544"
Canvas.Top="20.3998" Stretch="Fill" StrokeLineJoin="Round" Stroke="#FF000000"
Fill="#FFFFC800"/>
<Path x:Name="Path" Width="135.103" Height="66.444" Canvas.Left="-0.555986"
Canvas.Top="-0.389065" Stretch="Fill" StrokeLineJoin="Round" Stroke="#FF000000"
Fill="#FF000000" Data="..."/>
<Path x:Name="Path_0" Width="19.4583" Height="23.9019" Canvas.Left="75.8927"
Fill="#FF000000" Data="..."/>
Fill="#FF000000" Data="..."/>
<Path x:Name="Path_2" Width="76" Height="29.8274" Canvas.Left="31.5465"
Canvas.Top="127.4" Stretch="Fill" StrokeThickness="7" StrokeLineJoin="Round"
Stroke="#FF000000" Data="..."/>
Fill="#FF000000" Data="..."/>
</Canvas>
</Canvas>
You can then cut and paste this XAML into Expression Blend or Visual Studio, and you will be
able to use the graphical element in your application.
Silverlight and Expression Blend

Expression Blend has native support for the creation of Silverlight applications. When you
launch Expression Blend and create a new project, you have two options for creating Silver-
light projects, as you can see from Figure 1-5.
FIGURE 1-5 Silverlight support in Expression Blend.
The two options for Silverlight projects are:
x Silverlight 1 Site This creates a Silverlight JavaScript project, giving you a folder that
contains a simple Web application containing an HTML page that has the requisite scripts
to embed a Silverlight object as well as a default XAML document containing a single can-
vas. It does not contain any of the implementation details for .NET programming, so the
descriptive term 1 Site is used, even though the Silverlight control is still version 2. This will
likely change in future versions of Expression Blend to Silverlight JavaScript Site. Chapter 6,
“The Silverlight Browser Control,” will look at programming JavaScript applications in a lit-
tle more detail.
x Silverlight 2 Application This creates a Silverlight project with everything necessary to
program against it using the .NET Framework. There will be more on Silverlight 2 in Chap-
ter 3, “Using Visual Studio with Silverlight 2,” and then Part 2 of this book (Chapters 7–14)
will cover it in much more detail.
Exploring the Silverlight 1 Site Project

When you create a new Silverlight Script application using Blend, your project will contain a
default HTML file that contains all the requisite JavaScript to instantiate the Silverlight control.
In addition, Blend also creates a basic XAML page called Page.xaml and an associated Java-
Script file called Page.xaml.js. Expression Blend treats this as a “code-behind” JavaScript file in
a manner that is similar to how Visual Studio treats the C# code-behind file associated with an
ASPX page. Finally, Blend gives you a copy of the Silverlight.js file that is part of the Silverlight
software development kit (SDK). This file manages the instantiation and downloading of the
Silverlight plug-in for your users. You can see the project structure in Figure 1-6.
FIGURE 1-6 Project structure for a Silverlight Script application.
The Default Web Page

Listing 1-1 shows the code for the basic Web page that is created for you by Blend for Silver-
light projects.
LISTING 1-1 Default.html from Silverlight Template
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>SilverlightSite1</title>
<script type="text/javascript" src="Silverlight.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="Page.xaml.js"></script>
<style type="text/css">
#silverlightControlHost {
height: 480px;
width: 640px;
}
#errorLocation {
font-size: small;
color: Gray;
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
function createSilverlight()
{
var scene = new SilverlightSite1.Page();
Silverlight.createObjectEx({
source: "Page.xaml",
parentElement: document.getElementById("silverlightControlHost"),
id: "SilverlightControl",
properties: {
width: "100%",
height: "100%",
version: "1.0"
},
events: {
onLoad: Silverlight.createDelegate(scene, scene.handleLoad),
onError: function(sender, args) {
var errorDiv = document.getElementById("errorLocation");
if (errorDiv != null) {
var errorText = args.errorType + "- " + args.errorMessage;
if (args.ErrorType == "ParserError") {
errorText += "<br>File: " + args.xamlFile;
errorText += ", line " + args.lineNumber;
errorText += " character " + args.charPosition;
}
else if (args.ErrorType == "RuntimeError") {
errorText += "<br>line " + args.lineNumber;
errorText += " character " + args.charPosition;
}
errorDiv.innerHTML = errorText;
}
}
});
}
if (!window.Silverlight)
Silverlight = {};
Silverlight.createDelegate = function(instance, method) {
return function() {
return method.apply(instance, arguments);
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="silverlightControlHost">
createSilverlight();
</script>
</div>
<div id='errorLocation'></div>
</body>
</html>
As you can see, it imports two JavaScript files: Silverlight.js and Page.xaml.js. You’ll be looking
at each of these files shortly.
The Silverlight control instantiation takes place in the <div> at the bottom of the page. This
contains a call to the createSilverlight function, which is implemented at the top of the page.
This creates a new Silverlight object using either the createObjectEx function (which, in turn,
resides in Silverlight.js) or the createObject function. When using the createObjectEx function,
the syntax for specifying the parameters uses the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) syntax, as
shown in this example. You can alternatively use the createObject function, which uses stan-
dard parameters.
The first parameter is the source XAML. This can be a reference to a static external file (which
is used in this case as Page.xaml), a reference to the URL of a service that can generate XAML,
or a reference to a named script block on the page that contains XAML.
The second parameter is the parent element. This is the name of the <div> that contains the
Silverlight control. As you can see in Listing 1-1, this is called SilverlightControlHost.
The third parameter is the ID that you want to use for this control. If you have multiple Silver-
light controls on a page, you need to have a different ID for each.
The fourth parameter is the property settings for the control properties. These can include
simple properties such as width, height, and background color, as well as complex ones. More
complex property settings include:
x inplaceInstallPrompt Determines the install type for Silverlight. If this is set to true, the
user implicitly accepts the license and directly downloads and installs the plug-in. If it is set
to false, the user is directed to http://www.silverlight.net and, from that site, can accept the
license and download the plug-in.
x isWindowless If set to true, the control is considered windowless, meaning that you can
overlay non-Silverlight content on top of it.
x framerate Determines the maximum frame rate for animations.
x version Determines the minimum Silverlight version your application will accept. As you
can see in Listing 1-1, the version is listed as 1.0—this isn’t a bug, but simply an instruction
that this application is backward compatible and should work on 1.0. If this was instead
2.0, and Silverlight 2 was not installed, then the user would be taken to the install experi-
ence for Silverlight 2.
The fifth parameter is used to map events to event handlers. The events are implemented in a
JavaScript class called scene, which was declared at the top of the function:
var scene = new SilverlightSite1.Page();
The createSilverlight function declares that the onLoad event should be handled by a member
function of the scene class called scene.handleLoad. It does this by creating a delegate using
this syntax:
onLoad: Silverlight.createDelegate(scene, scene.handleLoad)
This class is implemented in the JavaScript code-behind for Page.xaml called Page.xaml.js. You
can see this in Listing 1-2.
LISTING 1-2 JavaScript Code-Behind Page.xaml
if (!window.SilverlightSite1)
SilverlightSite1 = {};
SilverlightSite1.Page = function()
{
}
SilverlightSite1.Page.prototype =
{
handleLoad: function(control, userContext, rootElement)
{
this.control = control;
// Sample event hookup:

rootElement.addEventListener("MouseLeftButtonDown",
Silverlight.createDelegate(this, this.handleMouseDown));
},
// Sample event handler

handleMouseDown: function(sender, eventArgs)
{
// The following line of code shows how to find an element by name
this.control.content.findName("Storyboard1").Begin();
}
}
Here you can see JavaScript code to create a class called SilverlightSite1.Page. It contains two
member functions, handleLoad and handleMouseDown.
The function handleLoad adds another event listener for the MouseLeftButtonDown event by
creating a delegate associating this event and the handleMouseDown function, which is also
defined within this JavaScript.
Thus, the template application creates a default HTML file that contains an instance of Silver-
light with a single canvas that fires an event when it loads. The load event wires up the mouse
down event, demonstrating that event declaration, delegation, and handling are available at
both design time and run time.
Silverlight and Expression Encoder

Expression Encoder is an application that allows you to encode, enhance, and publish your
video content using Silverlight. It comes with a UI that is consistent with the rest of the Ex-
pression suite or with a command-line interface that can be used for batch work. You can see
Expression Encoder in Figure 1-7.
FIGURE 1-7 Expression Encoder.
Expression Encoder allows you to import video from any format for which a DirectShow filter is
available and installed in your system. It will then re-encode the video into a VC-1–capable
WMV using one of a number of preset profiles optimized for the delivery client. These include
settings for devices, as well as for streaming or on-demand content delivered over the Internet.
You aren’t limited to what the preset profiles give you—you can override any of the video
and audio encoding settings. Figure 1-8 (on page 20) shows an example of how a video en-
coding may be tweaked.
Media Encoder includes a number of preset media player applications for Silverlight. These
will “wrap up” your video with a Silverlight JavaScript-based application that can be used on
any Web server to provide a complete Silverlight-based viewing experience.
In addition to encoding, metadata can be added to your video. A classic metadata experience
is when tags are encoded into the video and the application then reacts to these tags. Insert-
ing tags with Expression Encoder is very simple. Simply drag the playhead to the desired
point, select Add Marker, and enter the appropriate information for the marker.
FIGURE 1-8 Configuring a video encoding profile.
You can see this in Figure 1-9 on the right side of the screen, where the marker time and type
of ball that is shown on the screen at that time has been configured.
FIGURE 1-9 Adding Markers to a stream.

The Output tab allows you to select the template player that you want to use.
Figure 1-10 shows where the template that matches the Expression product line has been se-
lected. To create a video player with this template, simply import a video, and press the En-
code Button with this template selected.
FIGURE 1-10 Using Encoder to build a Silverlight media player.
After you’ve done this, you’ll get a full-featured media player in Silverlight for your video con-
tent. You can see an example of a Silverlight media player in Figure 1-11.
This section just scratches the surface of what is possible with Expression Encoder and how it
can be used with Silverlight. For more details, please refer to
http://www.microsoft.com/expression.
FIGURE 1-11 Media player generated by Expression Encoder.
Summary
In this chapter, you were introduced to Silverlight 2 and learned how it fits into the overall
Web and UX landscape. You discovered how technology from Microsoft is applied to current
UX scenarios, and you were introduced to an overview of the Silverlight architecture, includ-
ing XAML and how it is used to implement rich UIs.
Additionally, you saw how the Microsoft Expression Suite is designed to complement tradi-
tional development tools such as Visual Studio for creating Silverlight applications. You spe-
cifically learned how Expression Design is used to build graphical assets and how Expression
Blend is used to link these together into an interactive application as well as using Expression
Encoder to manage your video assets.
Now it’s time to go deeper. In the next few chapters, you’ll learn more about the Silverlight
API, starting with a more detailed examination of Expression Blend and how it is used by Sil-
verlight in the next chapter.
Chapter 2
Using Expression Blend with
Silverlight 2
Expression Blend is a professional design tool intended to create engaging experiences for
Windows and the Web. It allows you to blend all the necessary design elements for your Web
experiences, including video, vector art, text, animation, images, and other content such as
controls, with one set of tools. Expression Blend is designed to aid you in the building of Win-
dows-based as well as Web-based applications. This chapter will introduce you to this tool,
giving you a tour of what is possible with it. Expression Blend has far too many aspects to
cover in one chapter, but by the end of this chapter, you’ll have a good grasp of the basics
and will be ready to delve further into the features of this wonderful tool on your own!
Getting Started with Expression Blend

Expression Blend is available as part of the Microsoft Expression suite. Details are available at
http://www.microsoft.com/expression.
After you’ve downloaded and installed Expression Blend, launch it from the Start menu. You’ll
see the Blend integrated development environment (IDE), as shown in Figure 2-1.
FIGURE 2-1 Expression Blend IDE.
To create a new application, select New Project from the File menu to open the New Project
dialog box, as shown in Figure 2-2.
23
FIGURE 2-2 New Project dialog box options in Expression Blend.
The options that you are given are:
x WPF Application (.exe) This option creates a client-executable application built on

the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF); this type of project is a Windows Only
application.
x WPF Control Library This option creates a DLL file that may be used for shared controls
across WPF applications; this type of project is a Windows Only application.
x Silverlight 1 Site This option creates a Web site that uses the Silverlight control. It con-
tains the basic JavaScript components to instantiate a Silverlight control as well as a sam-
ple XAML document with JavaScript-based event handlers, and it was covered in Chapter
1, “Introducing Silverlight 2.” This option creates a Web-based and therefore multiplatform
application.
x Silverlight 2 Application This option creates a Silverlight application based on the Sil-
verlight 2 runtime. This application includes the .NET Framework runtime that supports
your .NET-based applications, allowing them to run in a browser. When you select this
type of project, you’ll be able to pick your preferred programming language (either Mi-
crosoft Visual Basic or Microsoft Visual C#). This option also creates a Web-based and
therefore multiplatform application.
Chapter 1 gave you some details about the Silverlight 1 Site template, and you can refer back
to that chapter for more information about this option. For the rest of this chapter, we’ll be
focusing on the Silverlight 2 Application template.
Chapter 2 Using Expression Blend with Silverlight 2 25
Creating a Silverlight 2 Application

Open the New Project dialog box to create a Silverlight 2 application, and name your new
project TestApp. Expression Blend will create a new project for you that contains everything
you need for a Silverlight 2 .NET application.
You can see the project structure that it creates in Figure 2-3. This is identical to the product
structure that is built by Visual Studio, which will be discussed in much more detail in Chapter
3, “Using Visual Studio with Silverlight 2.”
FIGURE 2-3 Silverlight 2 project structure.
What’s important to note about the structure is that there are two XAML files in this applica-
tion, and neither of them are a Silverlight XAML page, as in Silverlight 1. This is one way in
which a Silverlight 2 Application project differs fundamentally from a Silverlight 1 Site project.
The Default Page

Silverlight 2 deals with your XAML as a Page. Thus, the template creates your default applica-
tion XAML content as a file named Page.xaml. You’ll see that the root of this, not surprisingly,
is a UserControl and not a Canvas, as you may have been familiar with from Silverlight 1.
Following is the XAML for the default Page.xaml:

<UserControl
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
mc:Ignorable="d"
x:Class="TestApp.UserControl1"
d:DesignWidth="640" d:DesignHeight="480">
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" />

</UserControl>
Note the use of <UserControl> to host the content.
You’ll see a small difference between this XAML and that created by Microsoft Visual Studio
(in Chapter 3). For example, this XAML has a few extra namespace declarations. Blend uses
these for parsing the XAML to render in the designer. They don’t affect your design beyond
that, and you can safely ignore these.
You’ll see that UserControl1 has a code-behind file that is generated for you. This will be
named UserControl1.xaml.cs or UserControl1.xaml.vb, depending on which language you se-
lected when creating the project. The file contains the basic code required to construct the
UserControl. You can see it here:
using System;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Ink;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
namespace TestApp
{
public partial class UserControl1 : UserControl
{
public UserControl1()
{
// Required to initialize variables
InitializeComponent();
}
}
}
You aren’t restricted to using this file for your application logic. You can, of course, create oth-
er .cs (or .vb) files that can contain shared logic, but this one will be launched whenever the
control is instantiated by the Silverlight runtime.
The Default App.xaml and Code-Behind Files

App.xaml and App.xaml.cs define the startup conditions for your application. These will be the
first things loaded and executed by Silverlight on startup and the last things closed when the
application is shut down.
This is accomplished using the OnStartup and OnExit events. These are set up for you by the
project template. Note that UserControl1 does not render by default—it has to be instructed
to render as part of the applications startup. This is accomplished in the OnStartup event han-
dler, where the RootVisual for the application is set to an instance of UserControl1:
public App()
{
this.Startup += this.OnStartup;
this.Exit += this.OnExit;
InitializeComponent();
}
private void OnStartup(object sender, StartupEventArgs e)

{
// Load the main control here
this.RootVisual = new Page();
}
private void OnExit(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
}
App.xaml does not support visual elements directly, so you cannot add controls or other vis-
ual elements directly. Just because it is XAML, don’t think of it as a design surface. In this case,
XAML is used for definition purposes only. For example, you can define application-specific
resources for your application using it.
App.xaml.cs is useful for initialization of data that you want to use across several user controls.
Keep this in mind as you design your application. For example, you could store some text that
could be used across your application by declaring it as a resource in your App.xaml:
<Application
x:Class="TestApp.App">
<Application.Resources>
<TextBlock x:Key="txtResource" Text="Hello"></TextBlock>
</Application.Resources>
</Application>
You can now easily access this content from any control in your application as follows:
TextBlock t = (TextBlock)Application.Current.Resources["txtResource"];
string strTest = t.Text;
Executing the Application

One thing that you may see is missing if you are sharp-eyed is a page to host the Silverlight
control. Don’t worry! Blend will automatically generate one for you. You’ll see this when you
launch the application.
Before going any further, add a simple TextBlock to your UserControl to render some text.
Here’s an example:
<UserControl
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
mc:Ignorable="d"
x:Class="TestApp.UserControl1"
d:DesignWidth="640" d:DesignHeight="480">
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" >

<TextBlock Text="Hello"/>
</Grid>
</UserControl>
Now if you execute the application, you’ll see something like the output shown in Figure 2-4.
FIGURE 2-4 Running the Silverlight application from Blend.
This simple application runs using the Cassini Web server (hence the random port number,
55924, that you can see in the address box in Figure 2-4) by generating an HTML page to
host the Silverlight content.
Let’s take a look at the source code for this page by using the browser command View Source.
You can see the source code here:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head>
<title>Silverlight Project Test Page </title>
<style type="text/css">
html, body {
height: 100%;
overflow: auto;
}
body {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
#silverlightControlHost {
height: 100%;
}
</style>
function onSilverlightError(sender, args) {
if (args.errorType == "InitializeError") {
var errorDiv = document.getElementById("errorLocation");
if (errorDiv != null)
errorDiv.innerHTML = args.errorType + "- " + args.errorMessage;
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id='errorLocation' style="font-size: small;color: Gray;"></div>
<div id="silverlightControlHost">
<object data="data:application/x-silverlight,"
type="application/x-silverlight-2-b1" width="100%" height="100%">
<param name="source" value="TestApp.xap"/>
<param name="onerror" value="onSilverlightError" />
<param name="background" value="white" />
<a href="…"
style="text-decoration: none;">
<img src="…"
alt="Get Microsoft Silverlight" style="border-style: none"/>
</a>
</object>
<iframe style='visibility:hidden;height:0;width:0;border:0px'></iframe>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Do take note of the <object> tag. This attempts to instantiate Silverlight, and should it fail, it
renders an image with a hypertext reference (HREF) to the Silverlight download in its place.
You’ll see more about this and other ways of instantiating the Silverlight object in Chapter 6,
“The Silverlight Browser Control.”
The Expression Blend IDE

Expression Blend offers a flexible IDE that is designed to maximize the amount of information
on the screen while keeping it easy for the user to understand what is going on and not be
overwhelmed.
The IDE has two main application workspace layouts: the Design workspace, which is used
primarily for constructing and customizing your user interface (UI), and the Application work-
space, which is used primarily for designing your timeline-based animations. You can switch
between the workspaces using the F6 key or by selecting the workspace you want from the
Active Workspace options on the Window menu.
The screen is divided into panes in the Expression Blend IDE, and each of the panes has a fixed
purpose, as you’ll discover when we tour them now.
The Tools Pane

The tools pane is on the far left side of the screen. It contains tools, such as Paint or Clip, that
can be used to manipulate any object; visual elements, such as a Rectangle or Ellipse; layout
elements, such as the StackPanel or Canvas; and controls, such as Button or TextBox). You can
see the tools pane in Figure 2-5.
FIGURE 2-5 Expression Blend tools pane.
In Blend, similar tools can be collected together into a single icon on this tool pane. If you
look at Figure 2-5, you can see how to view a set of similar tools by finding the white triangle
in the lower-right corner of the tool. When this triangle is present, you can hold down the
mouse button on that tool to find more members in the same “family” as the selected object.
So, for example, if you hold down the mouse on the Rectangle tool, you’ll see a pop-up box
that shows you the other available shapes, as you can see in Figure 2-6.
FIGURE 2-6 Grouped tools.
One nice shortcut that Blend provides is the way it creates a default tool on the toolbar when
you have used a tool from the family of tools. That is, the tool that you just used will be dis-
played on the toolbar, so you don’t need to hold down the mouse, wait for the menu, and
then select the tool again to use it the next time.
So, for example, in Figure 2-6, the Rectangle is displayed on the toolbar, and when you hold
down the mouse, you will see a box displaying the other visual element tools of this type that
are available. If you then select the Ellipse and draw with it on the design surface, the toolbar
will change to display the Ellipse instead of the Rectangle.
The Interaction Pane

The interaction pane, shown in Figure 2-7 and usually located just to the right of the tools
pane, is designed to help you with the following tasks:
x View all of the objects on your design surface, including their hierarchy when you are
using container objects.
x Select objects so you can modify them. This isn’t always possible on the design surface
because objects can be placed off screen or behind other objects.
x Create and modify animation timelines. You’ll learn more about how to do this in the sec-
tion titled “Using Blend to Design Animations” later in this chapter.
The interaction pane is designed to have two separate highlights. The currently selected ob-
ject is highlighted in grey—in Figure 2-7, you can see that the Border control is highlighted in
grey. This is the object that you can currently amend with the properties window or by drag-
ging it around the design surface.
Although it appears grey in the figure, you can see on your screen that the LayoutRoot control
has a yellow border around it. On the design surface, you’ll also see this yellow border. This
indicates that this is the currently selected container.
In addition to manipulating objects, you also use the interaction pane to create animations
and storyboards. You do this by clicking on the plus sign (+) button at the top of the interac-
tion pane. You’ll explore the ways you can use this to create animations in the section titled
“Using Blend to Design Animations” later in this chapter.
FIGURE 2-7 Interaction pane.
The Design Surface

The design surface is the main pane in the Expression Blend IDE screen, and this is where you
can manipulate all the objects visually or by amending their underlying XAML code directly.
On the right side of the design pane, you will see three tabs:
x The Design tab gives you the pure design surface.

x The XAML tab gives you the XAML editing Window.
x The Split tab provides you with a split window—one half in design view and the other half
in XAML view.
You can see the design pane in split view in Figure 2-8.
FIGURE 2-8 Design pane in split view.
Note that you can use the Zoom feature in design view, so when you are working on sophisti-
cated interfaces, you can zoom in for a detailed view and zoom out for an overview. You do
this using the Zoom tool at the lower-left corner of the design pane. You can drop it down to
select preset zoom settings, type the specific value you want in the box provided, or drag the
mouse within it to set the desired zoom level.
The Project Pane

The project pane (shown in Figure 2-9) is used to manage the files in your project. The impor-
tant thing to note in this pane is the use of context menus. Depending on where you right-
click in this pane, you’ll get a different (and appropriate) context menu. You might be familiar
with context menus that provide commands for a specific pane, but in this case, you’ll get dif-
ferent menus when you right-click the solution, the project, the References folder, and so on
in the project pane.
FIGURE 2-9 Project pane.
A solution is a collection of one or more projects. When you edit a solution, you can manage
everything to do with the solution itself, including building, debugging, cleaning, and manag-
ing individual projects. In Figure 2-9, you can see the solution TestApp listed at the top of the
project pane, and the pane indicates that there is one project within the solution.
A project is a collection of items that, when combined, make up an application that contains
one or more Silverlight Pages. The project definition contains all the references to external
components that this application needs within the References folder. When you right-click the
project, the context menu that displays for the project allows you to manipulate the contents
of the project, with options such as adding new items based on a template, adding existing
items from other projects, or deleting items from the project.
The References folder within the project is used to manage references to precompiled assem-
blies that contain information that you want to use in your project. For example, if you want
to use a custom control, it will be compiled into an assembly, so if you reference that assem-
bly in your references, you can then use it within your application.
The Properties folder contains the application manifest file that describes all the properties of
the project, including the list of references, so that the application can understand from where
they are loaded at run time. The Properties folder should not be confused with the properties
pane, indicated by the Properties tab at the top of the window shown in Figure 2-9 and ex-
plained in more detail in the following section.
The Properties Pane

The properties pane is used to manage all the visual aspects of a particular element. Since XAML
elements have many configurable properties, this pane gives you two very useful shortcuts.
The first shortcut is provided by the division of the properties pane into several classifications,
typically providing access to the following visual aspects of elements:
x Brushes Allow you to set fill and stroke options as well as use an opacity mask on your
element. You’ll see a lot more detail about how brushes are used in Chapter 4, “XAML
Basics.”
x Appearance Allows you to set extended appearance properties for your object. Note
that the available appearance properties will change drastically based on the object that
you are currently editing. So, for example, if you are editing a Rectangle element, the Ap-
pearance section of the properties pane will allow you to set things like the corner radii,
but if you are editing a Button element that doesn’t have corner radii, you will not have
this option available.
x Layout Allows you to edit the various layout options for your object, such as Width,
Height, and Alignment options. You can also use layout options to change the position of
an object within a grid—if the layout is on a grid.
x Common Properties Effectively the properties that are common across a type of object.
So, for example, the common properties for controls that are distinct from shapes are typ-
ically edited here. These options can be very difficult to use, depending on the object that
you are editing. For example, if you are editing a control, a common property will be its
tab index, but if you are editing a shape, the tab index will not be available.
x Transform Provides you with the ability to edit the RenderTransform of your object. This
defines how the object can be manipulated by the rendering system. Transformations are
covered in detail in Chapter 5, “XAML: Transformation and Animation.”
x Miscellaneous The catch-all location for properties that aren’t available on any of the
other classifications.
Do take note that these classification panes are further subdivided. You’ll notice that many of
them have an arrow at the bottom of the pane that can be used to expand and contract the
properties view. This allows you to hide lesser-used properties until you need them.
The second shortcut in the properties pane is its Search feature, which allows you to search for
a particular property. For example, if you know you want to edit some features of a font but
don’t know the name of the property itself, you can type font into the search engine, and the
classifications and available properties will be filtered so that only those that have to do with
fonts are displayed. This is done immediately upon a keystroke, so if you are searching for a
font property—in our example, as soon as you type fo—you will see available properties dis-
played such as foreground and rendertransform as well as the font properties, as shown in the
list of properties displayed at the bottom of Figure 2-10.
FIGURE 2-10 Using the properties pane.
Now let’s take a look at how you can use all these tools we’ve introduced to build Silverlight
applications.
Using Blend to Build Silverlight Applications

The main design-oriented functions that you can use Blend to accomplish as you put together
your application include the following:
x Organizing the layout

x Placing and customizing visual elements
x Placing and customizing controls
x Designing animations
You’ll explore each of these functions of Blend in the rest of this chapter.
Layout
In Silverlight, you use special tools to create and organize the layout of your application.
There are several options available to you, and we will look at each of them in turn.
Using a Grid
The Grid layout element allows you to lay elements out in a structure that looks like a table.
(Do not confuse the Grid layout element with a Grid control that gives you functionality simi-
lar to a spreadsheet.) When using a Grid layout tool, you can specify how your elements are
placed by indicating their coordinates with virtual row and column designations within the
Grid layout. For example, consider the following XAML:
<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" >
<Button Height="38" Margin="104,72,0,0" Width="58" Content="Button"/>
</Grid>
When rendered, this will appear as shown in Figure 2-11.
FIGURE 2-11 Random buttons.
Now, if you wanted to organize these buttons, you could carefully set their positions by drag-
ging them around the design surface to place them at roughly the positions where you want
them, but if you position them this way, you will need to zoom in to make sure pixels are
aligned.
Alternatively, you could use the Grid layout, where you can use the layout properties of the but-
ton to determine its location in the grid. If you start with a new Silverlight project, you’ll see that
it has a Grid layout element on it called LayoutRoot. Select this element in your project, and look
at the Layout properties associated with it. Expand the properties viewer until you see the set-
tings for the ColumnDefinitions and RowDefinitions, as shown in Figure 2-12.
FIGURE 2-12 Layout editor for a grid.
Because ColumnDefinitions and RowDefinitions are collections, each one has an ellipsis (…)
button to the right of the setting name. This indicates that another dialog box will open
when you click it. Select the button next to the ColumnDefinitions property setting, and the
ColumnDefinition collection editor will display, as shown in Figure 2-13.
FIGURE 2-13 ColumnDefinition collection editor.

Use this dialog box to add, remove, and manage columns. Click the Add Another Item button
three times to add three columns. Repeat this for the RowDefinitions property setting so that
you have a grid that is comprised of three rows and three columns. After you have made
these changes to ColumnDefinitions and RowDefinitions, you will see that the designer pane
displays a 3 × 3 layout grid, as you can see in Figure 2-14.
FIGURE 2-14 The 3 × 3 Layout grid.
Now, whenever you are placing an element on the screen, you’ll see pink guidelines that show
you how you can snap to a particular grid element, as shown in Figure 2-15. (They appear as
wider grey lines in the figure.) Snapping the button to the grid and column layout like this will
ensure that the button is always at that relative position and size in the grid.
Place another button in the central square on the grid, as shown in Figure 2-15. This time, do
not snap it to the grid. Then run the application and experiment with resizing the window.
You’ll see that the first button will always remain at the same relative position and the same
size, but the second button will change its width and/or height to stay relative to the size of
the screen.
FIGURE 2-15 Using the Grid layout.
Using Canvas
The Canvas layout is a completely free-format drawing surface. You can specify the desired
location for a control by setting its Canvas.Top and Canvas.Left properties or by using its
Margin property.
So, for example, consider the following XAML:

<Canvas Height="261" Width="439">
<Button Height="101" Width="110" Canvas.Left="101" Canvas.Top="82.5" Content="Button"/>
</Canvas>
You will see that the Canvas.Top and Canvas.Left properties for the button have been set.
These indicate that the button will always be at those values relative to the parent Canvas, so
as the Canvas moves, the button will move also. The Canvas layout is covered in more detail
in Chapter 4.
Using StackPanel
The StackPanel layout will always orient its child controls either horizontally or vertically,
stacking them (hence the name) based on the Orientation property. Note that the panel will
override the positioning of the controls. For example, look at the following XAML:
<StackPanel Height="337" Width="224">
<Button Canvas.Top="100" Height="64" Width="98"
Orientation="Vertical" Content="Button"/>
<Button Height="85" Width="92" Content="Button"/>

</StackPanel>
You can see that the first button has its Canvas.Top property set to 100. You would expect
that this would mean that the control would then be drawn at that position, but as Figure 2-
16 shows, this is not the case, and it is stacked by the StackPanel layout at the top of the
StackPanel (because the StackPanel has its Orientation property set to Vertical).
FIGURE 2-16 Buttons in a StackPanel.
When you have many controls in a StackPanel, you may go beyond the bounds of the Panel
control itself, in which case the controls will be clipped to the bounds of the StackPanel. To
get around this problem, you can use a ScrollViewer, which is explained in the next section.
Using the ScrollViewer

The ScrollViewer provides scroll bars that allow the user to pan around the contents of a lay-
out if the contents exceed the bounds of the ScrollViewer. It can only contain one child con-
trol, so unless you are using a control that needs a large view area (such as an Image), it is
typically only used to contain other containers.
For example, following is a StackPanel in which the contents exceed the vertical space avail-
able to it:
</StackPanel>
The StackPanel in this example is 300 pixels high, but the total height of all the buttons is 384
pixels, and so the bottom button will be cropped, as you can see in Figure 2-17.
FIGURE 2-17 Cropped elements in a StackPanel.
Now, if you contain this within a ScrollViewer, you’ll get better results. Note that the Stack-
Panel will still crop the buttons if you do not change its height, so if you need to have an area
of height 300, you can set the ScrollViewer to have this height and then set the StackPanel to
have a different height. Here’s the XAML to do this:
<ScrollViewer Height="300" Width="300">
</StackPanel>
</ScrollViewer>
You can see how the ScrollViewer created here appears in Figure 2-18.
FIGURE 2-18 Using the ScrollViewer.

Now you can scroll up and down the button list, and the buttons will all be available; none are
unavailable because of cropping if you use the ScrollViewer. Note that the button at the bot-
tom in Figure 2-18 can be revealed by dragging the scroll bar down.
The Border Control

Not to be confused with the Border Patrol—part of the Department of Homeland Security—
the Border Control is simply used to draw a border, background, or both around another
element. For example, consider the following XAML:
<Border Height="318" Width="405" Background="#FFFF0000">
<Button Height="234"
HorizontalAlignment="Center"
VerticalAlignment="Center"
Width="239"
RenderTransformOrigin="0.5,0.5"
Content="Button">
</Button>
</Border>
This will create a red background behind the button.
Placing and Customizing Visual Elements

The visual elements available are defined in the XAML specification, and you will learn about
each of them in detail in Chapter 4. Right now, let’s take a look at the basic shapes and tools
that are available on the toolbar. These include the following shapes:
x Rectangle Select this shape to draw a straight-sided quadrilateral with 90-degree angles
at each corner. You can make a square by creating a Rectangle with equal width and
height properties.
x Ellipse Use this shape to draw an elliptical figure, an oval. You can make it a Circle by
making the width and height properties equal.
x Line This shape simply draws a straight line between two end points.
There are also tools available on the toolbar that you can use to create free-form shapes:
x Pen Use this tool to draw a set of connected line segments represented by an underly-
ing Path element.
x Pencil Use this tool to draw a set of connected elements, which can be lines or curves.
Blend will take the strokes that the user draws and represent them with an underlying
Path element.
Each of these visual elements, including those created with the Pen and Pencil tools, are rep-
resented by a single element, and this element can then be treated as any other object; that
is, you can modify it in many ways, including setting its properties or animating it. For
example, consider Figure 2-19, in which the Pencil tool has been used to draw a set of con-
nected curves to create a representation of the word Hello in script. Look on the Objects And
Timeline view, and you’ll see the object represented as a Path.
FIGURE 2-19 Editing a Path object.
Now, this pencil “drawing” of the word Hello is treated as a single object, so you can edit its
properties, including Fill, Brush, and so forth, simply by selecting it from the Objects And
Timeline view and then editing the properties in the property pane, as with any other object.
Placing and Customizing Controls

Controls are treated by Blend in exactly the same way as visual elements. You simply select
them from the toolbar and draw them on the design surface. After you’ve created them on
the design surface, then you can edit their properties. Controls are discussed in detail in Chap-
ter 7, “Silverlight Controls: Presentation and Layout.”
One thing to note is that Blend gives you two families of controls on the toolbar. The first in-
cludes the Text controls: TextBlock and TextBox. The second includes the set of basic user in-
terface controls: Button, CheckBox, ListBox, RadioButton, ScrollBar, Slider, and GridSplitter.
Finally, the toolbar gives you the option to add controls that aren’t part of this set. You can do
this by selecting the Asset Library link at the bottom of the toolbar. This will display the Asset
Library dialog box, as shown in Figure 2-20.
FIGURE 2-20 Asset Library dialog box.
You can select controls in the Asset Library dialog box to add them to the toolbar. You also
can search for specific controls by entering the term in the search box. So, for example, if you
want to use a MediaElement control, start typing the letters of the control’s name. When you
see the control you want (in this case, the MediaElement), you can select it, and it will then be
available to you on the toolbar.
Then you can draw the control on the design surface and manipulate its properties with the
properties editor, as you have done with the visual elements and layout controls.
Using Blend to Design Animations

We will examine how to create animations in detail in Chapter 5, but to put it succinctly, an-
imations occur in Silverlight whenever a property of an object changes its value over time.
You can design these kinds of animations visually in a very straightforward manner by using
Blend and the timeline editor.
One form of animation that Silverlight supports is the DoubleAnimation, which is used to
change numeric properties, such as the width of an Ellipse visual element. Another is the Col-
orAnimation, which is used to change the color of the Brush property.
For example, consider the Ellipse shown in Figure 2-21 (which appears as a circle because its
height and width properties are equal). To visually design an animation that changes the
width of this Ellipse element, you’ll add a new Storyboard that contains the animation.
FIGURE 2-21 Drawing a circle.
On the Objects And Timeline view, select the Ellipse and then press the + button next to the
Storyboard list at the top of the pane. Accept the defaults in the Create Storyboard dialog box
that display, and then the Timeline editor will appear. You’ll also see the message Timeline
Recording Is On at the top of the Blend window. Press the F6 key to rearrange the workspace
so that the timeline is displayed to make it easier to work on an animation. Your screen
should look something like the one shown in Figure 2-22.
Look for the yellow line in the timeline view. This denotes the current position on the timeline.
Drag it to the 2-second mark, and then click the Record Keyframe tool at the top of the time-
line. It looks like a blob with a little green plus sign (+) at its lower-right side. You’ll see a little
oval that appears in the timeline at the 2-second mark, as shown in Figure 2-23.
Now that you have defined a keyframe, any changes that you make to the properties of the
object will be recorded at that key frame, so go ahead and change the width of the Ellipse
while the yellow line is still at the 2-second mark, indicating the current position of the time-
line. For example, change the width to 200 and the Fill color to Red.
Now drag the playhead (the top of the vertical yellow line on the timeline) left and right, and
you’ll see a preview of the animation previewed, with the width and color of the circle shape
changing over time.
FIGURE 2-22 Editing the timeline.
FIGURE 2-23 Adding a key frame.

You can see the XAML that is generated by your visual creation of the animation here:
<UserControl.Resources>
<Storyboard x:Name="Storyboard1">
<DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames Storyboard.TargetName="ellipse"
Storyboard.TargetProperty="(FrameworkElement.Width)"
BeginTime="00:00:00">
<SplineDoubleKeyFrame KeyTime="00:00:02" Value="200"/>
</DoubleAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
<ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames Storyboard.TargetName="ellipse"
Storyboard.TargetProperty="(Shape.Fill).(SolidColorBrush.Color)"
BeginTime="00:00:00">
<SplineColorKeyFrame KeyTime="00:00:02" Value="#FFFF2200"/>
</ColorAnimationUsingKeyFrames>
</Storyboard>
</UserControl.Resources>
<Ellipse Height="100" Width="100" Fill="#FFFFF500" Stroke="#FF000000" x:Name="ellipse"/>
You’ll delve into the structure of this XAML in much more detail in Chapter 5, but the impor-
tant elements to note here are the Storyboard.TargetName instances that indicate which ele-
ment the animation is being defined for, and the Storyboard.TargetProperty that indicates the
property that is going to be changed. As you can see in this XAML, there are two animations,
one that changes the width of the target and the other that changes its color. Silverlight then
takes this definition and uses it to calculate the values required for each frame at the time the
animation is rendered.
Summary
In this chapter, you learned the basics of working with Expression Blend, taking a quick tour of
what it offers you as a designer or developer creating and implementing your own Silverlight
applications. You saw how Blend can be used to create Silverlight solutions and projects, and
then you saw what tools the Blend IDE offers you to add and manage visual elements, layout,
controls, and animations in your application.
We’ve just begun to investigate what you can do with Blend in this chapter, but your intro-
duction to Blend here may well inspire you to want to learn more about it.
The other half of the designer/developer workflow tool package is found in Visual Studio. In
Chapter 3, you’ll take a look at how you can use this tool, what it has in common with Blend,
and what powerful features it provides for developers. You will have the chance to use Visual
Studio to build your first Silverlight application—a sliding picture puzzle game.
Based on Beta 2—Updates Online
Introducing Microsoft ®
Silverlight 2
About the Author
™
Laurence Moroney is a Senior Technology
Evangelist at Microsoft, focusing on Silverlight
SECOND EDITION and the user experience. He has more than a
decade of experience in software development
Your first look at the tools and techniques for creating and implementation, and has written dozens of
rich Silverlight 2 experiences books and articles on Windows® Presentation
Foundation, Web development, security, and
Get a head start with Silverlight 2—the cross-platform, cross-browser interoperability.
plug-in for rich interactive applications and the next-generation user
experience. Featuring advance insights from inside the Microsoft
Silverlight team, this book delivers the practical, approachable
guidance and code to inspire your next solutions.
Discover how to:

• Create your first simple sites and browser-hosted applications
• Use XAML to render, scale, and animate graphics on-screen
• Exploit Microsoft .NET runtime and Visual Studio® language
support
• Explore the full suite of controls; build and extend your own
RES OU RCE ROAD MAP
• Experiment with media, ink, and Deep Zoom capabilities
Developer Step by Step
• Create connected applications • Hands-on tutorial covering
• Put dynamic languages such as Ruby and Python to work fundamental techniques and features
• Deliver skinned media content

• Practice files on CD
• Prepares and informs new-to-topic
• Manage Silverlight applications from ASP.NET–based servers programmers
Developer Reference
• Expert coverage of core topics
• Extensive, pragmatic coding examples
Get C# and XAML code samples on the Web • Builds professional-level proficiency
with a Microsoft technology
For system requirements, see the Introduction.
Focused Topics
• Deep coverage of advanced
techniques and capabilities
• Extensive, adaptable coding examples
• Promotes full mastery of a
Microsoft technology
See inside cover for more information
ISBN-13: 978-0-7356-2528-0
ISBN-10: 0-7356-2528-X
Part No. X14-55516
90000 U.S.A. $34.99

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2

Based on Beta 2—Updates Online

Microsoft Silverlight is a cross-browser, cross-platform plug-in that was developed to deliver

Silverlight and User Experience

x Unenhanced browsers (no plug-ins)

Unenhanced Silverlight Windows

FIGURE 1-1 Programming and presentation models for the Web.

JavaScript DOM API Controls/Extensibility

Presentation Core Isolated Storage

OS Support Browser Support

Windows XP SP2 FireFox 1+

Windows Server 2003 Mozilla 1+

Mac OS X 10.4.8+ Safari

FIGURE 1-2 Silverlight architecture.

JavaScript .NET Runtime XAML

FIGURE 1-3 Application architecture with Silverlight.

Silverlight and XAML

x Rectangle Allows you to define a rectangular shape on the screen

Following is an example using a SolidColorBrush to fill an ellipse:

<LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1">

x RotationTransform Rotates the element through a defined number of degrees

x DoubleAnimation Allows numeric properties, such as those used to determine location,

x PointAnimation Allows points that define a two-dimensional space to be animated

Silverlight and the Expression Suite

There are several tools in the Expression Suite:

Silverlight and Expression Design

It supports many graphical file formats for import, such as:

x Adobe Illustrator—PDF Compatible (*.ai)

x XAML Silverlight Canvas

FIGURE 1-4 Exporting XAML from Expression Design.

<Canvas x:Name="Layer_1" Width="640.219" Height="480.202" Canvas.Left="0" Canvas.Top="0">

Silverlight and Expression Blend

FIGURE 1-5 Silverlight support in Expression Blend.

The two options for Silverlight projects are:

Exploring the Silverlight 1 Site Project

FIGURE 1-6 Project structure for a Silverlight Script application.

The Default Web Page

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

<script type="text/javascript" src="Silverlight.js"></script>

// Sample event hookup:

// Sample event handler

Silverlight and Expression Encoder

FIGURE 1-7 Expression Encoder.

FIGURE 1-8 Configuring a video encoding profile.

FIGURE 1-9 Adding Markers to a stream.

FIGURE 1-10 Using Encoder to build a Silverlight media player.

FIGURE 1-11 Media player generated by Expression Encoder.

Getting Started with Expression Blend

FIGURE 2-1 Expression Blend IDE.

FIGURE 2-2 New Project dialog box options in Expression Blend.

The options that you are given are:

x WPF Application (.exe) This option creates a client-executable application built on

Creating a Silverlight 2 Application

FIGURE 2-3 Silverlight 2 project structure.

The Default Page

Following is the XAML for the default Page.xaml:

<Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot" Background="White" />

Note the use of <UserControl> to host the content.

The Default App.xaml and Code-Behind Files

private void OnStartup(object sender, StartupEventArgs e)