Chapter 3

Arrays

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 Arrays

• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
• To refer to an element
– Specify array name and position number (index)
– Syntax : arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
• N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
– Nth element as position N-1

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 Arrays

• Array elements like other variables

– Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
• Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]

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 Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

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 Declaring Arrays

• When declaring arrays, specify

– Name
– Type of array
• Any data type
– Number of elements
– type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats
char x4[5]; // array of 5 characters
int n = 10;
int x[n]; Error ➔ const int n = 10;

• Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];
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 Arrays Initialization

1) Group Initialization

2) Element wise Initialization

3) Initialization using loops

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 Group Initialization

int a[9] = { 1,3,5,7,9,11,12,13,9};

float b[4] = { 0.1,0.3,0.7,1.8};
char c[4] = { ′H ′, ′ e ′, ′ L ′, ′ p ′};
int numbers[] = { 12,7,9,5,12};
int arry[5]= {1,8,6,7,5,9}; error
int num[4]= { 9,5,3}; num[3] = 0
char std[4]={′f ′, ′s ′, ′w ′}; std[3] = ′ \0 ′

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 Element wise Initialization
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int x[4];
x[0]=3;
x[1]=1;
x[2]=10;
x[3]=20;
cout<<x[0]<<x[1]<<x[2]<<x[3]<<endl;
char c[]={'g','\0','h'};
cout<<c[0]<<c[1]<<c[2];
}

OUTPUT

311020
g h

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#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a=3,b=2;
int z[6]={1,2,3,4,5,6};
z[a+b]+=2;
z[0]=2;
z[4]=(a/b+6);
for (int i=0;i<=5;i++)
cout<<z[i]<<" ";

OUTPUT

2 2 3 4 7 8

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 Initialization using for loop
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a[6];
for (int i=0;i<=5;i++)
{
a[i]=i*i+1;
cout<<"a["<<i<<"]="<<a[i]<<endl;
}
}

OUTPUT
a[0]= 1
a[1]= 2
a[2]= 5
a[3= 10
a[4]= 17
a[5]= 26
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 Initialization using while loop
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int i=0;
int a[5]={0,1,2,3,4};
while(i<=5)
{
cout<<"a["<<i<<"]="<<a[i]*2<<endl;
i++;
}
}
OUTPUT
a[0]= 0
a[1]= 2
a[2]= 4
a[3= 6
a[4]= 8
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 Character Arrays
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
char x[5]={‘A',‘H',‘M',‘E',‘D'};
for( int i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
x[i]++;
cout<<x[i]<<endl;
}
}
OUTPUT Note

B i=1 to i<=3
I I
N N
F F
E
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 Examples Using Arrays

• Initializing arrays
– For loop
• Set each element
– Initializer list
• Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
• If too many syntax error
– To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
– If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
• 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 Examples Using Arrays

• Array size
– Can be specified with constant variable (const)
• const int size = 20;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called named constants or read-only variables

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 Array I/O programming
#include<iostream.h>
#define n 3 // const int n = 3
void main()
{
int z[n];
cout<<"Enter z[0]=";
cin>> z[0];
cout<<"Enter z[1]=";
cin>>z[1];
cout<<"Enter z[2]=";
cin>>z[2];
for (int i=0;i<=2;i++)
cout<<z[i]<<" ";
}

OUTPUT
Enter z[0] = 33
Enter z[1] = 19
Enter z[2] = 22
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 Array I/O programming
#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int z[5];
int j;
for (j=0;j<=4;j++)
{
cout<<"Enter z["<<j<<"]";
cin>>z[j];
}
}

OUTPUT
Enter z[0] = 6
Enter z[1] = 3
Enter z[2]= 9
Enter z[3]= 7
Enter z[4]= 1
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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],max,min,sum=0;
long int product=1; Write a program
cout<<"enter array elements\n"; to find the total,
cin>>a[0]; product,
max=a[0]; maximum and
min=a[0]; minimum of array
sum=sum+a[0];
elements?
product=product*a[0];
for (int i=0;i<=8;i++)
{
cin>>a[i];
sum= sum + a[i];
product= product * a[i];
if (max < a[i])
max = a[i];
if (min > a[i])
min = a[i];
}
cout<<"\n sum of array elements is :"<<sum;
cout<<"\n product of array elements is :"<<product;
cout<<"\n maximum number in the array is :"<<max;
cout<<"\n minimum number in the array is :"<<min;
}
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 Output

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 Write a program to find a product of two arrays
#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int array1[10],array2[10],result[10];
cout<<"enter the first array"<<endl;
for (int y=0;y<=9;y++)
cin>>array1[y];

cout<<"enter the second array"<<endl;

for (int f=0;f<=9;f++)
cin>>array2[f];

cout<<"the product of the two arrays are:"<<endl;

for (int k=0;k<=9;k++)
{
result[k]=array1[k]*array2[k];
cout<<result[k]<<" ";
}
}

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 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays (two dimensional array)
(matrices)

• Multiple subscripts
– a[ i ][ j ]
– Tables with rows and columns
– Specify row, then column
– “Array of arrays”
a[0][0] is the first element of that array

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3

Row 0 a[ 0 ][ 0 ] a[ 0 ][ 1 ] a[ 0 ][ 2 ] a[ 0 ][ 3 ]

Row 1 a[ 1 ][ 0 ] a[ 1 ][ 1 ] a[ 1 ][ 2 ] a[ 1 ][ 3 ]

Row 2 a[ 2 ][ 0 ] a[ 2 ][ 1 ] a[ 2 ][ 2 ] a[ 2 ][ 3 ]

Column subscript

Array name
Row subscript
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 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays Initialization

• To initialize
– Default of 0
– Initializers grouped by row in braces 1 2
int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } }; 3 4
Row 0 Row 1

a b
char x[2][2]={{’a’ ,’b’} ,{’c’ ,’d’}};
c d

a b
char x[2][2]={{″ab” ,”cd”}};
c d

int b[ 2 ][ 2 ] = { { 1 }, { 3, 4 } }; 1 0
3 4

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 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays

• To initialize
– Default of 0
1 2
– Initializers grouped by row in braces 3 4
int b[ 3 ][ 2 ] = { {1,2,3,4}}; 0 0

1 2
4 0
int b[ 3 ][ 2 ] = { {1,2},{4}};
0 0

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 Printing two dimensional arrays

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
OUTPUT
int a [2][3] = {2, 5};
for (int r = 0 ; r < 2 ; r++)
{
2 5 0
for (int c = 0; c < 3 ; c++)
{ 0 0 0
cout<< a[r][c] << "\t";
}
cout << "\n";
}
}

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 Initializing array elements with calculations

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
OUTPUT
int Z[3][3];
for (int r = 0 ; r < 3 ; r++)
{
0 1 2
for (int c = 0; c < 3 ; c++)
{ 1 2 3
Z[r][c] = r + c ;
2 3 4
cout<< Z[r][c] << ”\t”;
}
cout << ”\n”;
}
}

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 Summing the array elements

#include <iostream.h>
void main()
{
int marks [3][3] = {91, 88, 71, 84, 66, 99, 69, 79, 81};
int sum = 0;
for (int r = 0 ; r < 3 ; r++)
{
for (int c = 0; c < 3 ; c++)
{
sum += marks[r][c];
}
}
cout << "Total = " << sum
}

OUTPUT

Total = 728
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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
char a[3][3]={{1, 2, 3} ,{4 ,5 ,6} ,{7 ,8 ,9}};
for (int n=0;n<3;n++)
{
for (int m=0;m<3;m++)
OUTPUT
{
a[n][0]+=2;
a[2][m]--; 3 2 3
cout<<a[n][m]<<" "; 6 5 6
}
cout<<endl;
6 5 6
}
}

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#include<iostream.h>
void main()
{
char a[3][3]={{'k', 'b', 'c'} ,{'d‘ ,'e‘ ,'w'} ,{'m‘ ,'n‘ ,'s'}};
for (int n=0;n<3;n++)
{
for (int m=0;m<3;m++)
{ OUTPUT
a[n][0]+=2;
a[2][m]--; m b c
cout<<a[n][m]<<" "; f e w
}
cout<<endl;
l k p
}
}

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 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• Character constant
– Integer value represented as character in single quotes
– 'z' is integer value of z
• 122 in ASCII
• String
– Series of characters treated as single unit
– Can include letters, digits, special characters +, -, * ...
– String literal (string constants)
• Enclosed in double quotes, for example:
"I like C++"
– Array of characters, ends with null character '\0'
– String is constant pointer
• Pointer to string’s first character
– Like arrays
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 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings

• String assignment
– Character array
• char color[] = "blue";
– Creates 5 element char array color
• last element is '\0'

– Alternative for character array

• char color[] = { ‘b’, ‘l’, ‘u’, ‘e’, ‘\0’ };

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 Cont.

• Reading strings

– Assign input to character array word[ 20 ]

cin >> word
• Reads characters until whitespace or EOF

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 String Manipulation Functions of the String-
handling Library

• String handling library <string.h> provides

functions to :
– Manipulate string data
– Compare strings
– Search strings for characters and other strings
– Tokenize strings (separate strings into logical pieces)

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 String Manipulation Functions of the String-
handling Library

strcpy( char s1, char s2 ) Copies the string s2 into the character
array s1. The value of s1 is returned.
strncpy (char s1, char s2, int n ) Copies at most n characters of the string s2
into the character array s1. The value of s1 is
returned.

strcat( char s1, char s2 ) Appends the string s2 to the string s1. The
first character of s2 overwrites the terminating
null character of s1. The value of s1 is
returned.

strncat( char s1,char s2, int n ) Appends at most n characters of string s2 to

string s1. The first character of s2 overwrites
the terminating null character of s1. The value
of s1 is returned.

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 String Manipulation Functions of the String-
handling Library

strcmp (char s1,char s2 ) Compares the string s1 with the string s2.
The function returns a value of zero or -1 or 1
if s1 is equal to s2 , less than s2 or greater
than s2, respectively.

strncmp(char s1, char *s2, int n ) Compares up to n characters of the string s1

with the string s2.
The function returns a value of zero or -1 or 1
if s1 is equal to s2 , less than s2 or greater
than s2, respectively. .

strlen( char s ) Determines the length of string s. The

number of characters preceding the
terminating null character is returned.

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 Example of strlen , strcpy and strncpy
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char x[] = "Happy Birthday to You";
char y[ 25 ];
char z[ 15 ];
cout<< strlen(x);
strcpy( y, x ); // copy contents of x into y
cout << "string in array x is: " << x << endl;
cout << "string in array y is: " << y << '\n';
// copy first 14 characters of x into z
strncpy( z, x, 11 ); // does not copy null character
z[ 11 ] = '\0'; // append '\0' to z's contents
cout << "string in array z is: " << z << endl;
}

OUTPUT 21
The string in array x is: Happy Birthday to You
108 The string in array y is: Happy Birthday to You
The string in array z is: Happy Birth
 Example of strcat and strncat
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[ 20 ] = "welcome ";
char s2[] = "in fet ";
char s3[ 40 ] = "";
cout << "s1 = " << s1 <<endl<<"s2 = " << s2<<endl;
strcat( s1, s2 ); // concatenate s2 to s1
cout << "After strcat(s1, s2): " << endl;
cout<< "s1 = " << s1 <<endl<< "s2 = " << s2<<endl;
// concatenate first 6 characters of s1 to s3
strncat( s3, s1, 6 ); // places '\0' after last character
cout<<"s3 = "<<s3;
}

OUTPUT s1 = welcome
s2 = in fet
After strcat(s1, s2):
s1 = welcome in fet
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s2 = in fet
s3 = welcom
 Example of strcmp and strncmp

#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char m[]="Apple";
char a[]="Table";
char z[]="Apple";
char b[]="TableAndChair";
cout<<strcmp(m,a)<<"\n"<<strcmp(a,m)<<"\n";
cout<<strcmp(m,z)<<"\n"<<strcmp(a,b)<<endl;
cout<<strncmp(a,b,5)<<"\n"<<strncmp(b,a,6 );
}

OUTPUT
-1
1
0
-1
110 0
1
 Assignment
• Write a program for an exam which has 20 multiple choice questions.
Here are the correct answers:

1. b
2. d
3. a
4. a
5. c
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. c
10. d
11. b
12. c
13. d
14. a
15. d
16. c
17. c
18. b
19. d
20. a

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 Assignment

• Your program should store the answers shown above

in an array. It should then ask the user to enter the
student's answers for each of the 20 questions, which
should be stored in another array. After the student's
answers have been entered, the program should
display a message indicating whether the student
passed or failed the exam. If he passed (A student
should answer 15 of the 20 questions correctly to pass
the exam.) print pass and display the total number of
correctly answered questions. If he failed print fail.

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 End

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