Malvaceae: Flora Mesoamericana, Volume 3 (2), Malvaceae, Page 1 of 162
Malvaceae: Flora Mesoamericana, Volume 3 (2), Malvaceae, Page 1 of 162
Malvaceae: Flora Mesoamericana, Volume 3 (2), Malvaceae, Page 1 of 162
169. MALVACEAE
By P.A. Fryxell.
4. Flowers (usually 3) in axillary umbels, the peduncles 4-17 cm; fruits subglobose,
more or less inflated, papery, of 30-40 carpels; involucel sometimes deciduous.
35. Phymosia
4. Flowers solitary (or paired) in the leaf axils, the pedicels 2-4 cm; fruits disciform,
not inflated, indurate, of c. 8 carpels; involucel persistent.
37. Malva (5. M. assurgentiflora)
3. Corolla large or small, white cream, or yellow (or orange in Modiola or purplish in
Fuertesimalva and Malva, but then <1.5 cm); herbs, shrubs, or small trees, the
leaves various, lobed or unlobed.
5. Style single; fruits capsular; plants large shrubs or small trees.
6. Stigmas 5, capitate, crowded; leaves large (at least 21 × 35 cm); capsules 4-7
cm, 5-celled, obovoid; plants not gland-dotted. 3. Wercklea (3. W. lutea)
6. Stigmatic lobes 3-5, decurrent; leaves smaller; capsules 2-5 cm, 3-5-celled,
ovoid or oblate, minutely punctate-glandular in petals, calyces, and herbage.
7. Involucellar bracts (in ours) ovate, laciniate, concealing the bud; leaves (in
ours) palmately lobed; seeds comose (bearing commercial cotton); plants
shrubby. 7. Gossypium
7. Involucellar bracts subulate to ligulate, entire, not enclosing the bud; leaves
ovate or shallowly lobed; seeds short-pubescent or glabrous; plants
arborescent.
8. Fruits oblate, glabrescent, indehiscent; petals 4-6 cm, showy, the corolla
campanulate, yellow with maroon center; seeds short-pubescent; trees
from littoral habitats, perfect-flowered. 5. Thespesia
8. Fruits globose to elongate, farinose-puberulent, dehiscent; petals 0.5-3
cm, reflexed, whitish; seeds glabrous, prominently arillate; species not
littoral, usually dioecious. 6. Hampea
5. Styles multiple (7 or more); fruits schizocarpic; plants herbs or shrubs, not
punctate-glandular; flowers usually small.
9. Corolla lavender or purplish.
10. Flowers in scorpioid cymes in the leaf axils; stigmas capitate.
33. Fuertesimalva
3
16. Fruits capsular, 3-5-locular; seeds several per locule (except solitary in
Kosteletzkya).
17. Fruits 3-locular; seeds densely pubescent; calyx prominently gland-dotted.
8. Cienfuegosia
17. Fruits 5-locular; seeds glabrous or pubescent; calyx (and plant) not gland-
dotted.
18. Fruits depressed, 5-winged, 5-seeded, often with recurved uncinate hairs
on wings; plants often in wet habitats. 1. Kosteletzkya
18. Fruits ovoid to elongate, generally unwinged, many-seeded, variously
pubescent.
19. Calyx asymmetrical, splitting laterally at anthesis and falling with the
corolla; style single with 5 sessile stigmas; fruits elongate, often
hispid.
4. Abelmoschus
19. Calyx symmetrical, persistent; styles 5, apically distinct, each with a
capitate stigma; fruits ovoid to elongate, variously pubescent or
glabrous.
20. Leaves orbicular to flabellate, relatively large; stipules prominent
(foliaceous and amplexicaul); plants usually arborescent, from rain-
forest habitats. 3. Wercklea
20. Leaves ovate, hastate, or palmately divided; stipules subulate and
inconspicuous (except in H. pernambucensis, but then not
amplexicaul); plants usually shrubby, seldom from rain forest
(except H. uncinellus). 2. Hibiscus
16. Fruits schizocarpic, with 5-40 mericarps; seeds solitary.
21. Mericarps (and styles and stigmas) 20 or more, unarmed; leaves orbicular
or palmately lobulate; involucel (in ours) of 6-7 bracts, more or less
connate; flowers showy (sometimes double) in spiciform inflorescences;
plants robust herbs, introduced and cultivated. 38. Alcea
21. Mericarps 5 (styles and stigmas 10), armed or unarmed; leaves usually
simple and ovate, sometimes palmately lobed; involucel various; plants
indigenous.
5
22. Leaves with 1(-3) nectaries near base of principal veins beneath; fruits
prominently glochidiate; involucellar bracts 5, alternate with the lobes of
the calyx; anthers subsessile. 11. Urena
22. Foliar nectaries absent; fruits armed with 3 barbed spines or unarmed
(not glochidiate); involucellar bracts 4-24; anthers on manifest
filaments.
10. Pavonia
1. Individual flowers and fruits not subtended by an involucel or epicalyx.
23. Mericarps (and styles and stigmas) 3-4(-6), divided into an upper and a lower
chamber.
24. Fruits enclosed by the calyx, pubescent; petals pale lavender to white; staminal
column rudimentary, the filaments essentially free. 14. Bastardiastrum
24. Fruits exceeding the calyx, glabrescent or obscurely puberulent; petals usually
yellowish; staminal column manifest. 15. Wissadula
23. Mericarps (and styles and stigmas) 5-30, not divided into two chambers (except in
Briquetia, Pseudabutilon, and Wissadula).
25. Mericarps 5-10, divided into an upper and lower chamber, the upper 2-seeded, the
lower 1-seeded.
26. Uppermost leaves (immediately below the inflorescence) sessile and
amplexicaul; inflorescence (in ours) spiciform. 16. Briquetia
26. All leaves petiolate; inflorescences paniculate.
27. Calyx shorter than fruit; the upper chamber of the mericarp bulbous and
markedly larger than the lower. 15. Wissadula (6. W. contracta)
27. Calyx subequal to fruit; the distinction of the upper and lower chambers of the
mericarp obscure. 17. Pseudabutilon (part)
25. Mericarps 5-30, 1-chambered.
28. Seeds (in ours) 2-7 per mericarp.
29. Fruits subglobose, thin-walled, more or less inflated, usually puberulent or
hispid.
30. Shrubs to 3 m tall; petals 1-3 cm, purple; mericarps 8-12, each with 2 long
(10-14 mm) spines at base. 36. Neobrittonia
6
30. Perennial herbs or subshrubs <1 m tall; petals 0.6-1.1 cm, white; mericarps
10-14, spineless. 22. Herissantia
29. Fruits various but usually indurate-walled, not inflated.
31. Leaves entire, the venation camptodrome; pubescence usually ferrugineous,
the stellate hairs often stipitate; mericarps rounded, usually with lacerate
wings on dorsal margin (except wing suppressed inB. pittieri and B.
gaumeri). 19. Bakeridesia
31. Leaves manifestly dentate to subentire, the principal veins terminating at the
margin; pubescence various; mericarps usually acute or apiculate at apex,
lacking dorsal wings.
32. Uppermost leaves (immediately below the inflorescence) sessile and
amplexicaul (in ours); seeds 5, with a small endoglossum below the
lowermost seed; fruits blackish at maturity 20. Hochreutinera
32. Leaves all petiolate; seeds 3 or more per carpel; endoglossum present or
absent (if present, dividing the carpel in equal halves); fruits tan or brown
(sometimes blackish) at maturity.
33. Endoglossum present. 17. Pseudabutilon (part)
33. Endoglossum absent. 18. Abutilon
28. Seeds solitary.
33. Plants arborescent.
34. Petals 1.5-4 cm, yellow; calyx prominently 10-ribbed, ca. half-divided;
mericarps indurate, apically dehiscent, coherent in fruit. 29. Dendrosida
34. Petals 0.5-1.6 cm, yellowish, white or lavender; calyx unribbed, divided
nearly to the base; mericarps not indurate, more or less inflated, indehiscent,
usually divergent in fruit. 31. Robinsonella
33. Plants herbs or shrubs.
35. Flowers and fruits in head-like groups subtended and enclosed by
specialized floral bracts; mericarps 5 per fruit. 13. Malachra
35. Flowers and fruits solitary or aggregated into inflorescences of various types
but not enclosed by specialized bracts; mericarps 5-20.
36. Mericarps internally with pectinate (dissected) endoglossum encircling the
seed; flower buds often nodding; leaves sometimes distichous. 30. Gaya
7
36. Endoglossum absent or minute and (if present) neither pectinate nor
encircling the seed; flower buds usually erect; leaves usually spirally
disposed.
37. Lateral walls of mericarps disintegrating at maturity (incompletely so in
Anoda pristina), the mericarps usually dorsally spurred.
38. Petals spatulate, erect, red; genitalia exserted; stigmas clavate.
25. Periptera
38. Petals obovate, spreading, lavender or pale yellowish; genitalia
included; stigmas capitate, flattened. 24. Anoda
37. Lateral walls of mericarps persistent, the mericarps often apically
dehiscent and apiculate or spined, but not dorsally spurred.
39. Carpels laterally coherent, forming a pseudocapsule (in ours 6-8-
celled); plants (in ours) notably viscid and malodorous. 21. Bastardia
39. Mericarps separating at maturity, the fruits clearly schizocarpic; plants
sometimes viscid, usually not.
40. Calyx more or less 10-ribbed; mericarps indurate, often laterally
reticulate, apically dehiscent. 28. Sida
40. Calyx ecostulate, basally rounded, often less than 5 mm; mericarps
usually fragile-walled laterally smooth or obscurely reticulate, often
indehiscent.
41. Minute endoglossum present; lateral walls of mericarps smooth;
leaves broadly ovate. 27. Allosidastrum
41. Endoglossum absent; lateral walls of mericarps often weakly
reticulate; leaves narrowly ovate. 26. Sidastrum
Stout herbs or subshrubs, often hispid, frequently growing in moist habitats. Leaves
narrowly lanceolate, ovate, cordate, hastate, palmately lobed, or sagittately parted, with
serrate margins, usually coarsely pubescent or scabrous; stipules inconspicuous. Flowers
solitary in the leaf axils or in terminal racemes or panicles; involucel of 6-10 linear
8
bractlets, usually hispid; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla whitish, yellow, or pink;
androecium subequal to corolla (in ours) or manifestly exserted; styles and capitate
stigmas 5. Capsules depressed, 5-winged, usually scabrid, the 5 locules each 1-seeded;
seeds reniform, glabrous to scabridulous. 17 spp., United States, Mexico, West Indies,
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Malesia, Africa.
1. Kosteletzkya depressa (L.) O. Blanchard, Fryxell & D. Bates, Gentes Herb. 11:
357 (1978). Melochia depressa L., Sp. Pl. 674 (1753). Holotype: ex Jamaica, in cult., van
Royen s.n. (L-909,64115). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Veracruz 68: 131, t.13 (1992b).
Kosteletzkya pentasperma (Bertero ex DC.) Griseb., K. sagittata K. Presl, K.
hastata K. Presl, K. hispida K. Presl.
Herbs or subshrubs 1-2 m tall, the stems green, hispid or scabrid with simple and
stellate hairs. Leaves progressively reduced upward, lanceolate, hastate, or somewhat
lobed, stellate-pubescent with coarse few-armed hairs intermingled with much smaller
hairs. Flowers solitary or in diffuse leafy panicles, pedicels scabridulous; involucellar
bractlets 2-3 mm; calyx 3-5 mm, 5-lobed; corolla 8-10 mm, rotate, whitish or yellowish
(fading pink); staminal column glabrous, pallid, the anthers few. Capsules ca. 6 mm in
diameter (excluding wings), transversely costate, stellate-pubescent and with prominent
uncinate hairs on margins of wings; seeds 2.5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 38. Roadside swales,
disturbed areas, especially in wet or inundated soil. T (Cowan 3179, NY); Ch (Matuda
2712, MEXU); G (Standley 61341, NY); H (Molina & Molina 25880, US); ES (Montalvo
& Vargas 3105, MO?); N (Stevens 21629, MO); CR (Opler 1867, US); P (Dwyer 4047,
MO). At low elevation, but up to 1000 m. (Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador.)
2. Hibiscus L.
By P.A. Fryxell.
1. Stipules prominent (15-26 × 5-10 mm), enclosing the developing shoot, deciduous;
involucel gamophyllous, 8-20-toothed or -lobed; trees or large shrubs in mangrove
habitats; leaves coriaceous, discolorous, subentire. 9. Hibiscus pernambucensis
1. Stipules smaller, not enclosing the shoot, often persistent; involucellar bracts distinct
or slightly connate at base; small to large shrubs, not in mangrove habitats (or if so,
not arborescent); leaves otherwise.
2. Calyx lobes with prominent marginal costae, often with prominent (or obscure)
nectary on midrib of each calyx lobe (except H. costatus and H. radiatus);
involucellar bracts often bifurcate; leaves usually palmately lobed (except merely
angulate in H. costatus).
3. Corolla scarlet, salverform; plants scandent ("viny") to 10-20 m in forests by
means of retrorse prickles on stems and petioles; involucellar bracts prominently
bifurcate. 2. Hibiscus uncinellus
3. Corolla lavender (pink) or yellow with maroon center (sometimes red, but then
corolla campanulate or funnelform and plant not scandent); involucellar bracts
simple or bifurcate.
4. Bracts of involucel simple.
5. Calyx bright red, accrescent and fleshy in fruit; foliage glabrescent.
3. Hibiscus sabdariffa
5. Calyx usually green, never fleshy; foliage subglabrous to pubescent.
6. Stems stellate-pubescent and prominently aculeate, often reclining; calyx
nectaries obscure but present; corolla yellow with maroon center.
8. Hibiscus diversifolius
10
6. Stems glabrescent, with scarce urticating hairs, erect; calyx nectaries absent;
involucellar bracts sometimes bifurcate; corolla dark red.
5. Hibiscus radiatus
4. Bracts of involucel bifurcate.
7. Nectaries absent on the midribs of the calyx lobes.
8. Leaves glabrescent or sparsely aculeolate, deeply palmately parted with
narrow lobes; foliar nectaries absent; corolla dark red; involucellar bracts
sometimes simple. 5. Hibiscus radiatus
8. Leaves scabridulous, cordate-ovate to 3-5-angulate; foliar nectaries present;
corolla lavender; involucellar bracts bifurcate. 1. Hibiscus costatus
7. Nectaries present (sometimes obscure) on the midribs of the calyx lobes.
9. Corolla yellow or yellow suffused with red; leaves usually red, glabrescent;
plants in garden cultivation. 4. Hibiscus. acetosella
9. Corolla lavender; leaves green; plants of swampy habitats.
10. Plants sparsely and minutely aculeolate to glabrescent; leaves deeply
lobed; involucel (at anthesis) exceeding the calyx. 6. Hibiscus bifurcatus
10. Plants densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes also aculeolate; leaves
shallowly lobed; involucel (at anthesis) shorter than calyx.
7. Hibiscus furcellatus
2. Calyx lobes with neither marginal costae nor nectaries on midrib; bracts of involucel
never bifurcate.
11. Bracts of the involucel abruptly expanded distally to a reniform blade; capsules
densely hispid; plants of swampy habitats. 13. Hibiscus sororius
11. Bracts of the involucel subulate, lanceolate, or spatulate, not as above; capsules
glabrous or variously pubescent (if hispid, the bracts linear); plants usually of
drier habitats (except H. trilobus and H. striatus).
12. Introduced shrubs not occurring outside of cultivation; flowers usually showy,
sometimes double.
13. Flowers pendent on long slender pedicels exceeding the subtending leaves;
petals complexly dissected, reflexed; involucel 2-3 mm.
21b. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus
11
13. Flowers more or less erect, the pedicels shorter than the subtending leaves;
petals neither dissected nor reflexed; involucel 10 mm or more.
14. Calyx glabrescent; genitalia exserted.
21a. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. rosa-sinensis
14. Calyx puberulent; genitalia included.
15. Leaves about as wide as long, cordate, shallowly lobed, stellate-pubescent;
involucel shorter than calyx. 19. Hibiscus mutabilis
15. Leaves longer than wide, usually cuneate-rhomboid, glabrescent;
involucel subequal to calyx. 20. Hibiscus syriacus
12. Indigenous shrubs or subshrubs, rarely (if ever) planted in cultivation (although
H. lavaterioides is sometimes cultivated).
16. Calyx 0.6-1.9 cm, not accrescent or slightly so; seeds sericeous, the hairs
longer than the seed; plants usually less than 1 m tall.
17. Corolla red, more or less tubular; genitalia exserted; calyx lobes shorter than
the tube. 16. Hibiscus poeppigii
17. Corolla lavender or greenish yellow, campanulate or rotate; genitalia
included or slightly exserted; calyx lobes subequal to calyx tube or slightly
longer.
18. Flowers and fruits subsessile in axillary glomerules; corolla less than 1
cm, greenish yellow; species dioecious. 18. Hibiscus purpusii
18. Flowers and fruits solitary, manifestly pedicellate; corolla 1-4 cm,
lavender; species with perfect flowers.
19. Fruits antrorsely strigose; involucellar bracts linear or subulate; plants
sparsely pubescent to glabrescent. 17. Hibiscus phoeniceus
19. Fruits stellate-pubescent; involucellar bracts lanceolate to spatulate;
plants densely pubescent. 15. Hibiscus lavaterioides
16. Calyx 2-5 cm, often accrescent; seeds short-pubescent to glabrous; plants 1-6
m tall, robust.
20. Flowers zygomorphic, the corolla reddish-brown, the staminal column
markedly declined with secund anthers; seeds glabrous.
12. Hibiscus clypeatus
12
1. Hibiscus costatus A. Rich., Hist. Phys. Cuba, Pl. Vasc. 138, t.15 (1845 [1841]);
Hist. Fis. Cuba, Fanerogamia 49, t.15 (1845 [1841]). Isotype: Cuba, de la Sagra s.n. (K!,
US!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Veracruz 68: 85, t. 11 (caption on p. 104 as a printing error)
(1992b).
Perennial herbs or shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, the stems more or less scabrous. Leaves
ovate or 3-5-angular, cordate, serrate, acute to acuminate, sparsely scabridulous above
and beneath, with nectary at base of midrib beneath; stipules 5-8 mm, filiform. Pedicels
solitary in the leaf axils, exceeding the subtending petiole, scabrous; involucellar bracts
10-12, shorter than the calyx, hispid, apically bifurcate; calyx 2-3 cm, more than half-
divided, more or less hispid to glabrescent, with prominent marginal costae, the ribs often
reddish, lacking nectaries; petals 5-7 cm, lavender. Capsules 1.5-2 cm, densely strigose,
the hairs appressed and antrorse; seeds 3.5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 36. Evergreen forest,
secondary forest, and disturbed sites, usually in locally wet soil. T (Fryxell 740, MEXU);
Ch (Breedlove 34952, CAS); C (Krapovickas & Cristóbal 23541, CTES); B (Gentle
8154, LL); G (von Türckheim 7823, US); H (Nelson & Romero 4485, MO); N (Stevens
12767, MO); CR (Molina 14896, NY); P (Williams 331, US). 100-700 m. (Cuba and
central Mexico to Panama.)
13
3. Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Sp. Pl. 695 (1753). Type: unresolved fide Borssum
Waalkes, 1966: 64, but see: Krapovickas & Fryxell, in prep., who justify lectotypifying
with the Hort. Cliff. specimen (BM). Illustr.: Sivarajan & Pradeep, Malvac. So.
Peninsular India 118, t. 41 (1996). N.v.: rosa de Jamaica (H); viñuela (P).
Subshrubs 1-3 m tall, glabrescent. Leaves ovate to deeply digitately divided,
truncate to cuneate, serrate, glabrescent, with nectary near base of midrib beneath;
stipules 5-9 mm, subulate to lanceolate. Peduncles solitary in the leaf axils, shorter than
the subtending petiole; involucellar bracts ca. 8, shorter than the calyx, lanceolate,
basally connate; calyx 1.5-3 cm, somewhat hispid to glabrescent, bright red, marginally
costate, with nectary on midrib of each lobe, accrescent and fleshy in fruit; corolla yellow
with maroon center. Capsules 2 cm, antrorsely hispid; seeds 4 mm, scabridulous. 2n = 36,
72. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized, generally in disturbed sites. T (Cowan 1907,
CAS); Ch (Matuda 17330, MEXU); C (Krapovickas & Cristóbal 23534, CTES); G
14
(Kellerman 7977, NY); H (Molina 23282, NY); ES (Calderón 2243, US); N (Moreno &
Sandino 6224, MO); P (Standley 25222, US). (Pantropical in cultivation, probably of
African origin.)
Hibiscus sabdariffa is widely used to produce condiments, drinks, confections, and
vegetables, especially the fleshy calyces and the young shoots and leaves.
5. Hibiscus radiatus Cav., Diss. 3: 150, t.54, f.2 (1787). Holotype: cult. in Paris
from seeds collected by Banks, Cavanilles s.n. (microfiche! ex P-JU no. 12373). Illustr.:
Bates, Baileya 13: 56, t. 19 (1965).
Hibiscus cannabinus auct. non L.
Herbs or subshrubs to 1.5 m, erect or decumbent, the stems sometimes with
urticating hairs, glabrescent. Leaves deeply 3-5-parted, the lobes lanceolate, coarsely
serrate, acute, subglabrous; lacking foliar nectary; stipules 8-12 mm, lanceolate. Pedicels
2-5(-13) mm, solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts 10-15 mm, distinct, hispid,
linear and bifurcate (rarely simple), spreading in flower to reflexed in fruit; calyx 1.5-
2.5(-3) cm, marginally costate, with stiff urticating hairs on the nerves, lacking nectaries;
corolla 4-6 cm, dark red (sometimes yellow) with dark throat. Capsules shorter than
calyx, ovoid, hispid; seeds 4 mm, scabridulous. 2n = 72. Garden plant, sometimes
naturalized. Ch (Matuda 18181, MEXU); H (Molina & Molina 25878, NY); ES
15
(Calderón 2254, US); N (Grijalva & Grijalva 1500, MO); P (Standley 30526, US).
(From tropical Asia, pantropical in gardens.)
6. Hibiscus bifurcatus Cav., Diss. 146, t.51, f.1 (1787). Holotype: Brazil,
Commerson s.n. (microfiche! ex P-JU no. 12374; isotype: MA!).
Erect (sometimes scandent) shrubs 1-3 m tall, the stems with small (less than 1 mm)
retrorse prickles, sometimes nearly glabrous. Leaves cordate, palmately 3-5-lobed, the
lobes lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, glabrescent; stipules 10-12 mm, lance-
linear. Pedicels subequal to calyx, solitary in the leaf axils, prickly; involucellar bracts
longer than calyx at anthesis, setose, bifurcate; calyx 12-14 mm, accrescent in fruit to 20
mm, setose, marginally costate, with nectary on midrib of each lobe; petals 7-8 cm,
lavender. Capsules ovoid, beaked, antrorsely hispid; seeds 3.5 mm, papillose and
somewhat striate. 2n = 72. River banks and swampy habitats, sometimes coastal. B
(Schipp 839, WIS); H (Fryxell 2804, F); N (Stevens 20823, MO); P (Pittier 3997, US).
Low elevation. (Florida Keys, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina.)
7. Hibiscus furcellatus Desr. in Lam., Encycl. 3: 358 (1789). Holotype: Anon., s.n.
(microfiche! ex P-LA).
Shrubs to 2 m tall, the stems erect, densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes
aculeolate. Leaves ovate to weakly 3-5-lobed, cordate to truncate, serrate to subentire,
densely stellate-pubescent above and beneath, with nectary near base of midrib beneath;
stipules 4-6 mm, subulate. Pedicels shorter than the subtending petioles, solitary in the
leaf axils; involucellar bracts shorter than the calyx, bifurcate, stellate-pubescent; calyx
1.5-2.5 cm, hispid, marginally costate, with nectary on midrib of each lobe; petals 5-7
cm, lavender. Capsules c. 2 cm, strigose; seeds 3 mm, glabrous. 2n = 72. River banks and
swampy habitats. T (Matuda 3048, MEXU); Ch (Matuda 17399, MEXU); B (Dwyer
14962, MO); H (Fryxell 2806, F); N (Stevens 8295, MO); CR (Tonduz 6666, US); P
(Antonio 1950, MO). Low elevation. (Florida, C. Mexico, West Indies, Colombia,
Venezuela, Guyanas, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina; also Hawaii.)
16
10. Hibiscus trilobus Aublet , Hist. Pl. Guian. Fr. 2: 708 (1775). Type: Plumier,
Pl. Amer. 7: t.159, f.1 (1758). Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico.
10a. Hibiscus trilobus subsp. hirsutus, O. Blanchard & Fryxell, Novon __: __
(1999). Holotype: Guatemala, Aguilar 486 (NY).
Shrubs or subshrubs 2-5 m tall, the stems with stout prickles, also stellate-pubescent
when young. Leaves cordate, broadly and shallowly 3-5-lobed, acuminate. Peduncles
shorter than to longer than corresponding petioles, solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar
bracts 14-16 mm, linear; calyx 2-3 cm, more or less cylindric, accrescent (inflated) in
fruit, densely hirsute (hairs 2-4 mm), the shallow lobes acuminate; petals 5-11 cm, pink
with darker base; staminal column c. half length of petals, the anthers purplish; styles
essentially glabrous, with capitate stigmas. Capsules 2-3.5 cm, enclosed in calyx, hispid;
seeds 3.5-4 mm, short-pubescent. Swampy habitats. B (Proctor 30054, MO); G (Tun
Ortíz 713, US). Below 600 m. (Endemic.)
11. Hibiscus striatus Cav. Diss. 3: 146, t.54, f. 2 (1787). Holotype: without
locality, Anon. s.n. (microfiche! ex P-JU-12391). Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and
Uruguay.
Marshes. T (Fryxell & Bates 882, BH); H (Standley 53904, US). 0-100 m (but to 1000 m
in South America). (Texas, Cuba, Trinidad, C. America, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
12. Hibiscus clypeatus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1149 (1759). Type: Plumier, Pl. Amer.
7: t.160. f. 2 (1758). N.v.: hol (Maya)
Shrubs 3-6 m tall, densely and softly stellate-tomentose. Leaves broadly ovate or
ovate-angulate or weakly 3-lobed, deeply cordate, obscurely denticulate, acuminate.
Pedicels 3-10 cm, solitary in the leaf axils, stout; involucellar bracts 16-22 × 3-5 mm,
linear-lanceolate; calyx c. 4 cm in flower, 4-5 cm in fruit, c. half-divided, the lobes 3-5-
nerved; petals c. 5 × 1.5 cm, reddish brown, fleshy, externally densely tomentose,
asymmetrically disposed (flower zygomorphic); staminal column declined, the filaments
6-7 mm, secund and ascending. Capsules 3-4 × 2.5-3 cm, ovoid, enclosed in calyx,
externally hispid (hairs 2-3 mm), internally pilose (hairs 3-5 mm); seeds 3.5-4 mm,
glabrous. 2n = 20. Evergreen or deciduous shrubs on limestone soils. Y (Gaumer 24145,
F); C (Lundell 1000, MO); QR (Sousa 10906, MEXU); G (Contreras 3593, LL). 0-300
m. (Also West Indies and Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, and Veracruz in Mexico.)
13. Hibiscus sororius L., Pl. Surin. 12 (1775). Holotype: Surinam, Dalberg s.n.
(microfiche! ex LINN-875.7). Illustr.: Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 107-I (1892).
Shrubs c. 1 m, often reclining or scandent, the stems roughly stellate-pubescent.
Leaves deeply cordate, ovate or weakly 3-lobed, crenate to subentire, acute to obtuse,
minutely stellate-pubescent above and beneath; stipules 2 mm, subulate. Pedicels 1.3-8
cm, solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts c. 1 cm, stipitate with an abruptly dilated
reniform blade 3-6 mm wide at apex; calyx 2-2.5 cm, more or less inflated, stellate-
pubescent; petals 5-7 cm, lavender. Capsules 15-18 mm, densely hispid (hairs 3 mm);
seeds 2 mm, scabridulous. Swampy habitats. T (Matuda 3367, NY); B (Chanek 50, F); G
(Johnson 1105, US); N (Araquistain 3349, MO); P (Standley 31593, US). 0-100 m.
(West Indies, Mesoamerica, Venezuela, Guyanas, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina.)
19
15. Hibiscus lavaterioides Moric. ex Ser., Bull. Bot. 6: 174 (1830). Holotype:
Mexico, Veracruz, Berlandier 127 (G; isotypes: BM!, DS!, L, UC!, US!). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Fl. Bajío 16: 66 (1993). N.v.: flor de campana colorada.
Hibiscus longipes Standley.
Shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent. Leaves cordate-ovate or weakly
3-lobed, crenate-dentate to subentire, acute, stellate-pubescent above and beneath, with
obscure nectary at base of midrib beneath; stipules 4-5 mm, subulate. Pedicels 2-8 cm,
solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts 8-10 × 3 mm (in flower) to 12-15 × 4.5-5.5
mm (in fruit), lanceolate to spatulate, pubescent; calyx 16-19 mm (in flower) to 22 mm
(in fruit), c. half-divided, stellate-pubescent; petals 3-4 cm, lavender; androecium
subequal to petals, the filaments 2-4 mm; styles with scattered white hairs, the stigmas
capitate. Capsules 12-14 mm, stellate-pubescent, ovoid; seeds 3 mm, sericeous, the hairs
5 mm, castaneous. 2n = 22. Evergreen or deciduous forest and secondary vegetation,
sometimes cultivated. Ch (Breedlove & Almeda 47595, CAS); B (Chanek 50, MICH); G
(Lundell 16625, LL); H (Molina & Molina 30855, F); ES (Calderón 820, US). 50-1200
m. (Also West Indies and in Tamaulipas and Veracruz in Mexico.)
20
17. Hibiscus phoeniceus Jacq., Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3: 11, t.14 (1776). Type:
Jacquin s.n. (BM!). Illustr.: Fryxell in Howard, Fl. Lesser Ant. 5: 219, t. 90 (1989). N.v.:
mírame-linda, mañanit.
Hibiscus brasiliensis auct. non L.
Shrubs 1(-1.5) m, the stems green, sparsely stellate-pubescent to glabrescent.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate (sometimes 3-lobed), subcordate to truncate, serrate-crenate,
acute, sparsely stellate-pubescent to glabrescent; stipules 4-8 mm, subulate. Pedicels 0.5-
6 cm, solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts equaling or exceeding the calyx, linear;
calyx 6-10 mm, ciliate-margined, c. 2/3-divided, the lobes acute or acuminate; petals 1-2
cm, lavender (sometimes white), spreading; androecium subequal to petals, the anthers
yellowish; styles glabrous, the capitate stigmas purplish. Capsules 9-13 mm, antrorsely
strigose; seeds 2.5 mm, densely sericeous, the hairs to 4 mm, brownish. 2n = 22.
Deciduous forest and matorral. Ch (Breedlove 31217, DS); G (Harmon & Dwyer 3488,
MO); H (Molina 14202, US); ES (Standley 19939, US); N (Standley 9801, US); CR
21
(Standley & Valerio 44889, US); P (Sinclair s.n., K). 0-1000 m. (Mexico, West Indies,
Colombia, Venezuela.)
18. Hibiscus purpusii Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 6: 368 (1917). Lectotype
(designated by Fryxell, 1980b): Mexico, Veracruz, Purpus 7546 (UC!; isolectotypes:
GH! MO! NY! US!).
Dioecious shrubs, the stems glabrescent. Leaves short-petiolate, ovate or elliptic,
truncate, dentate, acuminate, subglabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath or
subglabrous with pubescence confined to axils of principal veins, with an obscure nectary
near base of midrib beneath; stipules 5-6 mm, subulate. Flowers subsessile in axillary
glomerules of 1-6; involucellar bracts 6-8, 3-4 mm, subulate; calyx 6 mm, more than
half-divided, stellate-pubescent; petals 7-9 mm, greenish yellow, prominently ciliate on
claw; staminal column 3-4 mm, glabrous, the filaments c. 2 mm in staminate flowers
(anthers rudimentary or absent in pistillate flowers); styles of pistillate flowers subequal
to petals, glabrous, the stigmas 0.5 mm in diameter. Capsules 5-7 mm, oblate to ovoid,
more or less fluted longitudinally, with large stellate hairs; seeds 2.5 mm, sericeous, the
hairs 4 mm, creamy white. Deciduous forest. Ch (Palacios 1454, CHIP). 0-800 m. (Also
Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico.)
The dioecious habit shown by H. purpusii is rare in the genus Hibiscus.
19. Hibiscus mutabilis L., Sp. Pl. 694 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Borssum
Waalkes, 1966): Hortus Upsaliensis (microfiche! ex LINN-875.20; isolectotype:
microfiche! ex S). N.v.: variable
Shrubs to 3 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent with glandular hairs intermingled.
Leaves cordate, palmately 5-7-lobed, the lobes shallow and triangular, serrate-crenate,
acute to acuminate, stellate-puberulent beneath, sparsely so above; stipules 3-14 mm.
Pedicels axillary, often aggregated apically in few-flowered inflorescence; involucellar
bracts shorter than calyx, linear-lanceolate; calyx 2.5-3 cm, more than half-divided,
puberulent; petals c. 4 cm, white fading pink, sometimes double (by petaloidy of
stamens). Capsules c. 2 cm, hispid, internally pilose along suture of dehiscence; seeds c.
2 mm, patently hirsute (hairs 2 mm) on side away from hilum, the other half glabrous. 2n
= 84, 92, 100, 110. In gardens. Ch (Valdivia 2346, XAL); ES (Calderón 2053, US); G
22
(Standley 24311, US); H (Molina, 1975); N (Grijalva 5382, MO); CR (Skutch X2861,
US). (Native to China, commonly cultivated in tropical, subtropical, and temperate-zone
gardens.)
20. Hibiscus syriacus L., Sp. Pl. 695 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Abedin,
1979): "syriacus 9" (microfiche! ex LINN-875.24; isolectotype: microfiche! ex S).
Illustr.: Bates, Baileya 13: 108, t. 30 (1965).
Shrubs to 3 m tall, stellate-puberulent to glabrescent. Leaves cuneate-rhomboid to
somewhat 3-lobed, longer than wide, coarsely serrate, acute, glabrescent, with nectary at
base of midrib beneath; stipules 4-10 mm, subulate. Pedicels solitary or paired in the leaf
axils, subequal to subtending petiole, minutely pubescent; involucellar bracts shorter than
to longer than calyx, linear-lanceolate; calyx 1-1.5 cm, broadly rounded, puberulent, half-
divided or less; petals 3-4 cm, in various colors, single or double (by petaloidy of
stamens). Capsules c. 2 cm, ovoid-beaked, densely yellowish-farinose; seeds 4-5 mm,
peripherally hirsute opposite the hilum (hairs 4 mm). In gardens. Ch (Matuda 17953,
MEXU); ES (Calderón 768, US); H (Molina, 1975). (Native to China, widely cultivated
in temperate-zone gardens and sometimes in the tropics.)
21a. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Sp. Pl. 694 (1753) var. rosa-sinensis. Lectotype
(designated by Borssum Waalkes, 1966): herb. Hermann, vol. 3, fol. 4, Linn. no. 260
(BM). Illustr.: Camargo, Cat. Ilustr. Pl. Cundinamarca 4: 161, t. 57 (1970). N.v.: tulipán.
Shrubs 1-3(-4) m tall, sparsely puberulent to glabrescent. Leaves ovate or
lanceolate, truncate or cuneate, serrate, acute, sparsely puberulent to glabrescent; stipules
5-10 mm, subulate. Pedicels exceeding the corresponding petioles, erect, solitary in the
leaf axils; involucellar bracts c. half length of calyx, narrowly lanceolate; calyx 2-4 cm,
more than half-divided, glabrescent; petals usually 6-10 cm (sometimes smaller), in a
wide variety of colors (commonly red), the flowers single or double (by petaloidy of
stamens); androecium more or less exserted, the filaments often 5-10 mm. Fruits seldom
produced, obovoid, minutely pubescent; seeds 5 mm, minutely pubescent. 2n = 36, 46,
72, 92, 144, 168. In gardens. T (García 600, CHAPA); Ch (Calzada 3504, XAL); Y
(Valdez 86, US); B (O'Neill 171, NY); G (Donnell-Smith 1892, US); H (Saunders 221,
23
MO); ES (Calderón 770, NY); N (Stevens 19886, MO); CR (Khan et al. 1205, BM); P
(Moreno 3220, MO). (Pantropical in cultivation, of unknown origin.)
21b. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. schizopetalus Dyer, Gard. Chron. n.s. 11: 568.
(1879). Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) J.D. Hook. Lectotype (designated by Cheek,
1989): Kenya, Kirk s.n. (photo Cheek 1989, t.1, ex K). Illustr.: Bates, Baileya 13: 123, t.
35 (1965). N.v.: canastita; clavel; avispilla.
Flowers pendent and drooping on long slender pedicels that exceed the
corresponding leaves; involucellar bracts 2-3 mm, reduced to subulate teeth; petals 5-6
cm, strongly reflexed, complexly dissected; otherwise as in nominate variety. In gardens,
sometimes in hanging baskets. Ch (Breedlove & McClintock 23541, CAS); B (O'Neill
8873, WIS); G (Standley 25073, US); H (Saunders 221, MO); ES (Calderón 769, NY); N
(Araquistain & Castro 1815, MO); P (Standley 30533, US). (Pantropical in cultivation,
originating in East Africa.)
Coarse herbs, shrubs, or trees 2-20 m tall, stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, the stems
with prominent leaf and stipule scars, sometimes with ligneous prickles on stems and
spinescent prickles or pungent hairs elsewhere. Leaves very large, deeply cordate, wider
than long, more or less orbicular to flabellate or sometimes ovate, remotely dentate to
subentire, subacute to obtuse, variously pubescent (sometimes prickly) to glabrescent;
stipules 5-80 × 5-45 mm, sessile and amplexicaul, prominently foliaceous, deciduous.
Pedicels erect, one or more in leaf axils, variously pubescent or prickly, often elongate
and ligneous in fruit; involucel gamophyllous or of 3-10 distinct bracts, deciduous or
persistent; calyx stellate-pubescent, sometimes also prickly; corolla 6-15 cm,
campanulate or salverform; androecium shorter than to subequal to corolla; styles 5,
distinct distally, the stigmas capitate. Capsules oblong or obovoid, sometimes angled or
winged, densely pubescent or glabrous; seeds 2.5-4 mm, numerous, glabrous or
pubescent. 13 spp. C. America, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Colombia, Ecuador.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 457-486 (1981).
24
1. Wercklea ferox (J.D. Hook.) Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 464 (1981). Hibiscus
ferox J.D. Hook., Bot. Mag. 74: t.4401 (1848). Holotype: Colombia, Purdie s.n. (K!).
Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Ecuador 44: 127, t. 17 (1992a).
Stout herbs, shrubs, or trees 0.5-5 m, the stems stellate-pubescent and usually with
ligneous, conical prickles 4-8 × 4-6 mm. Leaves at least 35 × 50 cm, ovate or
flabelliform, remotely serrate, stellate-pubescent and prickly above and beneath (prickles
25
rarely absent); stipules 3-5 × 0.8-2.5 cm (or larger), sessile-ovate, deciduous. Pedicels
shorter than corresponding petiole, solitary or in fascicles of 2-5(-9) in the leaf axils,
densely covered with prickles or pungent hairs and stellate hairs; involucellar bracts 4-6,
1.5-3 × 0.4-1.2 cm, lanceolate; calyx 2.5-6 cm (in flower) to 9(-13) cm (in fruit),
gamosepalous and spathaceous, fluted, inflated, densely covered with pungent hairs;
petals 6-9 × 0.5-1.5 cm, yellow, reflexed to form a salverform corolla; androecium
subequal to petals but appearing exserted. Capsule 3-5 cm, oblong, glabrous; seeds 2.5-3
mm, minutely puberulent, numerous. 2n = 104 or 112. River banks, wet forests, and
forest margins. CR (Pittier 9404, US); P (Croat 49756, MO). 0-1000 m, rarely higher.
(Costa Rica to Colombia, Ecuador, and Bolivia.)
3. Wercklea lutea Rolfe, Kew Bull. 1921: 118 (1921). Holotype: Costa Rica,
Lankester s.n. (K!). Illustr.: Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 477, t. 25-26 (1981). N.v.: burío
extranjero (CR).
Hibiscus rolfeanus A. Robyns.
Shrub or tree 3-10 m, the stems densely stellate-pubescent to glabrescent,
sometimes with scattered conical prickles 3-5 mm. Leaves at least 21 × 35 cm, orbicular
to ovate, more or less cordate, remotely dentate to subentire, sparsely stellate-pubescent,
rarely prickly beneath; stipules 8-22 × 8-22 mm, sessile, deciduous. Pedicels usually
exceeding the corresponding petiole, accrescent to 22 cm in fruit, becoming woody;
26
involucellar bracts 2-3 cm, basally rounded, usually 3, ovate-sessile, deciduous; calyx
3.5-4.5(-5.5) cm, c. half-divided, stellate-pubescent, at the base sometimes with pungent
hairs 2 mm; petals 8-13 cm, yellow; staminal column nearly equaling corolla, the
filaments 3-8 mm. Capsules 4-7 cm, obovoid, beaked, 5-angled or -winged, externally
densely hispid (hairs 2-3 mm), internally hispid along suture margin; seeds 4 mm,
sparsely pubescent, the hairs 1-2 mm. Wet evergreen forests. CR (Burger & Liesner
6412, F). 1500-2500 m. (Endemic.)
4. Wercklea woodsonii (A. Robyns) Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 481 (1981).
Hibiscus woodsonii A. Robyns, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 179 (1965). Holotype:
Panama, Woodson & Schery 604 (US!). Illustr.: Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 482, t. 27-
28 (1981). N.v.: amapola amarilla (CR).
Trees 4-20 m, the stems sparsely to densely stellate-pubescent, sometimes also
prickly. Leaves at least 24 × 30 cm, cordate, pentangular to suborbicular, remotely
dentate to undulate, minutely stellate-pubescent, more densely so beneath; stipules 12-30
× 10-20 mm, sessile-ovate, acute. Pedicels subequal to corresponding petiole at anthesis,
accrescent and ligneous in fruit, solitary or paired in the leaf axils, stellate-pubescent;
involucellar bracts 8-9, 1.5-3 cm, with revolute margins and connate basally into a cup
with truncate base, persistent; calyx 3-5 cm, c. half-divided, densely stellate-pubescent
and on tube with pungent hairs 1-2 mm; petals 8-13 cm, yellow. Capsules 5-7 cm,
fusiform to obovoid, beaked, 5-angled or -winged, externally densely hispid (hairs 2-4
mm), internally sparsely pubescent along suture margin; seeds 3.5 mm, sparsely
pubescent, the hairs 1-2 mm. Rain forest and oak forest. CR (Burger 8399, F); P (Nee
9999, MO). 1800-2700 m. (Endemic.)
5. Wercklea insignis Pittier & Standley ex Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18:
112 (1916). Hibiscus wercklei Robyns. Holotype: Costa Rica, Wercklé s.n. (US!). Illustr.:
Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 472, t. 20 (1981).
Trees 5-15 m, the older branches glabrescent. Leaves at least 26 × 38 cm, orbicular
to flabelliform, cordate, obscurely dentate or subentire, sparsely stellate-pubescent to
glabrescent; stipules 4-10 × 5-15 mm, sessile, semicircular. Pedicels sparsely pubescent
to glabrescent, subequal to petioles at anthesis, accrescent to 20 cm in fruit, 1-3 in the
27
leaf axils; involucel 1.5-2.5 cm, gamophyllous and irregularly divided; calyx 3-5(-6) cm,
c. half-divided, very sparsely pubescent; petals 10-15 cm, lavender; staminal column 3-
4.5 cm, subglabrous, the filaments 0.5-1 mm. Capsules 4.5-7 cm, oblong to obovoid,
beaked, winged, externally hispid (hairs 3-4 mm), internally glabrous; seeds 3 mm,
prominently pubescent, the patent hairs 3 mm, red-brown. Rain forests. CR (Khan et al.
740, BM); P (Knapp & Vodicka 5600, MO). 750-1700 m. (Endemic.)
6. Wercklea cocleana (A. Robyns) Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 485 (1981).
Hibiscus cocleanus A. Robyns, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 176 (1965). Holotype:
Panama, Dwyer 1918 (MO!). Illustr.: Fryxell, J. Arnold Arbor. 62: 482, t. 29-30 (1981).
Trees 5-12 m tall, the stems densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves at least 20 × 24 cm,
orbicular, cordate, dentate, stellate-pubescent, densely so beneath; stipules semicircular,
sessile. Pedicels densely stellate-pubescent, exceeding the corresponding petioles at
anthesis, accrescent in fruit to 30 cm; involucel 1.5-3 cm, more or less gamophyllous and
irregularly lobed, stellate-pubescent, deciduous; calyx 3-5.5 cm, c. half-divided, stellate-
pubescent and basally with pungent hairs 1-2 mm; petals 7.5-12 cm, lavender; staminal
column 8-10 cm, stellate-pubescent, the filaments 3-5 mm. Fruits 5-6.5 cm, obovoid,
beaked, winged, externally densely hispid (hairs 2 mm), internally glabrous. Rain forest.
CR (Haber 877, MO); P (Gentry 5633, MO). 700-900 m. (Endemic.)
Robust herbs or shrubs, annual or perennial, tomentose or hispid. Leaves large, long-
petiolate, palmately lobed, crenate or dentate, lacking foliar nectaries. Flowers solitary in
the leaf axils; involucel of 4-16 bracts, usually deciduous; calyx spathaceous, splitting
asymmetrically at anthesis and falling with the corolla; petals large, yellow with a dark
spot at base; style single with 5 sessile, capitate stigmas. Capsule elongate, pubescent or
hispid, 5-loculed; seeds numerous, reniform, pubescent or squamose. C. 15 spp. from
S.E. Asia, Malesia, and N. Australia, a few of which are introduced elsewhere and often
naturalized.
28
Literature: Bates, D.M. Baileya 16: 99-112 (1968). Borssum Waalkes, J. van.
Blumea 14: 89-105 (1966). Sivarajan, V.V. & A.K. Pradeep, Malvaceae of Southern
Peninsular India pp. 45-73 (1996).
1. Pedicels 0.5-2 cm; involucellar bracts less than 1 mm wide; capsules minutely
pubescent (hairs 0.5 mm). 1. Abelmoschus esculentus
1. Pedicels 1.5-9 cm; involucellar bracts 1.5-8 mm wide; capsules hispid (hairs 1-3 mm).
2. Hairs of capsule appressed; hispid hairs of pedicel (and stem) retrorse; involucellar
bracts 1.5-2.5 mm wide. 2. Abelmoschus moschatus
2. Hairs of capsule spreading; hairs of pedicel (and stem) antrorse; involucellar bracts
5-8 mm wide. 3. Abelmoschus manihot
Erect herbs 1-3 m tall, the stems retrorsely hispid. Leaves hastately to palmately
lobed or parted, the lobes often narrowly linear, crenate-serrate, hispid above and
beneath. Pedicels 5-9 cm, solitary in the leaf axils, retrorsely hispid; involucellar bracts c.
9, 8-20 mm × 1.5-2.5 mm, hispid, usually deciduous (sometimes persisting in fruit);
calyx 30-35 mm, hispid; corolla 7-8 cm, yellow with dark red center; androecium shorter
than corolla. Capsules 6-7 cm × 3-4 cm, fusiform, antrorsely hispid, the hairs appressed;
seeds 4 mm. 2n =72. In gardens, sometimes naturalized. T (Fryxell 730, MEXU); Ch
(Breedlove 28873, CAS); B (Lundell 4963, WIS); G (Contreras 7831, LL); H (Molina
10497, NY); ES (Calderón 1434, US); N (Ortíz 126, MO); CR (Tonduz 13150, US); P
(Hammel 4237, MO). At low elevation. (Asia, Malesia, Australia — widely introduced
elsewhere in the tropics.)
1. Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr. Serr., Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 9: 290,
t.8, f.2 (1807). Hibiscus populneus L., Sp. Pl. 694 (1753). Lectotype (designated by
Borssum Waalkes, 1966): Ceylon, herb. Hermann, vol. 4, fol. 34, Linn. no. 258 (BM).
Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 442, t. 110 (1988).
Trees 2-12 m, the young branches lepidote to glabrescent, the older trunks with
fissured bark. Leaves ovate, deeply cordate, entire, acute or acuminate, glabrescent,
minutely gland-dotted (especially on veins), with a nectariferous zone near base of
midrib. Pedicels shorter than the corresponding petiole, solitary in the leaf axils, stout,
erect; involucellar bracts 3, ligulate, irregularly inserted, deciduous; calyx 8-10 mm,
truncate, lepidote; corolla 4-6 cm, yellow with maroon center, gland-dotted; staminal
column c. half length of petals, glabrous; style exceeding androecium. Fruits 3-3.5 cm in
diameter, oblate, indehiscent, leathery; seeds 8-9 mm, short-pubescent. 2n = 26. Littoral
and mangrove habitats, sometimes cultivated as a shade tree. QR (Cabrera & Cabrera
4725, MEXU); B (Dwyer 12386, MO); H (Blackmore & Heath 1853, BM); N (Sandino
2597, MO); CR (Neill 769, MO); P (D'Arcy & Hammel 12210, MO). 0-20 m. (Nearly
pantropical strand plant.)
Capsules 1.5 cm, globose, woody; seeds 2-3 per locule. Lowland rain forest. B (Dwyer
12622, MO); G (Lundell & Contreras 20168, LL). 0-100 m. (Endemic.)
6. Hampea trilobata Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 787 (1923). Holotype:
Mexico, Campeche, Goldman 488 (US!). N.v.: moho (Y).
Shrubs or trees 2-7(-10) m, gland-dotted more or less throughout, the twigs brown-
tomentose, the bark grayish. Leaves usually truncate, variable in shape (ovate, elliptic,
rotund, or obtriangular, often weakly 3-lobed), entire, acute to acuminate, discolorous,
glabrescent above, pubescent beneath (stellate hairs 0.5 mm in diameter), with a single
foliar nectary at base of midrib beneath. Pedicels 1.5-4 cm, slender, tomentose;
involucellar nectaries absent; involucellar bracts 1-4 mm, linear, deciduous; calyx 4-7
mm, usually truncate, densely puberulent; petals 1-1.5 cm, gland-dotted; filaments (of
staminate flowers) 3-5 mm. Capsules 1.5 cm, globose (often trigonally so), woody,
externally gray-green-puberulent; seeds 4-5 mm, 3-4 per locule. Lowland rain forest. T
(Téllez & Martínez 908, MEXU); Y (Gaumer 845, MO); C (Goldman 488, US); QR
(Sousa 11276, MEXU); B (Gentle 3356, MICH); G (Lundell & Contreras 20379, LL). 0-
100 m. (Endemic.)
9. Hampea stipitata S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 460 (1886). Holotype:
Guatemala, Watson 31 (GH!; isotype: K!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 186, t.
46 (1988).
Hampea euryphylla Standl.
Trees 5-20 m, gland-dotted more or less throughout, the stems brown-tomentose,
the bark grayish. Leaves usually ovate (c. twice as long as wide), truncate, entire, acute or
acuminate, tomentose, with 3-5(-7) nectaries on principal veins beneath. Pedicels c. 1 cm
(in flower) to 3 cm (in fruit), densely yellowish brown-puberulent; involucellar nectaries
absent; involucellar bracts 1-3 mm, subulate, often persistent; calyx 4-7 mm, truncate,
puberulent basally, glabrescent on distal margin; petals 1 cm; filaments (of staminate
flowers) 3-7 mm; style (of pistillate flowers) contorted, subequal to petals. Capsules 2-
3.5 cm, globose, 3-loculed, externally yellow-puberulent; seeds 6-10 mm, 2-4 per locule.
2n = 26. Rain forest and pine-oak-Liquidambar forest. Ch (Wendt et al. 2290, CHAPA);
B (Dwyer 12317, MO); G (Lundell & Contreras 20701, LL); ES (Standley 19811, US).
250-1250 m. (Also in Veracruz and Oaxaca, Mexico.)
10. Hampea sphaerocarpa Fryxell, Brittonia 21: 380 (1969). Holotype: Honduras,
Standley 52744 (F!).
Shrubs or trees 3-10 m, the stems puberulent. Leaves ovate, truncate, entire, acute
or acuminate, sparsely puberulent to glabrescent beneath, glabrescent above, with 5-7
inconspicuous nectaries on principal veins beneath. Pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm (in flower) to 1-
2.5(-4) cm (in fruit), puberulent, fasciculate in the leaf axils; involucellar nectaries
37
absent; involucellar bracts 1-2 mm, subulate, usually deciduous; calyx 3-5 mm, truncate,
puberulent (except glabrous on distal margin); petals 5-8 mm, reflexed, with relatively
few gossypol glands; filaments (of staminate flowers) 5-6 mm. Capsules 10-14 mm,
globose, yellow-puberulent externally; seeds 7-8 mm, solitary. Rain forests. H (Fryxell
2819, F); G (Steyermark 41838, GH). 0-300(-900) m. (Endemic.)
11. Hampea mexicana Fryxell, Brittonia 21: 380 (1969). Holotype: Mexico,
Oaxaca, Conzatti, Reko & Makrinius 3292 (US!; isotype: MICH!).
Trees 7-10 m, the stems densely fulvous-puberulent. Leaves broadly ovate (about as
wide as long) to somewhat 3-lobed, cordate, entire, acute or acuminate, roughly
pubescent above and beneath, with 1-5 small nectaries on principal veins beneath.
Pedicels c. 1 cm (in flower) to 4 cm (in fruit), pubescent, becoming stout in fruit;
involucellar nectaries prominent; involucellar bracts 4-8 mm, linear; calyx 5-12 mm,
truncate, densely puberulent; petals 1.5 cm. Capsules 2.5-3.5 cm, ovoid or globose, 3-
loculed, externally yellow-puberulent, internally glabrous; seeds 5-8 per locule.
Deciduous forest, seasonal evergreen forest, and rain forest. Ch (Miranda 7580/6, US);
G (Aguilar 150, F). 100-1500 m. (Also in Oaxaca, Mexico.)
12. Hampea reynae Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 5: 442 (1980). Holotype: El Salvador,
Reyna & Castro 129643 (MO!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 5: 443, t. 1 (1980).
Trees c. 8 m, the stems brown-puberulent. Leaves commonly 3-lobed (or simple
and ovate), cordate, entire, c. as wide as long, acuminate, more or less stellate-pubescent,
with 3 foliar nectaries near base of principal nerves beneath. Pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm,
puberulent, 1-3 in the leaf axils; involucellar nectaries absent; involucellar bracts 5-9
mm, filiform; flowers perfect; calyx 7-10 mm, brown-puberulent, subtruncate (5 obscure
teeth present); petals 1.5-2 cm, gland-dotted; androecium c. half length of petals; style
exceeding androecium. Capsules 2-2.5 cm, subglobose, 3-loculed, externally brown-
puberulent; seeds 9 mm, 2 per locule. In transition zone between oak-pine forest and
cloud forest. ES (Reyna 1227, MO). C. 2000 m. (Endemic.)
13. Hampea latifolia Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 22: 90 (1940).
Holotype: Guatemala, Hatch & Wilson 383 (F!).
38
14. Hampea rovirosae Standley, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 397 (1927). Holotype:
Mexico, Tabasco, Rovirosa 586 (US!; isotypes: K!, NY!, PH!). N.v.: majagua de playa
(T).
Hampea macrocarpa Lundell.
Shrubs or small trees 2-7 m, gland-dotted more or less throughout, the herbage
essentially glabrous (except meristems). Leaves broadly ovate (as broad as long) or
weakly 3-lobulate, cordate, entire, acuminate, glabrous, with 3-5 small nectaries on
principal nerves beneath. Pedicels 1-1.5 cm (in flower) to 1-3 cm (in fruit), usually
solitary, glabrous; involucellar nectaries prominent, 3(-4), usually irregularly inserted;
involucellar bracts minute, subulate, very early deciduous; flowers perfect; calyx 6-9
mm, often 5-toothed, glabrescent; petals 1.5-2 cm; filaments 3-6 mm. Capsules 3-3.5 ×
1.5-2 cm, 3(-4)-loculed, obtuse or retuse, externally yellow-puberulent, internally
glabrous; seeds 6-8 per locule. 2n = 26. Lowland forest remnants, river banks, and
disturbed sites. T (Wendt et al. 2369, CHAPA); Ch (Matuda 2676, MICH); G
(Steyermark 46016, F). C. 100 m. (Endemic.)
15. Hampea platanifolia Standley, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17: 317 (1927). Holotype:
Costa Rica, Tonduz 11667 (US!).
Small trees or large shrubs to 7 m, the young stems angular, brown-puberulent.
Leaves 3-5-lobed, deeply cordate, entire, acute or obtuse, puberulent to glabrescent, with
5-9 elongate (2-8 mm) foliar nectaries on principal nerves beneath, all distally placed.
39
Pedicels 0.5-2 cm (in flower) to 2-3 cm (in fruit), densely yellow-puberulent, angular;
involucellar nectaries 3, prominent; involucellar bracts 3-8 mm, linear to triangular,
deciduous; flowers perfect; calyx 8-10 mm, yellow-puberulent, transversely rugose,
minutely 5-toothed; petals 1.5-2 cm, gland-dotted; filaments to 8 mm; style and decurrent
stigmatic lobes not exceeding androecium. Capsules 3-4.5 × 1.5-2 cm, 3-loculed, yellow-
green puberulent; seeds 5-7 mm, 8-10 per locule. Evergreen forest. N (Stevens 12000,
MO); CR (Williams et al. 28485, US); P (Croat 22049, MEXU). 0-1800 m. (Endemic.)
nectaries absent; involucellar bracts adnate to (inserted on) calyx, deciduous; calyx
usually 5-6 mm, brown-puberulent, truncate; corolla 1-1.5 cm in diameter, gland-dotted;
filaments (of staminate flowers) 4-5 mm. Capsules 1-2.5 cm, brown-puberulent, 3-
loculed; seeds 5-9 mm. Rain forest. H (Blackmore & Heath 1685, BM); N (Sandino
3296, MO); CR (Liesner & Judziewicz 14998, MO); P (Croat 13218, MO). 0-2000 m.
(Endemic.)
2. Gossypium hirsutum L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 975 (1763). Lectotype (designated by
Borssum Waalkes, 1966): Chelsea Physic Garden ex Carolina, Miller s.n. (BM-Sloane
herb.vol. 294, fol. 45). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Bajío 16: 56 (1993). N.v.: algodón; variable
(N).
Gossypium mexicanum Tod., G. nicaraguense Ramírez-Goyena, G. schottii G.
Watt, G. volubile Ramírez-Goyena.
Shrubs 1-2 m (or more) tall, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves weakly 3-5-
lobed, cordate, the lobes triangular to ovate, entire, acute to acuminate; stipules 0.5-1.5(-
2) cm, subulate. Flowers usually in sympodial inflorescences; pedicels 2-4 cm;
42
8. Cienfuegosia Cav.
By P.A. Fryxell.
1. Cienfuegosia yucatanensis Millsp., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 2: 74
(1900). Holotype: Mexico, Yucatán, Millspaugh 1693 (F!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Ann.
Missouri Bot. Gard. 56: 236, t. 20, E-G (1969a).
Erect perennial herbs or subshrubs, c. 0.5 m tall, gland-dotted more or less
throughout (most prominently on calyx), the stems angulate, glabrous. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, 4-10 times as long as wide, entire, acute, glabrous. Pedicels 1-5 cm (subequal
to leaf), solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar nectaries present or absent; involucellar
bracts 6-9, 0.5-2 mm, subulate; calyx 8-12 mm, deeply divided, glabrous, costulate;
petals 1-2 cm, yellow; staminal column half length of petals; style single, pallid, the
stigmatic lobes decurrent. Capsules 6-8 mm, ovoid, 3-locular, externally glabrous,
internally ciliate along suture of dehiscence; seeds 2-3 mm, densely lanate, the hairs 4-5
mm, brownish. 2n = 20. Open vegetation, usually near the coast. Y (Lundell & Lundell
8017, MICH). 0-100 m. (Florida Keys, Cuban Cayos, Bahamian Archipelago, and
Yucatan.)
variation that is not fully accounted for, much of it encompassed in the polymorphic M.
arboreus and M. concinnus, which Mexican and South American spp. (respectively)
overlap to some extent in Mesoamerica.
1. Androecium equaling corolla or barely exserted; calyx 15-18 mm, glabrous or with a
few cilia on tips of lobes; leaves lance-ovate, glabrescent; plants only in cultivation,
sterile, flowering freely (the flowers pendent) but not fruiting.
1. Malvaviscus penduliflorus
1. Androecium manifestly exserted; calyx usually less than 15 mm (if longer, then
hirsute), hirsute to glabrescent; leaves variously shaped, often pubescent; plants with
usually erect flowers, producing at least occasional fruits.
2. Calyx 16-19 mm, yellowish, densely and coarsely hirsute (hairs 1-2 mm); stems and
petioles densely and uniformly pubescent (hairs 1-2 mm).
2. Malvaviscus achanioides
2. Calyx 7-15(-17) mm, green or somewhat yellowish, glabrous or pubescent (if
pubescent, the hairs either sparse or less than 1 mm); stem pubescence like calyx
pubescence.
3. Leaves elliptic, relatively large, broadest at the middle, the secondary nerves
mostly at right angles to the 3 primary nerves. 3. Malvaviscus palmanus
3. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, broadest below the middle, occasionally at right angles
but usually at acute angles to the primary nerves.
4. Involucellar bracts usually 2-3 mm wide; fruits white; calyx long-cylindric,
enclosing and contracted above the fruit. 4. Malvaviscus concinnus
4. Involucellar bracts usually 1-2 mm wide; fruits red; calyx short-cylindric or
campanulate, barely exceeding the fruit. 5. Malvaviscus arboreus
Shrubs 1-3 m tall, sparsely pubescent (the hairs recurved) to glabrescent. Leaves
lanceolate to ovate, truncate, crenate-serrate, acute or acuminate, glabrescent. Flowers
pendent, solitary in the leaf axils or grouped apically; pedicels 2-4 cm, with recurved
pubescence; involucellar bracts equaling or shorter than the calyx, spatulate, marginally
ciliate; calyx 15-18 mm, tubular, often yellowish with darker veins, 5-lobed, the tips of
the lobes ciliate, otherwise glabrous; petals usually 6 cm; androecium equaling corolla or
slightly exserted, glabrous; styles often exserted. Fruits unknown. 2n = c. 28. Unknown
outside of cultivation or former cultivation. Ch (Calzada 3493, XAL); H (Molina, 1975);
N (Fryxell 2873, NY); CR (Khan et al. 294, BM). (Pantropical in cultivation.)
Like many ornamentals, this species is more widely grown than the few herbarium
specimens indicate.
3. Malvaviscus palmanus Pittier & J.D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 23: 238
(1897). Malvaviscus arboreus var. palmanus (Pittier & J.D. Smith) Schery. Type: Costa
Rica, Tonduz 9712 (US!). N.v.: amapola (CR); amapolilla (CR).
46
Shrubs or small trees 1-6 m tall, sparsely pubescent. Leaves elliptic (broadest at the
middle), truncate or subcuneate, obscurely serrate or nearly entire, acuminate, sparsely
pubescent to nearly glabrous, palmately 3-veined, the secondary nerves mostly at right
angles to the primary nerves. Pedicels 1.5-2 (-4) cm, solitary in the leaf axils, hirsute;
involucellar bracts subequal to calyx or somewhat shorter, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, linear; calyx
1.5 cm, c. half-divided, enclosing fruit, the lobes costate, hirsute; petals 3.5-4 cm, red;
androecium exserted. Fruits oblate, 10-12 mm in diameter. Rain forest and cloud forest.
N (Stevens 9604, MO); CR (Croat 46933, MO). 600-1800 m. (Endemic.)
4. Malvaviscus concinnus Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 286
[folio ed. p. 222] (1822). Holotype: "prope Loxam peruvianorum" [= Loja, Ecuador],
Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (microfiche! ex P-HBK). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Ecuador 44: 77,
t. 9 (1992a).
Malvaviscus spathulatus Garcke, M. speciosus Linden & Planchon ex Martius, M.
velutinus Triana & Planchon.
Shrubs or small trees 1-8 m tall, the stems coarsely stellate-pubescent. Leaves
ovate, usually longer than broad, truncate, obscurely to manifestly serrate, acuminate,
palmately 5-7-nerved, stellate-pubescent (more sparsely so above than beneath). Pedicels
2.5 cm, solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated apically, coarsely stellate-pubescent;
involucellar bracts subequal to calyx or somewhat shorter, 2-3 mm wide (rarely
narrower), linear to spatulate, coarsely pubescent; calyx 12-17 mm in flower to 21 mm in
fruit, coarsely stellate-pubescent; petals 3.5-4.5 cm, red, forming a tubular corolla;
androecium manifestly exserted by 1-1.5 cm, the anthers purplish; styles glabrous,
exserted. Fruits 1.5-2 cm in diameter, oblate, white. Rain forest and cloud forest,
secondary growth. CR (Skutch 2368, US); P (Mori & Kallunki 2554, MO). 700-2000 m.
(Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil.)
5. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav., Diss. 3: 131, t.48. f.1 (1787). Hibiscus malvaviscus
L., Sp. Pl. 694 (1753) Syntype: "Hibiscus malvaviscus" (microfiche! ex LINN-875.22).
Illustr.: Robyns, Fl. Panama, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 521, t. 4 (1966). N.v.:
amapola (CR); obelisco; tulipancillo.
Malvaviscus lanceolatus Rose.
47
Shrubs 1.5-2.5 m tall, densely pubescent. Leaves elliptic, ovate, or more or less
lobed, truncate or cordate, crenate, acute or acuminate, densely and softly tomentose
especially beneath. Flowers solitary in the axils or grouped apically; pedicels 1-3 cm;
involucellar bracts subequal to the calyx or a little shorter, lanceolate; calyx 10-15 mm,
tubular, yellowish; petals 3-3.5 cm, red; androecium 4-6 cm, exserted, glabrous, the
anthers purplish; styles slightly exserted from column. Fruits 1 cm in diameter, oblate,
red. Pine-oak forest, deciduous forest, rarely cloud forest, dry matorral, roadsides,
sometimes cultivated. T (Menendez 396, MEXU); Ch (Breedlove 37717, DS); Y (Gaumer
23686, F); C (Dwyer 14535, MO); QR (Téllez 3616, MEXU); G (Contreras 10387, LL);
H (Fryxell 2807, F); ES (Rohweder 3079, MO); N (Stevens 17312, MO); CR (Khan et al.
1121, BM); P (Blum & Tyson 635, MO). 0-2000 m. (Mexico, West Indies, Colombia.)
9. Plant decumbent, the leaves more or less deltate, asymmetrical; involucellar bracts c.
15, linear, arcuate, ciliate (hairs 2 mm). 9. Pavonia cancellata
9. Plants more or less erect, the leaves ovate, symmetrical; involucellar bracts various.
10. Corolla white.
11. Petals 4-8 mm; involucellar bracts 7-9 mm, 6-8. 14. Pavonia alba
11. Petals 30-40 mm; involucellar bracts 10-20 mm, 5. 15. Pavonia macdougallii
10. Corolla red, lavender, yellow (or greenish yellow), or white (if white, then c. 12
mm).
12. Corolla yellow with dark red center; involucellar bracts 6, broadly lanceolate
(2.5-4 mm wide). 10. Pavonia sidifolia
12. Corolla red, lavender with darker center, yellow without dark center, or white;
involucellar bracts 7-24, ligulate or lanceolate.
13. Involucellar bracts 12-18(-24); calyx concealed by involucel; petals 3-5 cm,
rose or red; fruits viscid, blackish at maturity.
14. Involucellar bracts 12-13; petals 3.5-5 cm; androecium slightly exserted;
leaves longer than wide. 16. Pavonia dasypetala
14. Involucellar bracts 15-18(-24); petals c. 3 cm; androecium manifestly
exserted; leaves as wide as long. 16. Pavonia malacophylla
13. Involucellar bracts 7-10; calyx visible; corolla 1-3 cm, lavender, white,
yellow, or yellow-green; fruits neither viscid nor blackish.
15. Corolla lavender or white; stems viscid and sometimes with simple hairs 2-3
mm.
16. Corolla lavender; stems with simple hairs 2-3 mm long in addition to
minute glandular hairs; fruits pubescent. 11. Pavonia purpusii
16. Corolla white; stems lacking long simple hairs; fruits glabrous or
pubescent.
17. Fruits pubescent; calyx 7-9 mm with dense cilia 1.5 mm long; involucel
viscid and pilose with hairs 1-2 mm long, especially at base.
13. Pavonia spuria
17. Fruits glabrous; calyx 6-7 mm long with sparse cilia 1 mm long;
involucel viscid. 12. Pavonia fonsecana
50
15. Corolla yellow or yellowish green; stems viscid or not, lacking long simple
hairs.
18. Flowers and fruits borne on leafless terminal racemes; petals 15-25 mm,
yellowish green, erect; plants not viscid, of mangrove habitats.
19. Leaves ovate, cordate, palmately 5-7-nerved, c. twice as long as wide;
pedicels 1-4 cm; fruits glabrous. 21. Pavonia paludicola
19. Leaves narrowly elliptic, palmately 3-nerved, 3-4 times as long as wide;
pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm; fruits obscurely pubescent.
22. Pavonia rhizophorae
18. Flowers and fruits axillary or in paniculate inflorescences, usually leafy;
petals 10-15 mm, yellow, spreading; plants sometimes more or less viscid,
of upland habitats.
20. Involucellar bracts 10-12; plants pubescent but not viscid.
20. Pavonia corymbosa
20. Involucellar bracts 7-9; plants more or less viscid.
21. Stipules linear, erect; involucel c. twice length of calyx.
18. Pavonia monticola
21. Stipules falcate, recurved; involucel subequal to calyx.
19. Pavonia paniculata
retrorsely barbed spines 2.5-5 mm, the central one the longest, dorsally smooth; seeds 4.5
mm, glabrous. Evergreen forest, pine-oak forest, stream banks, secondary growth,
roadsides, fence rows. T (Conrad & Conrad 2910, MO); Ch (Cabrera & Cabrera 5298,
MEXU); C (Cabrera 4779, MEXU); B (Dwyer 14944, MO); G (Lundell 16074, LL); H
(Nelson & Romero 4679, MO); ES (Croat 42100, MO); N (Moreno 18245, HNMN); CR
(Khan et al. 1218, BM); P (D'Arcy & D'Arcy 6743, MO). 0-1500 m. (C. Mexico, Cuba,
Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
2. Pavonia fruticosa (Miller) Fawc. & Rendle, Fl. Jamaica 5: 130 (1926). Sida
fruticosa Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. no. 18 (1768). Holotype: in cult., Miller s.n. (photo
NY-257! ex BM). Illustr.: Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 87-I (1892).
Subshrubs or shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, minutely stellate-pubescent. Leaves elliptic or
oblong to obovate, widest beyond the middle, truncate or cuneate, serrate, acute or
acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent, palmately 3-nerved but the 2 lateral nerves nearly
suppressed (i.e., virtually penninerved). Peduncles usually terminal (occasionally lateral),
the inflorescence head-like, above the leaves, subtended by lanceolate bracts; pedicels
usually 1-5 mm; involucellar bracts 4-6, 2-4 mm wide, ovate; calyx shorter than
involucel; petals c. 1 cm, scarcely exceeding involucel, white. Fruits 5-6 mm in diameter,
smooth, glabrous, lustrous; mericarps each with 3 retrorsely barbed spines up to 7.5 mm
crowded at apex. 2n = 28. Wet forests, stream banks. CR (Burger et al. 9441, F); P (Mori
6927, MO). 0-1400 m. (Costa Rica and West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas,
Brazil Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.)
3. Pavonia castaneifolia St.-Hil. & Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 2. 18: 44
(1842). Holotype: Brazil, Blanchet 33 (photo F-35468! ex B destroyed; isotype fragment:
CTES!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 76: 189, t. 72 (1999).
Pavonia longipes Standley.
Subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, minutely stellate-pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves elliptic
to obovate, widest at middle or beyond, basally narrowed, serrate, acuminate, minutely
stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, penninerved. Peduncles terminal, leafless and rising
above the leaves, sometimes branched; flowers occasionally solitary but usually clustered
in short head-like racemes; pedicels 1 cm or less; involucellar bracts 8-10 mm, 8-10,
52
connate basally for c. 1/3 their length; calyx shorter than (and often concealed by) the
involucel; petals c. 7 mm, white or lavender. Fruits glabrous, reticulate-veined; mericarps
6-9 mm (excluding spines), each mericarp with 3 retrorsely barbed spines 3-5 mm, the 2
lateral spines well separated from (and somewhat shorter than) the central spine. Wet
forests and along streams. N (Moreno & Sandino 12794, MO); CR (Burger & Burger
8071, F); P (Mori & Kallunki 3470, MO). 0-1000 m. (C. America, Colombia, Venezuela,
Guyanas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
4. Pavonia peruviana Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): 487 (1892). Lectotype
(designated by Macbride, 1956): Peru, Poeppig 1584 (F!; isolectotype: OXF!). Illustr.:
Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 88-I (1892).
Malache maxonii Standley, Pavonia rosea var. maxonii (Standley) A.Robyns.
Subshrubs or shrubs 0.5-3 m tall, stellate-pubescent and coarsely hirsute (hairs 1-2
mm). Leaves broadly elliptic to obovate, widest at the middle or beyond, truncate or
subcordate basally, serrate, acuminate, appressed-hirsute (hairs 0.5-2 mm, simple or
bifurcate) to glabrescent, palmately 3-nerved but the 2 lateral nerves nearly suppressed.
Peduncles terminal, leafless and rising above the leaves, sometimes branched, usually
hirsute; flowers clustered in head-like groups or racemosely disposed; pedicels 1-9 cm;
involucellar bracts 8-10, connate basally for 1/3-1/2 their length, linear, hirsute; calyx
shorter than the involucel; petals 7-12 mm, white or pink. Fruits 6-9 mm in diameter,
glabrous, reticulate-veined; mericarps each with 3 retrorsely barbed spines 4-7 mm, the 2
lateral spines well separated from (and somewhat shorter than) the central spine. Wet
forests and cloud forests, along streams. N (Seymour 3102, MO); CR (Liesner 2858,
MO); P (Folsom 4439, MO). 1200-1700 m, sometimes lower. (Nicaragua, Ecuador,
Peru.)
5. Pavonia integrifolia Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 8: 24
(1930). Holotype: Mexico, Veracruz, Purpus 11118 (F!; probable isotypes: MO!, NY!).
Subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, the stems with some stellate hairs. Leaves oblanceolate,
truncate, essentially entire (or with minute serrulations), acuminate, palmately 3-nerved
but with the 2 lateral nerves nearly suppressed, the margins ciliate (otherwise
glabrescent). Inflorescence an open raceme or panicle; pedicels 2-9 cm, sparsely stellate-
53
6. Pavonia penduliflora (Standley) Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
4: 231 (1929). Malache penduliflora Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 117 (1916).
Holotype: Panama, Pittier 3188 (US!; isotype: NY!).
Shrubs 1-2.5 m tall, the young stems densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate to
oblong, basally truncate, serrulate, acuminate, palmately 3-5-nerved, stellate-pubescent
(sparsely so above). Pedicels up to 6 cm (to 10 cm in fruit), solitary in the leaf axils,
stellate-pubescent; involucellar bracts c. 8, 6-8 mm, linear, pubescent; calyx subequal to
involucel, stellate-pubescent; petals 14-16 mm, reddish. Fruits 11-13 mm in diameter,
glabrous, smooth, reddish; mericarps each with 3 retrorsely barbed spines 5 mm, the 2
lateral spines subequal to and widely separated from central spine. Rain forests. N
(Moreno 8002, MO); CR (Herrera 3445, MO); P (Folsom 2182, MO). 600-2200 m.
(Endemic.)
7. Pavonia oxyphyllaria J.D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 23: 237 (1897).
Holotype: Costa Rica, Smith 6449 (US!). Illustr.: Robyns, Fl. Panama, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 52: 539, t. 7 (1966).
Malache fulva Standley, Pavonia costaricensis Hochr., P. fulva (Standl.) Standl.
Shrubs c. 1 m tall, the stems fulvous-hispid (hairs 2-3 mm, simple). Leaves elliptic
or oblanceolate, slightly asymmetrical, truncate to cuneate, crenate-serrate (sometimes
obscurely so), acuminate, penninerved, appressed-pubescent above and beneath (hairs 1-
3 mm, simple above, often bifurcate beneath). Pedicels to 8.5 cm, solitary in the leaf
axils, fulvous-hispid; involucellar bracts 16-20 mm, 11-13, narrowly linear, fulvous-
ciliate (hairs 1.5-2 mm); calyx 4-5 mm, cupuliform; petals c. 15 mm, white; genitalia
included. Fruits 10-12 mm in diameter, glabrous, reticulate-veined; mericarps each with 3
retrorsely barbed spines 9-12 mm, widely separated and subequal. Rain forests. CR
54
(Tonduz 14863, K); P (Hartman 12216, MO). 200-1200 m. (C. America, Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
9. Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav., Diss. 3: 135 (1787). Hibiscus cancellatus L. Pl.
Surin. 12 (1775). Holotype: Surinam, "cancellatus" (microfiche! ex LINN-875.8; isotype:
microfiche! ex S). Illustr.: Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 98-I (1892).
Pavonia guanacastensis Standley.
Decumbent perennial herbs, the stems trailing, hispid (hairs 1-2 mm) and with
dense longitudinal lines of shorter hairs. Leaves asymmetrical, deltate-ovate to angular or
weakly lobed, deeply cordate, crenate, acute, pubescent with simple hairs above, stellate
hairs beneath. Pedicels usually equaling or exceeding the corresponding leaf, solitary in
the leaf axils, pubescent; involucellar bracts c. 15, 10-12(-15) mm, linear, arcuate, hispid-
ciliate (hairs c. 2 mm); calyx 7-8 mm, hirsute; petals c. 15 mm, yellow with dark red
basal spot; androecium 8-9 mm; styles slightly exceeding androecium. Fruits glabrous,
obovoid; mericarps 4.5 mm, indehiscent, with an obscure apical beak; seeds 3.5 mm.
glabrous. 2n = 56. Dry deciduous forest, open savanna. N (Stevens 10796, MO); CR
(Khan et al. 1023, BM). 100-1000 m. (Venezuela, Guyanas, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay.)
55
10. Pavonia sidifolia Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 283 [folio
ed. 220] (1822). Holotype: Inter Angosturam et Trapiche D. Felix Farreras, Humboldt &
Bonpland 1077 (microfiche! ex P-HBK; isotype: microfiche! and photo F-9796! ex B-
herb. Willdenow no. 12694). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Venez. Guyana 6: t. __ (2000).
Malache chiapensis Standley, Pavonia chiapensis (Standley) Standley.
Widely branching shrubs or subshrubs to 1 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent and
with some glandular hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, acute or acuminate,
discolorous, soft-pubescent. Pedicels 3-7 cm, solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts
6, exceeding the calyx, broadly lanceolate (2.5-4 mm wide); calyx 6-7 mm, hirsute;
corolla c. 2 cm, yellow with maroon center; staminal column c. 5 mm, maroon, the
anthers and pollen orange-yellow; styles exceeding androecium, glabrous. Fruits oblate,
6-8 mm in diameter, with appressed barbs along medial costa and lateral margins of
mericarps; mericarps dehiscent; seeds 3 mm, glabrous, striate; 2n = 56. Deciduous forest,
evergreen forest, rain forest, roadsides, often in grassy situations. Ch (Fryxell 1165,
MICH); P (Dwyer 4154, MO). 100-1000 m. (Oaxaca, Mexico, and Colombia, Venezuela,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina.)
13. Pavonia spuria Fryxell, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 76: 158 (1999). Holotype:
Mexico, Oaxaca, Koch et al. 78258 (CHAPA!; isotypes: BR!, CTES!, ENCB!, K!, MO!,
NY!, WIS!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 76: 159, t. 63 (1999).
Subshrubs 1.5 m tall, the stems viscid. Leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, acuminate,
discolorous, with mostly simple hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long and with glandular hairs at least
on margin; petioles 1-3.5 cm long; stipules 2 mm, subulate. Pedicels exceeding the
corresponding petioles, solitary, viscid; involucellar bracts 7-10, 1-2 mm, viscid and with
basal cilia; calyx 7-9 mm long, prominently ciliate (hairs 1.5 mm); petals 12 mm long,
white fading pink, externally pubescent but glabrous on margins of claw. Fruits 7 mm in
diameter, minutely pubescent, oblate; mericarps 4 mm, dehiscent; seeds 3 mm, glabrous,
striate. Deciduous forest. Ch. (Nelson 2716, US!). C. 350 m. (Endemic.)
14. Pavonia alba Seemann, Bot. Voy. Herald 81 (1853). Holotype: Panama,
Seemann 90 (photo MO! ex BM; isotypes: CTES!, GH!, K!).
Malache panamensis Standley, Pavonia panamensis (Standley) Standley.
Erect subshrubs to 2 m tall, the stems puberulent. Leaves ovate or lance-ovate,
truncate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, somewhat discolorous, sparsely pubescent with
simple hairs above and stellate hairs beneath. Pedicels 2-3.5 cm, slender, solitary in the
leaf axils or forming a leafy subpaniculate inflorescence; involucellar bracts 7-9 mm,
usually exceeding the calyx, 6-8, linear, hirsute; calyx 4-5 mm, pubescent; petals 4-8
mm, white; genitalia included. Fruits smooth, glabrous; mericarps c. 2.5 mm, muticous
57
and dorsally rounded, dehiscent; seeds c. 2 mm, puberulent. Forest margins, roadsides. G
(Aguilar 1735, F); P (Standley 26846, US). 0-800 m. (Also Colombia and Venezuela.)
15. Pavonia macdougallii Fryxell, Phytologia 37: 296 (1977). Holotype: Mexico,
Oaxaca, MacDougall H54 (NY!; isotype: TEX!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Phytologia 37: 312, t. 9
(1977).
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate or weakly 3-lobulate,
cordate, crenate-serrate to subentire, acuminate, discolorous, softly stellate-pubescent
above and beneath. Pedicels 1-5 cm, solitary in the leaf axils, hirsute; involucellar bracts
10-20 mm, 5, lanceolate, hirsute; calyx 8-12 mm, densely pubescent; petals 3-4 cm,
white, externally pubescent, the genitalia included. Fruits minutely pubescent; mericarps
5 mm, prominently carinate and reticulate-veined, often with 3 or 4 excrescences on each
side. In seasonally dry deciduous forest. Oaxaca, near Tehuantepec, perhaps to be
expected in Chiapas. 400-800 m. (Endemic.)
16. Pavonia dasypetala Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31: 189
(1858). Lopimia dasypetala (Turcz.) Standley. Isotype: Venezuela, Funck & Schlim 1271
(CTES!, photo F-23695! ex G). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Venez. Guyana 6: t. __ (2000). N.v.:
majagüita (CR).
Shrubs or small trees 1-7 m tall, densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves to 24 cm, longer
than wide, ovate, truncate or cordate, serrate or denticulate, acute, stellate-pubescent,
discolorous. Flowers sometimes solitary but usually in narrow, dense terminal
inflorescences; pedicels to 4 cm (usually shorter), densely pubescent; involucellar bracts
15-22 mm, 12-13, narrowly lanceolate, hirsute; calyx vestigial and hidden by involucel;
petals 3.5-5 cm, erect, externally pubescent, glabrous on the claw; staminal column
slightly exserted, glabrous, the filaments c. 1 cm, the anthers subequal to the petals; styles
slender. Fruits c. 1 cm in diameter, viscid, blackish, glabrous. Wet forest and cloud forest,
along streams and in swampy areas. H (Blackmore & Heath 1663, BM); N (Moreno
23248, MO); CR (Skutch 3900, US); P (Antonio 3234, MO). 0-1200 m. (Colombia,
Venezuela.)
58
17. Pavonia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin 1:
221 (1881). Sida malacophylla Link & Otto, Ic. Pl. Sel. 67. t.30 (1822). Neotype (here
designated): Berlin Bot. Gard. (specimen unknown); Brazil, Krapovickas et al. 40143
(NY!; isoneotypes: C, CEN, CTES!, F!, G, K!, UC!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr.
25: frontispiece (1988).
Lopimia malacophylla (Link & Otto) Martius. Malache malacophylla (Link &
Otto) Standley.
Shrubs or small trees 2-5 m tall, the stems densely stellate-pubescent and with
glandular hairs. Leaves to 21 cm, about as wide, ovate to weakly angulate, cordate, finely
serrulate, acute, densely pubescent, somewhat discolorous. Flowers aggregated into
dense terminal inflorescences; pedicels of variable length, up to 3 cm, densely pubescent;
involucellar bracts 15-18(-24), 12-18 mm, ligulate, valvate in bud, externally glandular-
pubescent, internally long-hirsute; calyx 2-3 mm, hidden by involucel; petals c. 3 cm,
rose or red (rarely white), externally pubescent, glabrous on claw, forming a tubular
corolla; staminal column exserted, glabrous, the filaments 4-10 mm; styles exserted,
slender. Fruits viscid, blackish, glabrous. Wet forest, secondary growth, savanna, edges
of swamps. T (Ramamoorthy & Sousa 1700, MEXU); B (Wilbur & Weaver 11528, F); N
(Stevens 7611a, MO); CR (Aguilar et al. 4445, TEX); P (Barclay 1045, BM). 0-400 m.
(Also Guerrero, Veracruz, and Oaxaca in Mexico and in South America to Brazil and
Bolivia.)
Specimens from San José Island, Gulf of Panama, have white petals and 20-24
involucellar bracts.
18. Pavonia monticola Fryxell, Phytologia 37: 300 (1977). Holotype: Mexico,
Chiapas, Breedlove & Raven 13716 (DS!; isotypes: F!, MEXU!, MO!, NY!). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Phytologia 37: 314, t. 11 (1977).
Shrubs to 2 m tall, the stems densely glandular-pubescent. Leaves narrowly ovate
(c. twice as long as wide), cordate, serrate, acuminate, discolorous, stellate-pubescent
(and with glandular hairs above); stipules 5-12 mm, linear, erect. Pedicels to 5.5 cm,
solitary or paired in the leaf axils, viscid; involucellar bracts 8, 8-15 mm, linear, viscid;
calyx 6-8 mm, 5-lobed, ciliate, costate (the intercostal areas whitish); petals 10-12 mm,
yellow; staminal column 6-7 mm, glabrous, the filaments 1-3 mm; styles slightly
59
19. Pavonia paniculata Cav., Diss. 3: 135, t.46. f.2 (1787). Holotype: Peru,
Dombey s.n. (photo! ex P, microfiche! ex P-LA). Illustr.: Gürke, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3):
t. 96-I (1892).
Subshrubs or shrubs to 3 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent, also with glandular
pubescence especially in the inflorescence. Leaves ovate, oblong, or 3-lobed, cordate,
serrate, acute or acuminate, discolorous, minutely pubescent; stipules 5-10 mm, falcate,
recurved. Inflorescence a widely branched viscid panicle, at least the upper parts leafless;
involucellar bracts 7-9, subequal to calyx, viscid and ciliate, often dark-pigmented; calyx
c. 6 mm, often basally whitish; petals 10-15 mm, pale yellow to yellow-orange; staminal
column pallid, the filaments as long as the column, the anthers bright yellow; styles
glabrous, the stigmas slightly exceeding the stamens, reddish. Fruits 6-7 mm in diameter,
oblate; mericarps reticulate-veined, subglabrous; seeds 3 mm. 2n = 112. Evergreen
forest, pine-oak forest, secondary vegetation, disturbed sites. Ch (Breedlove 33785,
CAS); B (Dwyer & Liesner 12308, MO); G (Heyde & Lux 6070, US); H (Wilson 216, F);
ES (Calderón 1959, US); N (Moreno 15099, HNMN); CR (Donnell-Smith 6452, US); P
(Knapp 2260, MO). 0-2500 m. (C. Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador,
Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
20. Pavonia corymbosa (Swartz) Willd. Sp. Pl. 3: 836 (1803). Althaea corymbosa
Swartz, Prodr. 101 (1788). Holotype: Jamaica, Swartz s.n. (S!).
Pavonia paniculata var. corymbosa (Swartz) Gürke.
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, the stems with prominent longitudinal lines of dense recurved
pubescence, very sparse stellate hairs, or prominent simple hairs 1.5-3 mm. Leaves ovate
to somewhat 3-lobed, cordate, serrate, acute or acuminate; stipules falcate, recurved.
Flowers in dense terminal inflorescences, the pedicels 1 cm or less; involucellar bracts
10-12, 12-15 mm, narrowly linear, setose; calyx 4-5 mm, ciliate; petals 12-15 mm,
yellow. Fruits 8-9 mm in diam.; mericarps 3 mm, reticulate-angulate. In a wide variety of
60
habitats, including disturbed sites. H (Wilson 216, NY); N (Moreno 15099, NY); CR
(Hammel & Grayum 20760, INB); P (Dodge & Hunter 8646, US). [elev.?](West Indies,
C. America, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil.)
21. Pavonia paludicola Nicolson ex R. Howard, Fl. Lesser Antill. 5: 241 (1989).
Type: Trew, Pl. Select. t.90 (1772). Illustr.: Fryxell in Howard, Fl. Lesser Ant. 5: 238, t.
94 (1989).
Pavonia racemosa (Swartz) Swartz, P. scabra (Vogel) Cif. non K. Presl, P. spicata
Cav. non Malache scabra Vogel.
Shrubs 1-3(-5) m tall, more or less scandent, the stems minutely pubescent. Leaves
broadly ovate (twice as long as wide), cordate, obscurely crenulate to subentire,
acuminate. Inflorescence a leafless terminal raceme; pedicels 1.5-4 cm, solitary;
involucellar bracts 8, 8-10 mm × 2.5-4 mm, lanceolate, obscurely pubescent or
glabrescent; calyx subequal to involucel; petals 1.5-2 cm, erect, yellow-green;
androecium subequal to corolla; stigmas slightly exserted. Fruits 10-12 mm in diameter,
glabrous, woody, sometimes with a crown of 5 points; carpels indehiscent. Mangrove. B
(Dwyer 12895, MO); G (Deam 6051, US); H (Fryxell 2805, F); N (Moreno 12432, MO);
CR (Tonduz 12687, US); P (de Nevers 4635, MO). 0-10 m. (S. Florida and throughout
theWest Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas.)
11. Urena L.
By P.A. Fryxell.
Shrubs 0.5-2 m tall, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves variable, often 3-5-angled, -
lobed, or -parted, less often ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, with one or more
prominent foliar nectaries on principal veins abaxially. Flowers solitary or glomerulate in
the axils or forming terminal racemes; pedicels usually short; involucel 5-lobed, the lobes
alternate with the 5 lobes of the calyx; petals rose or lavender; androecium included in
the corolla, the anthers subsessile; styles 10, slender, with capitate stigmas. Fruits
schizocarpic, 5-lobed, the lobes convex; mericarps 5, sometimes (always in ours)
prominently glochidiate, indehiscent; seeds solitary, glabrous. 6-8 spp., 2 of which are
pantropical, the remainder from Asia and Australia.
Literature: Gürke, M. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 16: 330-385 (1892).
1. Leaves palmately parted, the sinuses broadly rounded; calyx 4-5 mm; petals 8-18 mm.
1. Urena sinuata
1. Leaves ovate, angulate, or shallowly lobed; calyx 5-9 mm; petals 15-20 mm.
2. Urena lobata
1. Urena sinuata L., Sp. Pl. 692 (1753). Urena lobata L. var. sinuata (L.) Hochr.
Lectotype (designated by Borssum Waalkes, 1966): Ceylon, herb. Hermann, vol. 4, fol.
34, Linn. no. 257 (BM). Illustr.: Robyns, Fl. Panama, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 523,
t. 5 (1966).
Shrubs or subshrubs 0.5-2.5 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent. Leaves broadly
pentangular, palmately 5-parted, cordate, obscurely crenate-serrate, the central lobes
constricted at base (the sinuses broadly rounded and open), discolorous, stellate-
pubescent, with 1-3 prominent bordered nectaries at base of principal nerves beneath.
Pedicels up to 4 mm, solitary or paired in the leaf axils; involucel 4-5 mm, gamophyllous,
subequal to calyx; petals 8-18 mm, lavender; staminal column glabrous. Fruits c. 1 cm in
diameter, oblate, stellate-pubescent and with numerous glochidiate spines; seeds 3 mm.
2n = 28. Disturbed sites, fence rows, roadsides. Ch (Matuda 17087, MEXU); ES
62
(Standley 19382, US); CR (Tonduz 4720, US); P (D'Arcy & Sytsma 14335, MO). 0-1000
m. (More or less pantropical.)
2. Urena lobata L., Sp. Pl. 692 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Borssum
Waalkes, 1966): "lobata 1" (microfiche! ex LINN-873.1; isolectotype: microfiche! ex S).
Illustr.: Acevedo-Rodríguez, Fl. St. John, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 78: 309, t. 140 A-F
(1996).]
Much-branched subshrubs c. 1 m tall, the stems minutely pubescent. Leaves
broadly to narrowly ovate, angulate to weakly lobulate, truncate to cordate, crenate, more
or less acute, slightly discolorous, minutely stellate-pubescent with one or more
prominent bordered nectaries at base of midrib beneath. Pedicels up to 7 mm, solitary (or
paired) in the leaf axils; involucel 5-6 mm, gamophyllous; calyx 5-9 mm, pubescent;
petals 15-20 mm, lavender; staminal column glabrous. Fruits c. 8 mm in diameter, oblate,
stellate-pubescent and with numerous glochidiate spines; seeds 3-3.5 mm, glabrous. 2n =
28, 56. Rain forests, roadsides, disturbed sites. Ch (Breedlove 50573, CAS); B (Gentle
3807, US); H (Nelson & Romero 4223, MO); N (Fryxell 2879, F); CR (Jiménez 2923,
US); P (Sytsma & Antonio 2361, MO). 0-1000 m. (More or less pantropical.)
1. Fruits pubescent; leaves ovate, prominently serrate, c. twice as long as wide, basally
truncate to subcordate 1. Peltaea ovata
1. Fruits glabrous; leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, serrate-crenate, c. 1.5 times as
long as wide, basally cordate 2. Peltaea trinervis
1. Peltaea ovata (K. Presl) Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 113 (1916).
Malachra ovata K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 125 (1835). Holotype: Panama, Haenke s.n.
(PR?). Illustr.: Krapovickas & Cristóbal, Kurtziana 2: 176, t. 9 (1965).
Pavonia riedelii var. ovata (K. Presl) A. Robyns.
Subshrubs 1-2 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent, sometimes with lines of denser
hairs. Leaves ovate, serrate, basally truncate to subcordate, acute or somewhat acuminate,
discolorous. Peduncles up to 10 cm below (but shorter upward), solitary in the leaf axils;
floral bracts sessile, ovate-peltate, enclosing the flowers; involucellar bracts c. 10,
spatulate and ciliate; calyx 4-7 mm (a little shorter than the involucel); petals 1.5-2 cm,
yellow. Fruits 5-6 mm in diameter, oblate; mericarps smooth, pubescent. Savanna,
roadsides, disturbed sites. H (Abraham 122, MO); N (Sandino & Martínez 3849, MO);
CR (Burger & Matta 4631, NY); P (Tyson & Blum 2593, MO). 0-500 m. (Also
Colombia.)
2. Peltaea trinervis (K. Presl) Krapov. & Cristóbal, Kurtziana 2: 168 (1965).
Malachra trinervis K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 126 (1835). Neotype (here designated):
Brazil, Salzmann s.n. (specimen unknown); Brazil, Gardner 1458 (NY!; isoneotypes: F!,
GH!, K!, OXF!, US!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 345, t. 87 (1988).
Shrubs or subshrubs to 1.5 m tall, openly branched, minutely and densely
pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate or suborbicular, cordate, crenate-serrate, acute,
discolorous. Peduncles 4 cm below (but shorter upward, eventually subsessile); floral
bracts sessile, ovate-peltate, enclosing flowers; inflorescence a few-flowered head;
involucellar bracts c. 9, bifurcate; petals 1.5-2.5 cm, yellow, exceeding the floral bracts;
androecium subequal to corolla, yellowish. Fruits oblate; mericarps glabrous. Savannas,
roadsides, disturbed sites. N (Fryxell 2878, MO); CR (Gómez 18986, CR); P (Sytsma
64
3085, MO). 0-500 m. (Also Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil.) Standley (1937) and
Robyns (1966) treated this sp. as Pavonia sessiliflora H.B.K.
13. Malachra L.
By P.A. Fryxell.
1. Corolla 2-2.5 cm, lavender; involucel present; flowers in dense terminal heads.
1. Malachra radiata
1. Corolla up to 1.5 cm, yellow or white (rarely pale lavender); involucel absent; flowers
mostly in axillary glomerules.
2. Corolla white (rarely pale lavender); calyx 4-5 mm; leaves more or less palmately
lobed, the lobes more or less linear; stems hispid (hairs 2-4 mm or longer).
2. Malachra fasciata
2. Corolla yellow; calyx 6-8 mm; leaves mostly unlobed or angulate (if lobed, the lobes
obovate, the sinuses broadly rounded); stem hairs up to 1.5 mm.
3. Heads sessile or short-pedunculate; stems hispid, the hairs c. 1 mm; floral bracts
acuminate. 3. Malachra alceifolia
3. Heads manifestly pedunculate; stems usually only stellate-pubescent, without
hispid hairs; outer floral bracts rounded to acute. 4. Malachra capitata
65
1. Malachra radiata (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 459 (1767). Sida radiata L., Sp. Pl.
ed. 2. 965 (1763). Type: Plumier, Pl. Amer. 2: t.19 (1756). Illustr.: Gürke, Martius Fl.
Bras. 12(3): t. 83 (1892).
Coarse herbs or subshrubs 1-2 m tall, densely hispid (hairs 2-3 mm). Lower leaves
palmately 3-7-lobed, the lobes occasionally secondarily divided, the central lobe basally
constricted and lanceolate, the uppermost leaves simple and triangular to ovate (forming
a transition to the floral bracts), serrate, acute or acuminate, hispid (hairs mostly simple
above, stellate beneath). Inflorescence a terminal head, the subtending floral bracts
sessile, ovate, serrate, acute; involucellar bracts c. 10, subequal to calyx, linear, hispid;
calyx 8-10 mm, deeply 5-lobed, hispid; corolla 2-2.5 cm, lavender with darker throat;
anthers and pollen bluish; styles pink. Mericarps 4.5 mm, obovoid, reticulately veined,
glabrous; seeds 3 mm, glabrous. 2n = 56. River banks, lake shores, swamps. T (Orozco-
Segovia 352, XAL); B (Standley & Record, 1936); ES (Calderón 2412, US); N (Nee &
Robleto 28163, MO); P (Tyson 5478, MO). 0-200 m. (West Indies, Guyanas, Brazil,
Africa.)
This species is dimorphic for leaf form, the one form being deeply digitately parted,
the other ovate-simple or shallowly lobed.
4. Malachra capitata (L.) L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 458 (1767). Sida capitata L., Sp. Pl.
685 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Borssum Waalkes, 1966): ex hort. Upsalianesis,
"capitata 10" (microfiche! ex LINN-867.1; isolectotype: microfiche! ex S). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Fl. Veracruz 68: 143, t. 15 (1992b).
Herbs or subshrubs to 1.5 m tall, the stems densely stellate-pubescent, occasionally
also with longer simple hairs. Leaves ovate, lyrate, or 3-5-lobed (the lobes basally
constricted, the sinuses broadly rounded), truncate to subcordate, crenate-serrate, acute or
obtuse, stellate-pubescent. Inflorescence a capitulum terminating an axillary peduncle
(that exceeds the corresponding petiole); floral bracts deeply cordate, sessile, entire,
rounded to acute, often hispid; involucel absent; calyx 6-8 mm, deeply 5-lobed, hispid;
petals 7-10 mm, yellow. Fruits schizocarpic, glabrous; mericarps reticulately veined;
seeds glabrous. 2n = 56. Roadsides, pastures, secondary growth, often in wet soil. T
(Ventura 20634, ENCB); Ch (Breedlove 28740, DS); Y (Enríquez 343, MEXU); C
(Lundell 931, LL); QR (Barrera et al. 266, MEXU); B (Croat 24405, MO); G (Contreras
67
9523, LL); H (Molina, 1975); N (Stevens 3566, MO). 0-100(-1000) m. (S. United States,
Mexico, West Indies; adventive in paleotropics.)
1. Leaves narrowly triangular with straight margins, shallowly cordate at base; corolla 3-
4 mm, yellow or white, sometimes with a red center. 1. Wissadula periplocifolia
1. Leaves elliptic or broadly ovate with curved margins, truncate or deeply cordate at
base; corolla 4-8 mm, yellow or white, without red center.
2. Leaves truncate at base, elliptic to nearly ovate, often broadest above the base;
herbage ferrugineous-tomentose. 2. Wissadula excelsior
2. Leaves deeply cordate at base, broadly ovate, broadest at base; herbage sometimes
ferrugineous but usually paler.
3. Inflorescence a crowded, narrow, racemiform panicle; corolla white; mericarps
with imperfectly developed medial constriction. 6. Wissadula contracta
3. Inflorescence an open panicle; corolla yellow; mericarps with pronounced medial
constriction.
4. Stems with long simple hairs (2-3 mm) in addition to stellate pubescence.
3. Wissadula amplissima
4. Stems lacking long simple hairs.
69
5. Fruits 6-7 mm long; the upper leaf surface stellate-pubescent; leaf margin
entire.
4. Wissadula hernandioides
5. Fruits 11-15 mm long; the upper leaf surface with simple hairs or glabrescent;
leaf margin often crenate. 5. Wissadula costaricensis
2. Wissadula excelsior (Cav.) K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 118 (1835). Sida excelsior
Cav., Diss. 1: 27, t.5. f.3 (1785). Holotype: Peru, J. de Jussieu s.n. (microfiche! ex P-JU
no. 12310). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Veracruz 68: 253, t. 26 (1992b).
Wissadula patens (A. St.-Hil.) Garcke, W. zeylanica var. guatemalense E.G. Baker.
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, ferrugineous-pubescent with stipitate hairs. Leaves more or less
elliptic, truncate (rarely subcordate), entire, acuminate, discolorous, glabrescent on upper
surface. Inflorescence a somewhat leafy terminal panicle; calyx 3 mm, c. half-divided;
petals 4-5 mm, whitish; androecium yellowish, the filaments longer than the column.
Mericarps 6-7 mm, 5-6, minutely puberulent, constricted below, bulbous-apiculate
70
above; seeds 1.5 mm, minutely and evenly pubescent or scabridulous. 2n = 14. Evergreen
forest, disturbed forest, river banks, roadsides. T (Cowan 2819, NY); Ch (Ton 3809,
CAS); B (Gentle 9002, LL); G (J.D. Smith 4749, US); H (Blackmore & Heath 1838,
BM); N (Stevens 6356, MO); CR (Burger & Matta 4626, US); P (D'Arcy 5212, MO). 0-
900 m. (C. Mexico, Colombia, Guyanas, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay.)
22159, US); H (J.D. Smith 5149, US); N (Stevens 11193, MO); CR (Liesner 4804, MO);
P (Standley 27038, US). 0-1200 m. (Texas, Louisiana, Mexico, West Indies, Colombia,
Venezuela, Brazil, Africa.)
5. Wissadula costaricensis Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 678
(1937). Holotype: Costa Rica, Standley & Valerio 44156 (US!).
Shrubs 1-2.5 m tall, the stems obscurely puberulent and with large scattered
stipitate-stellate hairs. Leaves ovate, deeply cordate, entire or more or less distinctly
crenate (the margin curved), acuminate, somewhat discolorous, with simple hairs above
or glabrescent, with stellate hairs beneath. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils or in terminal
panicles; pedicels 1.5-5 cm, slender; calyx 3-4 mm; petals 5 mm, yellow; androecium
included in corolla, the column pubescent. Fruits 11-15 mm, obscurely puberulent;
mericarps 5, basally constricted, apically bulbous-apiculate. Forests and roadsides. CR
(Khan et al. 630, BM). 1500-1600 m. (Endemic.)
By P.A. Fryxell.
Herbs or subshrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, usually with a single erect stem branching only in
inflorescence, more or less soft-pubescent with stellate and simple hairs. Leaves broadly
ovate, long-petiolate below to sessile immediately below the inflorescence, deeply
cordate, serrate to subentire, acuminate. Inflorescence a leafless terminal spike or panicle,
the flowers generally subtended by small trifid bractlets; involucel absent; calyx small,
gamosepalous, 5-lobed; petals less than 1 cm, yellow. Fruits schizocarpic, strigose or
glabrous; mericarps 5-14, usually 2-chambered, the chambers separated by an
endoglossum, the lower chamber 1-seeded, the upper chamber 1-2-seeded; seeds more or
less pubescent. 5 spp. from N. Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Brittonia 28: 318-325 (1976); Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 133-
136 (1988).
1. Briquetia spicata (Kunth) Fryxell, Brittonia 28: 321 (1976). Abutilon spicatum
Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 271 [folio ed. p. 211] (1822).
Holotype: Brazil, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (microfiche! ex P-HBK; isotype:
microfiche! ex B-herb. Willdenow no. 12712). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25:
137, t. 32 (1988).
Wissadula spicata (Kunth) K. Presl, Pseudabutilon spicatum (Kunth) R.E. Fries.
Annual herbs or subshrubs to 1.5 m tall, branching widely in the inflorescence, the
leafy portion of the stem densely stellate-pubescent, sparsely so in the inflorescence.
Leaves long-petiolate below to sessile and amplexicaul immediately below the
inflorescence, broadly ovate, cordate, obscurely crenate, acuminate, somewhat
discolorous, minutely stellate-pubescent. Inflorescence a terminal leafless spiciform
raceme, also with subsidiary lateral inflorescences; flowers subsessile; calyx 3 mm,
minutely pubescent; petals 4-5 mm, yellow. Fruits 7-9 mm in diameter, minutely strigose;
mericarps 5-7, 2-chambered, the lower chamber 1-seeded, the upper chamber with 2
collateral seeds; seeds 2 mm, minutely strigose. Evergreen forest, pine-oak forest,
deciduous forest, secondary vegetation, roadsides, usually in shade. Ch (Calzada et al.
3822, XAL); G (Bernoulli 3084, K); H (Thieme 5623, US); ES (Bernhardt & Montalvo
73
107, ITIC); N (Stevens 5284, MO); CR (Morales 3483, TEX); P (Pittier 2365, US). 0-
1000 m. (N. Mexico, Cuba, Guyanas, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil.)
1. Mericarps 13-14 mm, with divergent spines 2-4 mm; petals 8-15 mm; upper leaf
surface with appressed simple hairs 1-2 mm; endoglossum absent.
4. Pseudabutilon ellipticum
1. Mericarps 4-11 mm, rounded or with small or large spines; petals 5-10 mm; upper leaf
surface with minute stellate hairs; endoglossum present or absent.
2. Mericarps 10-11 mm, with spines up to 2 mm; endoglossum absent.
3. Pseudabutilon cymosum
2. Mericarps 4-9 mm, apically rounded or with spines up to 4 mm; endoglossum
present or absent.
74
3. Calyx 6-8 mm, often long-hirsute; flowers solitary or in axillary umbels; spines of
mericarps 2-4 mm; endoglossum absent. 5. Pseudabutilon umbellatum
3. Calyx 3-6 mm, stellate-pubescent; flowers solitary and pedicellate or subsessile
and in terminal racemes or panicles; spines of mericarps absent or up to 1.5 mm;
endoglossum present.
4. Flowers pedicellate, solitary, axillary; mericarps 5, apically acute.
2. Pseudabutilon orientale
4. Flowers subsessile, disposed in terminal racemes or panicles; mericarps 8-10,
apically rounded or acute. 1. Pseudabutilon scabrum
5. Pseudabutilon umbellatum (L.) Fryxell, Contr. Univ. Michigan Herb. 21: 190
(1997). Sida umbellata L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Holotype: Jamaica, Browne s.n.
(microfiche! ex LINN-866.16). Fryxell, Fl. Venez. Guyana 6: t. __ (2000).
Abutilon umbellatum (L.) Sweet.
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate or weakly 3-
lobulate, cordate, serrate, acute or acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent, somewhat
discolorous. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered axillary umbels, these often aggregated
into a terminal compound inflorescence; calyx 6-8 mm, often hirsute (hairs 3-4 mm);
petals 6-8 mm, yellowish; androecium yellow. Fruits 6-8 mm, hirsute; mericarps 6-8 with
divergent apical spines 2-4 mm; endoglossum absent; seeds 2 mm, papillate. 2n = 16. Dry
deciduous forest, matorral, disturbed sites. Y (Darwin et al. 2176b, NO); C (Stewart &
Percival 84-18B, NY); ES (Standley 23184, NY); H (Molina 5221, US); N (Fryxell 2860,
F); CR (Liesner 4299, MO). 0-1000 m. (Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.)
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 24-68 (1988). Kearney, T.H. Leafl.
W. Bot. 7: 241-254 (1955); 8: 201-216 (1958).
4. Abutilon divaricatum Turcz, Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31: 204
(1858). Lectotype (designated by Fryxell, 1976): Mexico, Veracruz, Galeotti 4071 KW!;
isolectotypes: BR!, photo F-23765! ex G, K!).
4a. Abutilon divaricatum Turcz var. divaricatum. Illustr.: Fryxell, Madroño 23:
328, t. 3. f. D-G (1976).
Abutilon chiriquinum A. Robyns.
Shrubs 2-3 m tall, pilose with simple hairs 1-2 mm, the stem hairs slightly retrorse,
and with smaller stellate hairs. Leaves ovate, deeply cordate, serrate, acuminate, slightly
discolorous, pubescent; stipules auriculate-clasping, deciduous. Inflorescence a terminal
panicle; pedicels 0.5-2(-3) cm; calyx 4-8 mm, divided nearly to the base, the lobes
(sepals) narrowly lanceolate, fully reflexed in fruit; petals 7-9 mm, pale yellow, generally
with diffuse dark spot at base, sometimes reflexed; staminal column 4-5 mm, densely
pubescent basally. Fruits 12-20 mm, hirsute; mericarps 8-12, prominently keeled, basally
rounded, apically acute; seeds 2 mm, essentially glabrous. Pine-oak forest, secondary
81
vegetation. Ch (Breedlove 8984, F); G (Heyde & Lux 4445, US); H (Nelson et al. 4059,
MO); N (Molina 27289, US); CR (Standley & Valerio 43488, F); P (Bro. Maurice 705,
MO). 1200-2300 m, occasionally lower. (Also Veracruz, Mexico.)
This sp. was mistakenly identified as A. giganteum in Standley (1923), Standley &
Steyermark (1949), and presumably in Molina (1975).
4b. Abutilon divaricatum var. hintonii Fryxell, Brittonia 32: 265 (1980).
Holotype: Mexico, Edo. México, Hinton et al. 7431 (K!; isotypes: K!, MICH!).
Stems and petioles minutely stellate-pubescent, lacking long simple hairs. Petals
lacking petal spot. Otherwise as in nominate variety. ES (González 1999, MO). C. 1900
m. (Also in W. Mexico.)
5. Abutilon giganteum (Jacq.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1. 1: 53 (1826). Sida gigantea
Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 2: 8 (1797). Type: Hort. Schoenbr. 2: t. 141 (1797). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Madroño 23: 328, t. 3. f. A-C (1976).
Shrubs or small trees 2-6 m, minutely stellate-pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate,
deeply cordate, denticulate to subentire, acuminate. Inflorescence a terminal panicle;
calyx 8-11 mm, c. half-divided or more, campanulate; petals 8-12 mm, reflexed, yellow,
sometimes with a reddish spot at base; staminal column 5-9 mm, glabrous, the filaments
4-5 mm; styles 12-15. Fruits 8-12 mm, pubescent; mericarps 12-15, more or less
acuminate apically, 3-seeded. Evergreen forest, secondary vegetation, dry shrubland. N
(Stevens 6041, MO); P (Allen 2094, NY). 0-1000 m. (Also Venezuela and Colombia.)
This sp. was confused with A. divaricatum in Standley (1923), Standley &
Steyermark (1949), and presumably also in Standley & Calderón (1925).
6. Abutilon trisulcatum (Jacq.) Urban, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 32
(1919). Sida trisulcata Jacq., Enum. Syst. Pl. 26 (1760). Neotype (here designated):
Insula Domingo, Jacquin s.n. (specimen unknown); Jacquin, Select. Stirp. Amer. Hist. t.
184 (1780).
Sida triquetra L.
Robust herbs or shrubs 1-2.5 m tall, the stems prominently trisulcate when young,
puberulent, usually viscid, especially in the inflorescence. Leaves ovate, cordate,
82
7. Abutilon percaudatum Hochr., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 21: 438
(1920). Holotype: Mexico, San Luis Potosí, Palmer 19 (NY!; isotypes: CM!, F!, GH!,
K!, MO!, US!).
Widely branched shrubs to 2 m tall with glandular pubescence, the stems terete.
Leaves ovate, deeply cordate, crenate, acuminate, very sparsely pubescent. Flowers
solitary or in lax panicles; calyx 6-8 mm, yellowish at base, campanulate; petals 8-15
mm, yellowish with maroon spot at base; staminal column purplish, the anthers orange;
styles 5, pallid, with purplish stigmas. Fruits 9-12 mm, puberulent, loculicidally
dehiscent; mericarps 5, apically acute; seeds 2.8 mm, scabridulous. 2n = 28. Deciduous
forest and dry scrubland. Ch (Ton 3144, CAS); CR (Janzen T-65, MO). 1000-1600 m.
(Also C. Mexico.)
8. Abutilon permolle (Willd.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1. 53 (1826). Sida permollis
Willd., Enum. Pl. Hort. Berol. 728 (1809). Holotype: ex Hort. Bot. Berol., Anon. s.n.
(microfiche! and photo F-9794! ex B-herb. Willdenow no. 12689).
Shrubs 1-2 m tall, softly stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate, deeply cordate, serrate,
acuminate, more or less discolorous, densely whitish-pubescent beneath, sparsely
pubescent above. Flowers solitary in the axils or in terminal panicles, long-pedunculate;
calyx 1-1.5 cm, soft-puberulent, campanulate, the buds 5-angulate; petals 10-18 mm,
83
9. Abutilon hulseanum (Torrey & A. Gray) Torrey ex A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad.
Arts n.s. 4 (Pl. Fendler.): 23 (1849). Sida hulseana Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 233
(1838). Holotype: U.S.A., Florida, Hulse s.n. (NY!). Illustr.: Fryxell in Howard, Fl.
Lesser Ant. 5: 204, t. 82 (1989).
Subshrubs 1-1.5 m tall, the stems stellate-tomentulose and with simple hairs 2-3
mm. Leaves ovate, cordate, crenate, rounded-acute, softly tomentulose. Pedicels up to 5.5
cm, solitary in the leaf axils; calyx 12-15 mm, stellate-tomentulose, more than half-
divided, pentangular in bud; corolla c. 2 cm, pale rose-lavender; styles c. 12. Fruits 2-2.5
cm in diameter, prominently hirsute (hairs 1-2 mm); mericarps c. 12, apiculate at apex;
seeds c. 2 mm, minutely pubescent, 4-6 in each carpel. 2n = 14. Roadsides, disturbed
sites, and secondary vegetation. T (Cowan 2814, NY); H (Saunders 551, TEX). 0-100 m.
(Also S. Texas, E. Mexico, S. Florida, and the West Indies.)
10. Abutilon purpusii Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 750 (1923). Holotype:
Mexico, Veracruz, Purpus 4332 (US!; isotypes: BM!, F!, GH!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Bajío
16: 18 (1993).
Shrubs or small trees 2-6 m tall, the stems densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate,
cordate, crenate-serrate, acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent, very sparsely so above.
Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, long-pedunculate; calyx 1.5-2.5 cm, minutely stellate-
pubescent, basally brownish, campanulate; petals (2.5-)4 cm, bright yellow, with long
glabrous claws; staminal column 2.5 cm, glabrous, the filaments 5-7 mm; styles c. 10.
Fruits 2-2.5 cm, subglobose, blackish at maturity, minutely stellate-pubescent; mericarps
c. 10, apically blunt, c. 6-seeded; seeds 3 mm, short-pubescent. 2n = 16. Deciduous
forest, evergreen forest, pine-oak forest, sometimes in disturbed areas. Ch (Matuda 85,
US); G (Standley 68904, US); CR (Morales 2343, TEX). 750-1450 m. (Also C. Mexico.)
84
11. Abutilon brenesii Standley, Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 18: 664
(1937). Holotype: Costa Rica, Brenes 3587 (F!).
Shrubs 2-3 m tall, the stems densely stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate, cordate,
coarsely crenate, acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent, very sparsely so above. Flowers
solitary in the leaf axils or apically subracemose, long-pedunculate; calyx 1.5-2 cm,
densely stellate-pubescent, basally brownish; petals 3 cm, yellow, with long glabrous
claws; staminal column subequal to petals, glabrous, the filaments c. 4-5 mm; styles c. 7.
Fruits stellate-pubescent; mericarps c. 20 mm, c. 7, apically rounded to subacute, several-
seeded; seeds 2.5-3 mm, short-pubescent. Deciduous and evergreen forest. CR (Brenes
3587, F); P (Davidson 498, F). 800-1000 m. (Endemic.)
12. Abutilon tridens Standley & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser.
23: 173 (1944). Lectotype (designated by Fryxell, 1988): Guatemala, Steyermark 43439
(F-1132511!; isolectotype: F-1132507!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 64,
(1988).
Shrubs 2-4 m tall, more or less densely pubescent with minute stellate hairs and
simple hairs 1-2 mm. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, subentire, acuminate,
markedly discolorous, sparsely pubescent above, densely canescent beneath. Peduncles
11-18 cm, solitary in the leaf axils, generally bearing 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx up to
3.5 cm, densely brown-pubescent, campanulate, prominently nerved; petals 3-3.5 cm,
orange, glabrous, erect, forming a tubular corolla; staminal column 4.5-5.5 cm, exserted,
glabrous, the filaments 3-8 mm; styles 10-13, exceeding androecium, the stigmas
purplish. Fruits 3.5 cm, stellate-hispid, truncate with a crown of divergent spines 2-4 mm;
mericarps c. 12, c. 8-seeded; seeds 4 mm, minutely pubescent. Pine-oak forest, evergreen
or cloud forest, deciduous forest. Ch (Ton 4155, MEXU); G (Steyermark 43439, F).
1300-2500 m. (Endemic.)
13. Abutilon pachecoanum Standley & Steyerm., Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot.
Ser. 23: 173 (1944). Holotype: Guatemala, Standley 83528 (F!).
Shrubs or trees 3-6 m tall, the stems densely stellate-tomentulose and with
spreading simple hairs. Leaves ovate (or sometimes weakly 3-lobed), deeply cordate,
85
14. Abutilon striatum Dickson ex Lindley, Bot. Reg. app. 39 (1839). Type:
Dickson in Maund, Botanist 3: t. 144 (1839). Illustr.: Schumann, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3):
t. 76 (1891). N.v.: campanilla, farolillo (CR).
Abutilon insigne Planch., A. pictum auct. non (J.D. Hook.) Walp., A. venosum Lemaire.
Shrubs 2-4 m tall, largely glabrescent. Leaves moderately 3-lobed to deeply 5-
parted, truncate to cordate, the lobes lanceolate, serrate, acuminate. Pedicels 6-15 cm,
solitary in the leaf axils, slender; calyx 1.5-3 cm, sparsely and minutely stellate-
pubescent; petals 3.5-4.5 cm, yellow with dark red claw and conspicuous red venation;
androecium equaling or slightly exceeding corolla, yellow; styles 8-10. Fruits c. 2 cm in
diameter, minutely stellate-pubescent; mericarps 8-10, apically rounded. In cultivation,
occasionally naturalized. Ch (Fryxell 3204, MEXU); G (Shannon 219, US); ES
(Calderón 566, US); H (Molina, 1975); CR (Rodríguez et al. 1591, TEX). (Native to
Brazil [?], introduced elsewhere as an ornamental.)
15. Abutilon vexillarium E. Morren, Belgique Hort. 14: 289, t. 16 (1864). Type:
Morren, Belgique Hort. 14: t. 16 (1864). Illustr.: Schumann, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 73
(1891).
Abutilon megapotamicum auct. non (Sprengel) A. St.-Hil. & Naudin.
Erect shrubs 1 m tall, the stems very sparsely and minutely stellate-pubescent to
glabrescent, the young stems often purplish. Leaves triangularly ovate, more or less
cordate, crenate-serrate, acute or acuminate, concolorous, essentially glabrous; stipules
subequal to petioles, broadly ovate, sessile and amplexicaul, often purplish, deciduous.
Pedicels 1.5-2 cm, solitary in the axils, purplish; calyx 1.5-2.5 cm, tubular and inflated,
5-dentate, purple; petals 2.5-3 cm, yellowish, forming a tubular corolla; androecium
86
17. Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 1. 53 (1826). Sida hirta Lam.,
Encycl. 1: 7 (1783). Holotype: India, Sonnerat s.n. (microfiche! ex P-LA). Illustr.:
Sivarajan & Pradeep, Malvac. So. Peninsular India 191, t. 69 (1996).
Robust herbs c. 1 m tall, the stems viscid and with simple hairs 2-5 mm. Leaves
subrotund, cordate, finely serrate, acuminate, sparsely pubescent above, softly tomentose
beneath. Pedicels 2-3.5 cm, solitary in the leaf axils but inflorescence becoming
paniculate; calyx 12-17 mm, c. half-divided, stellate-tomentulose; corolla 18-20 mm,
orange-yellow with dark red center; styles 20-25. Fruits exceeding calyx, c. 2 cm in
diameter, stellate-hirsute (hairs c. 1 mm); mericarps 20-25, apically blunt to subacute;
seeds 2.4-2.8 mm, scabridulous. 2n = 42. Roadsides, secondary vegetation. T (Matuda
3280, MEXU); Y (Schott 121, F); B (Lundell 4966, MO); ES (Standley 19358, NY); H
(Molina & Molina 25877, NY); N (Cháves 79, US); CR (Tonduz 13486, US); P (Barclay
1006, BM). 0-300 m. (Sporadic adventive in West Indies, S. Florida, E. Mexico, Peru;
native to tropical Africa and Asia.)
By P.A. Fryxell.
Shrubs or small trees 1-8 m tall, densely stellate-pubescent, often ferrugineous. Leaves
broadly ovate, cordate (or narrower and truncate in inflorescence), entire (the venation
camptodrome), acute or acuminate, minutely stellate-pubescent (the hairs often stipitate),
sometimes discolorous. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf axils or aggregated into
axillary or terminal inflorescences; involucel absent; calyx gamosepalous, pentamerous,
usually ribbed; corolla 1.5-6 cm, white or yellow often with a reddish center; staminal
column included or exserted, usually pubescent. Fruits blackish, stellate-pubescent;
mericarps 7-27, often with a lacerate dorsal wing, 2-7-seeded; seeds reniform, more or
less pubescent. Fourteen spp. from Mexico and Central America, one of which also
occurs from Venezuela to Ecuador.
Literature: Bates, D.M. Gentes Herb. 10: 425-484 (1973).
1. Young growth orange-pubescent; petals white (or pale yellow), narrowly spatulate (1.5
cm wide), erect. 2. Bakeridesia yucatana
1. Young growth more or less ferrugineous (or green); petals yellow or orange
(sometimes with red spot at base), broadly obovate, spreading or reflexed.
2. Petals 1.5-3.5 cm; calyx 6-14(-18) mm.
3. Petals 1.5-2 cm, yellow throughout; pedicels usually less than 1.5 cm; mericarps
with greatly reduced or missing dorsal wing. 3. Bakeridesia gaumeri
3. Petals 2-3.5 cm, with or without reddish spot at base; pedicels usually more than 1
cm long; mericarps with or without a dorsal wing.
4. Mericarps (and styles) c. 15, with lacerate wing on dorsal margin; staminal
column 5-7 mm. 6. Bakeridesia integerrima
4. Mericarps (and styles) 11-13, the dorsal wing present or absent; staminal column
10-12 mm.
5. Mericarps lacking dorsal wing; petals 25-35 mm, yellow with reddish base;
calyx 7-14 mm. 4. Bakeridesia pittieri
5. Mericarps with lacerate wing on dorsal margins; petals 25-30 mm, yellow
throughout; calyx 12-17 mm. 5. Bakeridesia molinae
2. Petals 3-6 cm; calyx 15-37 mm.
88
6. Calyx 30-37 mm, the lobes strongly twisted in bud; staminal column 30-45 mm
(appearing exserted); mericarps 21-27.
7. Calyx lanate with stipitate stellate hairs and digitiform appendages, more or less
rounded at base. 9. Bakeridesia nelsonii
7. Calyx minutely stellate-pubescent, strongly 5-keeled at base.
8. Bakeridesia vulcanicola
6. Calyx 15-33 mm, the lobes twisted or not in bud; staminal column 11-20 mm,
included, mericarps 14-18.
8. Mericarps 14-16, lacking dorsal wing; calyx in bud weakly or not at all twisted;
pedicels 1-3 cm in flower. 1. Bakeridesia exalata
8. Mericarps 16-18, with lacerate wing on dorsal margin; calyx in bud strongly
twisted; pedicels 2-9 cm. 7. Bakeridesia gloriosa
4. Bakeridesia pittieri (J.D. Smith) D. Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: 478 (1973).
Abutilon pittieri J.D. Smith, Bot. Gaz. 56: 51 (1913). Holotype: Guatemala, Pittier 138
(US!; isotype: US!). Illustr.: Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: 479, t. 20 (left) (1973).
Shrubs or small trees 2-3 m tall, densely pubescent and more and less ferrugineous.
Leaves ovate, cordate or truncate, entire, acute or acuminate, discolorous, minutely
pubescent. Pedicels 1-2 cm, solitary or sometimes paired in the leaf axils, generally
grouped at the ends of branches; calyx 7-14 mm, stellate-pubescent, c. half-divided;
petals 2.5-3.5 cm, yellow with red base, obovate, spreading; staminal column c. 1 cm,
pubescent, the filaments 3-5 mm; styles 11-12, glabrous. Fruits 11-13 mm in diameter,
oblate, stellate-pubescent; mericarps 11-12, apically acute, lacking wing on dorsal
90
margin, 3-4-seeded; seeds c. 3 mm, sparsely pubescent. Deciduous forest and disturbed
sites. Ch (Neill 5522, MO); G (Harmon 3206, ENCB). 400-1400 m. (Endemic.)
6. Bakeridesia integerrima (J.D. Hook.) D. Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: 467 (1973).
Sida integerrima J.D. Hook. Bot. Mag. 74: 4360 (1848). Lectotype (designated by Bates,
1973): Hooker's plate in Bot. Mag. 74: t. 4360 (1848). Illustr.: Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: t.
3 (1973).
Abutilon chittendenii Standley, A. integerrimum (J.D. Hook.) Triana & Planchon.
Shrubs or small trees 3-6 m tall, the young growth densely stellate-pubescent.
Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, entire or obscurely denticulate, acuminate, minutely
stellate-pubescent, slightly discolorous. Pedicels 0.5-5 cm, solitary or paired in the leaf
axils, often aggregated at the ends of lateral branches; calyx 8-18 mm, ferrugineous-
pubescent, half-divided or more; petals 2-3 cm, yellow, usually with a red spot at base,
obovate, spreading; staminal column 5-7 mm, pubescent at base, the filaments 4-5 mm;
styles c. 15, slender, pallid or purplish. Fruits 1.5-2 cm in diameter, globose to oblate;
mericarps c. 15, dorsally with a lacerate wing bearing stipitate hairs, 3-seeded; seeds 3
mm, pubescent. 2n = 30. Dry open shrublands and secondary vegetation. H (Molina
8422, F); N (Stevens 20293, MO). 0-500 m. (Also in E. Mexico and Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador.)
91
7. Bakeridesia gloriosa D. Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: 452 (1973). Holotype: Mexico,
Chiapas, Breedlove 9044 (F!; isotypes: BH, F!, MICH!). Illustr.: Bates, Gentes Herb. 10:
453, t. 11 (1973).
Shrubs or small trees to 6 m tall, the young growth densely ferrugineous stellate-
pubescent. Leaves broadly to narrowly ovate, cordate, acuminate, slightly discolorous,
minutely stellate-pubescent. Pedicels 2-9 cm, solitary in the leaf axils; calyx 2-3 cm,
ferrugineous-pubescent, half-divided or more, the tips of the lobes strongly twisted in
bud; petals 3.5-6 cm, yellow, sometimes with an orange or reddish base, obovate,
spreading; staminal column 15-20 mm, basally pubescent; styles 16-18, pubescent. Fruits
16-28 mm in diameter, oblate, pubescent; mericarps 16-18, dorsally with a broad lacerate
wing with stipitate hairs, c. 6-seeded (?); seeds 3.5 mm, pubescent. Dry deciduous and
evergreen forest. Ch (Breedlove & McClintock 23580, CAS); G (Tún Ortíz 2194, MICH).
900-1400 m. (Also adjacent parts of Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico.)
9. Bakeridesia nelsonii (Rose) D. Bates, Gentes Herb. 10: 455 (1973). Abutilon
nelsonii Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 5: 134 (1897). Holotype: Guatemala, Nelson 3562
(US!; isotypes: BM!, GH!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Chiapas 3: 60, t. 4 (1990).
92
Shrubs or sometimes trees to 6 m tall, the young growth densely and loosely
ferrugineous stellate-pubescent. Leaves broadly ovate, deeply cordate, entire, acuminate,
discolorous, minutely stellate-pubescent. Pedicels 9-15 cm (or more), solitary or paired in
the leaf axils, densely pubescent; calyx c. 3 cm, densely ferrugineous stellate-pubescent
with stipitate hairs and digitiform appendages, c. half-divided, the lobes twisted in bud,
the base more or less rounded; petals 4-5 cm, yellow or orange, more or less reflexed,
pubescent basally, obovate, spreading; staminal column c. 3 cm, stellate-pubescent
basally; styles 22-27, pubescent. Fruits and seeds unknown. Presumably in forests. Ch
(Matuda 2039, MEXU); G (Steyermark 51063, US). 1000-1800 m. (Endemic.)
The only collection known from Chiapas (Matuda 2039) is geographically
problematical.
Subshrubs with scattered to dense stellate and simple pubescence. Leaves ovate, deeply
cordate, serrate-crenate, acute or acuminate, more or less discolorous. Flowers solitary in
the leaf axils or in terminal racemes or lax panicles; involucel absent; calyx pubescent,
half-divided or more, the lobes more or less cordate, acuminate, more or less accrescent;
petals equaling calyx to 3 times as long as calyx, yellow; androecium included in corolla,
glabrous. Fruits pubescent, blackish at maturity; mericarps 10 or more, apically acute or
aristate, dehiscent, 5-seeded, with small endoglossum below the seeds; seeds minutely
scabridulous (appearing glabrous). 2 spp., 1 sp. from Mexico and Mesoamerica, 1 sp.
from Paraguay and Argentina.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Brittonia 28: 318-325 (1976).
Herbs or shrubs 0.5-3 m tall, pubescent with stellate, simple, and often glandular hairs.
Leaves ovate, rarely lobulate, cordate, subentire to serrate, acute or acuminate. Flowers
solitary or paired in the leaf axils, often aggregated into terminal leafy panicles; involucel
absent; calyx divided almost to the base, pentamerous; petals usually less than 1 cm,
yellow; androecium included in corolla; styles 5-8, with capitate stigmas. Fruits
schizocarpic but functionally capsular; mericarps 5-8, rounded or apiculate, 1-seeded;
seeds minutely pubescent or glabrous. 3 or 4 spp. from the Neotropics.
1. Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 256
[folio ed. 199] (1822). Sida viscosa L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Type: Sloane, Voy.
Jamaica 2: t. 139, f. 4 (1788). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 119, t. 24 (1988).
Subshrubs or shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, the stems glandular-pubescent (often
malodorous) and often with simple hairs 1-2 mm. Leaves ovate (rarely weakly lobulate),
cordate, serrate to subentire, acute to acuminate, stellate-pubescent, often viscid beneath,
essentially concolorous. Flowers long-pedicellate in the leaf axils, often in terminal leafy
panicles; calyx 4-5 mm, viscid; petals 5-7 mm, yellow; staminal column glabrous; styles
6-8. Fruits oblate, loculicidally dehiscent, 6-8-celled, stellate-pubescent, muticous; seeds
2 mm, pubescent. Deciduous forest, matorral, disturbed ground. Ch (Breedlove 54377,
CAS); Y (Enríquez 345, MEXU); C (Cabrera & Cabrera 2249, MEXU); QR (Moreno
94
281, MEXU); H (Molina 14294, US); N (Stevens 18629, MO); P (Croat 9707, NY). 0-
500 m. (S. Texas, Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador.)
1. Herissantia crispa (L.) Briz., J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 279 (1968). Sida crispa L.,
Sp. Pl. 685 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Borssum Waalkes, 1966): Dillenius, Hort.
Eltham. t. 5 (1732). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 191, t. 48 (1988). N.v.:
farolitos chinos.
Abutilon crispum (L.) Medikus, Bogenhardia crispa (L.) Kearney, Gayoides
crispum (L.) Small.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, usually trailing or decumbent, occasionally scandent,
stellate-pubescent and usually with long simple hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate, crenate,
acute, petiolate below to subsessile above. Pedicels 6-7 mm, solitary in the leaf axils,
slender, recurved; calyx 4-7 mm, reflexed in fruit; petals 6-11 mm, white; staminal
column 2-2.5 mm, glabrous; styles 10-11, greenish, the capitate stigmas maroon. Fruits
1.5-2 cm in diameter, hispid; mericarps 10-14, rounded, laterally compressed, dorsally
dehiscent, 3-seeded; seeds 1.7 mm. Roadsides, disturbed sites, thorn forests, grasslands,
deciduous forests. T (Cowan 2053, CAS); Ch (Fryxell & Lott 3244, MEXU); Y (Gaumer
1462, US); B (Bartlett 12951, US); G (Standley 24341, US); ES (Standley 20356, US); H
(Zelaya 76, MO); N (Stevens 11195, MO); CR (Opler 1983, MO); P (Hammel 5256,
95
MO). 0-2200 m. (Throughout the Neotropics and subtropics, adventive in some parts of
the Old World.)
Perennial procumbent herbs, usually with little pubescence. Leaves orbicular in outline,
symmetrical, more or less palmately parted or dissected, crenate. Flowers solitary in the
leaf axils; involucel trimerous, shorter than the calyx; calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, with
simple hairs; corolla dark orange or salmon-colored, drying rose; styles 16-22, the
stigmas truncate. Fruits schizocarpic, hirsute; mericarps 16-22, each with 2 apical spines,
divided into 2 chambers by an endoglossum, each chamber 1-seeded. Monotypic, from
the United States to Argentina, and in the Old World.
1. Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 466 (1831). Malva caroliniana
L., Sp. Pl. 688 (1753). Lectotype (here designated): "7 caroliniana" (microfiche! ex
LINN-870.15; isolectotype: microfiche! ex S). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25:
307, t. 76 (1988).
Modiola multifida Moench.
Trailing herbs. Leaves palmately 5-7-parted, symmetrical, about as wide as long;
stipules 3-4 mm, ovate. Pedicels shorter than the corresponding petiole, more or less
pubescent; involucellar bracts 4-5 mm, lanceolate; calyx 5-7 mm, pubescent (hairs 1-2
mm); corolla 6-8 mm; androecium yellowish. Mericarps 5-6 mm, black at maturity, with
2 apical spines 1.5-3 mm, divided into 2 chambers by an endoglossum; lower chamber
indehiscent, manifestly rugose, the upper chamber dehiscent, smoother, pubescent; seeds
c. 1.5 mm, sparsely pubescent. 2n = 18. Oak forests, roadsides, disturbed sites, urban
habitats. Ch (Ton 2870, DS); H (Nelson 10931, TEFH); CR (Molina 27381, US). 500-
2200 m. (S. United States to N. Argentina; also in the Old World.)
1. Corolla 6-8 mm, pale yellow; stems densely and evenly stellate-puberulent (hairs 0.1-
0.3 mm); persistent endocarp enclosing seed present. 5. Anoda crenatiflora
1. Corolla often longer than 8 mm, lavender or purplish; stem pubescence otherwise;
endocarp absent or imperfectly developed.
2. Upper leaf surface stellate-pubescent. 4. Anoda guatemalensis
2. Upper leaf surface with appressed simple hairs or glabrescent.
3. Mericarps with persisting lateral reticulations, apically dehiscent; stems
glabrescent.
1. Anoda pristina
3. Mericarps with evanescent lateral walls, not dehiscing apically; stems usually
hispid.
4. Mericarps 10-18, with a horizontal dorsal spine 1.5-4 mm, the suture between the
mericarps depressed. 3. Anoda cristata
4. Mericarps 7-11, the dorsal spur absent or vestigial (rarely to 1.5 mm), the suture
between the mericarps not depressed, the fruits therefore seemingly inflated.
2. Anoda acerifolia
97
1. Anoda pristina Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 4: 253 (1979). Holotype: Mexico, Chiapas,
Breedlove 7546 (DS!; isotypes: F!, MICH!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 4: 254, t. 1
(1979).
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, the stems reddish, with short pungent hairs and some
glandular hairs, becoming glabrescent. Leaves palmately 3(-5)-lobed, subentire, acute,
glabrescent except appressed-cilate on margins, discolorous. Pedicels solitary in the leaf
axils, evenly hispid; calyx 5-6 mm in flower, to 12-14 mm in fruit, nearly glabrous; petals
7-9 mm, purplish; androecium c. 4 mm, glabrous. Fruits 10-13 mm in diameter, oblate,
subglabrous; mericarps 12-13, apically dehiscent, the lateral walls evanescent but with a
persistent coarse reticulum; seeds 3 mm, seemingly glabrous but with short appressed
pubescence, not enclosed in persistent endocarp. Pine-oak forest. Ch (Breedlove 7546,
MICH). C. 1500 m. (Endemic.)
2. Anoda acerifolia Cav., Anales Ci. Nat. 6: 336 (1803). Type (cf. Garilleti, 1993:
108): in cult., Madrid Bot. Gard. Anon. s.n. (MA-29756). Illustr.: Fryxell in Howard, Fl.
Lesser Ant. 5: 204, t. 84 (1989).
Anoda zuccagnii (Sprengel) Fryxell, Sida acerifolia Zuccagni non (Cav.) Medikus,
Sida zuccagnii Sprengel.
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial, erect or decumbent to prostrate, the stems
prominently or obscurely hispid or almost glabrous. Leaves palmately lobed below to
narrowly hastate above, subentire, acute, sparsely pubescent to glabrescent, sometimes
with an irregular purple blotch along the midrib. Flowers long-pedunculate in the leaf
axils; calyx 6-11 mm in flower to 10-15 mm in fruit, often hispid; petals 12-18 mm,
purple or lavender; staminal column glabrous basally, hispid apically. Fruits 8-11 mm in
diameter, oblate, densely hispid, with short spurs (or these absent); mericarps 7-11,
indehiscent, the lateral walls evanescent; seeds 2.5 mm, glabrous, the endocarp absent.
Roadsides, cultivated fields, disturbed sites. Ch (Breedlove 33488, DS); Y (Gaumer
1611, F); G (Standley 66650, F); H (Williams & Molina 11248, MICH). 0-1000 m.
(Mexico, C. America, Galápagos Islands.)
98
3. Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl., Linnaea 11: 210 (1837). Sida cristata L., Sp. Pl.
685 (1753). Lectotype (here designated): herb. Linnaeus (microfiche! ex LINN-866.31).
N.v.: violeta.
Anoda hastata Cav., A. lavateroides Medikus.
Erect or sprawling perennial herbs, the stems usually hispid, the hairs patent or
retrorse. Leaves variable (ovate, hastate, or palmately lobed), crenate to subentire, acute,
sparsely pubescent (hairs mostly simple and appressed), often with a purple blotch along
midrib. Flowers long-pedunculate in the leaf axils; calyx 5-10 mm in flower to 12-20 mm
in fruit, hispid; petals 8-26 mm, purple or lavender (rarely white); staminal column
pubescent. Fruit 8-11 mm in diameter (excluding spines), a flattened disk, densely hispid;
mericarps 10-18, each with spine 1.5-4 mm at dorsal angle, the lateral walls evanescent;
seeds 3 mm, glabrous, the enclosing endocarp poorly developed or absent. 2n = 30, 60,
90. In a variety of habitats, including roadsides, cultivated fields, and disturbed sites. T
(Cowan 1958, MEXU); Ch (Breedlove 52647, CAS); B (Standley & Record, 1936); G
(Contreras 7285, LL); ES (Carlson 382, F); H (Molina 12948, F); N (Moreno 15358,
MO); CR (Burger 3853, F); P (Greenman & Greenman 5016, MO). 0-2650 m. (S. United
States to Argentina and Chile; adventive in Australia.)
Erect herbs or subshrubs 1-1.5 m tall, with minute stellate pubescence. Leaves
usually triangular or hastate, reduced upward, sometimes with a purple blotch along the
midrib. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils or aggregated into a terminal panicle; calyx 5-8
mm, 5-lobed, the lobes apiculate; petals 12-18 mm × 1-5 mm, erect, spatulate;
androecium 1.5-3 cm, the anthers purplish, the pollen yellow. Fruits 7-9 mm in diameter,
oblate, puberulent; mericarps 3 mm, 10-12, with dorsal spur 0.5 mm; seeds 2 mm,
rugulose. 2n = 26. Deciduous forest, oak forest, often in open grassy areas. Ch
(Breedlove & Raven 13159, MEXU); G (Molina & Molina 26453, F). 1400-2000 m.
(Widely distributed in Mexico.)
Erect subshrubs 1-2 m tall, more or less stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate to elliptic,
crenate or serrate, acute or obtuse. Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, on short axillary
racemes, or forming ample terminal racemes or panicles; pedicels long or short,
sometimes capillary, often subtended by 3 stipuliform bractlets; involucel absent; calyx
small, ecostate, 5-lobed; petals small, white or yellow-orange (purple in one sp.); anthers
few (5-20); styles 5-10, slender, capitellate. Fruits schizocarpic, oblate to conical, smooth
or rugulose, often pubescent; mericarps 5-10, essentially indehiscent; seeds solitary,
sparsely pubescent to glabrous. 8 spp. of the Neotropics, to which several others should
be added, especially from Australia.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Brittonia 30: 447-462 (1978).
1. Corolla reflexed, dark purple; panicle diffuse with capillary pedicels; mericarps and
styles 5. 1. Sidastrum paniculatum
1. Corolla rotate, pale yellow; mericarps and styles 5-10.
2. Mericarps and styles 8-10; flowers in axillary glomerules; stipules laciniately divided
into 2-3 elements; leaves lance-ovate or elliptic. 3. Sidastrum quinquenervium
2. Mericarps and styles 5(-7); inflorescence a congested terminal panicle; stipules
simple; leaves often cordate-ovate. 2. Sidastrum micranthum
101
1. Sidastrum paniculatum (L.) Fryxell, Brittonia 30: 453 (1978). Sida paniculata
L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Holotype: herb. Linnaeus (microfiche! ex LINN-
866.17). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Chiapas 3: 83, t. 27 (1990).
Sida atrosanguinea Jacq., S. floribunda Kunth.
Shrubs 1-3 m tall, roughly stellate-pubescent, the hairs slightly ferrugineous.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, truncate or subcordate, dentate, acute, stellate-pubescent,
slightly discolorous; stipules simple. Inflorescence a prolific terminal panicle with
capillary pedicels; calyx 2-3 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals 3 mm, purple, reflexed;
staminal column 2.5 mm, purple, pubescent, the anthers 10-20, yellowish; styles 5, pallid,
exserted. Fruits 4-5 mm in diameter, oblate to subconical, minutely pubescent; mericarps
2.5 mm, 5; seeds solitary, glabrous. 2n = 32. Rain forest, pine-oak forest, dry thorn scrub.
T (Cowan 2813, MEXU); Ch (Breedlove 23842, DS); B (Standley & Record, 1936); G
(von Türckheim 489, US); H (Nelson & Romero 4464, MO); P (Hemsley, 1879). 0-1000
m. (S. Texas, Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil,
Paraguay, Argentina, Hawaii.)
2. Sidastrum micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell, Brittonia 30: 452 (1978). Sida
micrantha A. St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 190 (1827). Holotype: Brazil, St.-Hilaire s.n.
(P). Illustr.: Schumann, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 59 (1891).
Subshrubs 1-3 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent. Leaves ovate, progressively
reduced upward, more or less cordate, crenate, acute, stellate-pubescent; stipules simple.
Inflorescence a more or less leafy terminal panicle, the flowers and fruits crowded;
pedicels 1-4(-7) mm; calyx 2.5-3 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals c. 3 mm, yellowish,
rotate; staminal column 1.5-2 mm, glabrous, the anthers c. 10; styles usually 5(-7),
exserted. Fruits c. 3 mm in diameter, oblate-beaked, minutely stellate-pubescent;
mericarps 2 mm, usually 5(-7), laterally reticulate, 1-seeded, indehiscent; seeds 1.5 mm,
glabrous. 2n = 32. Deciduous forest. CR (Brenes 1912, NY). 100-600 m. (Also Cuba,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Brazil.)
Shrubs 1-3 m tall, with pubescence of both stellate and simple hairs, sometimes viscid.
Leaves ovate [or lanceolate], cordate, crenate, acuminate. Flowers in terminal, more or
less leafless panicles or racemes; involucel absent; calyx small, rounded, ecostate, twisted
in bud (the tips of the acuminate lobes divergent); petals white or yellow, with or without
dark basal spot. Fruits squizocarpic, oblate-conical, pubescent or glabrescent; mericarps
5-9, essentially indehiscent, more or less rounded dorsally, with relatively fragile walls,
with a minute endoglossum; seeds solitary. 4 spp. from Mexico and the West Indies to
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Brazil.
Literature: Krapovickas, A., P.A. Fryxell, and D.M. Bates. Bol. Soc. Bot. México
48: 23-34 (1988) [1989].
2. Calyx 6-8 mm, stellate-pubescent and usually with simple hairs 1-2 mm; petals 5-8
mm, yellow with a conspicuous red basal spot; fruits oblate; mericarps 6-7, the
dorsal wall flattened. 2. Allosidastrum hilarianum
2. Calyx 3-5 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals 4-5 mm, whitish or pale yellow (basal spot
absent or diffuse); fruits beaked; mericarps 5-6(-7), the dorsal wall rounded.
1. Allosidastrum pyramidatum
2. Allosidastrum hilarianum (K. Presl) Krapov., Fryxell & D. Bates, Syst. Bot.
Monogr. 25: 71 (1988). Sida hilariana K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 107 (1835). Lectotype
(designated by Krapovickas et al., 1988): Mexico, Haenke s.n. (PR!; isolectotypes; BM!,
LE!, MO!, PR!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 72, t. 11 (1988).
Pseudabutilon langlassei Hochr., Sida glanduligera Benth.
Shrubs 2-5 m tall, the stems stellate-puberulent, in the inflorescence also with
simple hairs 0.5-1.5 mm and glandular hairs. Leaves ovate, truncate, serrate, acuminate,
glabrescent above, stellate-puberulent beneath, essentially concolorous. Flowers in
104
terminal panicles with numerous linear stipuliform bracts; calyx 6-8 mm, with stellate
hairs and simple hairs 1-2 mm; petals 5-8 mm, yellow with dark red spot at base;
staminal column scabrid, the filaments purplish. Fruits oblate, apically stellate-pubescent;
mericarps 6-7, the dorsal wall flattened; seeds 1.5 mm, glabrous. 2n = 14. Evergreen
forest, oak forest, deciduous forest. Ch (Croat 46282, MO); G (Kellerman 5862, US); ES
(Tucker 843, US); N (Stevens 5296, MO); CR (Khan et al. 876, BM). 400-1300 m. (Also
in W. Mexico.)
28. Sida L.
By P.A. Fryxell.
calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, basally often 10-ribbed and plicate in bud; corolla white,
yellow, orangish, rose, or purple, sometimes with a dark red center. Fruits schizocarpic,
glabrous or pubescent; mericarps 5-14, 1-seeded, often laterally reticulate, indehiscent
below with well-differentiated dorsal wall, dehiscent apically, usually with 2 apical
spines more or less well developed; seeds glabrous. C. 100 spp., pantropical and
subtropical.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Sida 11: 62-91 (1985). Seido, S. Lundellia 1: [in press]
(1999).
8. Plants procumbent (but not repent); leaves small (less than 3 cm), long-petiolate.
9. Sida abutifolia
8. Plants erect; leaves usually more than 3 cm (if sometimes smaller, then short-
petiolate).
9. Leaves (and branching pattern) distichous; stipules prominent, lanceolate or
falcate, with 3 or more nerves.
10. Plants densely stellate-pubescent throughout; leaves more or less obtuse;
mericarps with beaks 1-1.5 mm; calyx 6-7 mm. 10. Sida jamaicensis
10. Plants hirsute; leaves acute; mericarps minutely apiculate; calyx 4-5 mm.
11. Sida glomerata
9. Leaves spirally disposed; stipules subulate or falcate, 1-3- nerved.
11. Corolla white (or pale yellow) with red center; stipules falcate, commonly
3-nerved. 8. Sida viarum
11. Corolla yellow without red center; stipules subulate, usually 1-nerved.
7. Sida spinosa
1. Mericarps and styles usually 6 or more but sometimes only 5.
12. Calyx 7-10 mm, irregularly 6-9-lobed. 17. Sida barclayi
12. Calyx often less than 7 mm, regularly pentamerous.
13. Plants procumbent (to ascending); flowers and fruits congested at tips of branches
with leaves and stipules; mericarps 5-8 with numerous spiny murications dorsally.
14. Petals 5-11 mm; leaves seldom more than 3 times as long as wide, basally entire
but manifestly dentate in distal portion. 12. Sida ciliaris
14. Petals 16-23 mm; leaves 4-10 times as long as wide, wholly entire or obscurely
3-dentate at apex. 13. Sida brachystemon
13. Plants erect; flowers and fruits not congested as above (or if so in S. linearis,
plants suberect and fruits smooth); mericarps usually 7 or more (rarely 5-6), not
muricate dorsally.
15. Leaves entire, short-petiolate or subsessile, narrowly linear-lanceolate (up to 20
times as long as wide); inflorescence terminal, corymbiform, essentially
leafless; corolla white with red center. 26. Sida linifolia
107
1. Sida jussieana DC., Prodr. 1: 463 (1824). Holotype: Peru, Jussieu s.n.
(microfiche! ex P-JU 12267 p.p.).
Sida begonioides Griseb., S. decumbens A. St.-Hil. & Naudin.
Repent herbs, the stems with patent simple hairs 1-2 mm. Leaves distichous, ovate,
markedly asymmetrical, cordate, crenate, acuminate, appressed-hirsute, the hairs simple.
Pedicels solitary in the leaf axils, 2-4 times the length of the corresponding petiole,
slender; calyx 5-7 mm, markedly pentangular becoming inflated and pyramidal in fruit,
the lobes trullate, dark-green margined, accrescent becoming sagittate in fruit, setose;
corolla barely exceeding the calyx, pale yellow, sometimes with red center; styles 5, the
stigmas purple. Fruit 3 mm in diameter, enclosed in calyx, subglobose, glabrous;
mericarps 5, muticous. 2n = 16. Deciduous forests, roadsides, disturbed sites. Ch (Fryxell
& Lott 3312, MEXU); G (Velasco 8874, US); H (Standley 24508, F); ES (Standley
19290, NY); N (Neill 2854, MO); CR (Khan et al. 389, BM); P (Allen 1168, MO). 0-
1000 m. (Also in S. Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, disjunctly in
Bolivia, S. Brazil, Paraguay, and N. Argentina.)
2. Sida repens Dombey ex Cav., Diss. 1: 7 (1785). Sida dombeyana DC., nom.
superfl. Holotype: Peru, Dombey s.n. (microfiche! ex P-JU no. 12267 pro parte; isotype:
MA-29787!). Illustr.: Fryxell in Acevedo-Rodríguez, Fl. St. John, Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard.
78: 304, t. 138. f. K-M (1996).
Repent herbs, the stems with scattered minute hairs and sometimes with long
simple hairs, or glabrescent. Leaves symmetrical (or slightly asymmetrical), orbicular-
109
ovate, cordate, serrate, acute or acuminate, sparsely pubescent with simple appressed
hairs above, stellate hairs beneath. Pedicels solitary in the leaf axils, sometimes
exceeding the corresponding leaf, slender; calyx 5-7 mm (not accrescent), the lobes
trullate, dark-green margined, ciliate; corolla yellow. Fruits subpyramidal, antrorsely
pubescent; mericarps 5, with 2 erect spines apically. Deciduous forests, roadsides,
pastures, disturbed sites. H (Williams et al. 42268, US); N (Stevens 7104, MO); CR
(Jiménez 3651, NY); P (Hunter & Allen 716, MO). 0-1000 m. (Also West Indies,
Ecuador, Peru, Malesia.)
The complex situation regarding the type is discussed by Krapovickas (1969: 20)
and Garilleti (1993: 136).
3. Sida urens L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Holotype: Browne s.n.
(microfiche! ex LINN-866.20). Illustr.: Schumann, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 60 (1891).
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, erect or reclining, the stems 1-1.5 m, usually with
simple hairs 2-3 mm and shorter stellate hairs. Leaves ovate (1.5-2 times as long as
wide), cordate, crenate-serrate, acuminate, stellate-pubescent or sometimes with simple
hairs above. Flowers and fruits subsessile, crowded in axillary glomerules or in
pedunculate axillary "heads," the individual pedicels shorter than the calyces; calyx 5-8
mm, setose, the lobes trullate, the margins dark green; corolla orange (fading rose) often
with a red center. Fruits 3.5-4 mm in diameter, glabrous; mericarps 5, muticous,
essentially indehiscent. 2n = 32. Savannas and open areas in deciduous and evergreen
forests, river banks, pastures. T (Cowan 1963, ENCB); Ch (Breedlove 23843, CAS); B
(Gentle 934, F); G (Heyde & Lux 4324, US); ES (Calderón 1459, US); H (Standley
18964, F); ES (Standley & Calderón, 1925); N (Stevens 7343, MO); CR (Khan et al. 858,
BM); P (Folsom & Channell 7194, MO). 0-1600 m. (Widespread in the neotropics,
except perhaps the Amazon Basin, extending also to Africa and Madagascar.)
4. Sida glabra Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. no. 14 (1768). Holotype: Houstoun s.n.
(photo BH-5077! ex BM).
Sida insperata Standley & L.O. Williams.
Weak-stemmed herbs or subshrubs to 2 m tall, erect or more often reclining, the
stems stellate-pubescent, sometimes viscid. Leaves narrowly ovate, cordate, serrate,
110
acuminate, more or less stellate-pubescent. Pedicels several times as long as the calyx,
solitary in the axils; calyx 5-6 mm, more than half-divided, the lobes 3-3.5 mm,
lanceolate-acuminate, dark-green margined, marginally ciliate; corolla slightly exceeding
calyx, yellow-orange. Fruits 4 mm in diameter, pubescent; mericarps 5, apically 2-spined,
the spines 1.5-2.5 mm, antrorsely pubescent. 2n = 16, 32. Deciduous forests, savanna,
sometimes in disturbed sites, often in shaded sites. Ch (Breedlove & Davidse 54480,
TEX); C (Sanders et al. 9685, TEX); B (Balick et al. 2346, TEX); G (Lundell 18302,
LL); ES (Tucker 706, LL); N (Stevens & Grijalva 16238, TEX); P (Wilbur et al. 12918,
LL). 0-1500 m. (Also S. Mexico, throughout the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela.)
T (González & Pérez 4132, MEXU); Ch (Breedlove 42318, CAS); Y (Gaumer 2156, F);
C (Cabrera 2039, MEXU); QR (Cabrera & Torres 1092, MEXU); B (Whitefoord 2666,
BM); G (Lundell 18301, LL); H (Nelson et al. 0270, MO); ES (Tucker 706, PH); N
(Sandino 282, MO); CR (Opler 1984, MO); P (Lewis et al 664, MO). 0-1800 m. (Also
Mexico, West Indies, South America.)
6. Sida martiana A. St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 187 (1827). Holotype: Brazil, St.-
Hilaire s.n. (P).
111
Erect subshrubs, the stems with simple hairs 2-3 mm and with minute glandular
hairs. Leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, acute, densely stellate-pubescent beneath, with
glandular hairs on both surfaces. Pedicels up to 2 cm, solitary or paired in the leaf axils;
calyx 6-7 mm, setose and glandular-pubescent, c. half-divided,the lobes trullate, dark-
green margined; petals 5-6 mm, yellow; staminal column 2-5 mm, glabrous. Fruits
enclosed in calyx, glabrous, blackish at maturity; mericarps 2.5 mm, 5, muticous, apically
dehiscent. Brushy hillsides, roadsides. CR (Chavarría 1372, TEX); P (Nee 10132, MO).
400-1200 m. (Also in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil.)
7. Sida spinosa L., Sp. Pl. 683 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Bortssum
Waalkes, 1966): "1. spinosa" (microfiche! ex LINN-866.1; isolectotype: microfiche! ex
S). N.v.: escobilla.
Sida alba L., .S. angustifolia Miller.
Erect shrubs or subshrubs to 1(-2) m tall, the stems with minute stellate pubescence.
Leaves broadly ovate, lanceolate, or narrowly oblong, truncate, serrate, usually acute,
discolorous, glabrescent above, minutely stellate-tomentose beneath; stipules subulate.
Pedicels to 1 cm, solitary or in small groups in the leaf axils; calyx 5-7 mm, minutely
tomentose, occasionally red-margined; corolla yellow or yellow-orange (rarely white).
Fruits 4-5 mm in diameter; mericarps 5, apically 2-spined, the spines c. 1 mm, antrorsely
pubescent. 2n = 14, 28. Deciduous forest, evergreen forest, pine-oak forest, open areas,
roadsides, disturbed sites. Ch (Breedlove 36564, CAS); Y (Gaumer 2236, US); G (von
Türckheim 899, US); H (Trochez 239, MO); ES (Calderón 960, US); N (Moreno 2533,
MO); CR (Opler 1989, MO); P (Standley 26601, US). 0-1900 m. (Throughout the
neotropics and extending to the C. United States and to C. Argentina; also in the Old
World.)
8. Sida viarum A. St.-Hil., Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 182 (1827). Holotype: Brazil, St.-
Hilaire s.n. (holotype: P).
Erect subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, the stems loosely stellate-pubescent. Leaves short-
petiolate, lanceolate to subrhomboid, basally truncate-cuneate and entire, distally serrate
and acute, markedly discolorous, the upper surface green with appressed simple hairs c. 1
mm, the lower surface whitish, densely and minutely stellate-pubescent; stipules falcate,
112
commonly 3-nerved. Flowers in axillary clusters of 1-4; pedicels to 1.5 cm (the flowers
often subsessile); calyx 5-7 mm, basally 10-ribbed; petals c. 8 mm, white or pale yellow
with red spot at base. Fruits oblate or subconical, glabrous; mericarps 5, laterally
reticulate. Deciduous forest, oak forest, open areas. Ch (Breedlove & Davidse 54443,
CAS); ES (Montalvo & Flores 13, MO); N (Neill 2972, MO); P (Standley 26448, US).
50-1000 m. (Also Brazil.)
This sp. was treated by Robyns (1966) as Sida linearifolia.
9. Sida abutifolia Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. no. 12 (1768). Holotype: in cult. Miller
s.n. (BM!). Illustr.: Fryxell in Howard, Fl. Lesser Ant. 5: 238, t. 95 (1989). N.v.: hierba
del buen día; azocatzín.
Sida procumbens Swartz.
Procumbent perennial herbs, the stems usually with simple hairs 1-2 mm. Leaves
usually less than 2 cm, ovate-oblong to oblong, subcordate, crenate, obtuse to acute,
pubescent, long-petiolate. Pedicels 1-2.5 cm, slender, solitary in the leaf axils; calyx 4-5(-
7) mm, hirsute, the lobes acuminate; corolla 5-6 mm, white. Fruits conical, pubescent;
mericarps 5, apically 2-spined, the spines c. 1 mm, antrorsely pubescent. 2n = 14.
Roadsides, pastures, disturbed areas, exposed sites in deciduous forest, often in dry
habitats. T (Cowan 2613, MEXU); Ch (Breedlove 26894, CAS); Y (Krapovickas &
Cristóbal 23548, CTES); G (Contreras 3784, LL). 0-2500 m. (S. United States, Mexico,
West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil.)
10. Sida jamaicensis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Holotype: "jamaicensis"
(microfiche! ex LINN-866.10).
Sida panamensis Monteiro.
Erect subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, with distichous branching pattern and leaf
arrangement, softly stellate-pubescent; stipules lanceolate or falcate with 3 or more
nerves. Leaves short-petiolate, broadly ovate-elliptic, serrate-crenate, subacute or obtuse,
soft-pubescent above and beneath, somewhat discolorous. Pedicels shorter than the
petioles, one or more in the axils of the leaves; calyx 6-7 mm, the lobes acuminate,
ciliate; corolla white. Fruits apically pubescent, blackish at maturity; mericarps 5, 2-
spined, the spines 1-1.5 mm. 2n = 14. Deciduous forest, pastures, roadsides, secondary
113
11. Sida glomerata Cav., Diss. 1: 18, t.2. f.6 (1785). Holotype: Jussieu s.n.
(microfiche! ex P-JU no. 12249). Illustr.: Fryxell, in Acevedo-Rodríguez, Fl. St. John,
Mem. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 78: 304, t. 138 . f. F-J (1996). N.v.: escobilla.
Erect subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, with distichous branching and leaf arrangement, the
stems arched, stellate-pubescent and sometimes with simple hairs c. 1 mm. Leaves short-
petiolate or subsessile, lanceolate or elliptic, serrate, acute, sparsely ciliate, the leaves
sometimes appearing imbricate because of short internodes and distichous arrangement;
stipules broadly falcate, several-nerved, ciliate. Flowers subsessile or with short pedicels,
solitary or glomerulate in the leaf axils; calyx 4-5 mm, ciliate; corolla 6-8 mm, white or
yellowish. Fruits subglabrous; mericarps 5, blackish, with 2 minute apical spines.
Deciduous forest, roadsides, disturbed sites. N (Stevens 7301, MO); CR (Brenes 17385,
F); P (Knapp 1905, MO). 0-500 m. (Also Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles,
Colombia, Venezuela, Guyanas, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay.)
12. Sida ciliaris L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1145 (1759). Lectotype: (designated by
Clement, 1957): Jamaica, Browne s.n. (microfiche! ex LINN-866.8). Illustr.: Schumann,
Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 55 (1891). N.v.: huinar, mozote.
Sida anomala A. St.-Hil.
Procumbent perennial herbs, freely branching, the stems with appressed stellate
hairs, the hairs usually 4-armed. Leaves 1-2 cm, usually crowded at the apices of the
branches because of shortened internodes, narrowly elliptic, apically few-toothed, acute
or obtuse, glabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath; stipules 4-12 mm, linear to
oblanceolate, partially adnate to petioles, ciliate. Flowers and fruits subsessile, crowded
among the leaves and stipules at branch tips; calyx 4-6 mm, half-divided, hirsute; corolla
5-11 mm, often rose (sometimes yellowish). Fruits conical, more or less muricate;
mericarps 5-8, essentially indehiscent. Roadsides, pastures, disturbed sites, thorn forest,
savanna. Ch (Miranda 5505, MEXU); Y (Krapovickas & Cristóbal 23547, CTES); C
(Steere 1812, NY); B (Standley & Record, 1936); G (Breckon & Breckon 2125, WIS); H
114
(Williams & Molina 10211, PH); ES (Standley 19835, US); N (Moreno 2188, MO); CR
(Almeda et al. 3127, CAS); P (Hammel 3607, MO). 0-800 m. (S. United States and
throughout the neotropics.)
13. Sida brachystemon DC., Prodr. 1: 459 (1824). Type: Icones Florae Mexicanae
s.n.! (Torner Collection acc. no. 6331.1803, Hunt Institute). Illustr.: Fryxell, Phytologia
46: 398, t. 4 (1980c).
Sida wendtii Fryxell.
Perennial herbs, the stems to 1 m, procumbent, with minute appressed stellate hairs.
Leaves crowded at the apices of the branches because of shortened internodes, linear-
lanceolate to oblong, 4-10 times as long as wide, subcordate, entire (or obscurely
tridentate at apex), acute, uniformly stellate-pubescent beneath, marginally pubescent to
glabrescent above; stipules 9-14 mm, narrowly lanceolate to oblanceolate, sparsely
hirsute. Pedicels 1-4 mm, axillary, crowded apically with leaves and stipules so as to
appear fasciculate; calyx 5-6 mm, minutely stellate-pubescent, the lobes ciliate (hairs 1-2
mm); petals 16-23 mm asymmetrical, rose with darker spot at base. Fruits 6 mm in
diameter, oblate-conical, prominently muricate, each projection apically glochidiate;
mericarps 5-6, indehiscent. Pastures and roadsides. B (Whitefoord 2362, MO); CR
(Davidse & Pohl 819, MO). 0-500 m. (Also S. Mexico and Colombia.)
14. Sida linearis Cav., Icon. 4: 6, t.312. f.1 (1797). Holotype: Cult. Madrid Bot.
Gard. 1795 (MA-29789!) [cf. Fuertes & Fryxell, 1993a, Garilleti 1993]
Sida rzedowskii Fryxell.
Herbaceous perennials to 0.5 m tall, the stems branched and erect or suberect,
minutely stellate-pubescent, the apical internodes abruptly shortened. Leaves 1-3 cm,
elliptic, dentate, subacute or obtuse, more or less stellate-pubescent. Pedicels 1-10 mm,
solitary in the leaf axils but apically crowded because of shortened internodes; calyx 4-6
mm, 10-ribbed, stellate-pubescent, occasionally ciliate on ribs; corolla 6-8 mm, rose to
red-purple but yellowish in center (sometimes yellowish throughout). Fruits 5-6 mm in
diameter, oblate, minutely stellate-pubescent apically; mericarps 8-11, apically acute or
rounded, laterally smooth or slightly reticulate; seeds 2 mm, glabrous. Dry shrubby
hillsides, roadsides. Ch (Goldman 913, US). Above 2000 m. (C. Mexico.)
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15. Sida elliottii Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 231 (1838). Sida gracilis
Elliott, Sketch Bot. S. Carol. 2: 159 (1822), non S. gracilis A. Rich. (1792). Holotype:
U.S.A., S. Carolina, Elliott s.n. (CHARL).
15a. Sida elliottii var. parviflora Chapman, Fl. S.E. U.S. ed. 3, 48 (1897). Neotype
(designated by Seido, 1999): S. Florida, Anon. s.n. (NY; isoneotype: NY). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Fl. Veracruz 68: 213, t. 21 (1992b).
Sida lindheimeri auct. non Engelm. & Gray
Erect herbs or subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, the stems green and minutely puberulent to
glabrescent. Leaves narrowly linear, 4-20 times as long as wide, truncate, serrate, acute,
glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, often red-margined. Pedicels 0.5-2.5 cm,
solitary in the leaf axils, slender, scattered along the stem; calyx 5-7 mm, 10-ribbed,
minutely pubescent, the lobes ovate-acuminate, sometimes red-margined; petals 12-15
mm, yellow-orange. Fruits 6-8 mm in diameter, oblate; mericarps 3 mm, 8-11, minutely
bi-apiculate at apex, laterally reticulate, indehiscent except gaping between spines.
Grasslands, open habitats. Ch (Nelson 2969, US); G (Lundell 2750, MICH). 0-1500 m.
(S. Florida, S. Texas, E. Mexico, Guatemala.)
16. Sida aggregata K. Presl, Reliq Haenk. 2: 106 (1835). Holotype: Mexico,
Haenke s.n. (PR?). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Venez. Guyana 6: t. __ (2000).
Sida setifera K. Presl, S. savannarum Schumann.
Erect shrubs to 1.5 m tall, the stems, petioles, and calyces prominently setiferous
(hairs 1.5-2 mm) in addition to other pubescence, or setae absent. Leaves broadly ovate
to slightly 3-lobed, cordate, serrate, acuminate, softly tomentose. Flowers subsessile, in
dense terminal spiciform aggregations that are often branched to form paniculate
inflorescences; calyx 6-7 mm, prominently 10-angled, usually setose; corolla yellow or
yellow-orange, sometimes with red center. Mericarps 2 mm, 5-8, submuticous,
essentially unornamented. 2n = 14. Deciduous forest, pine-oak forest, roadsides, and
disturbed sites. Ch (Matuda 17228, MEXU); H (Saunders 105, NY); ES (Standley
19551, US); N (Moreno 281, MO); CR (Dodge 6379, MO); P (Standley 29764, US). 0-
1700 m. (W. Mexico, West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela.)
116
7. Sida barclayi E.G. Baker, J. Bot. 30: 236 (1892). Holotype: El Salvador,
Barclay s.n. (BM!; isotype; NY!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 4: 255, t. 2 (1979).
Sida anomalocalyx Fryxell.
Erect subshrubs 1-1.5 m tall, the stems softly tomentose. Leaves up to 6 cm, ovate
to narrowly lanceolate, cordate or truncate, denticulate to serrate, softly tomentose.
Pedicels 4-12 mm, usually solitary in the leaf axils; calyx 7-10 mm, densely tomentose,
prominently but irregularly ribbed, with 6-9 unequal lobes; corolla slightly exceeding the
calyx, orange. Fruits 6-7 mm in diameter, apically puberulent; mericarps 3-4 mm, c. 8,
laterally reticulate, with 2 apical spines less than 1 mm long, the spines retrorsely barbed.
Deciduous forest, evergreen forest, thorn forest, pine-oak forest, savannas. Ch
(Breedlove 42230, DS); ES (Standley 20871, US); H (Molina & Molina 22750, NY); N
(Stevens 11225, MO); CR (Janzen 10609, MO). 100-1000 m. (Also in Oaxaca, Mexico.)
Sida barclayi is unique in the genus Sida and probably in the family Malvaceae in
having an irregularly lobed (rather than pentamerous) calyx.
18. Sida salviifolia K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 110 (1835). Holotype: Mexico,
Haenke s.n. (PR!; isotype: BM!).
Erect subshrubs 0.5-1 m tall, the stems stellate-tomentose. Leaves lanceolate,
serrate, acute, softly stellate-tomentose. Pedicels 2-7 mm, solitary in the leaf axils, the
flowers and fruits often congested apically; calyx 5-7 mm, stellate-tomentose; corolla
white or yellow-orange, sometimes with a reddish center. Fruits 4-5 mm in diameter;
mericarps 5-8, prominently reticulate dorsally and laterally, apically 2-spined, the spines
1.7-3 mm, retrorsely barbed. Deciduous forest, roadsides, disturbed sites. Ch (Breedlove
40533, CAS); G (Martínez et al. 23189, MEXU); N (Moreno 1225, MO). 0-1300 m. (W.
Mexico and the West Indies to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador (incl. Galápagos), Peru,
and Bolivia.)
19. Sida cordifolia L., Sp. Pl. 684 (1753). Lectotype (here designated): "cordifolia
4" (microfiche! ex LINN 866.12) [cited as "holotype" by Borssum Waalkes, 1966].
Illustr.: Sivarajan & Pradeep, Malvac. So. Peninsular India 258, t. 93 (1996). N.v.:
escobilla.
117
20. Sida acuta Burman f., Fl. Indica 147 (1768). Lectotype (designated by
Borssum Waalkes, 1966): Java, Anon. s.n. (G). Illustr.: Paul & Nayar, Fasc. Fl. India 19:
203, t. 49 (1988). N.v.: escobilla.
Sida carpinifolia L.f. non Miller, S. garckeana Polak.
Erect shrubs or subshrubs 1 m tall, more or less hirsute to glabrescent, with
distichous branching and leaf arrangement. Leaves 3-9 cm, lanceolate to ovate, truncate,
serrate distally, acute, concolorous, hirsute to glabrescent; stipules broadly falcate,
several-veined. Flowers solitary or paired in the leaf axils, the pedicels subequal to the
petiole; calyx 6-8 mm, basally 10-costate, the lobes often ciliate; petals 7-10 mm, white,
yellow, or yellow-orange (sometimes polymorphic for color in a single population).
Fruits subglabrous, rugulose; mericarps 8-10, the apical spines variably developed. 2n =
14. Deciduous forest, evergreen forest, roadsides, disturbed sites, urban habitats. T
(Cowan 2346, CAS); Ch (Breedlove 44443, CAS); Y (Darwin 2398, NO); C (Lundell
881, LL); QR (Téllez et al. 3367, MEXU); B (Liesner & Dwyer 1530, MO); G (Lundell
16189, LL); H (Blackmore & Heath 1883, BM); ES (Rohweder 3088, MO); N (Neill
2399, MO); CR (Polakowsky 433, BM); P (Knapp & Mallet 5727, MO). 0-1400 m.
(Pantropical.)
21. Sida antillensis Urban, Symb. Antill. 5: 418 (1908). Syntype: Puerto Rico,
Sintenis 348 (K!); nine other syntypes cited by Urban — lectotypificaion needed.
118
Erect subshrubs 0.5(-1) m tall, with glabrescent stems. Leaves 0.5-2.5 cm, usually
lance-ovate (or rotund), truncate, dentate (except at base), acute or obtuse, with minute
pubescence; stipules linear. Flowers subsessile (pedicels shorter than calyx) in the leaf
axils; calyx 5-8 mm, 10-ribbed, ciliate to glabrescent, 5-lobed; petals 6-8 mm, yellow.
Fruits 5-6 mm in diameter, glabrous; mericarps c. 10, laterally reticulate, with 2 short
spines apically. Roadsides, disturbed sites, often in sandy areas. B (Dieckman 183, MO);
H (Nelson & Vargas 5123, MO); N (Stevens 17937, MO); P (Carrasco 26, F). 0-500 m.
(West Indies and S. Florida to Panama.)
22. Sida hyssopifolia K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 109 (1835). Holotype: Mexico,
Haenke s.n. (PR).
Sida collina Schltdl.
Erect shrubs 0.5-1.5 m tall, the stems stellate-pubescent, sometimes with reddish
pigmentation. Leaves elliptic to subrhombic to oblanceolate, occasionally narrowly so,
entire basally, serrate distally, more or less discolorous, with appressed simple hairs
above, whitish or ferrugineous with stellate hairs beneath; stipules subulate. Pedicels
twice length of calyx or less, solitary or paired in the leaf axils, usually aggregated
apically; calyx 5-10 mm, basally 10-ribbed and yellowish, the lobes ciliate; petals 8-10
mm, orange-yellow, sometimes with a red center. Fruits oblate, subglabrous; mericarps 6-
9, muticous, laterally (and to some extent dorsally) reticulate. Pine-oak forest, open
shrubland, pastures, roadsides. Ch (Breedlove & Strother 46577, CAS); H (Bendeck 15,
MO); N (Guzmán & Castro 1417, MO); CR (Opler 1980, MO). 0-1100 m. (Cuba,
Jamaica, Hispaniola, S. Mexico, Colombia.)
23. Sida haenkeana K. Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 2: 104 (1835). Holotype: Mexico,
Haenke s.n. (PR!; isotypes: MO!, PR!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 394, t. 99
(1988). N.v.: azocatzín; huinar.
Erect subshrubs or shrubs 0.5-1 m tall, the stems stellate-puberulent and also with a
few to many simple hairs 0.5-1 mm. Leaves lance-ovate to rhombic, crenate or serrate
distally, acute, sparsely to densely hirsute beneath (especially on veins, the hairs simple,
0.5-1 mm), antrorsely appressed-hirsute to glabrescent above. Pedicels 2-8 times as long
as calyx, usually solitary in the leaf axils, scattered along the stem or crowded apically;
119
calyx 7-9 mm, 10-ribbed, the ribs sometimes sparsely hirsute; corolla 8-10 mm, yellow-
orange. Fruits 6-7 mm in diameter, oblate; mericarps c. 2.5 mm, 8-10, muticous. Grassy
slopes and stream banks in pine-oak forest. Ch (Ton 4550, MEXU); G (Williams et al.
25104, F); H (Croat & Dylan 63781, MO); N (Moreno 14303B, MO); CR (Stevens
14052, MO); P (Hammel et al. 6586, MO). 1000-2800 m. (Mexico to Panama.)
24. Sida rhombifolia L., Sp. Pl. 684 (1753). Lectotype (designated by Rodrigo,
1944): "2 rhombifolia" (microfiche! ex LINN-866.3; isolectotype: microfiche! ex S).
Illustr.: Exell, Fl. Zambesiaca 1(2): 478, t. 92. f. A (1961). N.v.: azocatzín; escobilla;
huinar.
Erect subshrubs c. 1 m tall, the stems stellate-puberulent appearing farinaceous (all
hairs less than 0.1 mm). Leaves more or less rhomboid, serrate distally, acute to
subobtuse (rarely retuse), stellate puberulent, often glabrescent above, appearing
farinaceous beneath, discolorous; stipules subulate. Pedicels 1-3 cm, solitary in the leaf
axils, mostly scattered along the stems, slender; calyx 5-6 mm, 10-ribbed, puberulent;
corolla 7-9 mm, yellow or yellow-orange. Fruits 4-5 mm in diameter, glabrous, oblate to
conical; mericarps 10-14, muticous to apically 2-spined, the spine sometimes single
through failure of dehiscence. 2n = 14, 28. Roadsides, disturbed sites, pastures,
deciduous forest, evergreen forest, oak-pine forest. T (Fryxell 732, MEXU); Ch
(Breedlove 14600, CAS); B (Gentle 9523, LL); G (Croat 24721, MO); H (Nichols 2093,
MO); ES (Calderón 1458, US); N (Neill 2727, MO); CR (Khan et al. 103, BM); P
(Antonio 4455, MO). 0-1800 m, occasionally higher. (Almost cosmopolitan.)
25. Sida setosa Martius ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 1: 416 (1833). Holotype: Brazil,
Martius s.n. (TO!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Ecuador 44: 111, t. 12 (1992a).
Sida surinamensis Miq.
Erect subshrubs or shrubs to 2(-3) m tall, the stems minutely puberulent to
glabrescent. Leaves to 10 cm, lance-elliptic to subrhombic, truncate to cuneate, entire
basally, serrate distally, narrowly acute, more or less discolorous, minutely puberulent to
glabrescent; stipules filiform. Pedicels 0.5-1(-2) cm, slender, solitary or several in the leaf
axils, sometimes subumbellate on stout axillary peduncles 1-6 cm; calyx 6-8 mm,
puberulent, basally 10-ribbed; petals slightly exceeding the calyx, yellow. Fruits 6-7 mm
120
26. Sida linifolia Cav., Diss. 1: 14, t.2. f.1 (1785). Holotype: Peru, Jussieu s.n.
(microfiche! ex P-JU no. 12243A). Illustr.: Schumann, Martius Fl. Bras. 12(3): t. 57
(1891). N.v.: hoja de lanceta; lengua de pájaro.
Erect or ascending subshrubs to 1 m tall, the stems more or less hirsute. Leaves
short-petiolate, narrowly lanceolate to linear (up to 20 times as long as wide), entire,
acute, hirsute with simple hairs 1-2.5 mm. Flowers and fruits in terminal corymbiform
inflorescences above the foliage; pedicels 0.5-1 cm; calyx 5-6 mm, hirsute; corolla 7-9
mm, white with dark red center. Fruits 4.5 mm in diameter, oblate, glabrous; mericarps 7-
8, muticous, indehiscent. 2n = 14. Savannas, forest margins, pastures, roadsides. T
(Cowan 1766, CHAPA); Ch (Breedlove 38657, CAS); C (Krapovickas & Cristóbal
23528, CTES); B (Gentle 999, NY); G (Fryxell 1189, F); H (Nelson & Romero 4176,
MO); ES (Calderón 978, US); N (Stevens 12758, MO); CR (Burger & Burger 7869,
NY); P (D'Arcy 9667, MO). 100-1200 m. (Throughout the Neotropics, Africa, India,
Fiji.)
1. Calyx 10-13 mm; leaf blades usually less than 8 cm, yellowish puberulent.
1. Dendrosida breedlovei
1. Calyx 14-22 mm; leaf blades often more than 10 cm, glabrescent.
2. Leaves deeply cordate, c. as wide as long; petioles almost equaling the leaf blade;
stipules c. 4 mm. 3. Dendrosida batesii
2. Leaves cordate to truncate, longer than wide; petioles less than 2/3 length of leaf
blade; stipules 6-13 mm. 2. Dendrosida sharpiana
vegetation. Ch (Fryxell & Lott 3267, MEXU). 400-1500 m. (Also Oaxaca and Guerrero,
Mexico.)
Herbs or subshrubs, puberulent and sometimes also pilose. Leaves and branching pattern
sometimes distichous, the blades ovate to oblong, cordate, crenate-serrulate or subentire,
acute, puberulent. Pedicels solitary in the leaf axils, the flowers sometimes nodding;
involucel absent; calyx small, basally rounded, more than half-divided, not prominently
nerved; petals 0.5-1.5 cm, yellow. Fruits subglobose to broadly subconical, sparsely
pubescent to glabrescent; mericarps 8-30, dehiscent, 1-seeded, usually with pectinate
endoglossum arising ventrally and encircling seed; seeds more or less puberulent. 33 spp.
from the Neotropics.
Literature: Krapovickas, A. Bonplandia 9: 57-87 (1996).
2. Calyx 5-7 mm; petals 8-12 mm; flowering pedicels 2-4 cm, exceeding the leaves;
stigmas and mericarps 12-14. 2. Gaya hermannioides
2. Calyx 3-4 mm; petals 5-8 mm; flowering pedicels 1.5 cm or less, usually not
exceeding the leaves (but elongating in fruit); stigmas and mericarps c. 10.
3. Gaya minutiflora
1. Gaya occidentalis (L.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 64 (1830). Sida occidentalis L.,
Cent. Pl. II. 26 (1756). Type: Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. t. 6 (1732). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl.
Veracruz 68: 89, t. 8 (caption on p. 76 as printing error) (1992b).
Shrubs 1-1.5 m tall, frequently with distichous branching pattern and leaf
disposition, the stems minutely stellate-tomentose. Leaves ovate to oblong, cordate,
serrulate, acute, minutely stellate-pubescent. Pedicels exceeding the corresponding
petioles; calyx 8-10 mm, tomentose, the lobes somewhat apiculate; petals 12-15 mm, pale
yellow. Fruits 1.5-2.5 cm in diameter, subglobose, minutely pubescent; mericarps 25-30,
reniform, thin and papery; seeds 2.5 mm, densely puberulent. 2n = 12. Roadsides,
pastures, deciduous shrubland. G (Harmon & Dwyer 2750, US); H (Harmon & Dwyer
3859, MO); N (Moreno 4486, MO). 0-500 m. (Also E. Mexico, Cuba, Hispaniola.)
2. Gaya hermannioides Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 5: 268
[folio ed. 209] (1822). Sida gaya DC. Holotype: Mexico, Guerrero, Humboldt &
Bonpland s.n. (photo F-35492! ex P-HBK; isotype: photo! ex P). Illustr.: Kunth in
Humb., Bonpl. et Kunth, Nov. Gen Sp. 5: t. 475 (1822).
Subshrubs c. 1 m tall, sparingly branched, the stems sparsely stellate-puberulent.
Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, serrate to subentire, acute, stellate-puberulent (or
glabrescent above), slightly discolorous. Pedicels at anthesis 2-4 cm, slender; calyx 5-7
mm, stellate-puberulent; petals 8-12 mm, yellow; staminal column 4-5 mm, the filaments
2-4 mm. Fruits c. 1 cm in diameter, broadly subconical, sparsely puberulent; mericarps
12-14; seeds 2 mm, sparsely pubescent. Deciduous forest, oak forest, disturbed sites. Ch
(Matuda 5691, MEXU); Y (Steere 1387, WIS); H (D'Arcy & D'Arcy 6874, MO); ES
(Standley & Padilla 2937, US); N (Stevens & Grijalva 15580, MO). 100-1000 m. (E.
Mexico and West Indies to Ecuador.)
124
3. Gaya minutiflora Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 1: 305 (1895). Holotype:
Mexico, Colima, Palmer 1167 (US!; isotypes: BM!, GH!, MEXU!, NY!, US!). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Fl. Chiapas 3: 65, t. 9 (1990).
Gaya pringlei Hochr.
Subshrubs c. 1 m tall, sparingly branched, the stems soft-puberulent. Leaves ovate
to oblong-ovate, cordate, crenate to subentire, acute, minutely stellate-pubescent,
sometimes also with simple hairs, slightly discolorous. Pedicels at anthesis less than 1.5
cm (elongating to 1.5-4.5 cm in fruit); calyx 3-4 mm, puberulent; petals 5-8 mm,
yellowish; staminal column 1-2 mm, the filaments 1-2 mm. Fruits c. 1 cm in diameter,
broadly subconical, sparsely puberulent; mericarps c. 10; seeds 2 mm, densely short-
pubescent. 2n = 12. Roadsides, shrubland, disturbed sites. Ch (Ton 3145, CAS); G
(Smith 1939, US); H (Castro 201, MO); N (Stevens 17904, MO). 500-1500 m. (C.
Mexico to Nicaragua.)
Trees or shrubs with stellate or lepidote pubescence, sometimes also with long simple
hairs, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves elliptic or ovate to palmately lobed, cordate, dentate
to subentire, acute or acuminate. Flowers in open axillary panicles or in condensed
axillary racemes (sometimes appearing fasciculate), fragrant; involucel absent; calyx
unribbed, usually deeply 5-lobed almost to the base; petals 0.5-1.6 cm, lavender, white,
or yellowish, sometimes with purple veins or dark spot on claw; androecium included in
corolla; styles 8-30, with capitate stigmas. Fruits schizocarpic; mericarps 8-30, elongated,
more or less inflated, thin-walled, unornamented, indehiscent; seeds solitary, sparsely and
minutely pubescent. 15 spp. from Mexico and Mesoamerica.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Gentes Herb. 11: 1-26 (1973).
1. Robinsonella lindeniana (Turcz.) Rose & E.G. Baker, Gard. & Forest 10(487):
245. 1897. Sida lindeniana Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(1): 200. 1838.
Holotype: Mexico, Veracruz, Linden 841 (KW; IT: BR, K).
1a. Robinsonella lindeniana (Turcz.) Rose & E.G. Baker subsp. divergens (Rose
& E.G. Baker) Fryxell, Gentes Herb. 11: 12 (1973). Robinsonella divergens Rose & E.G.
Baker, Gard. & Forest 10: 245 (1897). Lectotype (designated by Standley, 1937): Costa
Rica, J.D. Smith 4751 (US!; isolectotypes: GH!, K!). Illustr.: Rose & Baker, Garden &
Forest 10: 247, t. 32 (1897).
Robinsonella edentula Rose & J.D. Smith.
Trees to 10 m tall, the stems and peduncles densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves 3-
lobed (or upper leaves unlobed and angulate), cordate, subentire, acute, somewhat
discolorous. Flowers in axillary panicles; calyx 5-7 mm, the lobes somewhat reflexed in
fruit; petals 6-12 mm, white with or without purplish veins, glabrous throughout
(including the claw); staminal column 2-5 mm, glabrous; styles 8-12, glabrous. Mericarps
9-11 mm, 8-12, inflated, pubescent; seeds 2 mm, scabridulous. Evergreen forest, pine-
oak-Liquidambar forest, sometimes planted for ornament. Ch (Miranda 5840, MEXU); G
(Heyde & Lux 4326, TEX); H (Harmon & Fuentes 5246, US); N (Moreno 23510, MO);
CR (Tonduz 7311, US). 600-1700m. (Endemic.)
5. Robinsonella glabrifolia Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 10: 269 (1985). Holotype: Mexico,
Chiapas, Breedlove 58430 (CAS!; isotypes: NY!, US!). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. 10:
270, t. 2 (1985).
Trees to 24 m tall, the young stems densely puberulent becoming sparsely so.
Leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic, more or less truncate, entire, acuminate, glabrous,
concolorous. Flowers in axillary racemes; pedicels up to 15(-20) mm, slender,
fasciculate; calyx 5 mm, puberulent; petals 4.5-5 mm, conspicuously ciliate on claw;
staminal column 3-4 mm, glabrous, with filaments c. 2 mm; styles 7-9, glabrous. Fruits
128
densely tomentulose; mericarps 8-12 mm, 7-9. Rain forest. Ch (Ton 7472, MEXU); G
(Lundell & Contreras 19108, LL). C. 1100 m. (Endemic.)
10. Robinsonella pilosa Rose, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 320 (1905). Holotype:
Honduras, 22 Feb 1898, Niederlein s.n. (US!).
Trees to 12 m tall, young stems densely stellate-puberulent. Leaves ovate or slightly
trilobulate, truncate to cordate, subentire, acute, sparsely pubescent, slightly discolorous.
Inflorescence a short axillary raceme, appearing fasciculate; pedicels 0.5-1.5 cm, densely
pilose (hairs to 1 mm); calyx 5-7 mm, c. half-divided, densely pilose; petals 8-10 mm,
pale yellow-green, ciliate on margins of claw; staminal column 3-4 mm; styles 15-20,
sometimes pubescent. Mericarps 12-15 mm, 15-20, minutely stellate-pubescent.
Deciduous forest. H (Hernández & Hernández 5347, MO); N (Moreno 23484, MO). 600-
1100 m. (Also [as var. septentrionalis] in San Luis Potosí, Mexico.)
130
By P.A. Fryxell.
Annual or perennial herbs, ascending or erect, with stellate pubescence. Leaves petiolate,
ovate or orbicular, usually palmately lobed or parted, crenate or dentate. Flowers
sometimes solitary, usually in axillary scorpioid cymes; involucel of 3 filiform bracts;
calyx stellate-pubescent, 5-lobed; corolla purplish (sometimes white), shorter to slightly
longer than calyx; androecium included, the column glabrous or pubescent, antheriferous
at apex, the anthers sometimes purple, few (sometimes only 5); styles 7-15, the stigmas
capitate. Fruits schizocarpic, oblate, glabrous; mericarps 7-15, indehiscent, horseshoe-
shaped, with irregular transverse ridges, sometimes with a small endoglossum; seeds
solitary, glabrous. Fourteen spp. from western South America, two spp. also occurring
disjunctly in Mexico.
Literature: Fryxell, P. A. Sida 17: 69-76 (1996). Krapovickas, A. Bonplandia 3: 63-
72 (1970).
Perennial shrubs or subshrubs (sometimes annual), erect with patent or appressed stellate
pubescence. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, usually unlobed, crenate or dentate. Flowers
axillary and solitary or aggregated in apical spikes or interrupted racemes; involucel of 3
filiform or spatulate bractlets; calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed; corolla yellow or orangish,
rarely with a red center; androecium included in corolla; styles (in ours) 9-14, the stigmas
capitate. Fruits oblate, setose or pubescent, schizocarpic; mericarps (in ours) 9-14,
horseshoe-shaped with a prominent ventral notch, indehiscent, sometimes 2-3-cuspidate,
1-seeded; seeds glabrous. 15 spp., principally neotropical, also in Australia and as
adventives elsewhere.
Literature: Hill, S.R. Rhodora 84: 1-83, 159-264, 317-409 (1982).
1. Pedicels solitary in the leaf axils, scattered along the stems, manifestly pedicellate;
mericarps with 3 prominent cusps; stem hairs appressed, 4-rayed, aligned
longitudinally; upper leaf surface usually with simple hairs; staminal column
glabrous. 3. Malvastrum coromandelianum
1. Pedicels in terminal spicate or racemose inflorescences; mericarps with 2 dorsal cusps
or with none; stem hairs not appressed and usually with more than 4 rays; upper leaf
surface with simple or stellate hairs; staminal column pubescent.
2. Inflorescence an elongated interrupted raceme; mericarps with 2 dorsal cusps; upper
leaf surface with simple hairs; pedicels up to 5 mm. 1. Malvastrum guatemalense
2. Inflorescence densely spiciform; mericarps with cusps suppressed (less than 0.2 mm)
or absent; upper leaf surface with stellate hairs; pedicels 0-2 mm.
3. Hairs of vegetative parts 5-12-rayed, often tufted; terminal raceme or spike more
than 3 cm; mericarps glabrous laterally. 2. Malvastrum americanum
3. Hairs of vegetative parts 3-5-rayed, appressed; terminal raceme or spike usually
less than 3 cm; mericarps pubescent laterally. 4. M. corchorifolium
1. Malvastrum guatemalense Standley & Steyerm., Publ Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Bot. Ser. 23: 174 (1944). Holotype: Guatemala, Standley 78534 (F!). Illustr.: Hill,
Rhodora 84: 227, t. 42 (1982).
134
to calyx), solitary in the leaf axils; involucellar bracts 3, shorter than the calyx, linear or
narrowly spatulate; calyx 5-7 mm in flower to 8-11 mm in fruit, hirsute; corolla
exceeding the calyx, yellow; staminal column glabrous. Fruits 6-7 mm in diameter;
mericarps 10-12, setose, 3-cusped (one apical, two dorsal). 2n = 24. Deciduous forest,
along streams, disturbed vegetation, roadsides, urban habitats. T (Cowan 3296, CAS);
Ch (Calzada et al. 3438, XAL); C (Lundell 1255, NY); B (Gentle 4825, TEX); G
(Contreras 5631, NY); H (Zelaya 78, MO); ES (Calderón 154, US); N (Stevens 19874,
MO); CR (Pittier 2744, US); P (Standley 27691, US). 0-2000 m. (Pantropical, sometimes
extending into the temperate zones.)
Shrubs or small trees, densely tomentose, the stellate hairs often stipitate. Leaves 3-7-
lobed (aceriform) or merely 3-7-angled, cordate, crenate to subentire, obtuse, acute, or
acuminate. Peduncles usually exceeding the corresponding leaf, solitary in the leaf axils,
1- to many-flowered, the flowers often in umbels; involucel trimerous, sometimes
forming a gamophyllous tube, sometimes deciduous; calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed,
tomentose; corolla red, rose, or purplish, sometimes white; androecium included in
corolla; styles 10-40, sometimes strigose; stigmas obliquely capitate or unilaterally
decurrent. Fruits globose to oblate, tomentose; mericarps reniform, papery, dehiscent;
seeds glabrous. Eight spp. from Mexico and the West Indies.
Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Madroño 21: 153-174 (1971).
1. Calyx 2.5-4 cm; petals 3.5-7 cm; bracts of involucel sessile and distinct or forming a
gamophyllous tube, deciduous or persistent; claw of petal glabrous.
1. Phymosia rosea
1. Calyx 1.5-2 cm; petals 2-3.5 cm; bracts of involucel distinct, stipitate-spatulate,
usually persistent; claw of petal ciliate on margins. 2. Phymosia umbellata
1. Phymosia rosea (DC.) Kearney, Leafl. W. Bot. 5: 190 (1949). Malva rosea DC.,
Prodr. 1: 435 (1824). Type: Icones Florae Mexicanae s.n.! (Torner Collection acc. no.
6331.745, Hunt Institute). Illustr.: Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 357, t. 91 (1988). N.v.:
flor de San José; malvón.
Malvastrum roseum (DC.) Hemsl., Meliphlea vitifolia Zucc., Sphaeralcea rosea
(DC.) G. Don, S. vitifolia (Zucc.) Benth. & J.D. Hook. ex Hemsl.
Shrubs or small trees 1.5-10 m tall, tomentose, the stellate hairs often stipitate,
whitish to yellowish. Leaves usually palmately 5(-7)-lobed, cordate, the lobes dentate,
acuminate. Peduncles 4-17 cm, supporting a 1-4-flowered umbel (usually 3-flowered);
involucel 1.5-2.5 cm, sometimes enclosing the bud as a gamophyllous tube, sometimes of
3 distinct broadly lanceolate bracts, often deciduous; calyx 2.5-4 cm, c. half-divided,
densely yellow-puberulent; petals 3.5-7 cm, red or white, glabrous (including on claw);
staminal column usually shorter than petals, glabrous; styles 30-40, the stigmas introrsely
decurrent. Fruits 2-3.5 cm in diameter, oblate; mericarps 15-32 mm, 30-40; seeds 3 mm.
2n = 34. Rain forest, pine-oak forest, sometimes cultivated as ornamental. Ch (Matuda
137
2835, F); G (Steyermark 52008, US); ES (Montalvo 4755, MO). 1600-3000 m. (Also W.
Mexico.)
1. Neobrittonia acerifolia (G. Don) Hochr., Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève
9: 184 (1905). Abutilon acerifolium G. Don, Gen. Hist. 1: 504 (1831). Lectotype
(designated by Fuertes & Fryxell, 1993b): ex Bot. Gard. Madrid, 1805, Lagasca s.n.
(SEV). Illustr.: Fryxell, Fl. Bajío 16: 106 (1993).
Abutilon discissum (Bertol.) Schltdl., Sida acerifolia Lagasca non Sida acerifolia
Medikus 1787 nec Zuccagni 1809).
Shrubs 2-3 m tall, the stems with stellate hairs 2-3 mm. Leaves palmately 3-5-
lobed, cordate, crenate. Pedicels 3-10 cm; calyx 10-12 mm, stellate-pubescent; petals 1.5-
3 cm, purple; androecium less than 1 cm, the filaments 2 mm. Fruits 3-4 cm in diameter,
inflated, densely pubescent (especially when young); mericarps 2-2.5 cm × 1.5-1.8 cm,
each with 2 basal spines 10-14 mm with stellate pubescence; seeds 3 mm. 2n = 32. Rain
forest, cloud forest, oak-pine forest. Ch (Breedlove 29220, CAS); G (Molina et al. 16339,
US); H (Molina, 1975); ES (Standley 21602, US); N (Moreno 20066, MO); CR (Khan et
al. 1325, BM); P (Allen 1493, MO). 1800-2700 m. (W. Mexico to Panama.)
37. Malva L
By P.A. Fryxell.
Literature: Dalby, D.H. Flora Europaea 2: 249-251 (1968). Morton, C.V. Rhodora
39: 98-99 (1937). Ray, M. F. Pl. Syst. Evol. 198: 29-53 (1995); Novon 8: 289-295 (1998).
1. Erect shrubs 1-3 m tall; corolla 3-4 cm; fruits 12-16 mm in diameter; mericarps c. 8.
5. Malva assurgentiflora
1. Procumbent or ascending to erect herbs; corolla 0.4-2.5 cm long; fruits 4-6 mm in
diameter; mericarps 10-15.
2. Bractlets of involucel linear or filiform.
3. Petals 4-5 mm, scarcely exceeding the calyx; mericarps c. 10, rugose dorsally and
winged at angle of dorsal and lateral walls. 1. Malva parviflora
3. Petals 6-11 mm; mericarps 12-15, smooth, unwinged. 2. Malva neglecta
2. Bractlets of involucel broadly lanceolate to elliptic.
4. Petals 5-15 mm, pink to lavender; involucellar bracts 1-2.5 mm wide; plants
trailing, often weedy. 3. Malva nicaeensis
4. Petals 16-25 mm, purplish, showy; involucellar bracts 2-4 mm wide; plants erect,
grown for ornament, sometimes escaped. 4. Malva sylvestris
3. Malva nicaeensis All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 40 (1785). Holotype: France, Bellardi s.n.
(TO).
Herbs, trailing to ascending, sparsely to densely pubescent. Leaves long-petiolate,
crenate, undulate, or palmately 5-7-lobulate. Flowers 1-4 in the leaf axils, the pedicels
subequal to the calyces, slender; involucellar bracts broadly lanceolate (1-2.5 mm wide);
calyx 4-6 mm in flower to 6-12 mm in fruit; petals 5-15 mm, pink or lavender. Mericarps
c. 10, more or less smooth, often densely hirsute. 2n = 42. Roadsides, disturbed
vegetation, urban habitats. Ch (Cabrera 2859, MEXU). 1800-2300 m. (Native to Asia
Minor and the Mediterranean region; widely naturalized elsewhere, including Mexico.)
4. Malva sylvestris L., Sp. Pl. 689 (1753). Syntype: Europe, "9 sylvestris"
(microfiche! ex LINN-870.22). Illustr.: Paul & Nayar, Fasc. Fl. India 19: 175, t. 37
(1988). N.v.: malva real.
Erect herbs 1-2 m tall, sparsely pubescent to glabrescent. Leaves long-petiolate,
crenate, undulate, or palmately 5-7-lobulate. Flowers 1-4 in the leaf axils, the pedicels
several times longer than the calyces, slender; involucellar bracts oblong or elliptic (2-4
mm wide); calyx 6-10 mm, not accrescent; petals 16-25 mm, purplish, showy. Mericarps
c. 12, minutely pubescent, obscurely reticulate, costate on the angle between the dorsal
and lateral walls. 2n = 42. In cultivation, sometimes naturalized in disturbed habitats. Ch
141
(Breedlove 16089, CAS); G (Dwyer 15275, MO); H (Bustillo 211, MO). C. 2000 m.
(Native to Europe, N. Africa, and Asia Minor; introduced and naturalized elsewhere.)
38. Alcea L.
By P.A. Fryxell.
Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, with stellate pubescence sometimes mixed with long
simple hairs, sometimes glabrescent. Leaves ovate to suborbicular, angled, weakly lobed,
or deeply palmately parted, crenate or dentate, acute or obtuse. Inflorescence racemiform
or spiciform, usually leafless; involucel shorter than to equaling calyx, 5-11-parted,
connate below; calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed, more or less pubescent; petals usually more
than 3 cm, apically notched, of various colors; androecium included in corolla, compact.
Fruit disciform, schizocarpic; mericarps more than 15, circular with a prominent ventral
notch, indehiscent, glabrous or pubescent, variously smooth, wrinkled, winged, furrowed,
142
etc.; seeds solitary, glabrous or pustulate. C. 60 spp. from the Middle East and S.W. Asia,
one of which (the following) is almost cosmopolitan in cultivation.
Literature: Iljin, M. M. Flora U.S.S.R. 15: 23-184 (1949). Riedl, I. Flora Iranica
120: 1-86 (1976). Zohary, M. Bull. Res. Counc. Israel 11D: 210-229 (1963); Israel J.
Bot. 12: 1-26 (1963).
1. Alcea rosea L., Sp. Pl. 687 (1753). Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. Lectotype
(designated here): "rosea 1" ex Hort. Upsal. (microfiche! ex LINN-869.1). Illustr.:
Fryxell, Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 69, t. 10 (1988). N.v.: altea; amapola grande; mírame
lindo (CR); vara de San José.
Strict perennial 1-2.5 m tall, roughly pubescent. Leaves long-petiolate, orbicular to
5-7-angled, cordate, crenate, roughly pubescent. Flowers showy, subsessile, in a terminal
leafless spiciform inflorescence; involucel of 6-7 broadly triangular bracts that are
connate basally; calyx exceeding the involucel, tomentose, 5-lobed; corolla 8-10 cm in
diameter, sometimes double, in various colors; styles 20-40. Fruit disciform, pubescent,
enclosed by calyx; mericarps 20-40, horseshoe-shaped, dorsally channelled and winged.
2n = 42. In cultivation as an ornamental. Y (Gutiérrez-Rivas 11, MEXU); G (cultivated,
Standley & Steyermark, 1949); ES (Padilla 123, US); H (Molina, 1975); N (Bermúdez
26, MO); CR (cultivated, Standley, 1937). (Native to the Aegean Islands and Balkan
Peninsula, now nearly cosmopolitan in cultivation.)
Several authors have indicated the Hortus Upsaliensis specimen (LINN-869.1) to be
the "type" or the "holotype," but I am unable to find that anyone has explicitly designated
this specimen as lectotype, which is necessary since severalelements were cited in the
protologue.
INDEX
Abelmoschus Medikus — 4
achanioides Turcz. (Malvaviscus — 3)
esculentus (L.) Moench — 1
manihot (L.) Medikus — 3
moschatus Medikus — 2
Abutilon Miller — 18
143
lavateroides Medikus — 3
parviflora Cav. — 5
periptera (Sims) Hochr. (Periptera — 1)
pristina Fryxell — 1
punicea Lagasca (Periptera — 1)
zuccagnii (Sprengel) Fryxell — 2
Bakeridesia Hochr. — 19
exalata D. Bates — 1
gaumeri (Standley) D. Bates — 3
gloriosa D. Bates — 7
integerrima (J.D. Hook.) D. Bates — 6
molinae D. Bates — 5
nelsonii (Rose) D. Bates — 9
pittieri (J.D. Smith) D. Bates — 4
vulcanicola (Standley) D. Bates — 8
yucatana (Standley) D. Bates — 2
Bastardia Kunth — 21
viscosa (L.) Kunth — 1
Bastardiastrum (Rose) D. Bates — 14
gracile (Hochr.) D. Bates — 1
Bogenhardia Reichb. — 22
crispa (L.) Kearney (Herissantia — 1)
Briquetia Hochr. — 16
spicata (Kunth) Fryxell — 1
Cienfuegosia Cav. — 8
yucatanensis Millsp. — 1
Dendrosida Fryxell — 29
batesii Fryxell — 3
breedlovei Fryxell — 1
sharpiana (Miranda) Fryxell — 2
Fuertesimalva Fryxell — 33
jacens (S. Watson) Fryxell. — 1
146
micrantha A. Robyns — 4
montebellensis Fryxell — 8
nutricia Fryxell — 1
ovatifolia Lundell — 5
panamensis Standley — 17a
platanifolia Standley — 15
punctulata Cuatrec. — 16
reynae Fryxell — 12
rovirosae Standley — 14
sphaerocarpa Fryxell — 10
stipitata S. Watson- 9
trilobata Standley — 6
Herissantia Medikus — 22
crispa (L.) Briz. — 1
Hibiscus L. — 2
abelmoschus L. (Abelmoschus — 2)
acetosella Welw. ex Hiern — 4
bifurcatus Cav. — 6 (cf. also 2)
brasiliensis auct. non L. — 17
cancellatus L. (Pavonia — 10)
cannabinus auct. non L. — 5
clypeatus L. — 12
cocleanus A. Robyns (Wercklea — 6)
costatus A. Rich. — 1
diversifolius Jacq. — 8
esculentus L. (Abelmoschus — 1)
ferox J.D. Hook. (Wercklea — 1)
furcellatus Desr. in Lam. — 7
lambertianus Kunth -11
lavaterioides Moric. ex Ser. — 15
longipes Standley — 15
malvaviscus L. (Malvaviscus — 5)
148
manihot L. (Abelmoschus — 3)
mutabilis L. — 19
pernambucensis Arruda — 9
phoeniceus Jacq. — 17
pilosus (Swartz) Fawcett & Rendle — 16
poeppigii (Sprengel) Garcke — 16
populneus L. (Thespesia — 1)
purpusii Brandegee — 18
radiatus Cav. — 5
rolfeanus A. Robyns (Wercklea — 3)
rosa-sinensis L.
var. rosa-sinensis — 21a
var. schizopetalus Dyer — 21b
sabdariffa L. — 3
schizopetalus (Dyer) J.D. Hook. — 21b
sororius L. — 13
spathulatus Garcke (non Gaud.) — 14
striatus Cav. — 11
striatus subsp. lambertianus (Kunth) O. Blanchard ex Proctor — 11a
syriacus L. — 20
tiliaceus auct. non L. — 9
subsp. pernambucensis (Arruda) Castell. — 9
trilobus Aublet — 10
trilobus subsp. hirsutus O. Blanchard [inedit.] — 10a
tubiflorus DC. — 16
uncinellus DC. — 2
verbasciformis Klotzsch ex Hochr. — 14
wercklei A. Robyns (Wercklea — 5)
woodsonii A. Robyns (Wercklea — 4)
Hochreutinera Krapov. — 20
amplexifolia (DC.) Fryxell — 1
Kearnemalvastrum D. Bates — 32
149
Malva L. — 37
americana L. (Malvastrum — 2)
assurgentiflora (Kellogg) M. Ray — 5
caroliniana L. (Modiola — 1)
corchorifolia Desr. (Malvastrum — 4)
coromandeliana L. (Malvastrum — 3)
lactea Aiton (Kearnemalvastrum — 1)
neglecta Wallr. — 2
nicaeensis All. — 3
parviflora L. — 1
rosea DC. (Phymosia — 1)
subtriflora Lagasca (Kearnemalvastrum — 2)
sylvestris L. — 4
umbellata Cav. (Phymosia — 2)
Malvastrum A. Gray — 34
americanum (L.) Torrey — 2
corchorifolium (Desr.) Britton ex Small — 4
coromandelianum (L.) Garcke — 3
greenmanianum Rose (Kearnemalvastrum — 2)
guatemalense Standley & Steyerm. — 1
jacens S. Watson (Fuertesimalva — 1)
lacteum (Aiton) Garcke (Kearnemalvastrum — 1)
mexicanum (Schauer) Hemsley (Kearnemalvastrum — 2)
ribifolium (Schldl.) Hemsley (Kearnemalvastrum — 2)
roseum (DC.) Hemsley (Phymosia — 1)
subtriflorum (Lagasca) Hemsley (Kearnemalvastrum — 2)
tricuspidatum (R. Br. ex Aiton) A. Gray — 3
vitifolium (Cav.) Hemsley (Kearnemalvastrum — 1)
Malvaviscus Fabr. — 9
achanioides (Turcz.) Fryxell — 2
arboreus Cav. —5
var. longifolius (Garcke) Schery — 1
151
integrifolia Standley — 5
liebmannii Ulbr. — 11
longipes Standley — 3
var. hirsuta A. Robyns — 4
malacophylla (Link & Otto) Garcke — 16
maxonii (Standley) Standley — 4
monticola Fryxell — 17
oxyphyllaria J.D. Smith — 7
paludicola Nicolson — 20
panamensis (Standley) Standley — 14
paniculata Cav. — 18
var. corymbosa (Swartz) Gürke — 19
penduliflora (Standley) Standley — 6
peruviana Gürke — 4
purpusii Brandegee — 11
racemosa (Swartz) Vogel — 20
rhizophorae Killip ex Kearney — 21
riedelii
var. ovata (K. Presl) A. Robyns (Peltaea — 1)
rosea Schltdl. — 1
var. maxonii (Standley) A. Robyns — 4
scabra (Vogel) Cif. — 20
schiedeana Steudel — 1
sessiliflora Kunth (Peltaea — 2)
sidifolia Kunth — 10
spicata Cav. — 20
spuria Fryxell — 13
submutica Fryxell — 8
Peltaea (K. Presl) Standley — 12
ovata (K. Presl) Standley — 1
trinervis (K. Presl) Krapov. & Cristobal — 2
Periptera DC. — 25
153
speciosa Fryxell — 9
Sida L. — 28
abutifolia Miller — 9
abutilon L. (Abutilon — 21)
acerifolia Lagasca (Neobrittonia — 1)
acerifolia Zuccagni (Anoda — 2)
acuta Burman f. — 20
aggregata K. Presl — 16
alba L. — 7
amplexifolia DC. (Hochreutinera — 1)
amplissima L. (Wissadula — 4)
angustifolia Miller — 7
anomala A. St.-Hil. — 12
anomalocalyx Fryxell — 17
antillensis Urban — 21
atrosanguinea Jacq. (Sidastrum — 1)
barclayi E.G. Baker — 17
begonioides Griseb. — 1
brachystemon DC. — 13
capitata L. (Malachra — 4)
carpinifolia L.f. — 20
ciliaris L. — 12
collina Schltdl. — 22
contracta Link (Wissadula — 6)
cordifolia L. — 19
crispa L. (Herissantia — 1)
cristata L. (Anoda — 3)
decumbens A. St.-Hil. & Naudin — 1
dombeyana DC. — 2
elliottii Torrey & A. Gray — 15
var. parviflora Chapman — 15a
excelsior Cav. (Wissadula — 2)
155
procumbens Swartz — 9
pyramidata Desp. ex Cav. (Allosidastrum — 1)
quinquenervia Duchass. ex Triana & Planchon (Sidastrum — 3)
radiata L. (Malachra — 1)
repens Dombey ex Cav. — 2
rhombifolia L. — 24
rzedowskii Fryxell — 14
salviifolia K. Presl — 18
savannarum Schumann — 16
setifera K. Presl — 16
setosa Martius ex Colla — 25
sharpiana Miranda (Dendrosida — 2)
spinosa L. — 7
surinamensis Miq. — 25
triquetra L. (Abutilon — 6)
trisulcata Jacq. (Abutilon — 6)
umbellata L. (Pseudabutilon — 5)
urens L. — 3
viarum A. St.-Hil. — 8
viscosa L. (Bastardia — 1)
wendtii Fryxell — 13
zuccagnii Sprengel (Anoda — 2)
Sidastrum E.G. Baker — 26
micranthum (A. St.-Hil.) Fryxell — 2
paniculatum (L.) Fryxell — 1
quinquenervium (Duchass. ex Triana & Planchon) E.G. Baker — 3
Sphaeralcea
galeottii Turcz, (Phymosia — 2)
rosea (DC.) G. Don (Phymosia — 1)
umbellata (Cav.) G. Don (Phymosia — 2)
vitifolia (Zucc.) Benth. ex J.D. Hook. & Hemsley (Phymosia — 1)
Thespesia Sol. ex Corr. Serr. — 5
157
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