DRRR ( Disaster, Readiness and Risk The disaster risk formula is shown below:

Reduction ) Notes Disaster Risk Hazard= Exposure x Vulnerability

/ Capacity
Hazard
- a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human Hazard
activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, - process, phenomenon, or human activity that may
injury, or other health impacts, property damages, cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
loss of livelihood & services, social and economic property damage, social and economic disruption
disrruption, or environmental change or even environmental degradation.

Disaster Exposure
- serious disruption of the functioning of - situation of people, infrastructure, housing,
community society involving widespread human, production capacities and other tangible human
material, economic, or environmental loss and assets located in hazard-prone areas.
impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own Vulnerability
resources ( is evitable ) - condition determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes
 Exposure to a hazard which increases the susceptibility of an individual,
 Conditions to vulnerability that are present a community, assets or systems to the impacts of
 Insufficient capacity / measures to reduce or hazards.
cope w/ the potential neg. consequences
To determine disaster risk, the capacity of the
The Concept of Disaster and Disaster community must be analyzed. Capacity is the
Risk combination of all strengths, attributes, and
resources available within an organization,
The terminologies listed below are defined by the community, or society to manage and reduce
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk disaster risks and strengthen resilience. The
Reduction (UNDRR), also known as the United capacity of a community may include the
Nations International Strategy for Disaster knowledge and skills of people, leadership and
Reduction (UNISDR). management of the local government, and the
infrastructure and facilities available to the
Disaster community.
- a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society at any scale due to Disaster risk can be presented with this diagram:
hazardous events interacting with conditions of
exposure, vulnerability, and capacity, that may lead
to one or more of the following: human, material,
economic, and environmental losses and impacts.
- an event is already a disaster if a hazard has
already affected a population making them Hazard Exposure
vulnerable.
Risk
Disaster risk
- potential loss of life, injury or destroyed or
damaged assets which could occur to a system,
society, or a community in a specific period, Vulnerability Coping
determined probabilistically as a function of Capacity
hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity.
Nature of Disaster disasters are not disaster prepared thus can
aggravate disaster risk
1. Natural Hazards and Disasters are the results
and outcomes occurring processes that occurred 8. Weak governance - inefficient, and
throughout Earth's history. of naturally incompetent protection of human rights,and failure
to provide public services can happen due weak
Examples: Flood, volcanic eruption, insect governance
infestation, tropical cyclone, earthquake, tsunami,
landslide, hurricane, tornado, sinkhole, drought, The Effects of Disasters
storm surge etc.
There will always be disasters going to happen.
2. Man-made/Human-induced/Anthropogenic You hear news reports about typhoons, flash floods,
Hazards and Disasters occur as a result or an storm surges, landslides, terrorism, kidnappings,
outcome of human actions and interactions with and now the current pandemic. You might feel
other people and the environment. scared, shocked, anxious, angry, disappointed, or
even defeated when you hear this terrible news. It
Examples: Chemical threat, hazardous material, is normal to feel these emotions as we cannot
nuclear blast, cyber-attack, terrorism, civil unrest, predict what might happen in future, but that does
bioweapon etc. not mean that we will let these calamities occur
without us being prepared.
Disaster Risk Drivers
The following are the effects of the
Disaster risk drivers are factors that promote or disasters to the community:
increase the risk of a disaster. The following are
some disaster risk drivers: 1. Deaths or mortalities, injuries, and missing
persons.
1. Climate change - this can amplify disaster risk 2. Displaced population - many people are forced
while weakening the resilience of the community. to abandon their homes and seek new shelters
3. Health risks- include infectious diseases or
2. Poverty-extreme poverty equates to greater outbreaks, contaminated and unsafe food and in
disaster impact. other places water.
4. Food scarcity and water shortage.
3. Socio-economic inequality-can result to 5. Emotional aftershocks such as post-traumatic
limited capacity of households and communities to stress disorder developed commonly among
manage the risk and improve their resilience children.
6. Economic loss-loss of livelihood.
4. Increase population density/growth- the 7. Infrastructure and property damages-houses,
higher the population, the greater vulnerability to buildings, bridges and roads are destroyed.
disasters
Disasters from Different Perspectives
5. Rapid and unplanned urbanization - can
result to an increased severity of disasters 1. Physical Perspective
> damages to physical elements such as on people
6. Environmental degradation - can reduce the and their properties, and buildings and other
environmental capacity to provide social and infrastructures.
ecological needs
2. Psychological Perspective
7. Lack of awareness - households, communities, > serious mental and emotional consequences of a
and societies who have lack of awareness on disaster to a victim.
3. Socio-Cultural Perspective The Different Perspectives of Disaster
> behavior of communities and societies towards
hazards and disasters. This can influence readiness
of the people to adapt, implement, and change 1. Physical perspective
disaster precautionary measures/interventions,
Calamities are phenomena that cause great
4. Economic Perspective physical damage in a community infrastructure, its
> loss caused by disasters on human, physical and people and their prroperties, e.g, houses and
financial capital, or the impact of disasters on environmental sources of living. These cited effects
economic growth. of a disaster can be easily measured and the most
common. Natural disasters generally affect the
5. Political Perspective physical infrastructural facilities, agricultural
> the role of government and its institutions on productivity and even lead to loss of life and cause
disaster preparedness mitigation, prevention, damage to property. Various factors influence the
response, recovery and rehabilitation. effects of a disaster on a country among them are
the magnitude of the disaster, the geography of the
6. Biological Perspective area affected, and the recovery efforts directed
> involvement of living organisms that can spread towards reducing the immediate effects of a
diseases, or the sudden growth in the population of disaster.
pests.
Effects of Physical Disasters
To summarize:
 Injuries
1. Disasters can be natural, such as earthquake,  Physical disabilities or illness
typhoon, and flood, or man-made such as  Sanitation
hazardous material and chemical threat.  Damage in infrastructure

2. Disasters have many negative effects such as 2. Psychological Perspective

deaths and injuries, displaced population. health
risks, food scarcity and water shortage, emotional Victims of disasters may suffer from Post
aftershocks, economic loss, and damages to Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other
physical structures. serious mental health conditions, which are not
being given much attention to by the authorities or
3. Disasters can be analyzed in different even by the victims, themselves. (This may be
perspectives, which are physical, psychological, sensitive statement) Disasters are mostly
socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological unpredictable, which leave the victims in a state of
shock. They tend to deny the loss and try to escape
Disasters from Different Perspectives from reality. Being in a denial state makes the
victims more vulnerable to stress, anxiety, and
Disasters come in different forms and intensity. other different maladaptive reactions. Death of a
Nobody knows when it will strike and how will it closed one also leaves the victim in a state of
happen. Therefore, everybody must know how to insecurity because the sense of love, attachment
determine possible disasters and anticipate and belongingness are deprived.
possible damages in order to prepare oneself from
the potential harms that it may cause to people and
the community.
Psychological effects of a Disaster: Socio-Cultural Effect of Disasters

 Distress  change in individual roles

 hopelessness  disruption of social relationships and personal
 intrusion/avoidance connections
 hatred/revenge
 dependence/insecurities 4. Economic Perspective
 emotional effects
 cognitive Effects Disasters affect the economic condition of a
 physical Effects community because they reduce local and
 Grief / withdrawn/ isolation international trade. It can also partially or totally
 Guilt feeling paralyze a country's transportation system, just
 Lack of trust like what happened in the COVID 19 pandemic.
 Interpersonal effect Implementation of a partial and total shut down of
 Helplessness local business operations result to a lot of people
losing means of living. Economic Effects of
3. Socio-cultural Perspective Disasters

Filipinos are generally known as "matiisin", - loss of life

resourceful, helpful, optimistic, and prayerful. - unemployment
These characteristics are manifested in the - loss of property
country's recent fight against COVID19.Due to the - loss of household articles
National Health Emergency, Enhanced Community - loss of crops
Quarantine (ECQ) prevailed in the whole country. - loss of public infrastructure
A lot of people temporarily lost their jobs, some
people stranded in different regions, repatriated 5. Political Perspective
OFWs were held in different quarantine facilities in
Metro Manila, and all people were restricted to go Natural disasters
out of their homes for months. As a result, most - commonly thought to be less politically
Filipino families would rely on government's help argumentative than armed conflicts, yet a closer
for them to get by. However, limited resources and look shows that both the effects of a natural
aids from the government make people find disaster and the resulting distribution of
possible ways to survive amid the pandemic. These humanitarian aid are profoundly linked to politics.
traits help a lot of Filipinos to survive the challenge
of COVID 19 in the country. To people who are Just as vulnerability to disasters is mediated by the
used to natural calamities like typhoons, flash political system of a country, disasters can have
floods, and volcanic eruptions most citizen would major consequences for political stability and
find contentment with what they have at the political legitimacy. Since agencies of government
moment. The culture of "malalampasan din natin have a significant role to play in directing disaster
'to.." belief and " bahala na and Diyos" syndrome preparedness, prevention and recovery. Social
give hope to most Filipino in the midst of a disaster. systems establish vulnerability to natural disasters
Such perspective helps a lot especially those who and governments are often considered to be
belong to the marginalized sector to be hopeful and responsible for the disaster effects.
continue fighting against any challenge at hand.
Their belief that a help from someone or from God
would arrive at a time they most needed. It also
helps most people survive a lot of oddities in life.
Political Effects of a Disaster Effects of Biological Disasters

People who have trust in political institution will  loss of lives

assess the government's risk assessments as  public demobilization
credible and accept their hazard policies  negative economic effect
 unemployment
-Low level of trust in public institutions therefore  Hunger
means that citizens may ignore the
recommendations and disregard the information
provided by these institutions. If individuals are
confident that they will receive sufficient aid from
the government when a disaster occurs, they might
not be motivated to take measures on their own

6. Biological Perspective

The disturbing effects caused by a prevalent kind

of disease or virus in an epidemic or pandemic
level is known as biological disaster. (a) Epidemic
Level: Biological disaster affects large numbers of
people within a given community or area. Ex:
Dengue. (b) Pandemic Level: Biological disaster
affects a much large region, sometime spanning
entire continents or the globe

ex Swine Flue Biological disasters can wipe out an

entire population at a short span of time.

Example of it is the COVID19 pandemic which

infected millions in less than a month and left
thousands of deaths in the same duration. Viral
respiratory infections can lead to anything from a
mild cough that lasts a few weeks or months to
full-blown persistent wheezing or asthma. He
added that when there is a severe respiratory
infection, recovery can be prolonged with a general
increase in shortness of breath- even after normal
lung function returns. Since COVID 19 is a
respiratory disease, the public is advised by health
authorities to do health precaution to prevent
social contamination. Examples are: observing
physical distancing, appropriate washing of the
hands, wearing of mask at all times once outside of
one's home, and boosting one's immune system

COVID19 patients who have strong immune system

can likely soon recover from the disease. Also,
those who follow the health precaution strictly
have less chance of being infected. As such, the
effects of a biological disaster can be reduced.
Hazard & Its Types 4) Ergonomic hazards

Hazard  Ergonomic hazards refer to workplace

- potential for harm. A hazard is often associated conditions that pose the risk of injury to the
with a condition or activity that can cause musculoskeletal system of the worker.
undesired consequences such as injury or illness if  These injuries can be caused by performing
left uncontrolled. repetitive and forceful movements and
awkward postures that arise from improper
Basically, a hazard can cause harm or adverse work methods and improperly designed
health effects to individuals or to organizations as workstations, tools, and equipment.
property or equipment losses.
5) Noise hazards
Types of hazard
 Excessive noise can disrupt concentration,
1) Chemical hazards interfere with communication and result in
loss of hearing.
 Chemicals can affect skin by contact.  High impact noises are particularly damaging.
 Chemicals can also enter our body either  Noise can also mask out signals and affecting
through the inhalation or digestive system if communication with others.
air is contaminated with chemicals, vapor,
mist or dust. What is Hazard Analysis?
 The accumulation of chemicals in or on our
body will cause acute (immediate) effect or Hazard Analysis
chronic (long-term) effect.  Analysing their potential causes
 First step in a process used to assess
2) Physical hazards  Result of hazard analysis is the idenification of
diff. type of hazards
 Physical hazard will cause injury risks on our  Process of recognzing hazards that may arise
body. from system or its environment
 This category includes the hazards from
working in confined spaces, being hit by flying Job Hazard Analysis
objects, caught in explosions, hurt by  Technique that focuses on job tasks as a way
collapsing machinery, falling from heights and to identify hazards before they occur
tripping on obstacles.  Identify hazards potentially created by
product, process or application
3) Biological hazards (biohazards)  Technique to identify the dangers of specific
tasks in order to reduce the risk of injury to
 Biohazards refer to biological substances that workers
pose a harm to the health of living organisms.  Focuses on the relationship between the
 Sources of biological hazards may include worker, the task, the tools, and the work
insects, bacteria, fungi, plants, worms, animals environment.
and viruses.
 These sources can cause a variety of health Why Hazards Analysis important ?
effects ranging from skin irritation and  Importance / benefit
allergies to infections, cancer and so  To train workers how to do their jobs safely
 Policies and procedure improved
 Investigate accidents
 Increase quality
 Decrease injury rate
Hazard Analysis Procedure PHA analyzes
-The potential causes and consequences of fires,
 Examine the job and determine the explosions and releases of toxic chemicals
components - the equipment, instrumentation, human actions
 Identify tasks likely to present hazards and other factors which might affect the process.
 Identify and assess hazards
 Determine and devise controls measures The Most Hazardous Processes Are First
 Develop safe work procedures if hazards
cannot be eliminated
2) Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
How to identify and analyze hazard?
 ETA defines the consequential events which
Identifying The Hazards flow from the primary 'initiating' event.
Identify the hazards of each step. For each hazard,  Event trees are used to investigate the
ask: consequences of loss-making events in order
to find ways of mitigating rather than
- What can go wrong? What are the consequences? preventing losses.
- How could it arise?
- What are other contributing factors? 3) Failure modes and effect analysis (FMEA)
- How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
 To identify which failures in a system can lead
HAZARD ANALYSIS METHODS to undesirable situation.
 Particularly suited to electrical and mechanical
Hazard may be realized or unrealized processes.
 Result are strongly dependent on analyst's
Realized hazard - has happened in the past and understanding of the failure modes
can therefore be identified from experience.  Effects of failure modes can be quantified
Unrealized hazard - potential for a hazardous
situation that has not happened yet but can be 4) Fault tree analysis (FTA)
recognized by analyzing the characteristic of an
environment or failure modes of equipment item.  To evaluate the economic justification for
carrying out improvement to a system
Hazard analysis methods include:  FTA works back from the undesired or "top
event" to the contributing causes(backward
a) Process Hazard Analysis reasoning logic techniques)
b) Event Tree Analysis  To identify the causes of top event
c) Failure Modes And Effect Analysis
d) Fault Tree Analysis 5) Cause-Consequence analysis (CCA)
e) Cause-consequence Diagram
f) Hazard And Operability Studies  Is proving to be a very useful tool to depict and
maintain an up-to date, real- time working
1) PROCESS HAZARD ANALYSIS risk management system enthralled in daily
operations (e.g.operational).
-A systematic method designed to identify and  These diagrams combine the inductive and
analyze hazards associated with the processing or deductive reasoning of logical diagrams (e.g.
handling of highly hazardous material ETA, FTA) to identify the basic causes and
consequences of potential accidents.
6) Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) 3) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

 A structured and systematic method that Personal Protective Equipment is acceptable as a

identifies equipment that is being used in a control method in the following circumstances:
way that it was not designed to be, and which
might create hazards and operational -When engineering controls are not feasible or do
problems. not totally eliminate the
 HAZOPS are usually conducted by multi- hazard; -While engineering controls are being
skilled team that studies piping and developed;
instrument diagrams. Each pipeline and vessel -When safe work practices do not provide
is evaluated for certain limitations and sufficient additional protection; and During
deviations in flow, temperature, pressure, etc. emergencies when engineering controls may not
be feasible.
How to control

Controlling the Hazards

The order of precedence and effectiveness of
hazard control is the following:

1. Engineering controls.
2. Administrative controls.
3. Personal protective equipment.

1) Engineering Controls

Engineering controls include the following:

a) Elimination/minimization of hazard
b) Substitution of equipment o 38-41 / 45 to
decrease hazard
c) Isolation of the hazard with interlocks,
machine guards, blast shields, or other means;
and Removal or redirection of the hazard such
as with local and exhaust ventilation.

2) Administrative Controls

Administrative controls include the following:

- Written operating procedures, work permits, and

safe work practices;
- Exposure time limitations (used most commonly
to control heat stress and ergonomic hazards);
- Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials;
- Alarms, signs, and warnings; Buddy system; and
training