The document contains instructions for several Linux commands used to manage processes, files, and users. It discusses how to create directories and files, change permissions and owners, view running processes, search files with grep, and change the current working directory. It also provides code snippets to demonstrate using the fork and wait system calls to create and manage child processes.
The document contains instructions for several Linux commands used to manage processes, files, and users. It discusses how to create directories and files, change permissions and owners, view running processes, search files with grep, and change the current working directory. It also provides code snippets to demonstrate using the fork and wait system calls to create and manage child processes.
The document contains instructions for several Linux commands used to manage processes, files, and users. It discusses how to create directories and files, change permissions and owners, view running processes, search files with grep, and change the current working directory. It also provides code snippets to demonstrate using the fork and wait system calls to create and manage child processes.
The document contains instructions for several Linux commands used to manage processes, files, and users. It discusses how to create directories and files, change permissions and owners, view running processes, search files with grep, and change the current working directory. It also provides code snippets to demonstrate using the fork and wait system calls to create and manage child processes.
1. ls -a :list all files including hidden file starting with '.'.
2. ls -d :list directories - with ' */'.
3. ls -l :list with long format - show permissions.
4. ls -F :Append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries.
5. ls -lh :This command will show you the file sizes in human readable format.
6. ls -r :list in reverse order.
7. ls -i :list file's inode(index) number.
8. ls -ltr :View Reverse Output Order by Date.
9. ls -t :sort by time & date.
10.ls -n :It is used to print group ID and owner ID instead of their names.
11.ls -m :A list of entries separated by commas should fill the width.
12.ls -g :This allows you to exclude the owner and group information columns.
13.ls -q :Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the
character `?';.
14.ls -Q :Place double quotations around the entry names
PRACTICAL 4
Q1. Create a child process in linux using the fork system call from child process obtain process id of both child and parents by using get pid and get ppid system call. ==
#include<stdio.h> #include<unistd.h> int main() { int pid; pid = fork(); if(pid==0) { printf("\n After Fork"); printf("\n The new child process is created by fork system call %d \n",getpid()); } else { printf("\n Before fork"); printf("\n The parent process id is: %d",getppid()); printf("\n parent process executed successfully"); } return 0;
Q2. Explore wait and wait pid before termination of process
