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SOME RESULTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS WITH DENSITY

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Analele Universităţii Oradea
Fasc. Matematica, Tom XXII (2015), Issue No. 2, 81–86

SOME RESULTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS WITH DENSITY

LAKEHAL BELARBI1 , MOHAMED BELKHELFA2,3

Abstract. In this paper,we give some results in Riemannian manifold M with density
eϕ and we give examples of minimal surfaces in 3−homogeneous space with density .

1. Introduction
A manifold with density is a Riemannian manifold Mn with positive density function eϕ
used to weight volume and hyperarea (and sometimes lower-dimensional area and length).In
terms of underlying Riemannian volume dV0 and area dA0 , the new weighted volume and
area are given by
dV = eϕ .dV0 , dA = eϕ .dA0 .
One of the first examples of a manifold with density appeared in the realm of probability
2
and statistics, Euclidean space with the Gaussian density e−cx (see ([34]) for a detailed
exposition in the context of isoperimetric problems).
For reasons coming from the study of diffusion processes,Bakry and Émery ([1]) defined
a generalization of the Ricci tensor of Riemannian manifold Mn with density eϕ (or the
∞−Bakry-Émery-Ricci tensor) by

Ric∞
ϕ = Ric − Hessϕ, (1.1)
n
where Ric denotes the Ricci curvature of M and Hessϕ the Hessian of ϕ.
By Perelman in ([?],1.3,p.6),in a Riemannian manifold Mn with density eϕ in order for the
Lichnerovicz formula to hold, the corresponding ϕ−scalar curvature is given by
Sϕ∞ = S − 2∆ϕ− | ∇ϕ |2 , (1.2)
where S denotes the scalar curvature of Mn .Note that this is different than taking the trace
of Ric∞
ϕ which is S − ∆ϕ.
Following Gromov ([15],p.213), the natural generalization of the mean curvature of hyper-
surfaces on a manifold with density eϕ is given by
1 dϕ
Hϕ = H − , (1.3)
n − 1 dN
where H is the Riemannian mean curvature and N is the unit normal vector field of hy-
persurface . For a 2-dimensional smooth manifold with density eϕ , Corwin et al.([12],p.6)
define a generalized Gauss curvature
Gϕ = G − ∆ϕ. (1.4)

2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 49Q20. 49Q15.

Key words and phrases. Manifolds with density, Geometric measure and integration theory, integral and
normal currents.
81
82 LAKEHAL BELARBI, MOHAMED BELKHELFA

and obtain a generalization of the Gauss-Bonnet formula for a smooth disc D:

Z Z
Gϕ + κϕ = 2π, (1.5)
D ∂D

where κϕ is the inward one-dimensional generalized mean curvature as (1.3) and the integrals
are with respect to unweighted Riemannian area and arclength ([27],p.181).
Bayle ([2]) has derived the first and second variation formulae for the weighted volume
functional (see also [27],[28],[34]).From the first variation formula, it can be shown that an
immersed submanifold N n−1 in Mn is minimal if and only if the generalized mean curvature
Hϕ vanishes (Hϕ = 0).
Doan The Hieu and Nguyen Minh Hoang ([26]) classified ruled minimal surfaces in R3 with
density Ψ = ez .
In ([4]) , we have previously write the equation of minimal surfaces in R3 with linear density
Ψ = eϕ (in the case ϕ(x, y, z) = x, ϕ(x, y, z) = y and ϕ(x, y, z) = z), and we characterize
some solutions of the equation of minimal graphs in R3 with linear density Ψ = eϕ .
In ([3]),we have previously give a description of ruled minimal surfaces by geodesics straight
lines in Heisenberg space R3 with linear density Ψ = eϕ = eαx+βy+γz ,where (α, β, γ) ∈
R3 − {(0, 0, 0)} (in particular ϕ(x, y, z) = αx and ϕ(x, y, z) = βy), and we characterize the
∞−Bakry-Émery Ricci curvature tensor and p the ϕ−scalar curvature of Heisenberg space
2
H3 with radial density e−aρ +c ,where ρ = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .

2. Preliminaries
In this section we introduce notions of divergences for vector field in Riemannian mani-
folds.
Let (Mn , g) be a Riemannian manifold equipped with the Riemannian metric g.For any
smooth function f on M, the gradient ∇f is a vector field on M, which is locally coordi-
nates x1 , x2 ....., xn has the form
∂f
(∇f )i = g ij ,
∂xj
where summation is assumed over repeated indices. For any smooth vector field F on M,
the divergence divF is a scalar function on M, which is given in local coordinates by
1 ∂ p
divF = p ( detgij Fi ). (2.1)
detgij ∂xi
Let ν be the Riemannian volume on M, that is
p
ν = detgij dx1 .....dxn .
Lemma 2.1. (Divergence theorem in Riemannian manifolds) Let M be an oriented Rie-
mannian manifold . For any smooth vector field X with compact support on M, and any
open set Ω ⊆ M with piecewise smooth boundary ∂Ω , we have
Z Z
divXdυ = − < X, n > da, (2.2)
Ω ∂Ω

Where n is the inner unit normal along ∂Ω.

We obtain some further integral identities. First,we apply (2.2) with X replaced by
f X.We have the following derivation identity:
div(f X) = f.divX+ < ∇f, X >= f.divX + X(f ). (2.3)
 SOME RESULTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS WITH DENSITY 83

which follows easily from the formula (2.1).The divergence theorem immediately gives
Z Z Z
f.divXdυ + X(f )dυ = − < X, n > f da (2.4)
Ω Ω ∂Ω
By the divergence theorem, for any smooth function f and a smooth vector field F , such
that either f or F has compact support,
Z Z
f divF dν = − < ∇f, F > dν. (2.5)
M M
where < ., . >= g(., .). In particular, if F = ∇ψ for a function ψ then we obtain
Z Z
f div∇ψdν = − < ∇f, ∇ψ > dν. (2.6)
M M
provided one of the functions f, ψ has compact support. The operator
∆ := div ◦ ∇
is called the Laplace (or Laplace-Beltrami ) operator of the Riemannian manifold M.From
(2.6) we obtain the Green formulas
Z Z Z
f ∆ψdν = − < ∇f, ∇ψ > dν = ψ∆f dν. (2.7)
M M M

3. The Divergence operator in manifolds with density

In this section we introduce notions of divergences for vector field in Riemannian manifolds
with density.
Let (Mn , g) be a Riemannian manifold equipped with the Riemannian metric g. Let now µ
be another measure on M defined by
dµ = eϕ dν
where ϕ is a smooth function on M. A triple (Mn , g, µ) is called a weighted manifold or
manifold with density.The associative divergence divϕ (or the ϕ−divergence) is defined by
1 ∂ ϕp
divϕ F = ϕ p (e detgij Fi ), (3.1)
e detgij ∂xi
and the ϕ−Laplace-Beltrami operator ∆ϕ of (Mn , g, µ) is defined by
1
∆ϕ . := divϕ ◦ ∇. = div(eϕ ∇.) = ∆. + ∇ϕ∇.. (3.2)
eϕ
It is easy to see that the Green formulas hold with respect to the measure µ, that is,
Z Z Z
f ∆ϕ ψdµ = − < ∇f, ∇ψ > dµ = ψ∆ϕ f dµ. (3.3)
M M M
provided f or ψ belongs to C0∞ (M).
As an immediate consequence of the Riemannian divergence theorem and the fact that
divϕ Xdυϕ = div(eϕ X)dυ we can deduce the following result.
Theorem 3.1. Let M be an oriented Riemannian manifold with density eϕ . For any
smooth vector field X with compact support on M, and any open set Ω ⊆ M with piecewise
smooth boundary ∂Ω , we have
Z Z
divϕ Xdυf = − < X, n > daϕ , (3.4)
Ω ∂Ω
Where n is the inner unit normal along ∂Ω.
84 LAKEHAL BELARBI, MOHAMED BELKHELFA

Proof. by lemma (2.1) we have

div(eϕ X)dυ
R R
Ω
divϕ Xdυf = Ω

< eϕ X, n > da
R
= − ∂Ω

< X, n > eϕ da
R
= − ∂Ω
R
= − ∂Ω
< X, n > daϕ .


Let Σ be a smooth oriented hypersurface immersed in a n−dimensional Riemannian

manifold (M, g). For any smooth vector field X along Σ we define the ϕ−divergence relative
to Σ of X by
divϕΣ X = div Σ X+ < ∇ϕ, X >, (3.5)
where div Σ is the divergence relative to Σ in (M, g). If N is a unit normal along Σ,then we
have
Theorem 3.2. Let Σ a hypersurface in a n−dimensional Riemannian manifold (M, g)
with density Ψ = eϕ , we have
divϕ N = −(n − 1)Hϕ . (3.6)
where Hϕ is the ϕ−mean curvature of a surface Σ and N is the unit normal vector field of
a hypersurface Σ.
Proof. by definition we have
1 ϕ
divϕ N = eϕ div(e N).+ < ∇ϕ, N > .

= divN + N.∇ϕ.
Pi=n−1
= i=1 < ∇ei N, ei > +N.∇ϕ.
Pi=n−1
= i=1 (∇ei < ei , N > − < ∇ei ei , N >) + N.∇ϕ.

= −(n − 1) < HN, N > +N.∇ϕ.

1
= −(n − 1)(H − (n−1) ∇ϕ.N).

= −(n − 1)Hϕ .
where we have used that < ei , N >= 0 and the definition of the mean curvature vector. 

Definition 3.1. A minimal hypersurface in a Riemannian manifold (M, g) with density

eϕ is a hypersurface whose ϕ−mean curvature is zero everywhere (i.e Hϕ = 0).
Example 3.3. The surface S in R3 with linear density ex defined by the parametrization
:
a2
 
1+a2
X : (x, y) 7→ x, y, − √ arcsin(βe− a2 x ) + ay + b + γ , where (x, y) ∈ R2 , a, b, β ∈ R∗
1 + a2
is minimal.
 SOME RESULTS IN RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS WITH DENSITY 85

Acknowledgments
The first author was supported by the University of Mostaganem (UMAB) and the second
author is supported by the LPQ3M in the University of Mascara.

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Received 28 February 2014

1 Département de Mathématiques, Université de Mostaganem, B.P.227,27000,Mostaganem, Algérie.
2 Laboratoire de Physique Quantique de la Matière et Modélisations Mathématiques (LPQ3M),
Université de Mascara, B.P.305 , 29000,Route de Mamounia Mascara, Algérie.
3 TAIBAH University , College of Science and Arts at al Ula, Department of Mathematics,

Saudi Arabia.
E-mail address: 1 [email protected], 2,3 [email protected]

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