GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, YAVATMAL

MICRO PROJECT

SUBJECT: - PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING

“STUDY OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT AND CHARACTERISTIC”

SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
28 PRASAD A. BURKULE 39 AARTI B. PAWAR
31 SWARAJ U. BHOYAR 43 BHUMIKA V. PAWAR
38 HARSHAL S. CHAVHAN 56 RADHIKA C. GADHVE
59 SARTHAK D. EKEKAR

Mrs. P.A. Pimpalkar Mam

Lecturer
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is an incident of great pleasure for us submitting this micro project. I take this
opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and great thanks to my guide Mrs. P.A.
Pimpalkar Mam , Principal Dr. R. P. Mogre Sir, who has been a constant source of guidance
and inspiration of thoughts.

I will always be grateful to them for the encouragement and suggestion given by them
from time to time. I would like to thank all the teaching members of civil engineering
department and sincere thanks to our principal Dr. R. P. Mogre Sir who always inspire us.

I am also thankful to our friends and library staff members whose encouragement.

Suggestions of teacher helped us to complete our micro project. Last but not least I
thankful to my parents whose best wishes are always with me.
 GOVERNMENT PLOYTECHNIC, YAVATMAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
2022 – 2023
This is to certify that the project report entitled

“STUDY OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT AND CHARACTERISTIC”

Has been fully completed by the following student under my guidance in a satisfactory manner as a
partial fulfillment of the diploma course in civil engineering,
MSBTE Mumbai

Submitted By:-
28 PRASAD A. BURKULE 39 AARTI B. PAWAR
31 SWARAJ U. BHOYAR 43 BHUMIKA V. PAWAR
38 HARSHAL S. CHAVHAN 56 RADHIKA C. GADHVE
59 SARTHAK D. EKEKAR

IV Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering, Maharashtra State Boards Of Technical Education,

Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Diploma in Civil
Engineering, during the academic year2022-2023 under guidance of

GUIDED BY:- PRINCIPAL

Mrs.P.A.Pimpalkar Mam DR. R. P. MOGRE
 Annexure –I
Part – A Micro-Project Proposal

Title of Micro-Project
“STUDY OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT AND CHARACTERISTIC”

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project

For study of sewage water treatment and characteristic.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed .

A. Identify sources and charachteristics of water and wastewater.

B. Draw the flow diagram for process of treatment of water and waste water.

3.0 Proposed Methodology

After getting the micro-project topic we discussed our topic with our subject teacher and got some
relevant basic information/idea about our micro-project topic. Then we discussed in our group and
distributed the work for collecting the information regarding the micro-project topic. After collecting the
information we will make rough report to check it from our subject teacher. After getting the permission
from our subject teacher we will finalise the report. Then we actual visit the site and observe and note
down the information about our heavy road junction. After preparing the report we will again check it
from our subject teacher and after making the corrections given by our subject teacher, we will submit it
to our guide.
5.0Action Plan .

S. Details of activity Planned Start date Planned Name of Responsible

No. Finish date Team Members
1 Topic given to us. 28,31,38,39,43,56,59
2 Collecting the information of 28,31,38,39,43,56,59
rainwater harvesting.
3 Learn about the material use in pit. 28,31,38,39,43,56,59
4 Prepare a report. 28,31,38,39,43,56,59
5 Submit our project 28,31,38,39,43,56,59

6.0 Resources Required .

Sr. no. Name of Resources Specification Quantity

1 Laptop Asus Tuf i5 11th Gen 8GB ram 1

2 Pages A4 Size page

Names of Team Members with Roll Nos.

Sr.no Name Roll no. Enrolment No.

1. Prasad A. Burkule 28 2001350175

2. Swaraj U. Bhoyar 31 2001350185

3. Harshal S. Chavan 38 2001350233

4. Aarati B.Pawar 39 2001350235

5. Bhumika V. Pawar 43 2001350256

6. Radhika C. Gadhave 56 2001350047

7. Sarthak D. Ekkar 59 2001350262

**************
 Annexure – II
Part – B Micro-Project Report

Title of Micro-Project
1.0 Rationale
This micro project helps us to understand the sewage water treatment and characteristic.

2.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project

For study of characteristic of sewage water treatment.
3.0 Course Outcomes Addressed.
A. Identify sources and charachteristics of water and wastewater.
B. Draw the flow diagram for process of treatment of water and waste water.

4.0 Literature Review

Sr Title of Book Author Publication

no.

01. Enviromental Garg.S.K. Khanna Publishers, New

Engineering Vol.I and Delhi,2017,ISBN:10-8174091203:
Vol.II ISBN-13:978-8174091208

02. Enviromental Tchobanoglous Mcgraw Hill Publisher , 2013 ISBN

Engineering :9789.51340263
george

03. Public Health V.K. Sonarker Nirali Prakashan

Engineering S.A. Arora

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed.

After getting the micro-project topic we discussed our topic with our subject teacher and got some relevant
basic information and idea about our micro-project topic. Then we discussed in group and distributed the
work for collecting the information regarding the micro-project topic. After collecting data and
information,last step was to prepare the report and we prepared our report satisfying the standard format as
per given by the board manual. Then we represented our report before our guide teacher and checked our
report and finalised it for the submissio
 ❖ ANALYSIS OF SEWAGE

• Sewage contains organic and inorganic matters, which may be in dissolved, suspension and colloidal
states. It also contains various types of bacteria, virus, protozoa, algae, fungi etc

• Some of these are pathogens and are harmful to the human and animal life.

• While designing any sewage treatment plant, knowledge of the characteristics and composition of
sewage is essential

The analysis of sewage is carried out with the following objectives:

• To determine their physical, chemical and biological characteristics in order to know the type and
degree of treatment required.

• To obtain such information and results as are necessary for the operation and maintenance of the
sewage treatment works.

• To ascertain various substances present in the sewage.

❖ Characteristics of Sewage
The characteristics and composition of sewage mainly depends on the source of sewage.

The characteristics of sewage can be classified as :

1. Physical characteristics.

2. Chemical characteristics

3. Biological characteristics..
1. Physical characteristics.

Colour : Fresh domestic sewage is earthy or grey and has a soapy colour. However, after a few hours,
decomposition starts and colour changes to black.

Odour: The odour of fresh domestic sewage is slightly soapy or oily but stale sewage gives out an
offensive odour. The offensive smell starts after two hours and is maximum after six hours.

Temperature: The temperature of sewage is slightly higher than ordinary water. As conduits are
closed, the bacterial activity increases, due to which the temperature also increases.

Turbidity: The turbidity of the sewage directly depends on the quantity of solid matters present in it
in suspension state.

Solids: The sewage contains more than 99.9% of water and only 0.19% of solids. These solids are
present in sewage in suspended, dissolved and colloidal states. Suspended solids are those which can
be filtered out on an asbestos mat or filter paper. The filtered sewage is evaporated; the residue is
dissolved solids and non-settelable colloidal solids

2. Chemical characteristics.

pH: The hydrogen ion concentration is an important quality parameter of sewage: It may alter the
concentration in the natural waters.

Alkalinity: Normally, fresh sewage is alkaline in nature but tends to get acidic, as it becomes stale.

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.): Oxygen is a vital element in water since without it only the lowest form of
life can survive. Oxygen is only slighty soluble in water. Pollution of water by organic matter rapidly
utilizes the D.O. by biological oxidation and thus the receiving water may become depleted of oxygen
with consequent death of aquatic life.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D): The dissolved amount of oxygen from waste water required
by micro-organisms to degrate biodegradable organic matter at 27°C for 3 days period is known as
B.O.D.
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D): The oxygen used in oxidizing the waste water is known as
C.C.D. The C.O.D. of a waste is higher than the B.O.D. because more compound can be oxidized
chemically than can be oxidized biologically.

Chlorides : Chlorides are good indicators of sewage pollution since there is high chloride content in
urine.

3. Biological characteristics.

• Sewage contains large quantity of bacteria, which come from excretal matter. All the bacteria
present in sewage are not harmful.
• More quantity is of harmless bacteria, which helps to treat the sewage and reduce the cost of
treatment plants.
• Only pathogenic bacteria, which are discharged by the sick persons having infectious diseases
such, as, cholera, typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea etc are harmful to the human health and pose
difficulties at the treatment plants. All the organisms can be broadly classified as macroscopic
and microscopic.
• The following are the main living organisms in sewage:

a) Bacteria:
• There are two groups of bacteria, the higher bacteria and lower bacteria.
• The largest bacteria is B. butschlil, which is about 60 p in length and 5 µ in diameter. 1 μ is called
micron and is equal to 10-3 mm.
• Dialister pneumonsintes is one of the smallest organisms and is 0.15 u in diameter and 0.3 μ in
length.
• The iron and filamentous sulphur bacteria are called sewage fungus spharotilus come under the
category of higher bacteria.
• Bacteria may be classified according to their effects and actions:
1) According to their effects

i. Pathogenic or harmful bacteria.

ii. Non-pathogenic or harmless bacteria
 2) According to their actins

i. Aerobic bacteria: These are the bacteria which require light and free
oxygen for their existence and development..
ii. Anaerobic bacteria: These bacteria do not require light and free oxygen for their
existence and development.
iii. Facultative bacteria: These bacteria can exist in presence or absence oxygen, but
they grow in plenty in absence of air.

b) Algae:
.
• They are unicellular plants containing chlorophyll and often additional pigments on the basis of which
they have various names.

• The presence of pigments enables the algae to utilize the radiant energy. The physiological process
involved is called photosynthesis and helps algae in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.

c) Fungi:
o The cells of fungi do not contain chlorophyll and pigments. These are usually colourless and
are filamentous, having branches. The yeasts, bacteria and molds come under the group of
fungi. The size of mold flora usually present in sewage is large.

o The molds are dependent fully on the organic matter for obtaining their energy.

o They have the property of decomposing starches, sugars, cellulose, fats, proteins, higher
alcohols and nitrogenous substances.

d) Protozoa:
• These include all the unicellular animals. They are of various types such as amoeboid,
flagellates and ciliate protozoans.

• Amoeboid protozoa are irregular in shape, naked or shelled, single or colonial.

• They move by means of false feet.

❖ TREATMENT OF SEWAGE

A. Objectives of Sewage Treatment:-

➢ To reduce organic content of sewage. If the sewage rich in organic matter is disposed into natural
water courses without treatment, it will start decomposing and will consume the dissolved oxygen
in water and reduce it to such an extent that the aquatic life will not survive in such water. This
process also emits various obnoxious gases. Moreover, if the water polluted by sewage is to be
used for drinking purpose, it will cause health hazards.
➢ To remove inorganic matter such as sand, grit etc. as these may obstruct the secondary treatment
of sewage.
➢ To remove substances, which are toxic or hazardous to aquatic life.
➢ To remove colour and odour
➢ To kill pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms.
➢ To make the disposal of sewage or sludge on land easier and free from nuisance.

B. Units of Sewage Treatment Plant and their Function:-

• Screening: To remove the large floating and suspended matters.

• Grit chamber: To reduce the formation of heavy deposits in channel, pipes and conducts.
• Skimming tank: To remove oil, grease and fats from sewage.

• Sedimentation tank: To separate the settable solids.

• Aeration tank: To oxidize carbonaceous biological matter, nitrogenous matter, mainly

ammonium and nitrogen in biological matter and to remove nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).
• Chlorination: It is used to kill certain bacteria and other morobes in sewage as chlorine is highly
toxic.

• Sludge digestion: Sludge digestion is a biological process in which organic solids are
decomposed into suitable substances. Digestion reduces the total mass of solids, destroys
pathogens, and makes it easier to dewater or dry the sludge.

• Trickling filter: A trickling filter, also called tracking biofilter, biofilter, biological filter and
biological trickling filter, is a fixed-bed, biological reactor that operates under (mostly) aerobic
conditions. Pre-settled waste water is continuously trickled or sprayed over the filter.
C. General Layout and Flow Diagram of Sewage Treatment:-

D. Working of sewage treatment plant:-

• Wastewater must undergo three main treatment stages: primary, secondary and tertiary, to
be used for industrial or residential use. Several sewage treatment plants add pretreatment
before the primary treatment process begins.:
a) Preliminary treatment.
b) Primary treatment.
c) Secondary treatment.
d) Tertiary treatment.
a) Preliminary treatment:

• The primary purpose of pretreatment is to filter solid particles from wastewater via a physical
process. When the pretreatment occurs, sewage water goes into the treatment tanks and basins.
Tree limbs, tree branches, plastic and other debris, are filtered out during this process.

• EQ or Equalization tanks are built in the pretreatment process to regulate the water flow and
promote settling. Small particles such as coffee grounds, dirt, gravel, sand, and eggshells are
removed with the help of the grit chambers.

• The steps of pretreatment depend on the type of wastewater. Wastewater which contains a
high percentage of grease and fat, it will be removed during pretreatment with the help of
blowers to generate easily skimmable greasy froth.

• During pretreatment, chemical procedures can also be used instead of physical ones. the
wastewater’s pH is adjusted to change the impurities’ structures. This chemical process allows
the solid waste particles to clump together to form a heavy mass that can be filtered. This
process is called coagulation and flocculation.

b) Primary treatment:

• The primary treatment in a sewage treatment plant utilises screens, grit chambers, and
sedimentation tanks to get waste and harmful bacteria out of sewage water. Before the ejection
of the quality water, the sewage passes through many cleaning processes. When sewage is
influent in the plant for treatment, it comes across to a screen for removal of large floating
objects that can block or damage pipes or equipment.

• After completing the primary screening process, water falls into a grit chamber where small
objects are separated from the water. It set cinders, sand, and stones at the bottom.

• After the two procedures for removing large and small objects, sewage water contains many
suspended solids with organic and inorganic materials. For complete water purification,
minute waste particles need to be removed. A sedimentation tank is used for this part of the
process. In this tank, solids sink to the bottom as and when the flow of water gets reduced.
This solid collection is known as raw primary biosolids; formerly, sludge is thrown out of the
tank through pumping.

• Gradually, this primary method cannot meet the increased quality demands of the community.
So, secondary and advanced methods are developed to fulfil the needs of cities and industries.
 c) Secondary treatment:

• Using the trickling filter and activated sludge process, this stage throws out around 85% of the
water’s organic and inorganic waste material.

• After completion of the primary stage and when effluent leaves the sedimentation tank, a
trickling filter comes into play. The trickling filter is around a six-foot-deep bed of stones
through which sewage flows. Partially treated sewage gets transmitted to another
sedimentation tank after trickling the filter to remove bacteria.

• Nowadays, the activated sludge process is used in place of a trickling filter. The process is fast
and early result giving compared to the tricking filter. After the primary stage sedimentation
tank, sewage flows into the aeration tank. It is blended with air and sludge loaded with
bacteria for a few hours to break down the organic matter. Like a tricking filter, partially
treated sewage is sent to another sedimentation tank for further process.

• At the end of the stage, the effluent of the sedimentation tank is disinfected with the help of
chlorine to remove odour and kill pathogenic bacteria before being discharged to water
communities.

d) Tertiary treatment:

• Tertiary treatment deals with additional disinfection and filtration. Tertiary treatment is not
always necessary in sewage treatment plants.
• Tertiary treatment relies on various processes first filtration and then disinfection:
• Filtration: Tertiary treatment usually utilises filters like sand filters or carbon adsorption filters
to extract impurities from the wastewater.

➢ Chlorination: Several sewage treatment plants apply chlorine into the water to disinfect it. Chlorine
is cost-effective and is a staple in many sewage treatment plants.

➢ Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection: Tertiary treatment often utilises UV light to eliminate or disinfect any
microorganisms in the wastewater and makes them benign.

➢ Ozone treatment: Sewage treatment plants can also utilise ozone treatment for disinfecting. Ozone
treatment is much more effective than chlorine, but it is not used often due to its cost and equipment
requirements, such as special corrosion-resistant machinery. It also generates toxic gases, so plants
must consider the expenses and uses of this particular treatment before using it.

➢ Ion exchange: Tertiary treatment utilises ion exchange, which trades benign ions for unwanted ones
much like water softener substitutes unwanted calcium and magnesium ions with good sodium ions.
6.0 Actual Resources Used.

Sr Title of Book Author Publication

no.

01. Enviromental Garg.S.K. Khanna Publishers, New

Engineering Vol.I and Delhi,2017,ISBN:10-8174091203:
Vol.II ISBN-13:978-8174091208

02. Enviromental Tchobanoglous Mcgraw Hill Publisher , 2013 ISBN

Engineering :9789.51340263
george

03. Public Health V.K. Sonarker Nirali Prakashan

Engineering S.A. Arora

7.0 Outputs of the Micro-Projects

A. Identify sources and charachteristics of water and wastewater.
B. Draw the flow diagram for process of treatment of water and waste.

8.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcome of this Micro-Project

1.We understand the treatment process of sewage..

2 .Our talking skill is improve.

9.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

We can able to understand and working of sewage water treatment.

10.0 References :
1. www.mpcb.gov.in.
2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105106119/
3. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/
4. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105106119/33
5. www.cpcb.nic.ing
6. https://mjp.maharashtra.gov.in/
7. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-85-water-and-wastewater-
treatment-engineering-spring-2006/lecture-notes