M1 Introduction To Statistics-2

Applied Statistics
Introduction To
Statistics
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
Applied Statistics
Basic Concepts and

Definitions
OBJECTIVES
▪ Discuss the background and development of statistics

▪ Define and differentiate the two branches of statistics
▪ Differentiate population from sample
The word Statistics is derived from Latin word status meaning
“state”. Early uses of statistics involved compilation of data
and graphs describing various aspects of the state or country.
The word statistics has two basic meanings. We sometimes
use this word when referring to actual numbers derived from
data and the other refers to statistics as a method of analysis.
Statistics is a Science that deals with the collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data.
• Collection refers to the gathering of information or data.

• Organization or Presentation involves summarizing data in
textual, graphical or tabular form.
• Analysis involves describing the data by statistical methods or
procedures.
• Interpretation refers to the process of making conclusions
based on the analyzed data
Like professional people, you must be able to read and
understand the various statistical studies performed in your
fields. To have this understanding, you must be
knowledgeable about the vocabulary, symbols, concepts,
and statistical procedures used in these studies.
You may be called on to conduct research in your field,
since statistical procedures are basic to research. To
accomplish this, you must be able to design experiments;
collect, organize, analyze, and summarize data; and possibly
make reliable predictions or forecasts for future use. You
must also be able to communicate the results of the study in
your own words.
You can also use the knowledge gained from studying
statistics to become better consumers and citizens. For
example, you can make intelligent decisions about what
products to purchase based on consumer studies, about
government spending based on utilization studies, and so on.
A variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume
different values.
Data are the values (measurements or observations) that the

variables can assume. Variables whose values are determined by
chance are called random variables.
A collection of data values forms a data set. Each value in the

data set is called a data value or a datum.
Data can be used in different ways. The body of knowledge
called statistics is sometimes divided into two main areas,
depending on how data are used. The two areas are
1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics consists of the
• collection,
• organization,
• summarization, and
• presentation of data.
In descriptive statistics the statistician tries to describe a

situation.
Consider the national census conducted t every 10 years. Results
of this census give you the average age, income, and other
characteristics of the population. To obtain this information, the
census bureau must have some means to collect relevant data.
Once data are collected, the bureau must organize and
summarize them. Finally, the bureau needs a means of
presenting the data in some meaningful form, such as charts,
graphs, or tables.
Inferential statistics consists of
• generalizing from samples to populations,

• performing estimations and hypothesis tests,
• determining relationships among variables, and
• making predictions.
Here, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples

to populations. Inferential statistics uses probability.
A population consists of all subjects (human or otherwise)
that are being studied.
A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population.
A parameter is a numerical summary or any measurement

coming from a population.
A statistic is a measurement from a sample.

Applied Statistics
Data and Variables

OBJECTIVES
▪ Identify the types of variables, levels of measurement and types of data

Variables can be classified as qualitative or quantitative
1. Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into distinct

categories, according to some characteristic or attribute. Examples
of qualitative variables are religious preference, geographic
locations, Gender, Year Level, Subjects Enrolled, Student Number
2. Quantitative Variables are numerical in nature. These are

obtained from counting or measuring. In addition, meaningful
arithmetic operations can be done with these kinds of data.
Examples: age, weight, height.
Variables may also be classified as
1) Dependent Variable – a variable, which is affected or

influenced by another variable.
2) Independent Variable – one that affects, or influences

another variable
Dependent Variable (Y) Independent Variable (z)
academic ability
study habits
Academic achievement economic status
teacher
food
traditional feeds
hogs and poultry commercial feeds
temperature/season/environment
political party
economic status
politics attitude
connections/power
Government officials
economy World market
Attitude/sense of responsibility of people
Another way to classify variables is the use of the four levels
of measurements. The level of measurement determines the
algebraic operations that can be performed and the statistical
tool to be used in such data.
• If the categories of a qualitative variable are unordered, then
the qualitative variable is said to be defined on a nominal
scale, the word nominal referring to the fact that the
categories are merely names.
• The nominal scale is used when we want to distinguish one

object from another for identification purposes. We can only
say that one object is different from another, but the amount if
difference cannot be determined
Examples: Gender, Nationality, Civil Status

• If the categories can be put in order, the scale is called an
ordinal scale.
• In the ordinal level, data are arranged in some specific
order or rank. When objects are measured in this level, we
can say that one is greater than the other, but we cannot
tell how much more one has than the other.
Examples: Ranking of contestants in a beaty contest, of

siblings in a family, of honor students
• If one can compare the differences between
measurements of the variable meaningfully, but not the
ratio of the measurements, then the quantitative variable is
defined on interval scale.
• When data are measured in the interval level, we can say,

not only that one is greater or less than the other, but can
also specify the amount or difference,
Examples: Scores and Temperature (in Celsius)

• If, on the other hand, one can compare both the
differences between measurements of the variable and the
ratio of the measurements meaningfully, then the
quantitative variable is defined on ratio scale.
• The ratio scale is like the interval scale. The only

difference is the ratio level always starts from the absolute
or true zero point.
Examples: Height, Weight, area

[1] Bluman, Allan G.; Elementary statistics : a step by step
approach, 7th ed, McGraw-Hill 2007
[2] Stephens, Larry J.; Schaum’s outline of theory and
problems of beginning statistics McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc. 1998

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Applied Statistics

Basic Concepts and

▪ Discuss the background and development of statistics

• Collection refers to the gathering of information or data.

Data are the values (measurements or observations) that the

A collection of data values forms a data set. Each value in the

In descriptive statistics the statistician tries to describe a

• generalizing from samples to populations,

Here, the statistician tries to make inferences from samples

A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population.

A parameter is a numerical summary or any measurement

A statistic is a measurement from a sample.

Data and Variables

▪ Identify the types of variables, levels of measurement and types of data

1. Qualitative variables are variables that can be placed into distinct

2. Quantitative Variables are numerical in nature. These are

1) Dependent Variable – a variable, which is affected or

2) Independent Variable – one that affects, or influences

• The nominal scale is used when we want to distinguish one

Examples: Gender, Nationality, Civil Status

Examples: Ranking of contestants in a beaty contest, of

• When data are measured in the interval level, we can say,

Examples: Scores and Temperature (in Celsius)

• The ratio scale is like the interval scale. The only

Examples: Height, Weight, area

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