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Systematics of Calomys
Epidemiology of Bolivian Hemorraghic
Fever
Jorge Salazar Bravo, Jerry W. Dragoo, Terry L.
Yates
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131

• 1959
“Black Typhus”
San Joaquin

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Symptoms 1

Karl Johnson

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Machupo Virus

Calomys callosus (Rengguer 1830)

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Calomys callosus for Hershkovitz, 1962

C. bolivae
C. fecundus
C. muriculus
C. venustus
C. callidus
C. callosus
C. expulsus

Late 80s & Early 1990: Olds & Vitullo et al.

• Olds: Calomys callosus  Calomys venustus

based on morphology

• Vitullo et al. : Calomys callidus  Calomys venustus

based on chromosomal information
C. callidus 2n=48; C. venustus 2n=56

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Margin ZP ant. M1
Parapt. fossae enlarged

Mesoflex
Mesopt Fos > tooth from M3 Not reduced

However...
• Dots: records of “C. callosus”
to 1998

• Endemic area of BHF Latino virus

and Machupo Virus
• Lack of agreement in the
areas of distribution
WHY??

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Methods:

• Sequenced complete cyt-b in 62 specimens of

Calomys (several species), using Smith and
Patton 1993, and our primers (981 & 480) to obtain
1143 bp)

• Sequenced complete control region in 31 animals

assigned to Calomys callosus or Calomys venustus
from Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay (1009 bp)

Control Region

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Methodology

• Maximum Likelihood, Maximum Parsimony,

Neighbor Joining in PAUP*.

• All substitution, unordered -- info is on third base position

• Bootstrap values and majority rule consensus values

C. sorellus
C. cal - Beni
C. cal - foothills
C. cal - Chaco
C. venustus

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 The Importance of Systematics to Public Health

•Ecological work
•Epidemiology
•Vector Control
 The importance of Systematics to Multidi-
sciplinary Research
• Combination of efforts and resources
 Coevolutionary studies of host/parasite evol.
• Predictive models    Monitoring/Control

-ln L = 8077.572
100/82 64/5 Graomys
I = 0.44,  = 1.13,  = 7.04
Other outgroups
74/33 Calomys sp. Beni
Calomys sp. Beni
Calomys sp. Beni
Cfecundus23650
Cfecundus23697
Cfecundus21330 C. fecundus, T&CH
Cfecundus21355
51/3 CfecundusArg15276
CvenustusARG49115
CvenustusARG49116
C. venustus, ARG
CcallosusSC12308
CcallosusSC11590
CcallosusP22532 C. venustus, ARG
CcallosusP72344
Claucha15988
Claucha25156 C. laucha, B, A, P
Claucha72376
Ctener21054
95/45 CtenerBras42140 C. tener, Bol, Bra
CtenerBras42183
ChummelinckiAMV001 C. hummelincki, V
Cmusculin126
Cmusculin127
70/14 CmusculinP72358
CmusculinusArg15025 C. musculinus, B, A, P
CmusculinusArgmmp4009
Cmusculinus23706
Clepidus14643
Clepidus14656 C. lepidus, B, A
Clepidus31032
100/59 Csorellus107709 C. sorellus

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196 J. Salazar-Bravo et al. / Infection, Genetics and Evolution 1 (2002) 191–199

Fig. 3. Vegetation map of the area of interest, with the vegetation units discussed in the text marked. A: a “summary” cladogram of the taxa under study;
CB: Calomys sp. ex Beni; CF: C. fecundus; CV: C. venustus; CC: C. callosus. The white arrow points to the forested area that separates the Llanos
de Moxos from the Chaco region. B: distribution of vegetation units in the region of interest; LM: Llanos de Moxos; SEC: southeast Coordillera; CH:
Chaco; EP: Espinal.

4.2. Coevolution between muroid rodents and arenaviruses species in Peromyscus from Arizona) closely related to South
American forms support a sigmodontine clade containing
Current understanding of the Arenaviridae indicates that Neotomine/Peromyscine species, contra Engel et al. (1998).
most of these viruses are associated with a particular species Hugot et al. (2001) presented evidence that supports the
of the rodent family Muridae (e.g. Bowen et al., 1997; Gon- “diffuse coevolution” hypothesis between old word are-
zales and Duplantier, 1999, for a review see Salazar-Bravo naviruses and their rodent hosts. This model proposes as
et al., 2002). There are only two exceptions: Sabia virus the most common mechanisms of transmission a parallel
for which no wild reservoir is known, and Tacaribe virus, phylogeny (cophylogeny) between viruses and rodent hosts,
which was isolated from bats of the genus Artibeus. Are- while allowing for host switches between closely related
naviruses from the old world are known to be hosted by taxa. Ongoing analyses in our laboratory support a similar
murid rodents of the subfamily Murinae (old world rats and model for the new world arenavirus.
mice), while members of the rodent subfamily Sigmodon- Phylogenetic relationships of rodent hosts and are-

Savanah
tinae (new world rats and mice) host arenaviruses in the naviruses have not been found to be as concordant as those
Americas. This pattern indicates a virus–host association of among hantaviruses and their reservoirs, although several
at least 30 million years. No arenavirus is known to be hosted clades of both viruses and their rodent hosts did show sup-
by members of the third largest subfamily of rodents (the port for a co-evolutionary scenario (Bowen et al., 1997;
Arvicolinae: voles, lemmings and muskrats), which could Schmaljohn and Hjelle, 1997). It is quite possible, however,
be construed as support to a closer evolutionary relationship
between murines and sigmodontines. Recent discoveries of Yungas Forest
that this fact may have resulted, at least in part, from the
still incipient state of knowledge of the species phylogenies
several new species of arenavirus in North America (e.g. of the rodent hosts. The same is true even at the genus level
Whitewater Arroyo in Neotoma albigula and an undescribed within some of these groups, for example, several species of

Chaco

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