Different Methods of Proof Objectives: HSA Geometry Activities Activity 5

Different Methods of Proof Objectives
Students will be able to identify and apply properties of equality and properties of congruence, perform a variety of methods for organizing deductive arguments, and validate properties of geometric figures and explain the processes used.
Core Learning Goals

2.2.3 The student will use inductive or deductive reasoning.
Materials Needed
Worksheets and overheads
Pre-requisite Concepts Needed

Students will need to be able to calculate distance, slope, and midpoint on a coordinate plane and interpret and analyze conditional statements.
Approximate Time
Six 50-minute lessons or three to four 90-minute lessons
HSA Geometry Activities Page 81
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Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Justification in Proof Essential Questions

How can deductive reasoning be used to validate conjectures? What methods can be used to organize a deductive argument?
Warm-Up/Opening Activity
Solve a two-step equation.
Development of Ideas
Overhead: What is a Proof? Justify the steps to solve an equation using the properties of equality. Identify and apply the properties of equality and the properties of congruence to geometric figures. Worksheet: Justification Using Properties of Equality and Congruence Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Transitive Property Transitive Property of Congruence Subtraction Property Transitive Property Division Property Addition Property Transitive Property of Congruence Reflexive Property of Congruence Substitution Property Symmetric Property of Congruence 1. Given 2. Additive Property 3. Subtractive Property 4. Division Property 1. Given 2. Given 3. Substitution Property 4. Subtraction Property
12.
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Different Methods of Proof Development of Ideas (Continued)

Answers to Justification Using Properties of Equality & Congruence (Continued) 13. 1. Given 2. Given 3. Subtraction Property 4. Given 5. Given 6. Subtraction Property 7. Transitive Property 14. 1. Given 2. Given 3. Transitive Property 4. Reflexive Property 5. Subtraction Property
Closure
Compare and contrast inductive and deductive reasoning. Worksheet: Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
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Different Methods of Proof
What is a Proof?
A proof is a convincing argument that something is true. In mathematics, a proof starts with things that are agreed upon, called postulates or axioms, and then uses logic to reach a conclusion. Conclusions are often reached in geometry by observing data and looking for patterns. This type of reasoning is called inductive reasoning. The conclusion reached by inductive reasoning is called a conjecture. A proof in geometry consists of a sequence of statements, each supported by a reason, that starts with a given set of premises and leads to a valid conclusion. This type of reasoning is called deductive reasoning. Each statement in a proof follows from one or more of the previous statements. A reason for a statement can come from the set of given premises or from one of the four types of other premises: definitions; postulates; properties of algebra, equality, or congruence; or previously proven theorems. Once a conjecture is proved, it is called a theorem. As a theorem, it becomes a premise for geometric arguments you can use to prove other conjectures. The four common methods of geometric proofs are: 1) two-column proofs, 2) paragraph proofs, 3) flow chart proofs, and 4) coordinate proofs.
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Different Methods of Proof
Justification Using Properties of Equality and Congruence
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY FOR REAL NUMBERS

Reflexive Property Symmetric Property Transitive Property Addition and Subtraction Properties Multiplication and Division Properties Substitution Property For any number a, a = a. For any numbers a and b, if a = b then b = a. For any numbers a, b and c, if a = b and b = c, then a = c. For any numbers a, b and c, if a = b, then a + c = b + c and a c = b c. For any numbers a, b and c, if a = b, then ac = bc and if c 0, then ac = bc. For any numbers a and b, if a = b, then a may be replaced with b in any equation.
PROPERTIES OF CONGRUENCE
Reflexive Property of Congruence Symmetric Property of Congruence Transitive Property of Congruence AB AB If AB CD , then CD AB If AB CD and CD EF , then AB EF
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Different Methods of Proof Justification Using Properties of Equality and Congruence (Continued)
State the property of equality or property of congruence that justifies each conclusion. 1. Given: m1 = m2 m2 = 75 Conclusion: m1 = 75 Given: EG FG FG GH Conclusion: EG GH Given: x + 9 = 13 Conclusion: x = 4 Given: JK = KL MN = KL Conclusion: JK = MN Given: 7x = 63 Conclusion: x = 9 Given: m3 = 65 m4 = 65 Conclusion: m3 + m4 = 130 Given: 1 2 2 3 Conclusion: 1 3 Given: XY is a segment Conclusion: XY XY Given: 2x + y = 70 y = 3x Conclusion: 2x + 3x = 70
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Given: A B Conclusion: B A
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Supply the missing reasons for each of the following: 11. Given: 15y + 7 = 12 - 20y 1 Conclusion: y = 7 Statement 1. 15y + 7 = 12 - 20y 2. 35y + 7 = 12 3. 35y = 5 4. y = 1 7 1. 2. 3. 4. Reason
12. Given: m1 + m2 = 100 m1 = 80 Conclusion: m2 = 20
Statement 1. m1 + m2 = 100 2. m1 = 80 3. 80 + m2 = 100 4. m2 = 20 1. 2. 3. 4.
Reason
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13. Given: m 1 = 40 m 2 = 40 m 1 + m 3 = 80 m 4 + m 2 = 80 Conclusion: m 3 = m 4 Statement 1. m 1 + m 3 = 80 2. m 1 3. = 40 m 3 = 40 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reason
4. m 4 + m 2 = 80 5. 6. m 4 m 2 = 40 = 40
7. m 3 = m 4 14.
Given: m 1 + m 2 = 180 m 2 + m 3 = 180 Conclusion: m 1 = m 3 Statement 1. m 1 + m 2 = 180 2. m 2 + m 3 = 180 3. m 1 + m 2 = m 2 + m 3 4. 5. m 1 m2 = m2 = m3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Reason
Different Methods of Proof Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning Process: Observations: 61 64

o o
51 55
o
55 85 38
o
38
40 70
o
104o 59
o
64o + 61o + 55o = 180o 70o + 59o + 51o = 180o 40o + 55o + 85o = 180o 38o + 38o + 104o = 180o
Generalizations:
Conjecture: a + b + c = 180o for all triangles!
Deductive Reasoning Process:
x a
Facts accepted as true:
y c
Fact 1: x + b + y = 180o because x, b, and y are measures of angles that form a straight angle. Fact 2: x = a and y = c because alternate interior angles are congruent when parallel lines are cut by a transversal. Fact 3: We can substitute equal values for equal values. Logical consequences: Conclusion: a + b + c = 180o for any triangle.
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Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Flow Chart Proofs Essential Questions
Write the directions for making a sandwich in a flow chart. Teacher Note: You might want to have the ingredients to make a sandwich available in class.
Arrange in order the steps to solve an algebraic equation. Teacher Note: Have the students work in groups for problems 5, 6, and 7. Each group of students will need an envelope with the statements and reasons for each problem cut into strips and a copy of the flowchart template for each problem. The master copies follow the worksheet. Justify the steps to solve the algebraic equation in a flow chart format. Worksheet: Introduction to Flow Chart Proofs Answers: 1. 3x-15 = 150 ! 3x = 165 ! x = 55 Given Addition Division Equation Property Property of Equality of Equality d.-e. The first box is the if statement and the last box is the then statement. a. Given ! Multiplication Property of Equality ! Division Property of Equality b.-c. The first box is the if statement and the last box is the then statement. 3x+28= 58 ! 3x = 30 ! x = 10 Given Subtraction Division Equation Property Property of Equality of Equality c.
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2.
3.

Answers to Introduction to Flow Chart Proofs (Continued) 4. 5x-12=x-32 ! 4x-12=-32 ! 4x=-20 ! x =-5 Given Subtraction Addition Division Equation Property Property Property of Equality of Equality of Equality 5. a. Given: 1 and 2 are supplementary 2 3 Prove: 1 + 3 = 180 b.
1 and 2 are supplementary Given m1 + m2 = 180 Definition of supplementary angles 2 3 Given m2 = m3 Definition of congruent angles m1 + m3 = 180 Substitution property of equality
c.-d. 6. a. b.
m1 = m2 Given m1 + m3 = m2 + m3 Addition property of equality
The first box is the if statement and the last box is the then statement. Given: m 1 = m 2 Prove: m AEC = m BED
mAEC = m1 + m3 mBED = m2 + m3 Angle addition postulate mAEC = mBED Substitution property of equality
7.
a.
Given: PR and QS bisect each other at T Prove: PQT RST
PT TR
Definition of bisector
PR
and QS bisect each other at T Given
QT TS
Definition of bisector
PQT RST
Side-Angle-Side Congruence
PTQ RTS
Vertical angles are congruent
8.
a. c.
Given: PR and QS bisect each other at T Prove: P R Reasons:

Definition of Bisector Definition of Bisector Definition of Vertical Angles Side-angle-side Triangle Congruency
Given
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Answers to Introduction to Flow Chart Proofs (Continued) 9. b. Given: A and B are complementary B and C are complimentary Prove: A C c.
A and B are complementary Given A + B = 90 Definition of Complementary Angles B and C are complimentary Given B + C = 90 Definition of Complementary Angles
A+B=B+C Transitive Property of Equality B B Reflexive Property of Congruence A C Subtraction Property
Justify geometric properties using a flow chart.
Worksheet: Flow Chart Proofs Answers: 1.

AR ER Given AC EC Given RCE RCA Side-side-side triangle congruence
E A Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC
RC RC Reflexive Property of congruence
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Answers to Flow Chart Proofs (Continued) 2.
SE SU Given E U Given SEM SUO Angle-Side-Angle triangle congruence MS SO Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC
1 2 Definition of Vertical Angles
3.
M is midpoint of AB Given M is midpoint of CD Given AM MB Definition of midpoint CM MD Definition of midpoint AMC BMD Side-angle-side triangle cong. AC BD Definition of triangle cong. or CPCTC
1 2 Vertical angles are congruent
4.
Isosceles FGH Given EF is a median Given FG FH Definition of isosceles triangle GE HE Definition of median EF EF Reflexive Property of congruence GFE HFE Side-side-side triangle cong.
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Different Methods of Proof Closure

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of writing instructions for a task in a flow chart. Answer: An advantage of using flow charts is to be able to show different directions and logic pathways within the sequence of directions. A disadvantage is that the pathways can be confusing and difficult to see at first.
Describe how deductive reasoning is used in flow charts. Answer: Flow charts show how deductive reasoning is developed by using the given statements, definitions, and theorems to demonstrate proofs and showing how the connections are made.
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Flow Chart Proofs

A flow chart proof is a concept map that shows the statements and reasons needed for a proof in a structure that helps to indicate the logical order. Statements, written in the logical order, are placed in the boxes. The reason for each statement is placed under that box. 1. a. Cut out the individual boxes of statements and reasons at the bottom of the page. b. Arrange the statements and reasons to prove the following conditional: If 3x 15 = 150 then x = 55. c. Copy the statements and reasons in the proper order on the flowchart displayed below. Place the statements in the boxes and the reasons on the lines below the boxes.
Start
End
d. What is the statement in the first box? How does it relate to the conditional? e. What is the statement in the last box? How does it relate to the conditional?
Cut out: x = 55 Addition Property of Equality 3x = 165
Division Property of Equality
3x 15 = 150
Given equation
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Flow Chart Proofs (Continued)

2. Prove the following conditional: If 4x = 24 , then x = 42. 7
a. The statements are already entered into the flowchart. Write the correct reasons below each box. Start
4x = 24 7
4x = 168
x = 42
End
b. What is the statement in the first box? How does it relate to the conditional? c. What is the statement in the last box? How does it relate to the conditional? 3. Prove the following conditional: If 3x + 28 = 58, then x = 10. Write the correct statements and reasons in the flowchart to prove the conditional above.
Start
End
4. Given the conditional: If 5x 12 = x 32, then x = -5. Write the correct statements and reasons in the flowchart to prove the conditional above. 4x 12 = 32 Addition Property
HSA Geometry Activities Page 96 Activity 5 Page 16
Start
End

5. The flowchart proof can be used to show the logical process in a proof of a geometric idea. For example, given the following conditional: If 1 and 2 are supplementary and 2 3, then m 1 + m 3 = 180. a. State the given and prove for this conditional. Given: 1 Prove: b. Sort the slips of paper from the envelope into statements and reasons. Then arrange the statements and reasons on the flowchart to give a logical proof of the conditional. c. What is the statement in the first box? How does it relate to the conditional? d. What is the statement in the last box? How does it relate to the conditional? 6. Prove the following conditional: If m 1 = m 2, then m AEC = m BED. a. State the given and prove for this conditional. Given: Prove: b. Sort the slips of paper from the envelope into statements and reasons. Then arrange the statements and reasons on the flowchart to give a logical proof of the conditional. 7. Prove the following conditional: If PR and QS bisect each other at T, then PQT RST . a. State the given and prove for this conditional. Given: Prove: b. Sort the slips of paper from the envelope into statements and reasons. Then arrange the statements and reasons on the flowchart to give a logical proof of the conditional.
2 3
A 1 3 2 D B C
P T Q R

8. Prove the following conditional: If PR and QS bisect each other at T, then P R . a. Complete the following: Given: Prove: b. Mark the information that is given on the diagram. P T Q R S
c. Complete the missing parts of the flow chart proof.
PT TR PR and QS bisect each other at T QT TS PQT RST
P R
Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC
PTQ RTS
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9. If A and B are complementary and B and C are complimentary, then A C. a. Draw a diagram for this conditional. b. State the given and prove for this conditional in terms of the diagram. Given: Prove: c. Fill in the missing reasons in the flowchart below. Start
Given mA+ mB = 90
mB+ mC = 90
Definition of complementary angles mA + mB = mB + mC Transitive Property of Equality
mA = mC
End
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Statements and Reasons for problem 5 flowchart proof
1 and 2 are supplementary m1 + m3 = 180 m1 + m2 = 180 2 3 m2 = m3

Given Definition of congruent angles Substitution property of equality Definition of supplementary angles Given
m1 = m2 m1 + m3 = m2 + m3 mAEC = m1 + m3 mBED = m2 + m3 mAEC = mBED
Angle addition postulate Substitution property of equality Given Addition property of equality
PR and QS bisect each other at T PT TR QT TS PTQ RTS PQT RST

Given Vertical angles are congruent Definition of bisector Side-Angle-Side Congruence Definition of bisector
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Flowchart for problem 5
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Different Methods of Proof Flow Chart Proofs

Fill in the missing reasons or statements in each proof. 1. Given: AR ER AC EC Prove: E A R E Given AC EC
RCE RCA
A C
Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC RC RC Reflexive property of congruence 2. Given: SE SU E U Prove: MS SO M E 1 S 2 O U
SE SU
____ ____ Given Angle-Side-Angle congruence Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC
1 2
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Different Methods of Proof Flow Chart Proofs (Continued)

3. Given: M is the midpoint of AB . M is the midpoint of CD . Prove: AC BD M is the midpoint of AB . Given M is the midpoint of CD . Definition of midpoint C AM MB Definition of midpoint ____ ____ Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC D A M 2 1 B
Vertical angles are congruent. F 4. Given: Isosceles FGH with base GH EF is a median Prove: GFE HFE G Isosceles FGH Definition of isosceles triangle EF is a median Definition of median EF EF ____ ____ E H
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Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Paragraph Proofs Essential Questions

Construct a flow chart demonstrating the steps taken to get ready for school.
Convert the boxes of the flowchart to sentences and form a paragraph showing the steps taken to get ready for school. Convert flow-chart proofs to paragraph proofs. Justify geometric properties in paragraph form. Worksheet: Introduction to Paragraph Proofs Answers: 1. 2. a. The first sentence contains the given statements. b. The last sentence contains what is to be proved. Lines AB and CD are parallel and E is the midpoint of AD . Since the AB and CD are parallel, angles BAE and CDE are congruent because if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles are congruent. For this same reason, angles ABE and DCE are congruent. Since E is the midpoint of AD , AE and ED are congruent. Therefore, by angle-angle-side triangle congruence, ABE is congruent to DCE . Since DG EF and DE GF are given, then 1 4 and 3 2 because when two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then alternate interior angles are congruent. DF DF because of the reflexive property of congruence. Then DGF FED by angle-side-angle triangle congruence. Therefore, DG EF by the definition of triangle congruence.
3.
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Answers to Introduction to Paragraph Proofs (Continued) 4. Since AC bisects BAD is given, then BAC CAD because of the definition of angle bisectors. Since AC bisects BCD is given, then BCA ACD because of the definition of angle bisectors. AC AC because of the reflexive property of congruence. Then, BAC DAC by the angle-side-angle triangle congruence theorem. Therefore AB AD by the definition of triangle congruence. 5. Since E and S are right angles, they both measure 90 degrees by the definition of right angles. Because of this, they are also congruent. We are also given that EF ST Because of this information, and ED SR . DEF RST because of side-angle-side triangle congruence. Justify geometric properties in paragraph form. Worksheet: Paragraph Proofs Answers: 1. A is congruent to B and A is supplementary to B . Since the two angles are supplementary, their sum is 180. Since they are congruent, they can be substituted for one another, meaning that A + B is equal to 180, but also that 2 times ( B ) is equal to 180. Then, B = 90 by the division property of equality. Since the two angles are congruent, A also = 90. A and B are right angles by the definition of right angles. 1 and 3 are vertical angles. Since they are vertical angles, there is an angle in between them, 2 , which is adjacent to both angles and supplementary to both angles. Since both 1 and 3 are supplementary to 2 , 1 + 2 = 180 and 2 + 3 = 180. 1 + 2 = 2 + 3 by the application of the transitive property of equality. 1 and 3 are congruent because to the subtraction property of equality. ABCD is a rectangle with AC and BD as diagonals. Since ABCD is a rectangle, opposite sides AB and CD are congruent. In addition, BC and DA are congruent. Since
2.
3.
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Answers to Paragraph Proofs (Continued) 3. (cont.) ABCD is a rectangle, B and C are right angles, and both equal to 90 by the definition of right angles. Since both are equal to 90, they are equal to one another by the transitive property. ABC and BCD are congruent by the side-angle-side triangle congruence theorem. AC is congruent to BD by the definition of congruent triangles. ABDC is a rhombus with diagonals AC and BD . Since ABCD is a rhombus, all four sides are congruent. In addition, AC AC and BD BD by the reflexive property of congruence. ABC is congruent to CDA and BCD is congruent to DAB by the side-side-side triangle congruence theorem. Therefore, BAC DAC BCA DCA ABD CBD CDA ADC by the definition of triangle congruence. AC bisects BAD and BCD and BD bisects ADC and ABC by the definition of angle bisectors. B is inscribed in circle O and ABC is a semicircle. The measure of arc ABC is 180 by the definition of a semicircle. The m B is 90 because the measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc. Therefore, by definition of a right angle, B is a right angle. Quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in circle O. There are 360 in a circle, so m ABC + m CDA = 360 and the m BCD + m DAB = 360. By the division property of equality, 1 1 m ABC + m CDA = 180 and 2 2 1 1 m BCD + m DAB = 180. 2 2 The m D = m A =
4.
5.
6.
1 1 m ABC, m B = m CDA, 2 2
1 1 m BCD, and m C = m DAB because the 2 2

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Answers to Paragraph Proofs (Continued) 6. (cont.) measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the measure of its intercepted arc. m D + m B = 180 and m A + m C = 180 by substitution. Therefore, A is supplementary to C and B is supplementary to D by definition of supplementary angles. AB is parallel to CD . Draw AD . BAD CDA because if two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate interior angles are congruent. BAD = CDA 1 by the definition of congruent angles. m BAD = m BD 2 1 and m CDA = m AC because the measure of an 2 inscribed angle is one-half the measure of its intercepted 1 1 arc. m BD = m AC by substitution. The measure of 2 2 BD = m AC by the multiplication property of equality. Therefore, AC BD by the definition of congruent arcs. Closure Explain how deductive reasoning is used in paragraph proofs. Answer: Deductive reasoning is used to connect the given statements by use of definitions, theorems, and postulates to what is to be proved.
7.
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Paragraph Proofs

A paragraph proof is another way a proof is often written. The advantage of a paragraph proof is that you have the chance to explain your reasoning in your own words. In a paragraph proof, the statements and their justifications are written together in a logical order in a paragraph form. There is always a diagram and a statement of the given and prove sections before the paragraph. 1. a. What information does the first sentence of a paragraph proof contain? b. What information does the last sentence of a paragraph proof contain? 2. For the flow chart proof below, rewrite each box as a statement with the reason for the box as the justification. A Given: AB CD E is the midpoint of AD Prove: ABE DCE B E C
BAE CDE
AB CD Given
If lines parallel, then alternate interior angles are congruent

ABE DCE
If lines parallel, then alternate interior angles are congruent E is the midpoint of AD Given AE ED Definition of midpoint
ABE DCE
Angle-Angle-Side Congruence
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Paragraph Proofs (Continued)

3. Fill-in the missing statements and justifications in the following paragraph proof. Given: DG EF , DE GF Prove: DG EF D 1
G
E 2 3 4 F
Since DG EF and DE GF are given, then 1 4 and 3 ______ because ______________________________________________________. DF DF because __________________. Then DGF _____ by ________. Therefore, DG EF by ___________________________. 4. Fill-in the missing statements and justifications in the following paragraph proof. B Given: AC bisects BAD AC bisects BCD A C Prove: AB AD D
Since AC bisects BAD is given, then BAC _________ because ________________. Since AC bisects BCD is given, then BCA ______ because ____________. AC AC because ____________. Then BAC ________ by _______. Therefore AB AD by _________. 5. Mark the given on the figure. Write your own paragraph proof for the following information. Given: E and S are right angles. EF ST and ED SR Prove: DEF RST D T S
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Different Methods of Proof Paragraph Proofs

Use a paragraph proof to justify the following conjectures. 1. If two angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each angle is a right angle. Given: A B A is supplementary to B Prove: A is a right angle B is a right angle A B
2. Vertical angles are congruent. Given: 1 and 3 are vertical angles Prove: 1 3 1 2
3. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. Given: Rectangle ABCD with diagonals AC and BD Prove: AC BD D C A B
4. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles. Given: Rhombus ABCD with diagonals AC and BD Prove: AC bisects BAD and BCD BD bisects ADC and ABC A B
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Different Methods of Proof Paragraph Proofs (Continued)

5. Angles inscribed in a semicircle are right angles. Given: B is inscribed in circle O ABC is a semicircle Prove: B is a right angle A B
. .
D
6. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then the opposite angles are supplementary. Given: Quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in circle O Prove: A is supplementary to C B is supplementary to D A B C
.
O
.
A
7. Parallel lines intercept congruent arcs on a circle. Given: AB CD Prove: AC BD C (Hint: Draw segment AD) D B
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Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Two-Column Proofs Essential Questions

Develop a flow chart proof and a paragraph proof for solving an algebraic equation.
Construct a two-column proof for solving an equation. Worksheet: Introduction to Two-Column Proof Answers: 1. a. b. x = 17 5x 28 = 57 5x = 85 x = 17 Addition Division Given Property Property We start with the equation 5x 28 = 57. The first step to solve this equation is to add 28 to both sides of the equation, demonstrating the addition property of equality. Next, divide both sides of the equation by 5 using the division property of equality. Therefore, x is 17. 5x 28 = 57 Given 5x = 85 Addition Property x = 17 Division Property Given: AC and BD bisect each other at M Prove: AMB CMD 1. Given 2. Definition of bisector 3. Definition of bisector 4. Definition of vertical angles 5. Side-angle-side triangle congruence
c.
d.
2.
a. c.
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Answers to Introduction to Two Column Proof (Continued) 2. d.
AM MC Definition of bisector AC and BC bisect each other Given BM MD Definition of bisector AMB DMC Definition of vertical angles AMB CMD Side-angle-side triangle congruence
3.
Answers will vary. Check student reasoning so be sure that it matches selection.
Justify geometric properties using a two-column proof format. Worksheet: Two-Column Proofs Answers: 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Given Given Definition of angle bisector Reflexive property of congruence Side-angle-side triangle congruence Definition of congruent triangles Given Given Reflexive property of congruence Side-side-side triangle congruence Definition of congruent triangles If alternate interior angles are congruent then the lines are parallel. ABCD is a parallelogram AB DC AE EC Note: lines 3 and 4 are interchangeable DE EB ABE CDE
2.
3.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Answers to Two Column Proofs (Continued) 4. Statement 1. DE AV 2. DAVE is a trapezoid 3. DAV EVA 4. DA EV 5. DAVE is an isosceles trapezoid 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Reason 1. Given 2. Definition of trapezoid 3. Given 4. Definition of cong. tri. 5. Definition of isosceles trapezoid
Given Definition of a semicircle An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle All right angles are congruent Reflexive property of congruence Given Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence
Closure
Compare and contrast flow-chart proofs and two-column proofs. Answer: Flow-chart proofs and two-column proofs both organize statements and reasons together but flow-chart proofs allow multiple pathways and connections as where two-column proofs are always linear in reasoning.
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Two-Column Proof

1. a. Solve the following equation.
5 x 28 = 57
b. Draw a flowchart showing the steps and reasons for each step in solving the equation. Start End
c. Write a paragraph explaining the steps needed to solve the equation and justifying each step.
d. Fill in the chart below showing the steps for solving the equation. Statements Reasons
A two-column statement-reason proof resembles the chart used to show the solution to the equation above. The statements are listed in logical order on the left side and the reason each statement is true is on the right side. The last statement is always what is being proven.
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Two-Column Proof (Continued)

2. If AC and BD bisect each other at M then AMB CMD . a. Complete the following: Given: Prove: B b. Mark the diagram with the given information. The paragraph proof would be written as follows: Since it is given that AC and BD bisect each other at M then AM MC and BM MD by the definition of bisect. AMB CMD since vertical angles are congruent. Therefore AMB CMD by Side-Angle-Side congruence. c. This paragraph proof can be represented in a two-column statement-reason proof. The statements in logical order needed for the proof are already entered. Fill in each missing reason below. D Given: A B Statements 1. AC and BD bisect each other at M 2. AM MC 3. BM MD 4. AMB CMD 5. AMB CMD 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reasons M C A M C D
Prove:
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Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Two-Column Proof (Continued)

d. Below is the outline of a flow chart proof for the same given and prove. Fill in the boxes and reasons to complete the proof. D Given: Prove: A B M C
3. Which of the three types of proof, flow-chart, paragraph, or two-column, is easiest for you to understand? Explain.
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Different Methods of Proof Two-Column Proofs

1. Mark the given information on the diagram. Give a reason for each step in the two-column proof. Choose the reason for each statement from the list below. Given: YX WX ZX bisects YXW YZ WZ Y X
Prove:
Z Statement 1. YX WX 2. ZX bisects YXW 3. YXZ WXZ 4. XZ XZ 5. YXZ WXZ 6. YZ WZ Choose a reason from this list: Definition of angle bisector Definition of congruent triangles or CPCTC Given Given Reflexive property of congruence Side-Angle-Side congruence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reason
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Different Methods of Proof Two-Column Proofs (Continued)

2. Mark the given information on the diagram. Give a reason for each step in the two-column proof. Choose the reason for each statement from the list below. Given: AD BC AB DC AD BC D Statement 1. AD BC 2. AB DC 3. AC AC 4. CAD ACB 5. DAC BCA 6. AD BC Choose a reason from this list: Definition of congruent triangles Given Given If alternate interior angles are congruent then the lines are parallel. Reflexive property of congruence Side-Side-Side congruence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reason C A B
Prove:
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3. Complete the following proof by filling in each statement. Remember to mark all given information on the diagram. B A Given: ABCD is a parallelogram Prove: ABE CDE
D
E C Reason 1. Given 2. In a parallelogram, opposite sides are congruent. 3. In a parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other. 4. In a parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other. 5. Side-Side-Side congruence
Statement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Choose a statement from this list: AE EC ABCD is a parallelogram DE EB ABE CDE AB DC
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4. Fill-in the statements and reasons for the following proof. Given: DE AV
DAV EVA
F Prove: DAVE is an isosceles trapezoid A Statement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reason V
Possible Statements DAVE is a trapezoid DA EV DAVE is an isosceles trapezoid

DAV EVA
Possible Reasons Given Definition of isosceles trapezoid Given Definition of trapezoid Definition of congruent triangles
DE AV
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5. Complete the following proof. R Given: MR is a diameter of ! O AR MK Prove: MAR RKM Statement 1. MR is a diameter of ! O 2. MAR and MKR are semicircles 3. MAR and MKR are right angles 4. MAR MKR 5. MR MR 6. AR MK 7. MAR RKM Choose from this list of reasons. An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. All right angles are congruent Definition of a semicircle Given Given Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence Reflexive property of congruence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. K O M Reason A
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Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Practice with Proofs Essential Questions
Rewrite conjectures in if-then form.
Investigate the relationship between an if-then statement and the given information and then prove information in a deductive proof. Practice simple proofs. Worksheet: Practice with Proofs Answers: 1. a. b. If a linear pair includes one angle of 45, then the other angle measures 135
B
c. d.
e.
Given: ACB = 45 Prove: BCD = 135 Given the fact that a linear pair is defined as two angles that add up to 180. Since the two angles, ACB and BCD are a linear pair, they add up to 180. Since we are told that ACB is 45, then by subtraction we know that BCD must be 135. Statement Reason 1. ACB and BCD are 1. Given a linear pair 2. ACB = 45 2. Given 3. ACB + BCD = 180 3. Def. of linear pair 4. 45 + BCD = 180 4. Substitution prop. 5. BCD = 135 5. Subtraction prop.
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Answers to Practice with Proof (Continued) 2. a. If two angles are supplements to the same angle, then the two angles are congruent. A b.
B E D C
c.
d.
e.
3.
a. b.
Given: DEA is supplementary to AEB CEB is supplementary to AEB Prove: DEA CEB Two angles being supplementary to the same angle means that DEA + AEB = 180 and that CEB + AEB = 180. By the transitive property, DEA + AEB = CEB + AEB . Since we know that AEB = AEB by the reflexive property, then DEA = CEB by the subtraction property and DEA CEB by the definition of angle congruence. Statements 1. DEA is supplementary to AEB 2. CEB is supplementary to AEB 3. DEA + AEB = 180 4. CEB + AEB = 180 5. DEA + AEB = CEB + AEB 6. DEA = CEB 7. DEA CEB If two angles are complements to congruent angles, then they themselves are congruent.
C B D
c.
Given: AFB is complementary to BFC EFD is complementary to DFC BFC DFC Prove: AFB EFD
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Answers to Practice with Proof (Continued) 3. d. Since the two pair of given angles are complementary, then they each add up to 90 by the definition of complementary angles. By use of the transitive property, we can say that each pair of angle sums is equal to one another. Since one of each of the pair of angles are already congruent, then by the subtraction property, the other angle in each pair is also congruent. e. Statements 1. BFC DFC 2. m BFC = m DFC 3. AFB is complementary to BFC 4. EFD is complementary to DFC 5. AFB + BFC = 90 6. EFD + DFC = 90 7. AFB + BFC = EFD + DFC 8. AFB + BFC = EFD + BFC 9. AFB = EFD 10. AFB EFD
Closure
What are the important elements in any proof? Answer: Every proof must have givens and what is to be proved as well as logical reasoning to get from one to the other.
Compare and contrast flow-chart, paragraph, and two-column proofs. Answer: All proofs use given statements and logical reasoning to prove statements. Flow-chart proofs allow multiple connects and pathways, paragraph proofs use sentences to demonstrate logical reasoning, and two-column proofs use a linear structure to go from given statements to what is to be proved.
Activity 5 Page 46
Different Methods of Proof Practice with Proof

1. Conditional statements are used often in geometry but are not always written in the if-then form that is needed for constructing a proof. a. For the conditional below, rewrite the statement in if-then form, and then label the hypothesis and the conclusion. In a linear pair where one angle measures 45, the other measures 135. b. The second step in writing a proof is to draw and label a diagram that represents the given information. Draw and label a diagram for the statement. Remember to label the names of the angles, not just write their measures.
c. The third step is to label the given and prove in terms of the diagram. Use the names of the angles in your statements. Given: Prove: d. Write a paragraph to explain to someone else why you know the conditional is true. Include the reason why you know each statement is true.
e. Now complete the proof based on the explanation from part d. Statement 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. given 2. given 3. 4. 5. Reason
Activity 5 Page 47
Different Methods of Proof Practice with Proof (Continued)

2. a. For the conditional, rewrite the statement in if-then form, and then label the hypothesis and the conclusion. Supplements of the same angle are congruent. b. Draw and label a diagram for the statement. Remember to label the names of the angles.
c. Write the given and prove in terms of the diagram. Use the names of the angles in your statements. Hint: There are two given statements. Given: Prove: d. Write a paragraph to explain to someone else why you know the conditional is true. Include the reason why you know each statement is true.
e. Now complete the proof based on the explanation from part d. Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. Given 2. Given 3. Definition of supplementary 4. Definition of supplementary 5. Substitution property of equality 6. Subtraction property of equality 7. Definition of congruence Reasons
Activity 5 Page 48
Different Methods of Proof Practice with Proof (Continued)

3. a. For the conditional, rewrite the statement in if-then form, and then label the hypothesis and the conclusion. The complements of congruent angles are congruent. b. Draw and label a diagram for the statement. Remember to label the names of the angles. c. Write the given and prove in terms of the diagram. Use the names of the angles in your statements. Hint: There are three given statements. Given: Prove: d. Write a paragraph to explain to someone else why you know the conditional is true. Include the reason why you know each statement is true.
e. Now complete the proof based on the explanation from part d. Statements 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Reasons 1. Given 2. Definition of congruence 3. Given 4. Given 5. Definition of complementary 6. Definition of complementary 7. Transitive property of equality 8. Substitution property of equality 9. Subtraction property of equality 10. Definition of congruence
Activity 5 Page 49
Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Coordinate Proofs Essential Questions

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between A(5, 3) and B(-4, 1).
Recall the distance, slope, and midpoint formulas. Place geometric figures on a coordinate plane so that calculations are simplified. Justify geometric properties using coordinate proofs. Worksheet: Introduction to Coordinate Proofs Answers: 1. a. If a quadrilateral is a square, then the diagonals are congruent and are perpendicular bisectors of one another. If a segment joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle, then the segment is parallel to the third side of the triangle and has a length that is one-half of the length of the third side.
2.
a.
Worksheet: Coordinate Proofs Answers: 1. Students should set up a parallelogram (with coordinates (0, 0), (a, 0), (b, c), and (a + b, c) for example), find the midpoints of two opposite sides a a + 2b ,0 and , c in the example and then find slope 2 2 of the two sides as well as the segment joining the midpoints to determine that they are all parallel. Students should create a random quadrilateral, determine the midpoints of all four sides, find the slopes of the opposite sides, and find that opposite sides are parallel.
2.
Activity 5 Page 50
Different Methods of Proof Development of Ideas

Answers to Coordinate Proofs (Continued) 3. 4. Students should create a parallelogram, find the midpoint of each diagonal, and determine that it is the same point. Students should create a rectangle and find the distance between opposite vertices, showing that the lengths of the diagonals are the same. Students should create a random rhombus (being sure that all four lengths are the same), then determine the slope between the opposite vertices. The product of the slopes should be 1 to show that they are perpendicular. a. Students should create a trapezoid and find the midpoints of the non-parallel sides. Students should find the slope of the parallel sides as well as the slope of the segment connecting the midpoints to show that the three segments are parallel. b. Using the distance formula, students should show that the length of the midsegment is one-half the length of the sum of the two parallel bases.
5.
6.
Closure
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of coordinate proofs. Answer: The advantages of coordinate proofs is that they can be generalized to all possible contexts and they incorporate the use of algebraic reasoning. A disadvantage is that you have to be sure that you are selecting a diagram that does include all possible cases for the given statements.
Describe when and why you might want to double the coordinates of a figure when using a coordinate proof. Answer: Sometimes doubling the coordinates will allow the use of fractions to be easier to use in the problem.
Activity 5 Page 51
Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Coordinate Proofs

Proofs involving midpoints, slope, and distance can be simplified by using analytic geometry. These proofs are called coordinate proofs. In a coordinate proof, the figure is drawn and labeled on a coordinate plane in a way that makes finding distances easy. Begin by placing one vertex of the figure at the origin. Place one side of the figure on the x-axis. Place parallel lines on either horizontal or vertical lines. Use a horizontal line and a vertical line for perpendicular lines. Once the figure has been placed on the coordinate plane, the distance formula can be used to measure distances, the midpoint formula can be used to locate points, and the slope formula can be used to determine parallel or perpendicular lines. Coordinate proofs rely on the premises of geometry plus the following properties from algebra.
Coordinate Geometry Formulas The distance between points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 .
x + x 2 y1 + y 2 The midpoint of the segment joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is 1 , . 2 2 y y The slope m of a line through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), x1 x2, is m = 2 1 . x2 x1 The slope of a horizontal line is zero. The slope of a vertical line is undefined. Two lines with slopes m1 and m2 are parallel if and only if m1 = m2. Any vertical line is perpendicular to any horizontal line. Two non-vertical lines are perpendicular if and only if their slopes are negative reciprocals of each other. 1. Write a coordinate proof of the conjecture: The diagonals of a square are congruent and are perpendicular bisectors of each other. a. For the conditional, rewrite the statement in if-then form, and then label the hypothesis and the conclusion.
b. Place and label the figure on the coordinate plane. (1) Place one vertex, point A, at the origin.
A(0, 0)
Different Methods of Proof Introduction to Coordinate Proofs (Continued)

(2) Place a second vertex, point B, on the x-axis. This simplifies calculations because the y-coordinate of this point is 0.
A(0, 0)
B(a, 0)
(3) AD and AB must be perpendicular. Since AB lies on the x-axis, AD must lie on the y-axis a units above point A. D(0, a)
A(0, 0)
B(a, 0)
(4) Place point C a units above point B. D(0, a) C(a, a)
A(0, 0) (5) Draw the diagonals. D(0, a)
B(a, 0)
C(a, a)
A(0, 0)
B(a, 0)
Activity 5 Page 53

b. Write the given and prove of the conditional statement in terms of the diagram. Given: Square ABCD with diagonals AC and BD Prove: AC BD AC BD AC and BD bisect each other c. Use the distance formula to find the lengths of the two diagonals. AC = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 = (a 0) 2 + (a 0) 2 = 2a 2 = a 2 BD = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 = (a 0) 2 + (0 a ) 2 = 2a 2 = a 2 So, by the definition of congruence, AC BD because they both have the same lengths. c. Use the midpoint formula to find the midpoints of the two diagonals. x + x y + y 0+a 0+a a a Midpoint of AC = 1 2 , 1 2 = , = , 2 2 2 2 2 2 x + x y + y 0+a a+0 a a Midpoint of BD = 1 2 , 1 2 = , = , 2 2 2 2 2 2 So, AC and BD bisect each other because both segments have the same midpoint. d. Use the slope formula to compare the slopes of the two diagonals. y y a 0 Slope of AC = 2 1 = =1 x2 x1 a 0 y y a0 Slope of BD = 2 1 = = 1 x2 x1 0 a So, AC BD because the product of the slopes of the two segments is 1 . Therefore, the diagonals of a square are congruent and are perpendicular bisectors of each other. 2. Write a coordinate proof of the conditional statement: The segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle (1) is parallel to the third side of the triangle, and (2) has a length equal to half the length of the third side. a. For the conditional, rewrite the statement in if-then form, and then label the hypothesis and the conclusion.
Activity 5 Page 54

b. Draw and label a figure on the coordinate plane. Hint: The algebra to calculate the coordinates of the midpoints of the two sides of the triangle can be simplified if you multiply each of the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle by two. A(2b, 2c) M
B(0, 0)
C(2a, 0)
c. Write the given and prove in terms of the diagram. Given: Triangle ABC M is the midpoints of AB N is the midpoint of AC Prove: (1) MN BC (2) MN = BC 2
d. Use the midpoint formula to find the coordinates of the midpoints of the two congruent sides of the triangle. x + x 2 y1 + y 2 2b + 0 2c + 0 M= 1 , , = = (b, c ) 2 2 2 2 x + x 2 y1 + y 2 2a + 2b 2c + 0 N= 1 , , = = ( a + b, c ) 2 2 2 2 e. Use the slope formula to compare the slopes of the two segments. y2 y1 cc 0 = = =0 x2 x1 a + b b a 00 0 Slope of BC = = =0 2a 0 a So, MN BC because the two segments have equal slopes Slope of MN =
Activity 5 Page 55

f. Use the distance formula to find the lengths of the two segments. MN = BC = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 = (a + b b) 2 + (0 0) 2 = (a ) 2 + (0) 2 = a
( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 = (2a 0) 2 + (0 0) 2 = (2a ) 2 + (0) 2 = 2a BC 1 So, MN = because a = ( 2a ) . 2 2 Therefore. the segment that joins the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is (1) parallel to the third side of the triangle, and (2) equal in length to one-half the length of the third side.
Activity 5 Page 56
Different Methods of Proof Coordinate Proofs

Use coordinate proofs to justify the following conditional statements. 1. The segment joining the midpoints of two opposite sides of a parallelogram is parallel to the other two sides.
2.
The quadrilateral formed by joining, in order, the midpoints of the sides of a quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
3.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
4.
The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
5.
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
6.
The mid-segment of a trapezoid is a. parallel to each of the bases of the trapezoid, and
b.
equal in length to one-half the sum of the lengths of the two bases.
Activity 5 Page 57

Different Methods of Proof Objectives: HSA Geometry Activities Activity 5

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Different Methods of Proof Objectives

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HSA Geometry Activities Page 81

Different Methods of Proof Lesson Plan Justification in Proof Essential Questions

HSA Geometry Activities Page 82

Different Methods of Proof Development of Ideas (Continued)

HSA Geometry Activities Page 83