Chap Mathematics for S5

Q1. (a) Show that the hypotenuse (h) of a right-angled triangle, is expressed in terms of its perimeter (P)
and area (A) according to following formula:

(b) A rectangular plot requires 2000 meters of fencing to enclose it. If one of its dimensions is x (in meter),
express its area A (in square meters) as a function of x, and determine the domain of the function.
(c) Express in terms of one variable, the area (A) of rectangle whose diagonal is 16m and find its domain.
(d) Express the area of a square as a function of the length of its diagonal.
Q2. Find the following limits:
c c √ √
(a) i (c) i (e) i
c c
i i √ √
(b) i (d) i (f) i ( √ )
c c

√
Q3. (a) Evaluate i (Hint let )
i
(b) Given that i , evaluate the following limits
i i c
(i) i (ii) i (iii) i
i c i

Q4. Given that | |

(a) Find i and i
CALCULUS

(b) Discuss the limit of when x approaches 2.

(c) Sketch the graph of f.

Q5. Let | |
(a) Find i and i
(b) Discuss the limit of when x approaches 2.
(c) Sketch the graph of f.

Q6. (a) Is there any real number a such that i exists? If so, find the value of a and the
value of the limit
√
(b) Find two real numbers a and b such that i

Q7. Find the domain of definition of the following functions

(a) √ (b) √ (c) √ (d) √
√

Q8. Calculate the limits of roots of each of the following equation in x:

(a) ( ) , when (i) (ii) (iii)
(b) , when (i) (ii) (iii)

Q9. Find domain of continuity of the function f defined by

√

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 Q10. (a) Determine the value of the constant m that will make the following function continuous at .
if
{
if
(b) Find the value of constants m and k, if possible, that will make the function f continuous everywhere
if
{ if
if
(c) Find the real number such that the function f defined by
if
{ is continuous at
if
i
Q11. (a) In order to calculate i a tude t app ie tw ucce ive ti e L’H pita ’ ru e a d fi d
i c i
i i i
Explain why this answer is incorrect. What is the correct answer.
b Criticize the f wi g u e f L’H pita ’ ru e:
i i i i

Q12. By using a calculator in radian mode, complete the following table:

CALCULUS

x 0 0.0 0.1 0.5

i

i
(a) What is the value indicated by the calculator for when
, , ?
i
(b) Hence guess the value of i
c i
(c) Prove the identity for each real number x: ( ).

[ Hint: Use the identity c i ]

i c
(d) Assuming that i , determine the limit of as x approaches 0.

Q13. Given that

(a) Find i
(b) What does this limit correspond?
Q14. Let √
(a) Use your calculator to evaluate the quantity for .
What does this quantity represent?
(b) Guess the value of the limit i
(c) What does the limit in part (b) represent?

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 Q15. (a) The displacement s of a particle moving along a horizontal line at any time t is given by:

Compute:
(i) the average velocity and acceleration when time varies from 3 second to 3.5 seconds.
(ii) the instantaneous velocity and acceleration at time ec d
(b) s is measured in meters and t in seconds, find the velocity at time of the following
displacements
(i) (ii) √
Q16. (a) Find the equation of the tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point (2, 4).
(b) Find the equation of the tangent line to each of the following parameterized curve at the
indicated point:
√
(i) { at the point where
y
√
c c
(ii) { at the point where
y i i
Q17. a Verify R e’ the re f r the fu cti on the interval [0, 1] and find the number c
uch that R e’ the re i ati fied I terpret the u ber c.
b I p ib e t app y R e’ the re t each f the f wi g fu cti ? If ye fi d the rea u ber c
verifyi g R e’ the re the give i terva
(i) , [1, 4]
(ii) , [ 2, 2]
CALCULUS

Q18. Show that the following functions satisfy the mean value theorem (MVT) on the given interval
and find the number c such that the MVT is verified.
(a) on [1, 2]
(b) on
Q19. (a) Prove that arcta arcta , if
(b) Hence show that arcta .
[Hint: Apply the MVT to the function arcta on [a, b]]

Q20. For what values of m the graph of the function has at the point with abscissa 0 a
tangent parallel to the line ?
Q21. (a) Determine two real numbers and so that the representative curve of the function defined by
passes through the point and has there a tangent line whose equation is
.
(b) Let f be the function such that a . Find three real numbers a, b and c such that its
representative curve C , has at the point A(1; 3) a tangent line with gradient equals to 1 and has also
a horizontal tangent line at the point whose abscissa is 1/2.
Q22. The line passes through the point ( 1, ). Find
(a) the angle the line makes with the x-axis.
(b) the coordinates of the point where this line cuts the x-axis
i
Q23. Determine the equation of the tangent line to the curve c i
at the point where .

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 Q24. It is given that c i .
Show that i

Q25. Calculate the derivatives of the two members of each of the following formula
(a) i i c
(b) c c c i i
What trigonometric identities do you obtain?
Q26. If , find a formula for (a formula for the nth derivative)
Q27. Calculate the derivative of each of the following functions
i ta i c
(a) | | (b) i (c)
i c i c

√
(d) | | (e) [Hint: use logarithmic differentiation]

Q28. Differentiate from the first principle (By using definition)

Q29. The curve has a gradient of 7 at . Find the value of a.

Q30. A curve is defined by the parametric equations: {

y
CALCULUS

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at (2, 10)

Q31. Show that the given point lies on the given curve and then find the equations of the tangent and
normal line to the curve at the given point
(a) at (3, 3)
(b) at (2, )
(c) at √
Q32. The function where , has two asymptotes. If the inverse function of
the slant (oblique) asymptote is and , calculate .
Q33. Use the mean value theorem (Linear approximation formula) to approximate each of the followings
(a) √ (b) ta (c) i
dy ta
Q34. (a) If c , i , show that dx ta
i dy
(b) If √ , show that dx
i

i dy
(c) If arcta (√ ) , show that dx
i

(d) If c , show that

(e) If i , find the value of
(f) If √ prove that ( ) .

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 Q35. If i arc i , show that ( ) .

Q36. (a) Show that the equation of the tangent line to the curve
c , i
at any point is i yc i c
(b) If the tangent at P cuts the y-axis at Q, determine the area of the triangle OPQ where O is the origin.
Q37. Optimization problems
(a) What is the largest area of a rectangle whose diagonal is 16 m?

(b) A farmer has 2400 m of fencing and wants to fence a rectangular field that boarders a straight river.
He needs no fence along the river. What are the dimensions of the field that has the largest area?

(c) A farmer has 60m of fencing wire to make 3 sides of a rectangular plot, the fourth
side being an existing wall. Find the maximum area he can enclose.

(d) Find the point on the parabola that is closest to the point (0, )

(e) A box with a square base is constructed so that the length of one side of the base plus the height
is 10cm. What is the largest possible volume of such box?
CALCULUS

(f) A solid cylindrical wood is to be made to have a volume of c . Find the radius if the total
surface area is to be minimum.

(g) Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semicircle of radius r.

Q38. Find the acute angles of intersection of the following curves:

(a) and
(b) and
Q39. Show that the points of inflection of the curve lies on a straight line and find its equation

Q40. A curve C is defined by parametric equations:

x
{
y
(a) Write the components of the direction vector of the tangent to the curve C at the point
when , then at the point when .
(b) Determine the Cartesian equations of these tangents.
Q41. A curve C is given by the following parametric equations
x
{ { }
y
(a) Write the coordinates of the direction vector of the tangent T to the curve C at the point M
where . Write the equation of this tangent line.
(b) For what values of t is the tangent horizontal?
(c) For what values of t is the tangent vertical?

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 Q42. Consider the cubic function defined by

(a) Draw the table of variations of the function.

[ Find the first derivative and study its sign]
(b) From your table of variations, locate the minimum and maximum point on the curve.
(c) Show that the function y is odd.
(d) Sketch the curve of the function.
Q43. Let
(a) Study the variations of
(b) Show that is even.
(c) Sketch the curve of .
Q44. Sketch the graph of each of the following functions:
(a) | | (c) | |
(b) | | | | (d) | |
Q45. Consider the following numerical function f defined by

a) Find the domain of definition of .

b) Find the points of intersection of the curve with the axes of coordinates
c) Find two real numbers a and b such that
CALCULUS

Hence write down the equations of vertical and horizontal asymptotes to the curve.
d) Study the variations of and trace its curve on the Cartesian plane.
Q46. Given the curve C whose equation is
a) Find the domain of definition of
b) Write the equations of asymptotes to the curve.
c) Find the maximum and minimum of
d) Represent graphically the curve C on the Cartesian plane

Q47. Given the curve

(a) Write down the equations of all the asymptotes
(b) Determine the turning points
(c) Sketch the curve

Q48. Given the curve

(a) Determine the equations of all the asymptotes to the curve.
(b) Find the first derivative and hence show that the curve has so stationary points.
(c) Sketch the curve C.

Q49. A curve C has equation

(a) Write down the equations of all the asymptotes of C.
(b) Show that the curve C has no stationary point
(c) Sketch the curve C.

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 Q50. Consider the following real valued numerical function f defined by:

(a) Find the domain of definition of f

(b) Determine three real numbers a, b and c such that:

Hence write down the equations of vertical and oblique asymptotes

(c) Discuss the first derivative of f and draw the table of variation
(d) Find the points of intersection of the curve with axes of coordinates if they are any.
(e) Sketch the graph of f on the Cartesian plane

Q51. Carry out a complete study of each of the following functions and sketch their graphs
(a) (c)
(b) √ (d) arcta
Q52. Consider the following real valued numerical function f defined by
| |
(a) Find the domain of definition of f.
(b) Show that the function f is continuous for all .
Is it differentiable at ?
(c) Calculate i [ ] and i [ ]
CALCULUS

Hence deduct what the lines and represent to the curve of .

(d) Study the variations of and trace its curve on the Cartesian plane.
(e) Determine the equations of the tangent lines to the curve of at .

Q53. Let be a function defined over . Then:

(a)
(b) 0 is an extremum of f over .
(c) For each real number x, ()
(d) The curve of f has a unique horizontal tangent line.
(e) i

Q54. Consider the function f defined over { √ } whose table of variation is

x √ 0 √ √
0 0 0 √
0
√
0 √ 4

(a) Find the interval in which the function f is increasing or decreasing.

(b) Write the equations of all asymptotes to the curve of f.
(c) What are the extrema of the function?
(d) Find the inflection point.
(e) Recopy the table above and complete in the row of to show the variation of the function.
(f) Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve of f at the point √

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 Q55. Consider the function f defined over { } whose table of variation is

x
0
4

0 1
(a) The equation has exactly two roots
(b) The curve of f has two horizontal asymptotes
(c) The equation has at least a root.
Q56. Consider the function defined by
(a) What is the domain of definition of f? Calculate the derivative of f.
(b) Find the equation of the tangent (T) to the curve (C) of f at the point with abscissa .
(c) Study the position of (C) with respect to (T)
d What ca be aid ab ut the ta ge t ’ t C at the p i t with ab cissa .
(e) Determine with aid of (T), an approximate value of and then

Q57. Consider the function and its representative curve (C).

CALCULUS

(a) Find three real numbers a, b and c such that:

(b) Determine the domain of definition and the parity of f.
(c) Calculate the limits of f to the boundaries of the domain and deduce the equations of asymptote to (C)
(d) What is the position of the curve (C) with respect to the line D ( )
(e) With aid of the first derivative, study the variation sense of f.
(f) Solve the equation
(g) Trace the curve (C) and the line D on the same Cartesian plane.

Q58. Let
(a) Find the domain of definition of f.
(b) Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote to the curve of f.
(c) With aid of the first derivative, study the variations of f.
(d) Show that i [ ]
This shows that the curve of f is asymptotic the parabola . Use this fact to sketch the curve of f.
Q59. Consider a real valued numerical function f defined by
√

and its representative curve (C) on the Cartesian plane.

(a) Find the domain of definition of f.
(b) Write the equations of all asymptotes to curve (C).
(c) Show that the curve has no stationary points and draw the table of variation of the function.
(d) Find the intercepts of curve (C) with axes of coordinates if there are any.
(f) Sketch the curve (C).

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 Q60. (a) Study the variations of the function .
(b) Show that . Study the position of the curve (C) of f with respect to the line with
equation .
(c) At what points on the curve (C) is the tangent line parallel to the line .
(d) On the same graph, trace these tangents, the line and then the curve (C).

Q61. Let √
(a) Find the domain of definition of f.
(b) Find the asymptotes to the curve of f if they exist.
(c) Solve the equation .
(d) With aid of the first and second derivatives, study the variations of the function and draw the table
of variation.
(e) Find the coordinate of a point of intersection of the curve of f with its slant (oblique) asymptote.
(c) Sketch the graph of f.
Q62. Consider a real valued numerical function f defined by

(a) Study the variations of the function and sketch its representative curve (C) on the Cartesian plane.
(b) Determine the point of the curve (C) where the slope of the tangent line to (C) is .
Write the equation of this tangent line and sketch it on the same graph used in part (a)
(c) Consider the equation: g g g g , where .
CALCULUS

(i) Prove that this equation can be put in the form under certain conditions that
you will precise clearly.
(ii) Hence, use the curve (C) to discuss the number of solutions of the above equation according
to the values of the parameter m.

Q63. (a) Consider the function f defined on by √

Calculate the expression:

(b) Differentiate * √ + , n is any constant.

(c) Given that √

Q64. (a) A window is being built and the bottom is a rectangle and the top is a semicircle. If there is 12 m of
framing materials what must the dimensions of the window be to let in the most light?
(b) Determine the area of the largest rectangle whose base is on the x-axis and the top two corners
lie on the parabola .
(c) Determine the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 5.
(d) Determine the points on the parabola that are closest to (0, 2).
Q65. The Perfect Pizza Parlor estimates the average daily cost per pizza, in dollars, to be
, where x is the number of pizzas made in a day.
a) Determine the marginal cost at a production level of 50 pizzas a day.
b) Determine the production level that would minimize the average daily cost per pizza.
c) What is the minimum average daily cost?

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 Q66. An enterprise produces everyday a certain number x of items. Each item is sold £100. The cost of unit
production expresses the cost of production per unit. It was found that
for x belonging to the interval I [ ].
(a) Study the function U on the interval I and plot its curve. (units: 1cm for 5 items / 1cm for £10)
(b) Determine the production level for which the unit production cost is minimal. Hence determine
the profit of the enterprise.
(c) Determine graphically, the number of items that must be produced and sold in order to have the unit
production cost less than or equal to £80.
(d) Show that the global (total) benefit of the enterprise is . Determine its
variation sense on the interval I and find the production level to have a maximum profit. What is the
value of this profit?
Q67. Box
Part I: Let V be a function defined over by .
(a) Study the variations of V over .
(b) Trace out the graphical representation of V on the Cartesian plane.
[ Graphical units: 1cm represents 1 units on the x-axis and 1cm represents
10 units on the y-axis]
Part II: From each corner of a square of tin, 12 cm on a side, small squares of side x (in cm) are
removed, and the edges are turned up to form an open box as shown in the figure below.

12
CALCULUS

12

x
(a) Show that the set of values that can be taken by x is the interval [0; 6]
(b) Show that the volume of the box is given by the formula .
(c) Deduce that there exists a value of x for which the volume is maximum. What is the value of
this volume?

Q68. Verify the following identities without using a calculator

(a) arc i arc i arc i (f) arcta arcta
√ √
(b) c (√ ) c ( ) (g) arcc arc i
√

(c) ta () ta () (i) arcta arcta

√
(d) ta () ta () ta () (j) arc i arcta arcta
(e) arcc arcta (k)
[Hint: take trigonometric functions on both sides]

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 Q69. Solve in the following equartions
(a) arcc acrc arcc (d) arcta arcta acrcta
√
(b) arc i acrc i arc i (e) acrcc arcta
(c) arcta arcta √ (f) ) arc i acrcc t

Q70. (a) Show that the solution of the equation:

arcta arcta arcta
is given by
(b) Hence or otherwise, prove that
acrcta acrcta acrcta acrcta

Q71. The sum of the first n positive integers

(a) Prove that, :
∑
(b) Hence or otherwise workout out of

Q72. Given the sum

CALCULUS

(a) Identify the sum and then prove the identity by induction.
(b) Hence evaluate
Q73. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that each statement is
true for positive integer numbers n
(a) is divisible by 4. (f) * +
(b) is divisible by 8. (g)
(c)
(d)
(e) is divisible by 2.

Q74 (a) Show that the sequence defined by is

geometric or arithmetic
(b) Calculate ∑

Q75 The sum of a certain series is for all values of n.

(a) Find the nth term and the first three terms
(b) Show that the series is a geometrical progression

Q76. Show that the sequence , is decreasing.

Q77. (a) Prove that sequence { } defined by is arithmetic.

(b) Find the sum ∑ of the first k terms of the sequence.
(c) Hence find the sum of the first 15 terms of the given sequence.

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 Q78. (a) Show that the sequence { } { } is geometric.
(b) Hence or otherwise calculate ∑
Q79. Convert the following periodic decimal numbers into fraction
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Q80. A.P. (Arithmetic progression)
(a) The sum of 40 terms of a certain arithmetic progression is 430 while the
sum of 60 terms is 945. Determine the nth term of the A.P.
(b) How many terms of the A.P. 3, 7, 11, are needed to yield a sum of 1275?
(c) How many terms of the A.P. 24, 22, 20, are needed to give a sum of 150?
Write the terms.
(d) Compute the sum of the first positive integers that are divisible by 7.
(e) Compute the sum of all integers between 100 and 800 that are divisible by 3.
(f) Determine the A.P. whose sum to n terms is .
(g) Insert 5 arithmetic means between 8 and 26.
(h) How ling will it take to pay off a debt of $880 if $25 is paid the first month, $27 the second month,
$29 the third month, etc?
(i) Show that if the sides of a right angled triangle are in A.P., then their ratio is 3:4:5.
(j) Find three numbers in A.P. such that the sum of the first and the third is 12 and the product of the
first and the second is 24.
Q81. G.P. (Geometric progression)
CALCULUS

(a) The 3rd term of a G.P. is 144 and the 6th term is 486. Find the sum of the first five term of the G.P.
(b) Insert four geometric means between √ and 8.
(c) Find the sum to infinity of the infinite geometric sequence:

(d) The first term of a A.P. is 160 and the common ratio is 3/2. How many consecutive terms must be
taken to give a sum of 2110?
(e) A G.P. has 1st term 27 and common ratio 4/3. Find the least number of terms for which the sum
exceeds 550.
(f) Find the value (x) for which the numbers , and form a geometric progression.
(g) A boy agree to work at the rate of one cent (1¢) the first day, two cent (2¢) the second day, four cent (4¢)
the 3rd day, eight cent (8¢) the 4th day, etc. How much would he receive at the end of 15 days?
Q82. (a) Determine three consecutive terms and of a geometric sequence such that
√
,
√
(b) Calculate the three consecutive terms a, b and c of an increasing geometric progression such that

(i) , (ii) {

Q83. (a) Prove that

g g g g g gx
(b) Show that if g g g are consecutive terms of an arithmetical progression, then are
in geometrical progression.

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 Q84. Find two real numbers a and b such that form an arithmetic progression (A.P.)
and form a geometric progression (G.P.); precise the terms, the common difference
for the arithmetic progression and the common ration for the geometric progression.
Q85. If , and and , find
(i) a, b and c (ii) ∑ (iii) ∑

Q86. The weights of 60 students are grouped in 4 classes of equal amplitude r as

follows:
[ [ , [ [ , [ [ , [ [
(a) Express in terms of , r and n where { }.
(b) If g and g, Determine the value of the amplitude r and
hence the values of and .
(c) Find the mean and the standard deviation of the distribution given that the
frequencies of the 4 classes are 5, 10, 30 and 15.
Q87. Given the sequence defined by

{ ,
√ √
(a) Calculate and .
(b) Given that √ , prove that the sequence is a geometric sequence.
(c) Express and in terms of n.
CALCULUS

Q88. a) Let n be a positive integer. Solve in the equation for x:

b) Consider the sequence defined on by

i) Calculate and
ii) Prove that the sequence is geometric and find its common ratio.
iii) Find i
iv) Determine a positive integer number such that ,

Q89. Consider the sequence defined on by:

and √
a) Calculate , , , and
b) Let
i) Prove that the sequence is geometric and determine its ratio.
ii) Deduct and in terms of n.
iii) Find the limits of the sequences and

Q90. Let be the sequence defined by

, ,

(a) Calculate , and

(b) Prove that the sequence defined by is geometric and find the its
common ratio
(c) Find the limit of and that of .

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 Q91. Madam Agnes wants to pay the school fees of his son James in 10 instalments in the following manners:
The first deposit: 6000Frw
The second deposit: 5500Frw
The third deposit: 5000Frw
etc.
(a) What will be the last deposit?
(b) How much will be paid in total?

Q92. A principal Frw is invested at 4.75% interest compounded annually. Denote the amount
accumulated after n years,
(a) Calculate , and
(b) Show that the sequence is geometric
(c) Find the smallest value of n for which
(d) Find the interest rate r necessary so that the principle would be doubled in a period of 10 years.
Q93. Mr Kevin would buy an apartment of 3,000,000Frw by means of a credit which should be paid back in a
period of 20 years. The banker suggests him two formulas:

Formula A Formula B
CALCULUS

Each year, 2.5% more than the Each year, 10,000Frw more than the previous
previous should be paid should be paid

(a) In each case, what is the first amount to be paid back?

(b) Calculate the amount suggested in each formula. What is the more interesting
formula?
Q94. In the year of 2000, the population of 2 towns is given in the table below

Town A Town B
Population 120,000 80,000
Annual growth rate 2% 4%

After how many years the town B will be overpopulated than town A?

Q95. (a) Determine a third degree polynomial function verifying the relations:
{
(b) Hence or otherwise express in terms of n, the sum of squares of the first n positive integers

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 Q95.The Table below shows the ages X and the systolic blood pressures Y of 12 women.

Age (X) 56 42 72 36 63 47 55 49 38 42 68 60
Blood pressure
(Y) 147 125 160 118 149 128 150 145 115 140 152 155

a. Determine the least-squares regression equation of Y on X

b. Find the correlation coefficient between X and Y
c. Estimate the blood pressure of a woman whose age is 45 years

Q96. The following table shows (in inches) the respective heights X and Y of a sample of 12 fathers and
their oldest sons.

Height X of a father (in) 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71

Height Y of a son (in) 68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70
DOUBLE STATISTICAL SERIES

(a) Construct a scatter diagram of the data

(b) Find the least-squares regression line of the height of the father on the height of the son
and graph it on the same scatter diagram in part (a).
(c) Estimate the height of a son when the height of his father is known to be 60 in.
(d) Calculate the correlation coefficient between X and Y.

Q97.Given the regression equation lines:

(1): X– Y (Y on X)
(2): X– Y (X on Y)
(a) Find the correlation coefficient, r.
(b) The acute angle between the 2 regression lines.
Q98. In a correlation study, the following values are obtained
X Y
Mean 65 67
S.D 2.5 3.5

Coefficient of correlation
Find the two regression equations that are associated with the above values.

Q99.The height H, in centimetres, and the weight W, in kilograms, of then people are
measured. It is found that:
∑ , ∑ , ∑ , ∑ and ∑
(a) Calculate the correlation coefficient between the values of H and W.
(b) What is the equation of the regression line of W on H
(c) Estimate the weight of a people whose height is known to be 175cm.

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 Q100. The table below shows the final grades in algebra and physics obtained by 10 students selected at
random from a large group of students.

Algebra (X) 75 80 93 65 87 71 98 68 84 77

Physics (Y) 82 78 86 72 91 80 95 72 89 74

(a) Graph the data.

(b) Find a least-squares line fitting the data, using X as the independent variable.
(c) Find a least-squares line fitting the data, using Y as the independent variable.
(d) If a student receives a grade of 75 in algebra, what is her expected grade in physics?
(e) If a student receives a grade of 95 in physics, what is her expected grade in algebra?
(f) Calculate the correlation coefficient between the variables X and Y and comment on your result.

Q101. (a) Construct a scatter diagram to the data in the following table.
(b) Fit a least-squares line to the data by using
(i) X as the independent variable and
(ii) X as the dependent variable.
DOUBLE STATISTICAL SERIES

X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 9 9

(c) Show that the two least-squares lines obtained in part (b) intersect at point (X̅ Y̅ )
(d) Estimate the value of Y when X .
(e) Estimate the value of X when Y .
(f) Find the coefficient of linear correlation between the variables X and Y.
Q102. Table 13.21 shows the number in thousands of the United States population 85 years and over
for the years 1999 through 2005.
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
85 and over 4154 4240 4418 4547 4716 4867 5096
(a) Graph the data.
(b) Find the least-squares line fitting the data. Code the years 1999 through 2005 as the whole
numbers 1 through 7.
(c) Predict the number of individuals 85 years and older in 2010.

Q103. The following table shows the birth rate per 1000 population during the years 1998 through 2004.
Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
85 and over 14.3 14.2 14.4 14.1 4716 13.9 14.0
(a) Graph the data.
(b) Find the least-squares line fitting the data. Code the years 1998 through 2004 as the whole
numbers 1through 7.
(c) Compute the trend values (fitted values) and the residuals.
(d) Predict the birth rate in 2010, assuming the present trend continues

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 Q104. For a given set of data:
∑ , ∑ , ∑ , ∑ , ∑ and
(a) Find the equation of the regression line of Y on X.
(b) Calculate the correlation coefficient between X and Y.
Q105. For a given set of data, the regression line of Y on X is and that of X on Y is
. Find:
(a) the correlation coefficient between X and Y.
(b) X̅ and Y̅
Q106. Prove that the value of the correlation coefficient r is between and (i.e. )
with the equality when data lie on a straight line.

Q107. The correlation coefficient between two variables X and Y is . If X , Y ,

X̅ and X̅ , find the equations of the regression lines of
(a) Y on X.
(b) X and Y.
Q108. Consider the following statistical series in two variables X and Y.
DOUBLE STATISTICAL SERIES

X
Y 2 3 5 7 8
4 2 5 7 3 1
6 5 8 10 8 3
7 1 3 5 2 1

(a) Draw a weighted scatter diagram for these data.

(b) Calculate the marginal distributions of X and Y.
(c) Find the coordinates of the mean point
(d) Determine the equation of the regression line of Y on X.
Q109. On 50 families of a certain city, a survey was carried out on the current number of children (X) and
the number of televisions (Y) per family. The contingency table shows the results:

Number of
televisions (Y) Number of children (X)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 2 2 0
2 1 2 2 3 4 3
3 0 2 3 3 5 5
4 0 0 1 2 3 4

(a) Draw a weighted scatter diagram for these data.

(b) Calculate the marginal distributions of X and Y.
(c) Find the coordinates of the mean point
(d) Determine the equation of the regression line of Y on X.
(e) Compute the correlation coefficient between X and Y and comment on your answer.

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 Q110. The following table gives the heights (in cm) and the weights (in Kg) of 100 people.

Weight (X) [40, 45[ [45, 50[ [50, 55[ [55, 60[
DOUBLE STATISTICAL SERIES

Height (Y)
[150, 155[ 20 9 1 0
[155, 160[ 2 18 4 1
[160, 165[ 0 5 12 6
[165, 170 0 2 7 13

(a) Calculate the marginal distributions of frequencies

(b) Find the coordinates of the mean point.
(c) Calculate the linear correlation coefficient between weights and heights of the 100 people.

C C C
Q111. (a)Simplify: (i) (ii) C (iii) (iv)
C C
C C
(b) Calculate: (i) (ii) C (iii) (iv)
C

Q112. Prove the following relations

(a) (d) C C
(b) C C (e) C C C
(c) C C
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

Q113. Solve in the set of real numbers , the following equations

(a) (f) C C
(b) (g) C C
(c) C (h) ( ) ( )
(d)
(e)
Q114. Solve the following system for x and y:
C C
{
C C

Q115. Binomial / Multinomial Theorem

(a) Find the term involving in the expansion of ( ) .
(b) Find the term involving in the expansion of .
(c) Find the coefficient involving in the expansion of ( x ) .
x
(d) Find the coefficient involving in the expansion of ( √) .
(e) Find the middle term in the in x (i.e. the term in ) in the expansion of (√ ).
(f) Find the coefficient of term in in the expansion of .
(g) Find the coefficient of term in in the expansion of .

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 Q111. Anagram
Find the number of permutations that can be made from all letters of each word:
(a) Committee (d) Baseball
(b) Proposition (e) Substitution
(c) History (f) Pythagoras
Q112. Permutations
(a) In how many ways can a committee consisting of a president, vice-president and a secretary
be chosen from a group of 12 people.

(b) (i) How many automobile license plates can be made if each plate contains 2 different letters
followed by 3 different digits.
(ii) Solve the problem if the first digit cannot be zero.

(c) (i) A box contains 9 cards numbered from 1 through 9. Three cards are selected in succession
with replacement. The numbers selected are written down one after another in the order of
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

the selection to obtain a single number of 3 digits. What are the possible results one can get?
(ii) Solve the problem if the cards are selected one after the other without replacement.

(d) Five children are to be seated on a bench. Find:

(i) how many ways the children can be seated
(ii) how many arrangements are possible if the youngest child is to sit at the left-hand end
of the bench.

(e) How many different four-digit numbers can be formed from the figures: 3, 4, 5, 6 if each figure
is used only once in each number? How many of these numbers
(i) end in 4 (ii) end in 3 (iii) end in 3 or 4

(f) How many numbers greater than 50,000 can be formed using the digits 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 if each
digit is used only once in each number?

(g) How many odd numbers greater than 60,000 can be formed using the digits 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 if
each digit is used only once in each number?

(h) Ten athletes are to take part in a race. In how many different ways can the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd places
be filled?

(i) Five red marbles, 2 white marbles, and 3 blue marbles are arranged in a row. If all the marbles
of the same colour are not distinguishable from each other, how many different arrangements
are possible?

(j) It is required to seat 5 men and 4 women in a row so that the women occupy the even places.
How many such arrangements are possible?

(k) There are three roads joining town X to town Y; three more roads joining town Y to town Z
and two roads joining Z to A. How many different routes are there from X to A passing through
Y and Z?

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 Q113. Permutations
(a) A witness reported that a car seen speeding away from the scene of the crime had a number
plate that began with V or W, the digits were 4, 7 and 8 and the end letters were A, C, E. He could
not however remember the order of the digits or the end letters. How many cars need to be
checked to be sure of including suspect car?

(b) If repetition is not allowed;

(i) How many 3 digit numbers can be formed from the six digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9?
(ii) How many of these are less than 400?
(iii) How many are even?
(iv) How many are odd?
(v) How many are multiple of 5?

(c) In how many ways can 5 people be seated on a sofa if there are only 3 seats available?

(d) In how many ways 3 Americans, 4 Frenchmen, 4 Danes and 2 Italians be seated in a row so that
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

those of the same nationality sit together?

(e) Four different mathematics books, 6 different physics books, and 2 different chemistry books are to
be arranged on a shelf. How many different arrangements are possible if
(i) the books in each particular subject must all stand together and
(ii) only the mathematics books must stand together?

Q114. Combinations
(a) In how many ways can a committee of 5 people be chosen out of 9 people?

(b) In how many ways can 10 objects be split into two groups containing 4 and 6 objects, respectively?

(c) From 7 consonants and 5 vowels, how many words can be formed consisting of 4 different consonants
and 3 different vowels? The words need not have meaning.

(d) In how many ways can a committee consisting of 3 men and 2 women be chosen from 7 men and 5
women?

(e) Out of 5 mathematicians and 7 physicists, a committee consisting of 2 mathematicians and 3 physicists
is to be formed. In how many ways can this be done if
(i) any mathematician and any physicist can be included,
(ii) one particular physicist must be on the committee, and
(ii) two particular mathematicians cannot be on the committee?

(f) In how many ways can 6 questions be selected out of 10?

(g) In how many ways can a group of 10 people be divided into

(i) two groups consisting of 7 and 3 people and
(ii) three groups consisting of 4, 3, and 2 people?

(h) In how many ways can a hand of 4 cards be dealt from an ordinary pack of 52 playing cards?

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 Q115. Combinations
(a) A team of 4 is chosen at random from 5 girls and 6 boys. In how many ways can the team be chosen if
(i) There is no restriction; (ii) There must be more boys than girls?

(b) In a group of 6 students, 4 are female and 2 are male. Determine how many committees of three
members can be formed containing one male and 2 females?

(c) In how many ways can a teacher choose one or more students from six eligible students?

(d) A class contains 12 students of which 3 are girls.

(i) In how many ways can the teacher choose a committee of 4 students?
(ii) How many of these committees will contain at least one girl?
(iii) How many of these committees will contain at most 3 boys?
(v) How many of these committees will contain exactly 3 boys?

(e) A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions on an exam.

(i) How many choices has he?
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

(ii) How many if he must answer the first two questions?

(iii) How many if he must answer the first or the second question but not both?
(iv) How many if he must answer exactly 3 of the first 5 questions?
(v) How many if he must answer at least 3 of the first 5 questions?

(f) A woman has 11 close friends.

(i) In how many ways can she invite 5 of them for dinner?
(ii) In how many ways if two of the friends are married and will not attend separately?

(g) There 10 points A, B, C, in a plane, no three on the same straight line.

(i) How many lines are determined by the points?
(ii) How many of these lines do not pass through point A or point B?
(iii) How many triangles are determined by the points?
(iv) How many of these triangles contain the point A?
(v) How many these triangles contain the side AB?
Q116. Number of diagonals in a polygon of n sides
(a) If a diagonal of a polygon is defined to be any line joining any two non-adjacent (non-consecutive)
vertices, how many diagonals are there in a polygon of n sides?
(b) Hence find the number of diagonals are there in
(i) pentagon (ii) decagon
Q117. Decide whether each of the following problems involves a permutation or a combination
and then work out the answer.
a) How many 4 digit numbers can be made from the digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 if no repetition of digits
is allowed.
b) A student has to answer 8 out of 10 questions in an exam. How many different choices has she?
c) How many different car number plates can be made if each plate contains 2 different letters
followed by 3 distinct digits?
d) How many ways are there of playing a game of lotto requiring you to select 6 correct numbers out
of 44?
e) In how many ways can the 52 members of a labour union choose a president, a vice-president,
a secretary, and a treasurer?

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 Q118. Stirling’s formula to n!
For large values of n, the approximate formula for n! is
√ where is the natural base of logarithms.
(a) Compute 12! On your calculator, then use Stir i g’ formula to approximate 50!
(b) By what percent does the approximate value differ from the exact value?
(c) For large values of n, show that C √

Q119. Tree diagram

(a) Show the sample space for tossing one penny and rolling one die.

(b) A box contains three red balls and two blue balls. Two balls are to be drawn without replacement.
Use a tree diagram to represent the various outcomes that can occur.

(c) A lottery allows you to select a two-digit number. Each digit may be either 1, 2 or 3. Use a tree
diagram to show the sample space and tell how many different numbers can be selected.

(d) In a medical study, patients are classified according to whether they have blood type A, B, AB, or O,
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

and also according to whether their blood pressure is low, normal, or high. Use a tree diagram to
represent the various outcomes that can occur.

Q120. Probability
(a) A fair die is tossed once.
(i) What is the probability that an odd number appears?
(ii) What is the probability that a prime number appears?

(b) Three fair coins are flipped once.

(i) Determine the sample space.
(ii) Determine the probability that that exactly 1 head occurs.
(iii) Determine the probability that that at least 1 head occurs.
(iv) Determine the probability that that at most 2 tails occur.

Q121. (a) Three horses A, B and C are in a race; A is twice as likely to win as B, and B is likely to win as C
. (i) What are their respective probabilities of winning, i.e. P(A), P(B) and P(C)?
(ii) What is the probability that B or C wins?

(b) A coin is weighted so that head is twice as likely to appear as tail. Find P(H) and P(T).

(c) A die weighted so that the probability that a number when the die is tossed is proportional to the
given number is tossed once. Let a eve u ber appear ’’, a pri e u ber appear ’’
C a dd u ber appear ’’.
(i) Describe the sample space, i.e. find the probability of each sample point.
(ii) Find P(A), P(B) and P(C).
(iii) Find the probability that :
(1) an even or prime number occurs (3) A but not B.
(2) an odd prime number occurs

(d) A cubical die, numbered 1 to 6, is weighted so that a six is twice as likely to occur as any
other number. Find the probability of
(i) a six occurring (ii) an odd number occurring.

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 Q122 Copy and complete the table below given that the objects used in order to realize those events
are fair (perfect).

Random Experiment n(S) Event A n(A) P(A)

1) Tossing a coin once Head occurs

2) Flipping a die once. An even number appears

3) Selecting 1 card from an ordinary pack of A heart is selected.
52 playing cards
4) Selecting a ball from a box containing 5 An odd number is selected
balls numbered from 1 to 5
5) Tossing a die twice The sum of upturned faces is 8

Q123. Hospital records indicated that maternity patients stayed in the hospital for the number of days shown in
the distribution below:
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

Number of days Frequency

stayed Find these probabilities
3 15 (a) A patient stayed exactly 5 days.
4 32 (b) A patient stayed less than 6 days.
5 55 (c) A patient stayed at most 4 days.
6 18 (a) A patient stayed least 5 days.
7 5
Total 125

Q124. In a sample of 50 persons, 21 had type O blood, 22had type A blood, 5 had type B blood, and
2 had type AB blood. Set up a frequency distribution table and find the following probabilities:
(a) A person has type O blood. (c) A person has neither type A or O blood.
(b) A person has type A or B blood.. (d) A person does not have type AB blood.
Q125. A car manufacturer carried out a survey in which people were asked which factor from the following list
influenced them most when buying a car:
A – the colour range available. D – fuel economy.
B – the servicing costs. E – range of optional extras.
A – driver air bag.
The price chart shows the results from 90 people.

A The names of those who took part were then placed in

E a prize draw. Find the probability that someone who
21◦
60◦ aid ervici g c t ’ wi wi the prize
B
D
128◦ C
55◦

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 Q126. A survey of the 640 properties on an estate was undertaken. Part of the information collected related to
the number of bedrooms and the number of toilets in each property was recorded in the
following table.
Number of toilets
1 2 3 4 or more Total
1 46 14 0 0 60
2 24 67 23 0 114
Number of
bedrooms 3 7 72 99 16 194
4 0 19 123 48 190
5 or more 0 0 11 71 82
Total 77 172 256 135 640
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

(a) A property on the estate is selected at random.

Find, giving your answer to three decimal places, the probability that the property has:
(i) exactly 3 bedrooms;
(ii) at least 2 toilets;
(iii) exactly 3 bedrooms and at least 2 toilets;
(iv) at most 3 bedrooms, given that it has exactly 2 toilets;
(b) Three properties are selected at random from those on the estate which have exactly 3 bedrooms.
Calculate the probability that one property has 2 toilets, one has 3 toilets and the other has at least
4 toilets. Give your answer to three decimal places.
Q127. A student investigating success in driving tests gathered information from 60 students in her school.
Of these students, 25 were girls and 35 were boys. She found that 37 of the students had already
taken a driving test, whilst 5, including 3 girls were too young to take a driving test. Of the 37 who
had taken a test 16 boys and 8 girls had passed their test. The remainder, including 6 girls had failed
the test.
(a) Copy and complete the table
Boys Girls Tot
Passed driving test 16 8
Taken driving test, but failed
Learning, but not yet taken a
driving test
Too young ta take a driving test
Tot 60

Use your table to find the probability that

(b) a student chosen at random has failed a driving test.
(c) a girl chosen at random has taken a driving test.
(d) a boy chosen at random has not yet taken a driving test.
(e) 2 students, chosen at random, are both too young to take a driving test.
(f) a boy and a girl, each chosen at random, have both passed their driving test.

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 Q128. Suppose that a sample space S consists of 4 elements:
{ }
Which function defines a probability space on S.
(a) , , , .
(b) , , , .
(c) , , , .
(d) , , , .
Q123. (a) A point is selected at random inside a circle. Find the probability p that the point is closer to the
center of the circle than to its circumference.
(b) On the number line , points a and b are selected at random such that
and as shown below. Show that the probability p that the distance
d between a and b is greater than 3 is 1/3.
b 0 a 3

d
̅
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

Q124. Let A and B be events with , and . Find

(a) (b) (c) ̅
Q125. Let A and B be the events with , , and . Find
(a) (b) ̅ (c) ̅ (d) ̅ ̅
(e) ̅ ̅ (f) ̅ (g) ̅
Q126. Three light bulbs are chosen at random from 15 bulbs of which 5 are defective. Find the probability that
(a) none is defective (b) exactly one is defective
(c) at least one is defective
Q127. Of 10 girls in a class, 3 have blue eyes. If two of the girls are chosen at random, what is the probability
that
(a) both have blue eyes (b) neither has blue eyes
(c) At least one has blue eyes.
Q128. A class consists of 6 girls and 10 boys. If a committee of 3 is chosen at random from the class, find the
probability that:
(a) 3 boys are selected (b) exactly 2 boys are selected
(c) at least one boy is selected (d) exactly 2 girls are selected.
Q129. Consider the second degree equation . The coefficients and are selected among
the positive integers { }. The coefficient is determined by the first toss of a perfect die
whose sides are numbered from 1 to 6. The coefficient is determined by the second toss of the same
die. Find the probability of the following events:
(a) the equation has two distinct real roots.
(b) the above equation has a double root.
(c) the equation has two complex roots conjugate in pairs.

Q130. a he etter f the w rd DIVORCE’ are arra ged at ra d Fi d the pr babi ity that v we ay
occupy the even places.
(b) The letters of the word MATHEMATICS are written, one on each of 11 separate cards. The cards
are laid out in a line.
(i) Calculate the number of different arrangements of these letters.
(b) Determine the probabilty that vowels are placed together.

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 Q131. (a) What is the probability that at least two people in a room of twenty will be found to have the same
birthday?
(b) From a group of ten boys and eight girls, two pupils are chosen at random. Find the probability
that they are both girls.
Q132. From a group of ten people, four are to be chosen to serve on committee.
(a) In how many different ways can the committee be chosen?
(b) Among ten people, there is one married couple. Find the probability that both the husband
and the wife will be chosen.
(c) find the probability that the three youngest people will be chosen.
Q133. Four persons are chosen at random from a group of 10 persons consisting of 4 men and 6 women.
3 of the women are sisters. Calculate the probability that the 4 persons chosen will:
(a) consists of 4 women (b) consist of 2 women and two men
(c) include the 3 sisters
Q134. In a group of 12 international referees there are three from Africa, four from Asia and five from Europe.
To officiate at a tournament, three referees are chosen at random from the group. Calculate the
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

probability that:
(a) a referee is chosen from each continent
(b) exactly two referees are chosen from Asia
(c) the three referees are chosen from the same continent.

Q135. Conditional probalities

Three machines A, B and C produces respectively 50%, 30% and 20% of the total number of items of
a factory. The percentages of defective output of these machines are respectively 3%, 4% and 5%.
An item is selected at random, find the probability that:
(a) the item is found to be defective
(b) If the selected item is found to be defective, what is the probability that it was produced by
machine A?

Q136. Box A contains 9 card numbered 1 through 9, and box B contains 5 cards numbered 1 through 5.
A box is chosen at random and a card is drawn. If the number is even, find the probability that
the card come from box A.

Q137. We are given three urns as follows:

Urn A contains 3 red and 5 white marbles
Urn B contains 2 red and 1 white marbles
Urn C contains 2 red and 3 white marbles
An urn is selected at random and a marble is drawn from the urn. If the marble is red,
what is the probability that it came from urn B?
Q138. In a certain college
65% of the students are full-time students,
55% of the sudents are female,
35% of the students are male full-time students.
Find the probality that
(a) a student chosen at random from all the students in the college is a part-time student,
(b) a student chosen at random from all the students in the colloge is female and a part-time student,
(c) a student chosen at random from all the female students in the college is a part-time student.

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 Q139. In a certain college, 25% of students failed Mathematics, 15% of students failed Chemistry, and 10% of
the students failed both mathematics and Chemistry. A student is selected at random.
(a) If he failed Chemistry, what is the probability that he failed Mathematics?
(b) If he failed Mathematics, what is the probability that he failed Chemistry?
(c) What is the probability that he failed Mathematics or Chemistry?
Q140. A school has three photocopiers A, B and C. On a given day the independent probabilities of a
breakdown are 0.1 for A, 0.05 for B and 0.04 for C. For a randomly chosen day, find the probability that
(a) At least of the copiers breaks down
(b) exactly one of the copiers breaks down
(c) Given exactly one copier breaks down, then it is copier C.
Q141. Two fair dice are rolled.
(a) What is the probability that at least one of the dice lands on 6?
(b) What is the conditional probability that at least one of the dice lands on 6 given that the sum is 9.
(c) What is the conditional probability that at least one of the dice lands on 6 given that the sum is 10.
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

Q142. (a) In a certain college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the girls are studying Mathematics. The girls
constitute 60% of the student body. If a student is selected at random and is studying mathematics,
determine the probability that the student is a girl.
(b) If X and Y are 2 events such that X|Y , Y and X . Find
(a) Y|X (b) X Y (c) X Y
Q143. I travel to work by route A or route B. The probability that I choose route A is 1/4. The probability that
I am late for work if I go via route A is 2/3 and the corresponding probability if I go via route is 1/3.
(a) What is the probability that I am late for work on Monday?
(b) Given that I am late for the work, what is the probability that I went via route B?
Q144. (a) Acme electronics manufactures MP3 players at three locations. The plant at Omaha manufactures
50% of the MP3 players and 1% are defective. The plant at Memphis manufactures 30% and 2% at
that plant are defective. The plant at Fort Meyers manufactures 20% and 3% at that plant are
defective.
(i) If an MP3 player is selected at random, what is the probability that it is defective?
(ii) An MP3 player is found to be defective. What is the probability that it was manufactured in Fort
Meyers?
(b) Three machines A, B and C produces respectively 60%, 20% and 10% of the total number of items
of a factory. The percentages of defective output of these machines are respectively 2%, 3% and 4%.
An item is selected at random is found to be defective. Find the probability that was produced by
machine C
Q145. (a) A coin is weighted so that H and is tossed. If heads appears, then a number is
selected at random from the numbers 1 through 9. If tails appears, then a number is selected at
random from 1 through 5. Find the probability p that an even number is selected.
(b) Urn A contains x red marbles and y white marbles.
Urn B contains m red marbles and n white marbles.
An urn is selected at random and then a marble is drawn. If the marble is red, show that the
probability that it come from urn A is given by
R

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 Q146. The 200 workers in a community have been classified as bellow.
Employed (E) Unemployed (E̅ ) If a worker is randomly chosen, find the probabilities
below:
Skilled (S)
(a) E (b) ̅ (c) E
̅
Unskilled ( ) (d) ̅ (e) E| ̅

Q147. Independent events

(a) Two students A and B solve a problem with probabilities and .
What is the probability that the problem will be solved?
(b) The probability that A hits a target is 1/4, and the probability that B hits is 2/5. What is the probability
that the target will be hit if A and B each shoot at the target.
(c) A building has 2 elevators: one is waiting at floor 1 20% of the time and another is there 30% of
the time.
(i) What is the probability that both are waiting at floor 1?
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

(ii) What is the probability that neither is at floor 1?

Assume that both elevators operate independently.

Q148. (a) One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls; another contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls.
If one ball is drawn from each bag, find the probability that
(i) both are white (ii) both are black (ii) one is white and one is black.
(b) The probability that a man will be alive in 25 years is 3/5, and the probability that his wife will be alive
in 25 years is 2/3. Find the probability that
(i) both will be alive (ii) only the man will be alive
(ii) only the wife will be alive (iv) at least one will be alive.
(c) The probability that a man will live 10 more years is 1/4, and the probability that his wife will live
10 more years is 1/3. Find the probability that
(i) both will be alive in 10 years (ii) at least one will be alive in 10 years
(ii) neither will be alive in 10 years (iv) only the wife will be alive.
Q149. (a) Events A and B belong to the same probability space such that
, ̅ and |
where ̅ is the complement event of B.
(i) Calculate , and |
(ii) Verify if A and B are independent.
(b) Suppose A and B are independent events, and , ̅ . Find:
(i) (ii) (iii) ̅
(iv) ̅ (v) ̅ ̅
(c) Let A and B be independent events with and . Find:
(i) (ii) | (iii) ̅ | (iv) ̅ | ̅
(d) The events A and B are independent and are such that
, and
(1) Find the value of x
(2) For this value of x, find
(i) (ii) ̅ ̅

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 Q150. (a) The probabilities that three men hit a target are respectively 1/6, 1/4 and 1/3. Each shoots once at
the target.
(i) Find the probability p that exactly one of them hits the target.
(ii) If only one hits the target, what is the probability that it was the first man?
(b) Box A contains 8 items of which 3 are defective, and box B contains 5 items of which 2 are defective.
An item is selected at random from each box.
(i) What is the probability p that both items are non-defective?
(ii) What is the probability p that one item is defective and the other is not?
(iii) If one item is defective and the other is not, what is the probability p that the defective item
came from box A?
Q151. (a) A rifleman hits (H) his target with probability 0.4, and hence misses (M) with probability 0.6.
He fires four times.
(i) Determine the elements of event A that the man hits the target exactly twice and find .
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

(ii) Find the probability that the man hits the target at least once.
(b) An item wins (W) with probability 0.5, loses (L) with probability 0.3 and ties (T) with probability 0.2.
The item plays twice.
(i) Determine the sample space S and find the probabilities of the elementary events
(ii) Find the probability that the item wins at least once
Q152. (a) A certain type of missile hits its target with probability 0.3. How many missiles should be fired so that
there is at least 80% chance of hitting a target?
(b) How many times a die must be thrown in order that the probability that ace (face 1) appears at least
once shall be greater than 1/2?
(c) (i) Find the probability of obtaining at least a six when five dice are thrown.
(ii) Find the probability of obtaining at least one six when n dice are thrown.
(iii) How many dice must be thrown so that the probability of obtainingg at least one six is at
least 99%?
(d) A coin is biased so that the probability that it falls showing tails is 0.75.
(i) Find the probability of obtaining at least one head when the coin is tossed 5 times.
(ii) How many times must the coin be tossed so that the probability of obtaining at least one
head is greater than 0.98?
(e) A missile is fired at a target and the probability that the target is hit is 0.7.
(i) Find how many missiles should be fired so that the target is heat at least once is greater
than 0.995.
(ii) Find how many missiles should be fired so that the probability that the target is not hit is
less than 0.001
Q153. Miscellaneous
(a) Joe and Pete play a game in which they each throw a die in turn until someone throws a six.
The person who throws the six wins the game. Joe starts the game. Show that the probability
that he wins is 6/11
(b) Two people A and B play a game. An ordinary die is thrown and the first person to throw a four wins.
A and B take it in turns to follow the die, starting with A. Find the probability that B wins?

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 Q154. Two archers A and B shoot alternatively at a target until one of them hits the centre of the target
COMBINATORIAL ANALYSIS AND PROBABILITY

and is declared the winner. Independently, A and B have probabilities of 1/3 and 1/4, respectively,
of hitting the centre of the target on each occasion they shoot.
(a) Given that A shoots first, find
(i) the probability that A wins on his second shoot.
(ii) the probability that A wins on his third shoot.
(iii) the probability that A wins
(b) Given that the archers tosses a fair coin to determine who shoots first, show that the probability
that A wins is 7/12.

Q155. (a) A lot contains 10 good and 3 defective articles. 4 articles are selected at random from the lot.
Consider the experiment which consists in observing the number of defective articles selected.
(i) What are the possible values this experiment can take?
(ii) Find the probability distribution for this experiment i.e. the probability of each point.
(b) Two dice are tossed once. Consider the experiment which consists in carrying out the sum of the
upturned faces.
(i) What are the possible values this experiment can take?
(ii) Find the probability distribution for this experiment i.e. the probability of each point.

Q156. Find the value of m for which the vectors a⃗ , b⃗ and c⃗

are linearly dependent.

Q157. (a) Write the vector ⃗⃗ as a linear combination of the vectors ⃗ and ⃗ .
(b) Express the vector v ⃗ in as a linear combination of the vectors
e⃗⃗⃗⃗ e⃗⃗⃗⃗ and e⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
(c) Write the polynomial as a linear combination of the polynomials
, and
(d) For what value of k will the vector ⃗ in be a linear combination of the vectors
⃗ and ⃗⃗ .
(e) Consider the vectors ⃗ and ⃗ in , Show that
(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is a linear combination of ⃗ and ⃗, and
SPACE GEOMETRY

(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is not a linear combination of ⃗ and ⃗.

(f) Express the vector ⃗ in as a linear combination of the vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(g) Given that { ,
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(h) Express the vector ⃗ in as a linear combination of the vectors
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
write ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗ as a linear combination of vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗.
(i) Write the matrix E * + as a linear combination of the matrices:

* +, * + and C * +

Q158. (a) Find the values of m such that the vectors , and
are linearly dependent.
(b) After replacing m by its values found in part (a), find two real numbers α and
β such that .

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 Q159. (a) Find the distance between each of the following pairs of points:
(i) and
(ii) and
(b) Show that the triangle , and C
is isosceles.
(c) Show by two different methods that the points , and C
are vertices of a right angled triangle at B.
(d) Find the points of intersection of the medians in each of the following triangles
(i) , ,C
(ii) , ,C

Q157. (a) Write the coordinates of the unit vector in the direction of the vector ⃗ .
Represent the vector ⃗ in space.
(b) Find the unit vector in the direction of ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗.
(c) Represent the vector ⃗ and ⃗⃗ on the same graph.

Q158. (a) Given the vector ⃗ , find the angle between this line and the z-axis of the coordinate axis.
b Fi d i degree i ute a d ec d º “ the a g e betwee the vect r
and
SPACE GEOMETRY

Q159. (a) Determine k so that vectors ⃗ and ⃗ are orthogonal.

(b) Find the values of k for which the vectors and are perpendicular.

Q160. Write the equations of the line passing through and .

Q161. (a) Find the vector equation and parametric equations of the line passing through the point (5, 1, 3)
and parallel to the vector
(b) Find the points in which the line l pierces (intersects) the coordinate planes.

Q162. Given the line { , find

(a) the point of the line for .
(b) the points in which the line pierces the coordinate planes
(c) the direction vector of the line
(d) the direction cosines of the line.
Q163. Find the acute angle between the lines
{ and {

Q164. (a) Find the equation of the plane that passes through the points
A(3, 4, 1), and C(1, 7, 1)
(b) Find the equation of the plane through point and parallel to the plane

(c) Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
and and through the point

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 Q165. Find the equation of the plane through the points and and perpendicular
to the plane

Q167. Write the equations of the following planes:

(a) Through and perpendicular to the line whose direction vector is .
(b) to the line segment from to (6, 4, 5) at its midpoint.
Q168. Find the equation of the plane that passes through point and is perpendicular to each of
the planes α and β
Q169. (a) Show that the equation of the plane with x-intercept a, y-intercept b and z-intercept c. is

(b) Apply part (a) to find the equation of the plane whose intercepts are , (0, 3, 0) and
(0, 0, 5)

Q170. Find the equation of the planes parallel to α and distant 5 units from
the origin.
Q171. (a) In Euclidian space, find the equation of the plane consisting of all points that are equidistant
from the points and .
(b) Derive the equation of the locus of a point equidistant from points . and .
Q172. Determine the shortest distance (perpendicular distance) from the point to the plane in each
SPACE GEOMETRY

of the following:
(a) ,
(b) , α
(c) C , β
(d) D ,
Q173. Given the equation of the plane .
(a) Write the equation of the normal planes to the plane .
(b) Hence, find the shortest distance from the point to the plane .
Q174. In Euclidian space , the line l passes through the point and is parallel to the
vector ⃗ . Calculate the distance from the point to the line l.

Q175. Find the point where the line {

pierces the plane .

Q176. Given the points , ,C ,D , and E ;

(a) Prove that points A, B and C define a plane and find a Cartesian equation of the plane (ABC).
(b) Find the parametric equations of the line (DE).
(c) Find the coordinates of the point I, the intersection of the line (DE) with the plane (ABC).

Q177. Find the acute angle between the planes

and α
Q178. Given the equations of two planes
and .
(i) Find the angle between and
(ii) Find the symmetric equations of the line l of intersection of the planes.

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 Q179. Find the equation of the plane through the points and and perpendicular
to the plane
Q180. Find the distance between each of the following pair of parallel planes:
(a) α and β
(b) and

Q181. Find the angle between the line {

and the plane .
Q182. Find the equations of the line l through the point and perpendicular to the plane
.
Q183. Given the points , and C .
(a) Find the interior angles of C.
(b) Hence find the area of C.
Q184. Given the tetrahedron with vertices , ,C .and D .
(a) Write the equation of the plane passing through the points A, B and C.
(b) Hence deduce the height h of the tetrahedron.
Q185. Calculate the volume of a tetrahedron defined by (A, B, C, S) if A(3, 1, 0), ,
SPACE GEOMETRY

C(1, 4, 2) and S(1, 4, 2).

Q186. The points P and Q have coordinates (1, 2, 3) and respectively and the plane has
the equation .
(a) Write the vector equation of the line PQ, and find the coordinates where PQ meets .
(b) Calculate the cosine of the angle that PQ makes with the normal to the plane , hence
find the angle between the line PQ and the plane .
(c) Find the equation of the plane perpendicular to containing the line PQ.
Q187. The planes p and q are given by the equations and
respectively. The plane containing the point A(2, 2, 1) is perpendicular to each of the planes
p and q. Find
(a) the distance from the point A to the plane p,
(b) the cosine of the angle between p and q,
(c) a Cartesian equation for the plane ,
(d) Cartesian equations for the line l, of intersection of the plane p and q,
(e) The point P on line l, which is nearest to the point A.
Q188. (a) Find the Cartesian equation of the pane α which passes through the point and
perpendicular to the line defined by the points a(1, 5, 7) and b .
(b) For what value of the vectors ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ , ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ are coplanar?
(c) In Euclidian space, find the vector, parametric and symmetric equations for:
(i) The line through the origin and the point (1, 2, 3)
(ii) the line through the point and parallel to the line with parametric equation
x t
{ y t
z t

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 Q189. (a) Determine if the following vectors are in the same plane:
⃗ , ⃗ , ⃗
(b) Use the scalar triple product (mixed product) to verify that the vectors
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗, ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ are coplanar.
(c) Use vectors to show verify that points P(1, 0, 1), Q(2, 4, 6), R and S(6, 2, 8)
are coplanar.
Q190. (a) Find the angle between the planes α and β .
(b) Find the symmetric equations for the line of intersection l of these two planes.
(c) (i) Find the parametric equations of the line through (5, 1, 0) that is perpendicular to the plane

(ii) In what points does this line intersect the coordinate planes?
Q191. (a) Find the area of the triangle with vertices , and C .
(b) (i) Prove that the triangle with vertices , and C is
isosceles.
(ii) Find to the nearest tenth the angles of C.
(ii) Hence deduce the area of C.
(c) Given the points , and C , determine the nature of C.
Q192. (a) Find the equation of the plane consisting all points that are equidistant from points
SPACE GEOMETRY

A(1, 1, 0) and B(0, 1, 1).

(b) Find the parametric equations for the line of intersection of the two planes
and
(c) Find the equation of the plane β that passes through the line of intersection of the planes
p and and passes through the point
(d) Determine a Cartesian equation of the plane Q containing the point and parallel
to the plane .
(e) Given the points and , determine the equation of the mid-plane of the
line segment [AB]
Q193. Given a tetrahedron ABCD whose vertices have the following coordinates:
, ,C .and D(5, 1, 1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(a) Calculate , C and D ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(b) Find the area of C
(c) Find the volume of the tetrahedron.
(d) Deduce the height of the tetrahedron.
Q194. (a) Determine the equation of the plane P passing through and parallel to lines l and l’
whose respective parametric representations are:

{ and {

(b) Find the Cartesian equation of the plane defined by the parametric equation representation:

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 Q195. (a) Find the point of intersection of the lines

{ and {

(b) Show that the lines L and L given by

L { and L {

are skewed. Hence find the shortest distance between them.

Q196. Sphere
(a) Find the equation of a sphere with center and radius 5.
(b) What equation must the point P(x, y, z) satisfy if the distance from (x, y, z) to the
point is 4.
(c) Given the points A(3, 2, 0) and , find the locus of a point P(x, y, z) which moves
so that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is perpendicular to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
SPACE GEOMETRY

Q198. (a) Find the center and the radius of each of the following spheres:
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(b) Consider the equation (1)
(i) Prove that equation (1) is equivalent to an equation of the form
d
where a, b, c and d are 4 real numbers to be determined.
(ii) Deduce that (1) is the equation of the sphere S that you will determine its centre and radius r.

Q199. Given two points and

(a) Find the equation of the sphere of diameter AB.
(b) What is the position of the point with respect to the sphere?
Q200. (a) Consider the sphere S of center and passing through the point .
Find the equation of the line D which is tangent to S at point T.
(b) Let S be the sphere with centre and radius 4: and let the line
be the line passing through the points and . Find the common points to
S and .

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