Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 5:
The Hyperbola

AIRs - LM LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
STEM – PRE-CALCULUS
Module 5: The Hyperbola
Second Edition, 2021

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 Senior High School

Pre-Calculus
Module 5:
The Hyperbola

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if
you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or
facilitator.

Thank you.

LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 Target

A conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the

intersection of the surface of a cone with a plane. The four types of conic
sections are the circle, the parabola, the ellipse, and the hyperbola.

In your previous lesson, you are done with the three conic sections,
circle, parabola and ellipse, a particular class of curves which sometimes
appear in nature and which have applications in other fields.

This module will provide you concepts, information and activities that
will help you understand Hyperbola as the fourth type of conic section.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define a hyperbola (STEM_PC11AG-Id-1); and
2. determine the standard form of equation of a hyperbola
(STEM_PC11AG-Id-2)

Learning Objectives
1. Identify the properties of hyperbola
2. Rewrite the general form of an equation of a hyperbola to its standard
form.
3. Graph the hyperbola in a rectangular coordinate system

Pretest
Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the correct
answer. Use a separate sheet for your answers. 1
_____ 1. A particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in nature and
which have applications in other fields is called ___________.
A. Coordinate Plane B. Conic Sections
C. Geometric Curves D. Pi
_____ 2. What do you call the set of all points (x,y) in a plane such that the
difference of the distances between (x,y) and the foci is a positive
constant?
A. circle B. ellipse
C. hyperbola D. parabola
_____ 3. Where must the center of hyperbola be relative to its foci?
A. Foci is the nearest to the center
B. Foci and vertices have different midpoints.
C. Center of the hyperbola is the same point of foci
D. The center must be the midpoint of the line segment joining
the foci.
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_____ 4. Which equation of a hyperbola is represented by the graph below?

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
A. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
B. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

𝑦2 𝑥2
D. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

_____ 5. What do you call the two lines passing through the center which
serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the
hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in the direction
towards which the branch extends but never meet or intersect?

A. asymptotes B. directrix
C. foci D. vertex

_____ 6. A hyperbola has vertices of (1, 9) and (13, 9), and one foci is (-2, 9),
find its standard equation
( 𝑥 + 7) 2 (𝑦 − 9 )2 ( 𝑥 − 7)2 ( 𝑦 − 9 )2
A. − =1 B. − =1
36 45 45 36

( 𝑥 − 7) 2 (𝑦 − 9 ) 2 ( 𝑥 )2 (𝑦 )2
C. − =1 D. − =1
36 45 36 45

_____ 7. What is the center of the hyperbola that has an equation of

(𝑥+5)2 𝑦2
− = 1?
16 36

A, (-5, 0) B. (0, 5) C. (-4, 5) D. (6, 5)

_____ 8. What is the standard equation of a hyperbola which center is the

origin of the coordinate plane with a = 8 in x axis and b = 10 in y-
axis?

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. − =1 B. − =1
64 100 64 100

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − =1 D. + =1
100 64 64 100

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_____ 9. Find the standard equation of the ellipse which satisfies the given
vertices (-6, -2) and (8, -2) centered at (1, -2)

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2

A. − =1 B. − =1
74 49 74 49

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+2)2

C. − =1 D. − =1
74 49 49 74

_____ 10. Find the general equation of a vertical hyperbola that has C (3, 0),
a = 3 and b = 4.
A. 16𝑥 2 + 9 𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 = 0
B. 16𝑥 2 − 9 𝑦 2 + 96𝑥 = 0
C. 16𝑥 2 + 9 𝑦 2 − 96𝑥 = 0
D. 16𝑥 2 − 9 𝑦 2 − 96𝑥 = 0
𝑦2 𝑦2
_____ 11. Given the equation − = 1, what are the vertices of the
25 25
hyperbola?
A. (0, 25) and (-25, 0) C. (0, 0) and (0, 5)
B. (5, 0) and (-5, 0) D. (0, 5) and (0, -5)

_____ 12. Which of the following is the foci points on a hyperbola?

1
A. B. 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
4𝑑

C. 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 D. (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

_____ 13. Find the general equation of a vertical hyperbola that has C (0, -3),
a = 3 and b = 4.
A. 16𝑥 2 − 9 𝑦 2 − 54𝑦 − 225 = 0
B. 16𝑦 2 + 9 𝑥 2 − 54𝑦 − 225 = 0
C. 16𝑦 2 − 9 𝑥 2 + 54𝑦 − 225 = 0
D. 16𝑦 2 − 9 𝑥 2 − 54𝑦 + 225 = 0
_____ 14. Refer to item no. 18, what is the equation of hyperbola in standard
form?
𝑥2 (𝑦−3)2 (𝑥−3)2 𝑦2
A. − =1 B. − =1
9 16 16 9

(𝑦−3)2 𝑥2 𝑥2 (𝑦+3)2
C. − =1 D. − =1
9 16 9 16

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_____ 15. Two stations, located at 𝑀(1.5,0) and 𝑁(1.5,0) (units are in km),
simultaneously send sound signals to a ship, with the signal
traveling at the speed of 0.33 𝑘𝑚/𝑠. If the signal from 𝑁 was received
by the ship four seconds before the signal it received from 𝑀, find
the equation of the curve containing the possible location of the
ship.
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
A. − =1 B. − =1
0.4356 1.8144 0.4356 1.8144

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − =1 D. + =1
1.8144 0.4356 0.4356 1.8144

Jumpstart

Activity 1: Do You Remember Me?

Below are different equations. Use these equations to answer the
questions that follow.

1. Which of the given equations are ellipse?

2. How do you describe ellipse?
3. Which of the given equations are not ellipse? Why?
4. How are these equations different from those which are ellipse?
5. What common characteristics do these equations have?

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 Discover

Introduction
A hyperbola is one of the conic sections
that most students have not encountered
formally before, unlike circles and parabolas. In
analytic geometry, a hyperbola is a type of conic
section that is formed by intersecting a cone
with a plane, resulting in two parabolic-shaped
pieces that open either up and down or right and
left. Similar to a parabola, the hyperbola pieces
have vertices and are asymptotic. The hyperbola
is the least common of the conic sections.

A Hyperbola

Like the ellipse, the hyperbola can also be defined as a set of points in
the coordinate plane. A hyperbola is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane
such that the difference of the distances between (𝑥, 𝑦) and the foci (plural
of focus) is a positive constant.
Notice that the definition of a hyperbola is very similar to that of an
ellipse. The distinction is that the hyperbola is defined in terms of
the difference of two distances, whereas the ellipse is defined in terms of
the sum of two distances.

As with the ellipse, every hyperbola has two axes of symmetry.

The transverse axis is a line segment that passes through the center of the
hyperbola and has vertices as its endpoints. The foci lie on the line that
contains the transverse axis. The conjugate axis is perpendicular to the
transverse axis and has the co-vertices as its endpoints. The center of a
hyperbola is the midpoint of both the transverse and conjugate axes, where
they intersect. Every hyperbola also has two asymptotes that pass through
its center. As a hyperbola recedes from the center, its branches approach
these asymptotes. The central rectangle of the hyperbola is centered at the
origin with sides that pass through each vertex and co-vertex; it is a useful
tool for graphing the hyperbola and its asymptotes. To sketch the
asymptotes of the hyperbola, simply sketch and extend the diagonals of the
central rectangle.

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 Properties of the hyperbola

Equation of a Hyperbola
Let (−𝑐, 0) and (𝑐, 0) be the foci of a hyperbola centered at the origin.
The hyperbola is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) such that the difference of the
distances from (𝑥, 𝑦) to the foci is constant.
Standard Form of the Equation of a Hyperbola Centered at the Origin

If (𝑎, 0) is the vertex of the hyperbola, the distance from (−𝑐, 0) to (𝑎, 0) is

𝑎 – (−𝑐) = 𝑎 + 𝑐.

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 The distance from (𝑐, 0) to (𝑎, 0) is 𝑐 − 𝑎. The difference of the distances
from the foci to the vertex is

(𝑎 + 𝑐) − (𝑐 − 𝑎) = 2𝑎

If (𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on the hyperbola, we can define the following

variables:

𝑑2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (−𝑐, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑑1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑐, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (𝑥, 𝑦)

By definition of a hyperbola, |𝑑2 − 𝑑1 | is constant for any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on

the hyperbola. We know that the difference of these distances is 2a for the
vertex (𝑎, 0). It follows that |𝑑2 − 𝑑1 | = 2𝑎 for any point on the hyperbola. The
derivation of the equation of a hyperbola is based on applying the distance
formula. The rest of the derivation is algebraic. Compare this derivation with
the one from the previous section for ellipses.

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The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with center (0,0) and
transverse axis on the x-axis

(1) center: origin (0 ,0)

(2) foci: 𝐹1 (−𝑐, 0) and 𝐹2 (𝑐, 0)
• Each focus is c units away from the center, the distance between the
foci is 2𝑐
where: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
• For any point on the hyperbola, the absolute value of the difference of
its distances from the foci is 2a.
(3) vertices: 𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0) and 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0)
• The vertices are points on the hyperbola, collinear with the center and
foci.
• If 𝑦 = 0, then 𝑥 = ±𝑎. Each vertex is a units away from the center.
• The segment 𝑉1 𝑉2 is called the transverse axis. Its length is 2𝑎.
𝑏
(4) asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 𝑥
• The asymptotes of the hyperbola are two lines passing through the
center which serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola: each branch
of the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in the
direction towards which the branch extends. (We need the concept of
limits from calculus to explain this.)
• An aid in determining the equations of the asymptotes: in the standard
equation, replace 1 by 0, and in the resulting equation:
𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 0, solve for y.
𝑎2 𝑏2
• To help us sketch the asymptotes, we point out that they are the
extended diagonals of the auxiliary rectangle. This rectangle has sides
2𝑎 and 2𝑏 with its diagonals intersecting at the center C. Two sides are
congruent and parallel to the transverse axis 𝑉1 𝑉2 , the other two sides
are congruent and parallel to the conjugate axis, the segment shown
which is perpendicular to the transverse axis at the center, and has
length 2𝑏.

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The standard form of the equation of a hyperbola with center (0,0) and
transverse axis on the y-axis

𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(1) center: origin (0 ,0)

(2) foci: 𝐹1 (0, −𝑐) and 𝐹2 (0, 𝑐)

(3) vertices: 𝑉1 (0, −𝑎) and 𝑉2 (0, 𝑎)

• If 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑦 = ±𝑎.
𝑎
(4) asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 𝑥

Example 1. Find the (standard) equation of the hyperbola whose foci are
𝐹1 (−5, 0) and 𝐹2 (5, 0), such that for any point on it, the absolute value of the
difference of the distances from the vertices is 6.

Solution.
Given: foci 𝐹1 (−5, 0) and
𝐹2 (5, 0),
from these we can say that,

c = 5,

|𝑑2 − 𝑑1 | = 2𝑎, so we have

2𝑎 = 6,
solve for a
2𝑎 6
=
2 2
𝑎 = 3,
substituting a = 3 to:

𝑉1 (−𝑎, 0) and 𝑉2 (𝑎, 0)

so the vertices are

𝑉1 (−3, 0) and 𝑉2 (3, 0)

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We use the 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 to
solve for b
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
derive the equation
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
or 𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑏 = √52 − 32
𝑏 = √ 25 − 9,
𝑏 = √ 16,
𝑏 = 4

substitute the value of

𝑎 = 3 and 𝑏 = 4 to;
𝑏 4
asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑥 and the value is 𝑦 = ± 𝑥
𝑎 3
𝑥2 𝑦2
standard equation of hyperbola: − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
we got
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
− = 1 or − =1
32 42 9 16
𝑥2 𝑦2
The hyperbola then has equation − = 1 , transverse on x-axis.
9 16

Example 2. Determine the standard

equation of the hyperbola whose vertices
are (0, −8) and (0, 8), such that for any
point on it, the absolute value of the
difference of the distances from the foci is
20.

Solution.
Given: vertices 𝑉1 (0, −8) and 𝑉2 (0, 8),
from these we can say that,
a = 8,
solving for c, |𝑑2 − 𝑑1 | = 2𝑐,
so we have 2𝑐 = 20,
2𝑐 20
solve for 𝑐, =
2 2

c = 10

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substituting c = 10 to:

𝐹1 (0, −𝑐) and 𝐹2 (0 , 𝑐)

so the foci are

𝐹1 (0, −10) and 𝐹2 (0 ,10)

We use the 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 to solve

for b
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
derive the equation
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
or
𝑏 = √𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

𝑏 = √102 − 82
𝑏 = √ 100 − 64,
𝑏 = √ 36,
𝑏 = 6

substitute the value of 𝑎 = 8 and 𝑏 = 6 to;

𝑎 8 4
asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 𝑥 and the value is 𝑦 = ± 6 𝑥 or 𝑦 = ± 3 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥2
standard equation of hyperbola: − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
we got
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
and 82
− 62
= 1 or 64
− 36
=1

𝑦2 𝑥2
The hyperbola then has equation − = 1, transverse on y-axis.
64 36

More Properties of Hyperbolas

The hyperbolas we considered so far are “horizontal” and have the

origin as their centers. Some hyperbolas have their foci aligned vertically,
and some have centers not at the origin.

Their standard equations and properties are given in the box. The
derivations are more involved, but are similar to the one above, and so are
not shown anymore.

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Center Corresponding Hyperbola

(0, 0)

transverse axis: horizontal transverse axis: vertical

conjugate axis: vertical conjugate axis: horizontal

(ℎ, 𝑘)

transverse axis: horizontal transverse axis: vertical

conjugate axis: vertical conjugate axis: horizontal

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Hyperbola Centered at (𝒉, 𝒌)

1. Determine whether the transverse axis is parallel to the 𝑥– 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

• If the 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 of the given vertices and foci are the same, then
the transverse axis is parallel to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Use the standard form

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

▪ center: origin (ℎ , 𝑘)
▪ foci: 𝐹1 (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ) and
𝐹2 (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 )
▪ vertices: 𝑉1(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) and
𝑉2 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘)
𝑏
▪ asymptotes: 𝑦 = (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑎

• If the 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 of the given vertices and foci are the same, then
the transverse axis is parallel to the 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Use the standard form

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

▪ center: origin (ℎ , 𝑘)
▪ foci: 𝐹1 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 ) and
𝐹2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐 )
▪ vertices: 𝑉1(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎) and
𝑉2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
▪ asymptotes:
𝑎
𝑦 = (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑏

2. Identify the center of the hyperbola, (ℎ, 𝑘), using the midpoint formula and
the given coordinates for the vertices.
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3. Find 𝑎2 by solving for the length of the transverse axis, 2𝑎 , which is the
distance between the given vertices.
4. Find 𝑐 2 using ℎ and 𝑘 found in Step 2 along with the given coordinates for
the foci.
5. Solve for 𝑏2 using the equation 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2
6. Substitute the values for ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 into the standard form of the
equation determined in Step 1.

Example 3. What is the standard form equation of the hyperbola that has
vertices at (0, −2) and (6, −2) and foci at (−2, −2) and(8, −2)?

Solution: The y-coordinates of the vertices and foci are the same, so the
transverse axis is parallel to the x-axis. Thus, the equation of the hyperbola
will have the form
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

First, we identify the center, (ℎ, 𝑘).

The center is halfway between the
vertices 𝑉1 (0, −2) and 𝑉2 (6, −2).

Applying the midpoint formula, we

have
0 + 6 −2 +(− 2)
(ℎ, 𝑘 ) = ( , )
2 2

6 −4
= (2 , )
2

= (3, −2)
the center (ℎ, 𝑘) is at (3, −2)..
Next, we find 𝑎. The length of the transverse axis, 2𝑎, is bounded by the
vertices. So, we can find 𝑎 by finding the distance between the x-coordinates
of the vertices.
𝑉1 (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) and 𝑉2 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘)
𝑉1 (0, −2) 𝑉2 (6, −2).
(ℎ − 𝑎 ) = 0 and (ℎ + 𝑎 ) = 6

|(ℎ − 𝑎) − (ℎ + 𝑎)| = |0 − 6|
|ℎ − ℎ − 𝑎 − 𝑎| = |0 − 6|
| − 2𝑎| = |0 − 6|
2𝑎 = 6
𝑎 = 3, 𝑎2 = 9

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Now we need to find 𝑐. The
coordinates of the foci are (ℎ ± 𝑐, 𝑘).
So (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ) = (−2, −2) and
(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) = (8, −2).
We can use the x-coordinate from
either of these points to solve for 𝑐.
Using the point (8, −2), and
substituting ℎ = 3,
ℎ+𝑐 =8
3+𝑐 = 8
𝑐=5
𝑐 2 = 25

Next, solve for 𝑏 using the equation 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 :

𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2

= 25 − 9
= 16

𝑏=4

we can now solve for asymptotes:

𝑏
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑎
4
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 3) − 2)
3
4
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 5)
3

Finally, substitute the values found

for ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 into the standard form of the equation.

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐

− = 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 − =𝟏
32 42 𝟗 𝟏𝟔

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 (𝒚+ 𝟐)𝟐

The hyperbola then has equation − = 1, transverse on y-axis.
𝟗 𝟏𝟔

15
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
Example 4. What is the standard form equation of the hyperbola that has
vertices at (1, −2) and (1, −8) and foci at (1, −10) and(1, 16)?

Solution: The x-coordinates of the

vertices and foci are the same, so the
transverse axis is parallel to the x-axis.
Thus, the equation of the hyperbola
will have the form
(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 −ℎ)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

First, we identify the center, (ℎ, 𝑘). The

center is halfway between the vertices
(1, −2) and(1, 8).

Applying the midpoint formula, we

have
1 + 1 −2 +( 8)
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , ) = (1, 3)
2 2

Center (ℎ, 𝑘) = (1, 3)

Next, we find 𝑎. The length of the

transverse axis, 2𝑎, is bounded by the
vertices.
So, we can find 𝑎 by finding the
distance between the x-coordinates of
the vertices.
𝑉1 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎) and 𝑉2 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
𝑉1 (1, −9) 𝑉2 (1, 15).
(𝑘 − 𝑎) = −9 and (𝑘 + 𝑎) = 15

|(𝑘 − 𝑎) − (𝑘 + 𝑎)| = | − 9 − 15|

2𝑎 = 24
𝑎 = 12
𝑎2 = 144
Now we need to find c. The coordinates of the foci are (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑐).
So (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐 ) = (1, −10) and (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐) = (1, 16).

16
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
We can use the x-coordinate from either of these points to solve for 𝑐.
Using the point (1, 16), and substituting 𝑘 = 3,
𝑘 + 𝑐 = 16
3 + 𝑐 = 16
𝑐 = 13
𝑐 2 = 169

Next, solve for b using the equation 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑏2 :

𝑏2 = 169 − 144

= 25
𝑏 =5
𝑎
we can now solve for asymptotes: 𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑏
12
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 1) − 3)
5
12
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 4)
5

Finally, substitute the values found for ℎ, 𝑘, 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 into the standard form
of the equation.
(𝑦 − 3)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 3)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
122 52

(𝑦 − 3)2 (𝑥 − 1)2
− =1
144 25

The Hyperbola in General Form

We have seen that the graph of a hyperbola is completely determined

by its center, vertices, and asymptotes; which can be read from its equation
in standard form. However, the equation is not always given in standard
form. The equation of a hyperbola in general form follows:

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
𝐴𝒙𝟐 − 𝑩𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎 (Hyperbola opens left and right)

𝑩𝒙𝟐 − 𝑨𝒚𝟐 + 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫𝒚 + 𝑬 = 𝟎 (Hyperbola opens upward and downward)

where 𝐴, 𝐵 > 0. The steps for graphing a hyperbola given its equation in
general form are outlined in the following example.

Example 5: Set the general equation of hyperbola to its standard form.

4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 − 54𝑦 − 53 = 0

Solution:

Begin by rewriting the equation in standard form.

Group the terms with the same variables and move the constant to
the right side. Factor so that the leading coefficient of each grouping is
1.

4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 − 54𝑦 − 53 = 0

(4𝑥 2 + 32𝑥 + _____) − (9𝑦 2 + 54𝑦 + _____) = 53

4(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + _____) − 9(𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + _____) = 53

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒

4(𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16) − 9(𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 9) = 53 + 4(16) − 9(9)

𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦

4(𝑥 + 4)2 − 9(𝑦 + 3)2 = 36

4(𝑥 + 4)2 9(𝑦 + 3)2 36

− =
36 36 36

(𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑦 + 3)2
− =1
9 4

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So the Standard Equation of the hyperbola with general equation

𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎: 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 − 54𝑦 − 53 = 0

(𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑦 + 3)2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎: − =1
9 4

With the standard equation of hyperbola, you can now easily identify, its
center, foci, vertices and asymptotes.

(𝑥 + 4)2 (𝑦 + 3)2
− =1
9 4

Solution:

𝑎2 = 9, 𝑐 = 3
𝑏2 = 4, 𝑏 = 2
𝑐2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐2 = 9+ 4
𝑐 = ±√ 13

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟: (−4, −3)

𝐹1 (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘 ) and 𝐹2 (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘 )
𝐹1 (−4 − √13, −3) 𝐹2 (−4 + √13, −3)
𝐹𝑜𝑐𝑖: 𝐹1 (−7.61, −3) and
𝐹2 (−0.39, −3)

𝑉1 (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘 ) and 𝑉2 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘 )
𝑉1 (−4 − 3, −3) and 𝑉2 (−4 + 3, −3)
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠: 𝑉1 (−7, −3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑉2 (−1, −3)

asymptotes:
𝑏
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑎
2
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 + 4) − 3
3
2
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 + 1)
3

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 Explore

➢ Activity B: Am I Hyperbola?

Direction: Determine whether the following equations represent hyperbolas.

If so, write in standard form.
1. 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 = 6

𝑥2 𝑦2
2. − =1
36 9

3. 5𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 6𝑥

4. 25𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 400

5. −9𝑥 2 + 18𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 14 = 0

➢ Activity C: My Center is my Origin, Find My Equation.

Direction: Find the equation of a hyperbola centered at (0,0) given its foci
and vertices.

1. 𝐹1 (5, 0) such that for any point on it, the absolute value of the
difference of the distances from the vertex is 4.
2. Vertices are (±6, 0), Foci (±10, 0).

9
3. Asymptotes: y = ± 5x and 𝑉(0, ±9)

➢ Activity D: Satisfied Me!

Direction: Find the standard equation of the hyperbola which satisfies the
given conditions.

1. foci (−4, −3) and (−4,13), the absolute value of the difference of the
distances of any point from the foci is 14

2. center (6, 9), a vertex (6, 14), conjugate axis of length 12.

3. vertices (−2, 8) and (8, 8), a focus (12, 8).

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
➢ Activity E: I Need Your Solution!
Direction: Solve for the coordinates of the center, foci, vertices, and the
asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given equation.

x2 x2
1. − 42 = 1
72

( 𝑥 − 2) 2 ( 𝑦 + 7) 2
2. − =1
49 49

Set to standard equation of hyperbola, then find coordinates of the center,

foci, vertices, and the asymptotes of the given equation.

3. 9x2 − y2 − 9 = 0

4. 4y2 − 9x2 − 8x + 72y + 112 = 0

Deepen

Don’t You Know?

• A hyperbola is the mathematical shape that you obtain when

vertically cutting a double cone. Many people learn about this
shape during their algebra courses in high school or college,
but it is not obvious why this shape is important. The hyperbola
has a few properties that allow it to play an important role in
the real world. Many fields use hyperbolas in their designs and
predictions of phenomena. Here are some trivia about
hyperbola:
1. Satellites
Satellite systems make heavy use of hyperbolas and
hyperbolic functions. When scientists launch a satellite
into space, they must first use mathematical equations
to predict its path. Because of the gravity influences of
objects with heavy mass, the path of the satellite is
skewed even though it may initially launch in a straight
path. Using hyperbolas, astronomers can predict the
path of the satellite to make adjustments so that the
satellite gets to its destination.

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
2. Lenses and Monitors
Objects designed for use with our eyes make heavy
use of hyperbolas. These objects include microscopes,
telescopes and televisions. Before you can see a clear
image of something, you need to focus on it. Your eyes
have a natural focus point that does not allow you to
see things too far away or close up. To view such
things as planets or bacteria, scientists have designed
objects that focus light into a single point.
The designs of these use hyperbolas to reflect
light to the focal point. When using a
telescope or microscope, you are placing your
eye in a well-planned focal point that allows
the light from unseen objects to be focused in
a way for you to view them.

3. Lines on a basketball

At first glance, one might think that a basketball is

an example of a circle, and they are correct. However,
if looked at closely, one would see that the lines on
the basketball form hyperbolas. These hyperbolic lines
on the basketball are beneficial to players because it
gives them an indication of where to put their hands
on the ball.

4. Guitar

Look at the guitar on the right. Do you see a

hyperbola? No? Look closer... at the place where
the outside of the guitar dips in. Those dips help
make the sound of a guitar echo. But they can
also be looked at as hyperbolas, being that they
have the same shape and go in opposite directions.

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
➢ Activity F: Hyperbola in My Life.

Direction: Share your experience that you encountered hyperbola in your

life or give things that you can see around you related to hyperbola. Explain
the importance of hyperbola on it.

Rubrics for assessment.

Score Description

Demonstrate complete understanding of the problem. All

5
requirements of the task are included in response.
Demonstrate complete understanding of the problem. All
4
of requirements of the task are included.
Demonstrate complete understanding of the problem.
3
Most requirements of the task are included
Demonstrate complete understanding of the problem.
2
Most requirements of the task are missing.
1 Demonstrate no understanding of the problem.
0 No response/task not attempted.

Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best
answer for each test item. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
_____ 1. A particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in nature and
which have applications in other fields is called ___________.
A. Coordinate Plane B. Conic Sections
C. Geometric Curves D. Pi
_____ 2. Which of the following represented figure represents a hyperbola?

A. B. C. D.

23
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
_____ 3. What do you call the midpoint of both the transverse and conjugate
axes of a hyperbola?
A. center of a hyperbola B. conjugate axis
C. transverse axis D. vertex of a hyperbola
_____ 4. Which equation of a hyperbola is represented by the graph below?

(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
A. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
B. − =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑦2
C. 𝑎2
− 𝑏2
=1

𝑦2 𝑥2
D. − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

_____ 5. A hyperbola has vertices of (1, 9) and (13, 9), and one focus is (-2,
9), find its standard equation
( 𝑥 + 7) 2 (𝑦 − 9 ) 2 ( 𝑥 − 7)2 ( 𝑦 − 9 )2
A. − =1 B. − =1
36 45 45 36

( 𝑥 − 7) 2 (𝑦 − 9 ) 2 ( 𝑥 )2 ( 𝑦 )2
C. − =1 D. − =1
36 45 36 45

_____ 6. The foci of a hyperbola are F1(5, - 4 + 2√13) and F2(5, - 4 – 2√13), find
the value of distance c.

A. √98 B. √52
C. √72 D. √26
_____ 7. What do you call the two lines passing through the center which
serve as a guide in graphing the hyperbola: each branch of the
hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, in the direction
towards which the branch extends but never meet or intersect?
A. asymptotes B. directrix
C. foci D. vertex
_____ 8. What is the standard equation of a hyperbola which center is the
origin of the coordinate plane with a =10 in x axis and b = 8 in y-
axis?
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
B. − =1 B. − =1
64 100 64 100

𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − =1 D. + =1
100 64 64 100

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 (𝑥−7)2 (𝑦+3)2
_____ 9. What is the asymptotes of the hyperbola − = 1?
36 144
𝑦
A. y = ±4x - 31 B. x = ± 2
𝑥
C y =± D. x = ±2x
2
_____ 10. Find the standard equation of the ellipse which satisfies the given
vertices (-6, -2) and (8, -2) centered at (1, -2)

(𝑥−1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦+2)2

B. − =1 B. − =1
74 49 74 49

(𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥−1)2 (𝑦+2)2

C. − =1 D. − =1
74 49 49 74

____ 11. Which of these statements is true about hyperbolas?

A. Hyperbolas consist of two similar curves.
B. Hyperbolas cannot be graphed on a 2-dimensional grid.
C. Hyperbolas are the only member of the conic section category.
D. Hyperbolas are the set of all points an equal distance from the
center
_____ 12. What must be true of the foci of a hyperbola?
A. They contain an asymptote.
B. Foci and vertices have different lines.
C. The foci must lie on the transverse axis and be in the interior
of the hyperbola.
D. The vertices of a hyperbola are the same points as the foci of
a hyperbola.
_____ 13. What is the center of the hyperbola that has an equation of
(𝑥+5)2 𝑦2
− = 1?
16 36
A, (-5, 0) B. (0, 5) C. (-4, 5) D. (6, 5)
_____ 14. A hyperbola has vertices of (±5, 0) and one of the foci at (6, 0).
What is the equation of hyperbola in standard form?
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
A. + =1 B. − =1
25 11 25 11
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
C. − =1 D. − =1
5 11 11 25

_____ 15. Which of the following is the center of the hyperbola;

𝑦2
− (𝑥 + 4)2 = 1?
9

A, (0, 4) B. (-4, 0) C. (0, -4) D. (4, 0)

25
LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
26
Gauge
1. B 6. B 11. D 16. D
2. C 7. A 12. C 17. B
3. A 8. B 13. A 18. A
4. A 9. A 14. B 19. D
5. C 10.D 15. B 20. A
➢ Activity E: I Need Your Solution!
Item
Center Vertices Foci Asymptotes
no.
1 (0,0) ( −7 , 0 ) ( 7 , 0 ) y = − 0.57x
( −8.06 , 0 ) ( 8.06 , 0 )
y=x−9
2 ( 2 , −7 ) ( −5 , −7 ) ( 9 , −7 ) ( −7.9 , −7 ) ( 11.9 , −7 )
y=−x−5
x2 y2
Standard Equation of Hyperbola − =1
1 9
3
y = 3x
(0,0) ( −1 , 0 ) ( 1 , 0 ) ( −3.16 , 0 ) ( 3.16 , 0 )
y = − 3x
(𝑦+4)2 (𝑥−1)2
Standard Equation of Hyperbola − =1
28 63
4
( 1 , −9.29 ) y = 1.5x − 5.5
( 1 , -4 ) ( 1 , −5.54 ) ( 1 , 13.54 )
( 1 , 1.29 ) y = − 1.5x − 2.5
➢ Activity D: Satisfied Me!
(𝑦− 5)2 (𝑥−4)2
1. − =1
49 15 A Activity A:
(𝑦− 9)2 (𝑥+6)2
2. − =1 Do You Remember Me?
25 36
(𝑥− 3)2 (𝑦−8)2
3. − =1
25 56 Ellipse Not Ellipse
➢ Activity C: My Center is my Origin,
Find My Equation.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1. − = 1
16 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. − = 1
36 64
𝑦2 𝑥2
3. − =1
81 25
Pre-Test
1.B
➢ Activity B: Am I Hyperbola? 2.C
3.D
4.D
1. No, it doesn’t represent hyperbola 5.A
6.C
𝑥2 𝑦2 7.A
2. YES − =1
62 32 8.C
9.D
3. No, it doesn’t represent hyperbola 10. D
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
11. D
4. YES − = 1 or − =1 12. B
42 52 16 25
13. A
(𝑥+12 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+12 (𝑦−2)2 14. D
5. YES − = 1 or −
12 92 1 81
15. A
Answer Key
References

R.N. Aufmann, V.C. Barker, and R.D. Nation, College Trigonometry,

Houghton Mi✏in Company, 2008.

E.A. Cabral, M.L.A.N. De Las Pen˜as, E.P. De Lara-Tuprio, F.F. Francisco,

I.J.L. Garces, R.M. Marcelo, and J.F. Sarmiento, Precalculus,
Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2010.

R. Larson, Precalculus with Limits, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2014.

L. Leithold, College Algebra and Trigonometry, Addison Wesley Longman

Inc., 1989, reprinted by Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd., 2002.

M.L. Lial, J. Hornsby, and D.I. Schneider, College Algebra and Trigonometry
and Precalculus, Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher, Inc.,
2001.

J. Stewart, L. Redlin, and S. Watson, Precalculus: Mathematics for Calculus,

Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2012.

M. Sullivan, Algebra & Trigonometry, Pearson Education, Inc., 2012.

C. Young, Algebra and Trigonometry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

Website

Lumen Learning - Simple Book Production, Hyperbola. Retrieved, July 23,

2020 from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/precalctwo/chapter/the-
hyperbola/. Retrieved, July 23, 2020
Hyperbola: Retrieved, July 28, 2020 from https://j27783.wixsite.com/conic-
sections/hyperbola,
Importance of hyperbola: Retrieved, July 28, 2020 d from.
https://sciencing.com/importance-hyperbolas-life-8546768.html

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LU_Pre-Calculus_Module5
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Learning Resource Management Section
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Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
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Email Address:
[email protected]
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