1

Research paper on Gen 1:1–2:4

University’s name

Students name

Instructor

Course

Date
 2

Introduction

One of the most well-known and hotly contested passages in the Bible is the opening

chapter of Genesis, which is found in Gen 1:1–2:4. It explains how God created the universe

and humans over six days. This essay will review the text's organization and major

theological concepts while contrasting it with other creation stories from the Ancient Near

East (ANE). The biblical account of creation recorded in Genesis is among the most widely

read and discussed stories ever. It describes the beginning of time and space, humanity's

development, and sin's introduction into the world. There are several ancient creation stories

besides the one in Genesis. Other ancient Near Eastern (ANE) societies, including Babylon,

Egypt, and Canaan, also have creation stories in their literature. This study will analyze the

Genesis creation account's literary form and theological themes, drawing parallels to other

ancient Near Eastern (ANE) creation stories (Moberly, 2020, pp 528-542).

For generations, people have looked to and been influenced by this scripture, which

many believe to be the word of God and the key to understanding the world as it was created

and their place in it. In this essay, I will analyze Genesis 1:1–2:4 for its structure and

theological themes and compare it to other ancient Near Eastern creation tales. The

theological values that underlay the discrepancies between the biblical text and other

narratives will be discussed, as will how these discrepancies have influenced our view of God

and the world. In the end, we'll find that Genesis 1:1–2:4 reflects a distinctive theological

perspective that continues to affect our understanding of the world today by offering a fresh

take on the essence of God as a personal and loving creator who has created an ordered and

purposeful world(Moberly, 2020,pp 528-542).

The structure of the Gen 1:1-2:4

The opening four verses of the book of Genesis are commonly referred to as the

Creation Story. This section teaches us how God created the universe and everything in it

over six days. Each day of creation in Genesis 1:1-2:4 follows a similar pattern, creating a

highly organized and repetitive structure.

The first verse of the Bible serves as an introductory statement, declaring that God

created the heavens and the earth. In the second verse of Genesis, we learn that the world was

empty, dark, and devoid of life before anything was made. God creates light on days one

through three and divides the heavens from the earth. On days four through six, God fashions

the celestial bodies we see today—the sun, moon, and stars; the aquatic and terrestrial

animals we know and love; and, on day six, human beings. God takes a break every seventh

day(Moberly, 2020, 528-542). This passage concludes with the statement, "These are the

generations of the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 2:4). Additionally, the selection is

repetitive, with each day beginning with "And God said, 'Let there be...'" and ending with

"And there was evening and there was morning, the [nth] day."The overall structure of

Genesis 1:1–2:4 highlights God's orderly creation and His ability to bring light, life, and

order out of chaos.

Theological Ideas of Gen 1:1-2:4

The creation account is only found in the first two chapters of Genesis. The story

begins with a simple but lyrical description of the six days it took to create the cosmos. On

Day 1, God creates light; on Day 2, the firmament or sky; on Day 3, the land and oceans; on

Day 4, the plants; on Day 4, the sun, moon, and stars; on Day 5, the birds and sea creatures;

on Day 6, the land animals; and on Day 7, human beings. The Genesis creation account

divides the cosmos into the heavenly realm, the earthly realm, and the oceanic realm, similar

to other ancient Near Eastern creation stories. God's absolute power and infinite imagination
 4

are also highlighted in the text (Boadt & Lawrence,pp 17-20). God creates everything with a

word, and the complexity and beauty of the universe testify to his omnipotence and

intelligence. The basic principle of monotheism, or the belief in one God, is central to the

theology of the Genesis creation account. Genesis presents God as the solitary creator of the

globe, in contrast to other ANE creation narratives that contain numerous gods. The idea that

God made humans in his image is another fundamental theological principle in the Genesis

story. This concept has profound consequences for human interaction with and understanding

the natural world (Morgenstern, Julian, pp 169-212).

The goodness of creation is a major theological concept in the Genesis creation

account. God's creation was good, as stated multiple times in the text, and thus highlights the

need for good stewardship and care of the environment. Also, the Genesis story portrays

humans as having a special responsibility for the preservation of the entire natural world. The

entire structure and theological concepts contained in Genesis' creation narrative have had

and continue to profoundly impact Western culture (Waltke & Bruce,pp 136-144).

Similar to and different from other Ancient Near Eastern creation accounts

There are commonalities between the Genesis account of creation and other Ancient

Near Eastern creation stories, as well as important theological and narrative distinctions. All

too typical in Ancient Near Eastern creation stories is partitioning the cosmos into the three

parts as mentioned above: sky, earth, and water. Common to many ancient Near Eastern tales

of creation, including Genesis, is an emphasis on the supernatural creator's might and

intelligence (Kaiser & Denis, 2013). Nevertheless, the Genesis account differs significantly

from other Ancient Near Eastern creation accounts. In contrast to many Ancient Near Eastern

creation stories, Genesis emphasizes monotheism and the belief in a single God. This

distinctive aspect of the Genesis creation narrative distinguishes it from other Ancient Near
 5

Eastern stories. It has far-reaching consequences for how human beings are to understand the

essence of God and relate to the divine(Waltke & Bruce, 136-144).

The emphasis on the goodness of creation is another key distinction between the

Genesis account and other Ancient Near Eastern stories. The Genesis story shows a world

that is inherently good and ordered, reflecting the benevolence and wisdom of God, in

contrast to many Ancient Near Eastern traditions, which depict a chaotic and violent world.

Christianity and Judaism's emphasis on creation's goodness has shaped their respective

religions' views on the universe's worth and meaning for generations(Moberly, 2020, pp. 528-

542). One last way the Genesis creation narrative diverges from other ANE accounts is in its

focus on humanity's special duty as stewards and guardians of the created world.

Although some Ancient Near Eastern stories touch on the existence of humans, they

often do not give us a particular place or function. In contrast, the story of creation, as told in

Genesis places human beings at the pinnacle of God's creation and gives them special duty

for the upkeep of the natural world. To sum up, the Genesis creation account is akin to

previous Ancient Near Eastern creation narratives in many ways, yet it is also distinct in

theological and narrative ways. These distinctions have had far-reaching effects on the

development of Jewish and Christian theology, influencing how both groups think concerning

God, the worth of nature, and the place of humans in the universe(Morgenstern, Julian,pp.

169-212).

Theological Analysis

While doing a theological examination of the Bible in light of other ancient Near

Eastern books, it is vital to consider both the parallels and the contrasts between the texts.

The commonalities can point to shared cultural and historical contexts, while the
 6

discrepancies highlight the Bible's many theological perspectives. There are a number of

parallels between Genesis 1–2:4 and other ancient Near Eastern creation stories. For instance,

the Enuma Elish's concept of creation through speech or divine command is similar to those

of earlier scriptures, such as the Babylonian Enuma Elish. Other commonalities include a

creation story that takes place over the course of seven days and a belief that humans were

made in the divine likeness. These parallels indicate a shared cultural and historical

background for the Bible's composition when similar cosmological ideas and beliefs were

prevalent (Boadt & Lawrence,pp. 17-20).

While there are certain similarities between Genesis 1:1-2:4 and other ancient Near

Eastern creation myths, there are also significant doctrinal distinctions. For instance, in

contrast to the polytheistic ideas found in other books, the biblical text emphasizes

monotheism, with God as the creator and ruler of the cosmos. Instead of picturing the gods as

involved in a cosmic struggle or creating out of selfish or destructive motivations, the biblical

account shows God as a personal and loving creator who reveals the goodness of his creation

and rests on the seventh day (Hambly,pp. 69-74). According to the Bible, humans have

particular value because they were made in God's likeness, and it is their duty to protect the

planet. Significant theological implications can be drawn for how we should think about the

worth and meaning of human life. This thought is absent from other ancient Near Eastern

creation narratives(Kaiser & Denis, 2013). To sum up, a theological study, by comparison,

can aid in our comprehension of the originality and specificity of the biblical text, as well as

its cultural and historical setting. The religious ideas and ideals in the Bible can be better

understood by considering both the parallels and distinctions between the Bible and other

ancient Near Eastern books (Brown et al.,pp. 530-532).

Theological Values Behind the Differences

The faith in one God as the globe's creator, the goodness of creation, and the

responsibility of humanity as earth trustees are just a few of the essential theological concepts

found in Genesis 1:1-2:4. The scripture also highlights how significant Sabbath rest is as a

reminder of God's creative power and the necessity of rest and restoration. Hebrew

monotheism underlies the distinctiveness of the Genesis creation account compared to other

Ancient Near Eastern creation myths. The theological distinctions between the Genesis

account and other Ancient Near Eastern stories can be traced back to believing in one God

instead of a pantheon of deities. The Hebrew faith in God's absolute authority and unity is

shown first in the Genesis account's emphasis on monotheism. In contrast to the more

anthropomorphic gods of other Ancient Near Eastern stories, the Hebrew God is not thought

to share our human feelings or deeds. The reliance on a single deity also affects how people

think about and relate to the divine(Kaiser & Denis, 2013).

In addition, the Hebrew belief that God created the universe with purpose and

intentionality is reflected in the Genesis account's emphasis on the goodness of creation. The

violent and unpredictable aspect of the world is commonly attributed to the gods in other

ANE stories. By contrast, the world in Genesis is portrayed as good and well-ordered at its

core, a reflection of God's goodness and wisdom. The Jewish and Christian faiths' centuries-

long emphasis on creation's goodness has shaped their respective communities' views on the

universe's worth and destiny. Furthermore, the Hebrew belief in the integrity and worth of

human beings as image-bearers of God is reflected in the Genesis account of humanity's

special responsibility as stewards and guardians of the created universe. Other Ancient Near

Eastern stories typically portray humanity as inferior to the gods or as an afterthought during

the creative process(Waltke & Bruce,pp. 136-144).

The biblical text's differences from the Ancient Near Eastern sources are

motivated by theological principles.

Monotheism: One of the most notable contrasts between the biblical creation story

and other Ancient Near Eastern creation narratives is the emphasis on monotheism. The

biblical narrative emphasizes that only one God created and maintained the universe, in

contrast to many Ancient Near Eastern creation stories that include several gods or a

pantheon of celestial entities. The concept of creation ex nihilo, or creation from nothing, is

another fundamental theological value of the biblical creation story(Brown et al.,pp. 530-

532). The biblical account depicts God as creating the cosmos from nothing, in contrast to

other Ancient Near Eastern creation accounts that describe the universe's formation from pre-

existing materials or by process of divine procreation. Human value: The biblical creation

narrative also highlights people's dignity and worth (Hutzli & Jürg, 2010).

The biblical story depicts humans as being formed in the image of God and given the

responsibility of caring for and stewarding the earth, in contrast to other Ancient Near

Eastern creation myths that show humans as being made as servants or enslaved people of the

gods(Kaiser & Denis, 2013). Last but not least, the creation story in the Bible promotes the

idea that there is order and purpose in the universe. The biblical account of creation depicts

God as having created the cosmos with a purpose and design in mind, with each component

of creation carrying out its intended function, in contrast to other Ancient Near Eastern

creation narratives that show the universe as chaotic or random. Ultimately, the theological

principles that underlie the biblical creation story reveal a distinctive and original

understanding of the character of God, the cosmos, and people. The contrasts show a unique

theological viewpoint that stresses monotheism, creation ex nihilo, human dignity, and the
 9

order and aim of the universe, even though there are commonalities between the biblical

account and other Ancient Near Eastern creation stories(Waltke & Bruce,pp. 136-144).

Understanding the historical and cultural context of a book is essential for gaining

insight into its meaning. By comparing the biblical creation myth to other origin stories from

the Ancient Near East, we can get insight into the literary and theological traditions of the

time and place in which the Bible was formed. Comparisons between the biblical creation

myth and other Ancient Near Eastern creation stories highlight the diversity of ancient

theological perspectives. The Bible is a reflection of the diversity of human experience since

it contains a wide range of theological perspectives and interpretations. To appropriately

interpret the Bible, one must be aware of this diversity and be able to engage with the text in

all its complexity (Brown et al.,pp. 530-532).

Theologically, the Bible has a particular perspective: The comparison between the

biblical creation narrative and other Ancient Near Eastern creation accounts demonstrates a

distinctive and singular theological worldview that underlay the biblical text, notwithstanding

the range of theological stances in the Bible and the wider ancient world. This vision strongly

emphasizes monotheism, creation from nothing, human dignity, and the structure and

meaning of the cosmos. Understanding this unique vision and appreciating the theological

principles that guide the text are prerequisites for correctly interpreting the

Bible(Brueggemann, Walter, 1982). The process of interpretation is ongoing: The

comparison of the biblical creation narrative to other Ancient Near Eastern creation accounts

serves as a last reminder that interpretation is a continuous process involving continuing

reflection and discussion. Our comprehension of the text and its meaning will improve and

deepen as we continue to interact with the Bible and other books of knowledge and wisdom

(Hambly,pp. 69-74).
 10

What theological values lie behind the areas in which the biblical text differs

from the ANE texts?

Monotheism

The biblical account of creation in Genesis 1:1–2:4 emphasizes monotheism, a

theological virtue, in contrast to other ancient Near Eastern creation accounts. In contrast to

polytheistic beliefs, which can be found in other literature, the Bible promotes the idea that

one God is the sole creator and ruler of the universe.

The distinctive theological viewpoint of the Israelites commanded to worship and

serve the one true God, is reflected in the biblical account's monotheism emphasis. This

belief system was fundamental to their identity and distinguished them from neighbouring

societies, many of which honoured a pantheon of deities. With the biblical story depicting

God as a personable and loving creator intimately involved in the universe, monotheism also

has profound consequences for understanding the essence of God. In contrast to other ancient

Near Eastern stories, this one portrays the gods as active participants in the world rather than

as distant observers. Furthermore, the biblical account's emphasis on monotheism has had a

significant impact on the evolution of Western theology and philosophy, shaping how we

think about God, our place in the universe, and our place in God's grander plan(Brown et

al.,pp. 530-532).

Personal Creator

Bible verses 1–2 highlight the importance of a personal creator from a theological

standpoint. The gods in the Bible are not as impersonal or distant from the creative process as

they are in other religions, and God is portrayed as a personal and loving creator who
 11

proclaims the goodness of his creation. The Israelites' distinctive theology, which posited a

God who was both omnipotent and transcendent while also personally involved in human

affairs, is reflected in this emphasis on a personal creator. According to the Bible's version of

events, God created the universe simply by speaking into existence. These facts point to a

personal God who designed and created the universe with a specific goal in

mind(Morgenstern, Julian, pp.169-212).

There are profound ramifications for how we conceptualize God and our place in the

universe when we admit the possibility of a personal creator. According to the Bible, God is a

compassionate and involved creator who actively maintains the world and provides for the

needs of his creatures. This contrasts the more abstract depictions of the gods found in other

ancient Near Eastern literature. The doctrine of the Trinity, in particular, reflects the impact

of the idea of a personal creator on Christian theology(Waltke & Bruce,pp. 136-144).

What we learn about how to interpret the Bible from a comparison like this

The biblical creation story can be compared to other stories from the Ancient Near

East to gain essential insights about understanding the Bible. First, it emphasizes how crucial

it is to comprehend the cultural and historical context of the biblical text. We can better

understand how the biblical authors were impacted by their cultural and religious

environment by contrasting the creation account in Genesis with other versions from the

same period and location. This can assist us in better understanding the material and

preventing erroneous inferences or interpretations. The Bible should not be read in isolation

from other books and sources, as shown in part two. The biblical creation story can be

contrasted with other creation myths to demonstrate how common elements and motifs are

found in various civilizations and religious traditions. This can make it easier for us to

comprehend the universal human emotions and principles that underpin these tales. The
 12

biblical creation narrative can be compared to other creation accounts, which can help us

understand the distinctive theological achievements of the Bible(Brown et al.,pp. 530-532).

There are substantial variances that reflect the various religious viewpoints of the biblical

authors despite the commonalities between the biblical creation narrative and other versions.

We can learn more about the theological principles particular to the Bible and how they keep

influencing how we view God and the universe today by analyzing these

distinctions(Moberly, 2020, pp. 528-542).

In order to understand the cultural, historical, and theological setting in which the

Bible was written, it is helpful to compare it to other works from the ancient Near East.

Furthermore, it can help us appreciate the unique literary and theological aspects of the Bible.

Among the ancient Near Eastern texts that can shed light on the Bible are:

Understanding the historical context in which the Bible was written might be aided by

comparing it to other ancient Near Eastern texts. By comparing and contrasting the Bible

with other ancient Near Eastern writings, we get insight into the cultural, social, and religious

influences that went into its creation. Many literary studies and comparisons to other ancient

Near Eastern literature can shed light on the Bible's high level of literary craftsmanship.

Comparing the Bible to other ancient Near Eastern texts with similar structures, motifs, and

subjects might shed light on the literary tactics and devices the biblical authors employ. By

contrasting the Bible with other ancient Near Eastern works, we can get insight into the

Bible's doctrinal uniqueness. To better grasp the distinctive theological worldview of the

Bible, it is helpful to compare the theological ideas, concepts, and themes found in the

biblical text with those found in other ancient Near Eastern works (Hambly,pp. 69-74).

Comparing ancient texts from different cultures and time periods requires a critical

eye and an understanding of the limitations of such an approach. Be wary of assuming that
 13

the biblical authors simply borrowed ideas from other ancient Near Eastern books or that our

own cultural and theological biases have been superimposed on the text. Instead, we need to

read the writings with an eye toward their internal logic and recognize how they each enrich

our knowledge of the ancient world and the human condition(Brown et al.,pp. 530-532).

Conclusion

In conclusion, comparing Genesis 1:1–2:4 with other creation stories from the

Ancient Near East offers essential insights into how to interpret the Bible. By comprehending

the cultural and historical context, we can prevent assuming the wrong things or

misconstruing the biblical text. In addition to underlining the distinctive theological

contributions of the Bible, comparing the biblical creation account to other texts and

resources enables us to understand better the universal human life experience and ideals that

are at the heart of these stories. By using this comparative method of interpretation, we can

better comprehend the biblical text and its application to modern society.
 14

Bibliography

Boadt, Lawrence. "The Theologian." Academe 68, no. 2 (1982): 17-20.

Brown, William P., and John C. Endres. "Structure, role, and ideology in the Hebrew and

Greek texts of Genesis 1: 1-2: 3." (1997): 530-532.

Brueggemann, Walter. Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press, 1982.

Coddington, Tina A. "God Created All Things-Genesis 1: 1-2: 4."

Hambly, W. F. "Creation and Gospel. A Brief Comparison of Genesis 1, 1-2, 4 and John 1, 1-

2, 12." In Studia Evangelica. V. Papers Presented to the Third International Congress

on the New Testament Studies Held at Christ Church, Oxford, pp. 69-74. 1965.

Hutzli, Jürg. "Tradition and Interpretation in Gen 1: 1–2: 4a." The Journal of Hebrew

Scriptures 10 (2010).

Kaiser, Denis. "“He Spake and it was Done”: Luther’s Creation Theology in His 1535

Lectures on Genesis 1: 1–2: 4." Journal of the Adventist Theological Society (2013):

116.

Moberly, R. W. L. "Method and Truth." Harvard Theological Review 113, no. 4 (2020): 528-

542.

Morgenstern, Julian. "The Sources of the Creation Story--Genesis 1: 1-2: 4." The American

Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 36, no. 3 (1920): 169-212.

Waltke, Bruce K. "The Creation Account in Genesis 1: 1-3." Bibliotheca Sacra 132, no. 526

(1975): 136-144.