Evolution of Populations ERMA, Evolution ===7 @: How can populations evolve to form new species? sampte answer: There are different variations of the same gene. samptr answer: Over time useful traits (and the genes that control them) accumulate ina population. sare answer: The genome of a species changes enough that it becomes a new species. SAMPLE ANSWER: Some species genomes are very similar. These species are closely related. The opposite is true for species with very different genomes. saupue answer: Evolution occurs when the allele frequency in the gene pool of a population changes over time. sampur answer: Genetic changes can affect the number and types of possible phenotypes organisms in a population can have. These changes provide the variation that populations need to evolve. sauuc answer: Speciation sometimes occurs when populations become reproductively isolated. samp answer: A molecular clock uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently. ‘Chopler 17 * Werkbook A * Copyright © by Pearson Edocafon, In, or ites, All Rights Reserved. 26717.1 Genes and Variation Lesson Objectives (© Deine evolution in genetic terms. Identify the main sources of genetic variation in a population. (State what determines the number of phenotypes for a trait. Lesson Summary Genetics Joins Evolutionary Theory Darwin's original ideas can now be understood in genetic terms. > Researchers discovered that traits are controlled by genes and that many genes have at least two forms, or alleles. The combination of different alleles is an individual's genotype. ‘Natural selection acts on phenotype, not genotype. > Genetic variation and evolution are studied in populations. Members of a population share a common group of genes, called a gene pool. > Allele frequency is the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur. In genetic terms, evolution is any change in the allele frequency in a population. Sources of Genetic Variation The three main sources of genetic variation are mutations, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction, and lateral gene transfer. > A mutation is any change in a sequence of DNA. > Most heritable differences are due to genetic recombination during sexual reproduction. ‘This occurs during meiosis when each chromosome in a pair moves independently. Genetic recombination also occurs during crossing-over in meiosis. > Lateral gene transfer is the passing of genes from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring Single-Gene and Polygenic Traits The number of different phenotypes for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait > A single-gene trait is controlled by one gene. An example in snails is the presence or absence of dark bands on their shells. > A polygenic trait is controlled by two or more genes, and each gene often has two or more alleles. An example of a human polygenic trait is height. Genetics Joins Evolutionary Theory For Questions 1-4, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words. 1. Natural selection works on an organism’s _P"<"°fyP* _ rather than its__ge"°'ype 2. A(n) Je" Poo! _ consists ofall the genes, including the alleles for each gene, that are present in a population. Lesson 17.1 + Workbook A * Copyright© by Pearson Education, Inc, ori afiioes. Al Rights Reserved, 2683. A gene pool typically contains different __!/el€s__ for each heritable trait. 4. The number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles for the same gene occur is called the _“l/ele frequency _ of the population. Use the circle graph of a sample mouse population to answer Questions 5-8. 5. SSI In the diagram below, use circles to represent the alleles within each segment of the population. Draw the Balleles as solid circles and the balleles as outline circles. The total number of individuals in this population is __25__ the total number of alleles is _5® _. Sample Population 12 individuals: heterozygous black (Bb) 4 individuals: homozygous black (BB) 9 individuals: homozygous brown (bb) 6. How many alleles for black fur are in the sample population and what percentage of allele frequency does that represent? 208 alleles, 40 percent 7. How many alleles for brown fur are in the sample population and what percentage of allele frequency does that represent? 30 b alleles, 60 percent 8. Describe how a geneticist might be able to tell that this population is evolving. The frequency of alleles will change. 9, Can you determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive on the basis of the ratio of phenotypes in the population? Explain your answer. No, because the phenotypic ratio depends on the allele frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles, and the frequency of alleles has nothing to do with whether the allele is dominant or recessive. Sources of Genetic Variation 10. What are mutations? When do they affect evolution? A mutation is any change in the genetic material of a cell. Mutations only affect evolution when they occur in germ line cells that produce eggs or sperm and if they Produce a change in phenotype that affects fitness. Lesson 17.1 + Workbook A * Copyright© by Pearson Education, Inc, ori afiioes. Al Rights Reserved, 26911. How does sextal reproduction affect a population’s genetic variation? Genetic recombination during sexual reproduction can produce many different pheno- types through the production of new and unique genetic combinations. 12. Identify two ways in which genes can be recombined during meiosis. by independent assortment of chromosomes and by gene swapping during meiosis 13. What is lateral gene transfer? How does it affect variation? Lateral gene transfer occurs when genes are passed from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring. It can occur between organisms of the same or dif- ferent species. Lateral gene transfer increases variation when a species picks up new genes from a different species. Single Gene and Polygenic Traits 14, Label the two graphs to show which represents a single-gene trait and which represents a polygenic trait. lA —Phenotype (height) —> 40 bs 22 28 60 Ee si 33 “Whout bands With bands Phenotype g e 3 z & 3 z § $ c Polygenic Trait Single-Gene Trai For Questions 15-19, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. © ___ 15. The number of phenotypes produced for a given trait depends on how many genes control the trait. __polygenic 16, Height in humans is an example ofa single-gene trait. Lesson 17.1 + Workbook A * Copyright© by Pearson Education, Inc, ori afiioes. Al Rights Reserved, 270___alleles 17, Each gene of a polygenic trait often has two or more phenotypes. Tie _ 18, A single polygenic trait often has many possible genotypes. ___Tme __ 19. A symmetrical bell-shaped graph is typical of polygenic traits. 20, Use the Venn diagram to compare and contrast single-gene traits and polygenic traits. Single-Gene Trait Polygenic Traits ingle-Gene Traits seth Controlled by two or more genes; may have many phenotypes that are not clearly distinct from one another Controlled by only one gene; may only have two or three distinct Phenotypes ee 21. Why is genetic variation important to the process of evolution? Genetic variation is the raw material of evolution, which can lead to different members of a population having different levels of fitness in a certain environment. The variation allows species to adapt to changes in their environment. Without such variation, the population would not evolve. Lesson 17.1 + Workbook A * Copyright© by Pearson Education, Inc, oti afiioes. Al Rights Reserved, 27117.2 Evolution as Genetic Change in Populations Lesson Objectives (CS Explain how natural selection affects single-gene and polygenic traits. (OS Describe genetic drift. (CS Explain how different factors affect genetic equilibrium. Lesson Summary How Natural Selection Works Natural selection on a single-gene trait can lead to changes in allele frequencies and changes in phenotype frequencies. For polygenic traits, populations often exhibit a range of phenotypes for a trait. When graphed, this range usually forms a bell curve, with fewer individuals exhibiting the extreme phenotypes than those with the average (in the case of beak size, the extremes may be tiny and large beaks). Natural selection on polygenic traits can cause shifts to the bell curve depending upon which phenotype is selected for. > Directional selection takes place when individuals at one end of the bell curve have higher fitness than those near the middle or at the other end of the curve. For example, when large seeds are plentiful, large-beaked birds in a population may be selected for. > Stabilizing selection takes place when individuals near the middle of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. > Disruptive selection takes place when individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. Genetic Drift In small populations, alleles can become more or less common simply by chance. This kind of change in allele frequency is called genetic drift. > The bottleneck effect is a change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population. > The founder effect is a change in allele frequency that may occur when a few individuals from a population migrate to and colonize a new habitat. Evolution Versus Genetic Equilibrium Ifallele frequencies in a population do not change, the population is in genetic equilibrium. Evolution is not taking place. > ‘The Hardy-Weinberg Principle states that allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies to change. These factors include: non-random mating, small population size, immigration or emigration, mutations, and natural selection, > Populations are rarely in genetic equilibrium, Most of the time, evolution is occurring. For example, many species exhibit non-random mating patterns, Sexual selection, or the process in which an individual chooses its mate based on heritable traits (such as size or strength), is a common practice for many organisms lesson 17.2 + Workbook A + Copyright® by Pearson Edveation, Inc, ori afiioes. All Righs Reserved, 272How Natural Selection Works 1. Ifa trait made an organism less likely to survive and reproduce, what would happen to the allele for that trait? Fewer copies of the allele would pass to future generations and the allele could even disappear from the gene pool completely. 2. Ifa trait had no effect on an organism's fitness, what would likely happen to the allele for thattrait? The allele would not be under pressure from natural selection, and its frequency would probably stay about the same. Use the table showing the evolution of a population of mice to answer Questions 3-5. Initial Population Generation 10 Generation 20 Generation 30 ee 2 $238 =x Mee