STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING LIME

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
GENERAL

Soil is the indispensable element of this nature. It is attached to everyone in one or

another way. All the basic amenities of life, whether it is concerned with food, clothes and
house, have been fulfilled by the soil .Without the soil it is just next to impossible to think
about life on this earth. The word soil is derived from the Latin word solium which according
to Websters dictionary means the upper layer of the earth that may be dug or plowed;
specifically, the loose surface material of earth in which plant grows. The term soil in soil
engineering is defined as an unconsolidated material, composed of solid particles produced
by disintegration of rocks. The voids space between particles may contain air, water or both.
The solid particles may contain organic matter. The soil particles maybe separated by such
mechanical means as agitation and water. Soil deposits in nature exist in an extremely erratic
manner producing thereby an infinite variety of possible combination which will affect the
strength of the soil and the procedures to make it purposeful. So is the particular case of black
cotton soil with a wide range of challenges associated with the construction at sites with
black cotton soil. In case of coarse grained soil, the mineralogical composition of the grain
hardly affects the engineering properties of the soils perhaps the grain to grain friction is
influenced to a degree. Is such soils, inter particle forces other than those due to gravity are of
no consequence, but the finer particles, the more significant becomes the forces associated
with the surface area of the grains. The soil structure means the mode of arrangement of soil
particles related to each other and the forces that are acting between soil particles to hold
them together in their positions. The concept is further extended to include the mineralogical
composition of the grains, the electrical properties of the particle surface, the physical
characteristics, ionic composition of pore water, the interactions among the soil particles,
pore water and the adsorption complex. The formation of soil structures is governed by
several factors in coarse grained soils, the force of gravity is the main factor, while in fine
grained soils, and the surface bonding becomes predominant. The specific surface (the ratio
of the surface area of a mineral to its mass or volume) is a parameter which is often used to
decide the importance of surface bonding forces relative to forces of gravity. Smaller

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particles have much larger surface area than the larger particles .for the same void ratio water
content are more for fine grained soil than for the coarse grained. Clay is understood to mean
a clay soil whose grains are predominantly composed of clay minerals and which has
plasticity and cohesion. Though the clay soils are fine grained but, not all fine grained soil
possess plasticity and cohesion. The presence of water, its content plays a decisive role in the
engineering behaviour of a clay soil. On the other hand, grain –size distribution and grain
shape influence the engineering properties of granular soils and hardly affect the behaviour of
clay.

The expansive soils occur all over the world. India has large tracks of expansive soil
known as Black Cotton soil (BC soil), covering an area of 0.8 million square kilometre,
which is about 20% of total land area. The major areas of their occurrence are states of
Maharashtra, Gujarat, southern parts of Uttar Pradesh, eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, parts
of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. This type of soil is available up to a depth of 3.7 meters on
an average in the above parts of India. Expansive soils occurring above water table undergo
volumetric changes with change in moisture content. Increase in water content causes the
swelling of the soils and loss of strength and decrease in moisture content brings about soil
shrinkage. Swelling and shrinkage of expansive soil cause differential settlements resulting in
severe damage to the foundations, buildings, roads, retaining structures, canal linings, etc.
The construction of foundation for structure on black cotton soils poses a challenge to the
civil engineers. Chemical stabilization is one of the oldest methods of stabilization of
problematic soil. In general, all lime treated fine-grained soils exhibit decreased plasticity,
improved workability and reduced volume change characteristics. However, not all soils
exhibit improved strength characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil-
lime mixtures are dependent on many variables. Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and
curing conditions (time, temperature, and moisture) are the most. specifications in expansive
soil areas must take these factors into consideration. The surfacing must be impervious, sides
paved and soil beneath well treated to check capillary rise of water.

It has been found during handling of various investigation project assignments for
assessing causes of structural failures that water has got easy access into the foundations. It
saturates the soil and thus lowers its bearing capacity, ultimately resulting in heavy
depressions and settlement. Water lubricates the soil particles and makes the mechanical
interlock unstable. In the top surface, raveling, stripping and cracking develop due to water
stagnation and its seepage into the bottom layers. Generally, construction agencies do not pay

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sufficient attention to the aspects of construction and maintenance of sides. In expansive soil
areas, unpaved offsets pose the maximum problem as they become slushy during rains, as
they are most neglected lot. show development of alligator cracks and extensive depression
as well as upheavals respectively in bituminous surfacing in Black cotton soil (BC soil) areas.

1.1 MATERIALS

Black Cotton Soil

Black cotton soil (BC soil) is a highly clayey soil. The black colour in Black cotton
soil (BC soil) is due to the presence of titanium oxide in small concentration. The Black
cotton soil (BC soil) has a high percentage of clay, which is predominantly montmorillonite
in structure and black or blackish grey in colour. Expansive soils are the soils which expand
when the moisture content of the soils is increased. The clay mineral montmorillonite is
mainly responsible for expansive characteristics of the soil. The expansive soils are also
called swelling soils or black cotton soils. The structures on Black cotton soil (BC soil) bases
develop undulations at the road surface due to loss of strength of the sub-grade through
softening during monsoon. The physical properties of Black cotton soil (BC soil) vary from
place to place 40 % to 60 % of the Black cotton soil (BC soil) has a size less than 0.001 mm.
At the liquid limit, the volume change is of the order of 200 % to 300% and results in
swelling pressure as high as 8 kg/cm2/ to 10 kg/cm2. As such Black cotton soil (BC soil) has
very low bearing capacity and high swelling and shrinkage characteristics. Due to its peculiar
characteristics, it forms a very poor foundation material for road construction. Soaked
laboratory CBR values of Black Cotton soils are generally found in the range of 2 to 4%. Due
to very low CBR values of Black cotton soil (BC soil) excessive pavement thickness is
required for designing for flexible pavement. Research & Development (R&D) efforts have
been made to improve the strength characteristics of Black cotton soil (BC soil) with new
technologies. The construction of foundation for structure on black cotton soils poses
challenge to civil engineers.

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Table 1.1 : Properties of black cotton soil

Colour Specific Liquid Plastic Shrinkage OMC MDD Free Swelling
limit
Gravity limit limit (%) (g/cc) swell pressure
(%)
(%) (%) index (kg/cm2)

(%)
Black 2.60-2.70 40- 60 15 – 25 8 - 15 20-30 1.4-1.6 50 to 60 4-6

Lime

In order to make the stabilized material more resistant to harmful acidic environmental
effects and achieving more ductile behaviour, High Calcium Hydrated Lime (Ca(OH)2) was
also mixed with the applied cement. This material is a more practical version of lime, due to
its fine particle size, which makes the mixture procedure, and the chemical reactions, easier
and less time consuming.

Table 1.3. Chemical Analysis of Lime

1) 4-6%
Silica

2) Insoluble matter 5-7%

3) Ferric Oxide 1-3%

4) Alumina 1-2%

5) Calcium Oxide 50-62%

6) Magnesia 0.5-1.5%

7) Loss on ignition 20-30%

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1.2 STABILIZATION
“Soil stabilization is a technique aimed at increasing or maintaining the stability of soil mass
and chemical alteration of soil to enhance their engineering properties.” Stabilization allows for the
establishment of design criteria as well as the determination of the proper chemical additive and
admixture rate to be used in order to achieve the desired engineering properties. Benefits of the
stabilization process can include higher resistance values, reduction in plasticity, lower permeability,
reduction of pavement thickness, elimination of excavation material hauling or handling. Stabilization
of expansive soils with admixtures controls the potential of soils for a change in volume, and
improves the strength of soils.

Soil stabilization is done by various methods by adding fly ash, rise husk ash, chemicals, fibers,
adding lime, by different geo materials like geo synthetic, geo grid and geo form. Soil stabilization
allows engineers to distribute a larger load with less material over a longer life cycle.

1.3 NECESSITY OF SOIL STABILIZATION

In deccan plateau region top layers comprises of black cotton soils deposits are
observed everywhere which is basically a clayey soil comprises of montmo- rillonite clay
mineral as its major constituent. These soils are black in color thus the name black cotton soil
suggested, are found suitable for agricultural purposes but are problematic in nature to the
civil engineering projects. Effect of volumetric changes in the form of swelling and shrinkage
under the water influence pose numerous problems to the structures built on it such as cracks,
undulations, uneven surfacing, settlement of different nature and magnitudes, etc. These soils
is having less bearing capacity, less shearing resistance and are generally not suitable / ideal
as a foundation soil for construction purposes. To make black cotton soils suitable as a good
substratum for subgrade for highway usage improvement in existing properties are
necessary .Recent studies adding lime and rice husk ash with BC soil.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

[1].Shailendra Singh, Hemant B. Vasaikar(2013) “Stabilization of Black Cotton

Soil using Lime” The properties of black cotton soil can be modified by stabilizing the soil
can be modified by stabilizing the soil with the use of additives or by mechanical means. In
this project an attempt has been made to stabilize the soil using lime. Experimental work has
been carried out with 4 % and 6 % of lime content. The experimental work is based on
different percentages of lime content in soil on tests for soil Liquid limit, Plastic limit,
O.M.C., M.D.D, Bulk density and Dry density, C.B.R. test, Grain size analysis and Swelling
pressure.

Tests carried out:

1.Atterberg limits
2.OMC and MDD
3. CBR value

Conclusions:In this project work, it has been found that the properties of black cotton soil get
effectively modified by varying proportions of lime. In this experimental program
stabilization of soil has been carried out by mixing lime in varying percentages (4% and 6%).

The following conclusions are drawn from this experimental study:-

 It has been found that an addition of 4% lime decreases the liquid limit by 12.1 %,
while 6% addition of lime shows a decrease of only 17.7%.
 M.D.D. is found to decrease by 2.4% and 5.6% at 4% and 6% lime content
respectively.
 It was found that O.M.C. does not change with a decrease of 14.3% in O.M.C. was
observed at 6% lime content.
 The C.B.R. value of black cotton soil mixed with 4% and 6% lime at 2.5 mm
penetration showed an increase of six folds and eight folds respectively. At 5.0 mm
penetration the increase in C.B.R value were also found six folds and eight folds
respectively.

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[2].JoydeepSen ,Jitendra Prasad Singh (2015) have studied the “Stabilization of Black
Cotton Soil using Bio-Enzyme for a Highway Material”:
The enzyme dosage varies from 200 ml/3.5m3 to 200 ml/1.5m3 of the soil, and it
depends upon soil properties. In this experimental investigation the Enzyme Dosages
assumed for Expansive Clayey soil was 200 ml for bulk volume 3.5 m3 to 1.5 m3 of soil.

Tests carried out:

1.Specific gravity
2.Atterberg limits
3.Grain size distribution
4.Free swell index percentage
5.OMC and MDD
6. CBR value
7. Swelling pressure
8. Unconfined compression test
9. Co efficient of permeability test

CONCLUSIONS

Performance of Bio-Enzyme stabilized soil has been investigated in this work. Based on the
tests conducted in the laboratory, the following conclusions were drawn:
 Amount of clay content plays a major role in the variation of consistency limits. It is
found that liquid limitdecreases from 61.40% to 56.49% while the plastic limit
reduces from 34.00% to 31.70% at the dosage no.4
 Changes are marginal for MDD of enzyme treated soil which is from 1.486 gm/cm3
to1.633gm/cm3 where asdecrease in OMC is observed to be 23.00% to 20.40%. The
decrease is due to effective cat ion exchangeprocess which generally takes longer
period in the absence of such stabilizers.
 It is observed that the treated soaked CBR values are increased as the curing periods
increase which is becausesoil treated with enzyme renders improved density values by
reducing the void ratios. Initially for the local soilthe soaked CBR value was 1.19%
but with stabilization after 4weeks of curing the soaked CBR value was 5.80% which
shows an increase of 387% from the original soil.

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[3].SRINIVAS GANTA M.Tech& AMITH KADABA SHESHADRI M.Tech(2016) have

studied the “BLACK COTTON SOIL STABILIZATION BY BIO ENZYMES”:
In this study Black cotton soil with varying index properties have been tested for
stabilization process and strength of the stabilized soil were evaluated after curing period of 0
days, 14days, 21 days and 28 days for various enzyme dosages 200ml/3m3 , 200ml/2.5m3 ,
200ml/2m3 , 200ml/1.5m3.

Tests carried out:

1.Specific gravity
2.Atterberg limits
3.Grain size distribution
4.OMC and MDD
5. CBR value
6. Unconfined compression test
7. Co efficient of permeability test

Conclusions:

 Changes are marginal for MDD of enzyme treated soil which is from 1.486 gm/cm3
to1.633gm/cm3 where as decrease in OMC is observed to be 23.00% to 20.40%. The
decrease is due to effective cat ion exchange process which generally takes longer
period in the absence of such stabilizers.
 The UCS value increases from 3.53 KN/m2 to 8.86 KN/m2 when compared to the
original soil after 4weeks of curing period. This is due to the reaction of enzyme with
clay which results in cementation effect. The reaction time is significant as the
strength at 4weeks (150.99% increase from original soil) is greater than that at 1week
(88.10% from the original soil).
 It is observed that the treated soaked CBR values are increased as the curing periods
increase which is because soil treated with enzyme renders improved density values
by reducing the void ratios. Initially for the local soil the soaked CBR value was
1.19% but with stabilization after 4weeks of curing the soaked CBR value was 5.80%
which shows an increase of 387% from the original soil.

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[4].Saurabh B. Gautam, C. B. Mishra, N. F. Umrigar(2016)have studied the “Subgrade

Soil Stabilization using Terrazyme”:
To examine the behavioural changes of soil record properties of untreated weak
neighbourhood soil and limit the volume change capability of a profoundly plastic soil by
utilizing measurements (1.3ml/5 kg) as stabilizers of for road development to give some basic
worth in the asphalt outline process.

Tests carried out:

1.Specific gravity
2.Atterberg limits
3.Swell index
4.OMC and MDD
5. CBR value

Conclusions:

Execution of bio-enzyme balanced out soil has been researched in this work. In light of the
tests directed in the research center, the accompanying conclusions are drawn:
 The value of Liquid limit decreases for 56 to 45% for terrazyme treated soil.
 The value of Plastic limit decreased minor form 24 to 21 %.
 Also by adding the terrazyme the dry density of soil is increased to 1.828 gm/cc from
1.665 at OMC of 18.33 and 14.49, respectively.
 The swelling property shows significant improvement as FSI comes down to 24% of
treated soil from 50% of untreated soil.
 The value of CBR also have significant rise in value at 4.13% of treated soil from
average CBR of 2.49 of untreated soil samples. this increment is 168% of the original
CBR value of untreated soil.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

 To study the strength properties of the black Cotton soil using terrazyme for
different dosages such as 200ml/3m3, 200ml/2.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/1.5m3.
 To study the strength properties of the black Cotton soil using terrazyme for
different dosages such as 200ml/3m3, 200ml/2.5m3, 200ml/2m3, 200ml/1.5m3, with
10% lime.
 To study the effect of terrazyme and lime on CBR value of black cotton soil.
 To reduce the pavement thickness and to achieve economy by using stabilised black
cotton soil.

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CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

MIX PROPORTIONS
 Combination of Black cotton soil+terrazyme
Sl no. terrazyme B c soil in %
1 0.0 100
2 200ml/3m3 of soil 100
3 200ml/2.5m3 of soil 100
4 200ml/2m3 of soil 100
5 200ml/1.5m3 of soil 100

 Combination of Black cotton soil+terrazyme+lime

SL.NO TERRAZYME LIME In % BC SOIL in %
1 0.00 10 100
2 200ml/3m3 of soil 10 100
3 200ml/2.5m3 of soil 10 100
4 200ml/2m3 of soil 10 100
5 200ml/1.5m3 of soil 10 100

FOLLOWING TESTS WILL BE CONDUTED

1. Specific gravity test
2. Liquid limit test
3. Plastic limit test
4. Proctor compaction test
5. CBR test
6. Swelling index test

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4.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST USING PYCNOMETER

Specific Gravity means the ratio of the mass of a sample to that of an equal volume of a
standard substance.

Wash and clean Pycnometer and dry it.Determine the mass of Pycnometer with brass cap and
washer (M1) accurate to 1.0g. Place about 200 to 400g of wet soil specimen in the
Pycnometerand weigh it with its cap and washer (M2).Fill water in the Pycnometer
containing the wet soil specimen to about half its height. Mix the contents thoroughly with a
glass road. Add more water and stir it. Fill the Pycnometer with water, flush with the hole in
the conical cap.Dry the Pycnometer from outside and take its mass (M3).Empty the
Pycnometer. Clean it thoroughly. Fill it with water, flush with the hole in the conical cap and
weigh (M4).

4.2 LIQUID LIMIT TESTS

The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the
weight of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the liquid and plastic states of
consistency. The moisture content at this boundary is arbitrarily defined as the water content
at which two halves of a soil cake will flow together, for a distance of ½ in. (12.7 mm) along
the bottom of a groove of standard dimensions separating the two halves, when the cup of a
standard liquid limit apparatus is dropped 25 times from a height of 0.3937 in. (10 mm) at the
rate of two drops/second.[6]

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Fig 4.2: Liquid limit apparatus

4.3 PLASTIC LIMIT TEST
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the
weight of the oven-dry soil, at the boundary between the plastic and semisolid states of
consistency. It is the moisture content at which a soil will just begin to crumble when rolled
into a thread ⅛ in. (3 mm) in diameter using a ground glass plate or other acceptable
surface[6]

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4.4 Proctor Compaction Test

Compaction is one kind of densification that is realized by rearrangement
of soil particles without outflow of water. It is realized by application of mechanic energy. It
does not involve fluid flow, but with moisture changing altering [6]

Fig 4.4: Proctor compaction apparatus

4.5 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO (C.B.R.) TEST

The ratio expressed in percentage of force per unit area required to penetrate a soil
mass with a circular plunger of 50 mm diameter at the rate of 1.25 mm/min to that required
for corresponding penetrate in a standard material . The ratio is usually determined for
penetration of 2.5 and 5 mm . where the ratio at 5 mm is constantly higher than that at 2.5
mm, the ratio at 5 mm is used.

The material used in the remoulded specimen shall be pass a 19-mm IS sieve. Allowance for
longer material shall be made by replacing it by an equal of material which passes a 19-mm
IS sieve but is retained on 4.75-mm IS sieve.

For dynamic compaction a representative sample of the soil weighing approximately

4.5-kg or more fine fine-grained soil and 5.5-kg or more for granular soil shall be taken and
mixed thoroughly with water. If soil is to compacted to the maximum dry density at the
optimum water content determined in accordance with IS:2720 (part-7)-1980, the exact mass

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of soil required shall be taken and the necessary quantity of water is added so that the water
content of the soil sample is equal to the determined optimum water content.

Fig : CBR apparatus

4.6 DETERMINATION OF FREE SWELL INDEX OF SOIL

Free Swell Index is the increase in volume of a soil, without any external constraints,
on submergence in water.[6]

Sample kept for free swell index

Fig : Free swell index apparatus

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CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSION

The various tests are explained in methodology is conducted and the results obtained
for specific gravity, liquid limit, plastic limit, proctor compaction test ,and CBR test etc are
discussed in this chapter.

5.1 MOISTURE CONTENT OF NATURAL SOIL USING OVEN DRY METHOD

 Weight of can = 4.96 gm

 Can no.= L10

 Weight of wet soil + can = W1= 15.1gm

 Weight of dry soil + can =W2=13.7455gm

 Weight of dry soil = W3=8.87575gm

Water content = (W1-W2)*100/W3

=15.42%

5.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF BLACK COTTON SOIL USING

PYCNOMETER
Observation:
1. Empty weight of pycnometer = W1 = 660 gms
2. weight of pycnometer + 1/3rd of B.C soil = W2 = 946gms
3. Weight of pycnometer + 1/3rd of B.C soil + Full of water= W3=1713gms
4 . Weight of pycnometer + Full of water= W4=1549gms
Calculation:
Sp.Gr of B.C soil = (W2 – W1 ) / {(W4-W1)-(W3-W2)}
= (946-660)/{(1549-660)-(1713-946)}
= 2.30

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5.3 FIELD DENSITY BY CORE CUTTER METHOD

 Internal dia of core cutter =D=9.8cm

 Height of cutter = H = 12.7cm

 Empty weight of cutter =W1 =988gm

 Weight of soil + cutter =W2 =2530gm

 Weight of soil =W3=1524gm

Volume of core cutter= V = 3.142*D*D*H/4 = 957.95 cm3

 Can no = K4

 Empty weight of can = 7.94

 Weight of soil + can = 21.175

 Weight of dry soil + can = 19.236

 Weight of dry soil = 11.931

 Water content = w= 1.94

 Specific gravity of soil = G =2.3

 Moisture content = w% = 16.1

 Bulk density = W3/V = 1.60 g/cm3

 Dry density = bulk density/(1+ w%) = 1.38 gm/cc

Dry density = (G*bulk density) /(1+e)

 e= voids ratio =0.66

 n= porosity =e/(1+e) = 0.39

 Degree of saturation*e = W *G

Degree of saturation = 0.56

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5.4 LIQUID LIMIT TEST

Avg 79.5

Wt. of wt. of wt. of moisture lost wt. of dry moisture

wet soil + dry soil empty (W2-W3) soil content
Sl No. of container + can can Gms (W3-W1) %
no. blows (W2) (W3) (W1) gms
gms gms gms

1 14 14.96 10.753 5.47 4.21 5.28 79.7

2 20 20.54 14.89 7.71 5.65 7.18 78.7

3 26 18.78 14.01 7.96 4.78 6.04 79.7

4 51 13.82 9.927 4.96 3.9 4.97 78.5

5 68 14.72 10.6 5.26 4.12 5.34 77.2

5.5 PLASTIC LIMIT TEST

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Can Empty Weight Weight Moisture Wt. Moisture Average

No weight of of dry lost (W2- of %
SL.NO of container soil + W3) dry
(%)

container + soil container soil

gms
(W1)gms (W2)
gms (W3)gms gms

1 K11 5.476 9.32 8.06 1.26 2.585 48.75

2 L3 8.07 12.31 10.92 1.39 2.85 48.75

49.7

3 B10 7.59 14.22 12.02 2.2 4.43 49.7

ATTERBERG’S LIMITS FOR VARYING DOSAGES

Liquid Limit (wL) Plastic Limit (wP) Plasticity Index (IP)

Terrazyme
in % in % in %

Conventional soil 78.5 49.05 29.45

200ml/3m3of soil 69.7 35.61 34.09

200ml/2.5m3of soil 68.40 38.83 29.57

200ml/2m3of soil 66.46 37.85 28.65

200ml/1.5m3of soil 64.0 41.17 22.83

From table it was observed that for varying dosages of terrazyme liquid limit and plastic
limits decreases & also plasticity index decreases.

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5.6 PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

Percentage of water 8% 14% 20% 26% 32% 38% 44%

Mass of empty mould (kg) 5673 5673 5673 5673 5673 5673 5673

Mass of mould + wet soil (kg) 7041 7236 7429 7505 7515 7370 7310

Mass of wet soil (kg) 1368 1563 1756 1832 1842 1697 1637

Can no. A10 R1 L10 H6 L22 B29 H3

Mass of container + wet soil 22.05 22.55 17.34 22.351 24.73 25.23 25.67
(w2) gms

Mass of empty container (w1) 7.332 7.72 4.91 5.15 5.36 5.26 5.33
gms

Mass of container + dry soil 20.5 20.42 15.17 18.77 20.1 20.35 19.86
(w3) gms

Mass of dry soil gms 13.17 12.7 10.26 13.62 14.74 15.1 14.53

Mass of water gms 1.55 2.13 2.17 3.74 4.63 4.88 5.81

Water content 11.77 16.78 21.15 27.46 31.41 32.32 40.0

Wet density (kg/m3) 1.34 1.53 1.71 1.79 1.8 1.66 1.6

Dry density kg/m3) 1.2 1.31 1.41 1.4 1.37 1.25 1.14

Dimensions of mould:

Diameter=10cm, Height=13cm , Volume=1021.08cm3 , Weight of soil taken= 3000g = 3kg.

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RESULTS OF OMC & MDD FOR VARYING DOSAGES

DOSAGE OMC (%) MDD g/cc

Conventional soil 21.15 1.41

200ml/3m3 of soil 20.6 1.49

200ml/2.5m3 of soil 15.77 1.63

200ml/2m3 of soil 11.97 1.67

200ml/1.5m3 of soil 14.72 1.64

From above table it is observed that OMC & MDD of conventional soil are 21.15% & 1.4
g/cc, as adding of dosages increases OMC & MDD values increases and it is observed that
200ml/2m3 of soil is optimum.

5.7 Free swell index

 Initial volume of soil in distilled water =Vid =16 ml

 Initial volume of soil in kerosene= Vik = 10ml

 Final volume of soil in distilled water = Vfd = 16.5ml

 Final volume of soil in kerosene = Vfk =10ml

Free swell index % =(Vfd-Vfk)*100/Vfk = 65%

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5.8 CBR TEST:

UNSOAKED CBR TEST FOR CONVENTIONAL SOIL

Constants;
1) proving ring constant;5.91kg
2) least count of strain dial gauge ;0.01mm

Sl No. Dial Gauge reading(in Proving ring reading(in

divisions) divisions)
01 0 0
02 50 3
03 100 8
04 150 16
05 200 21
06 250 24
07 300 28
08 400 31
09 500 35
10 750 47
11 1000 -
12 1250 -

Calculation;
1) CBR at 2.5mm = (24x5.91)/(1370)x100
= 10.35%
2) CBR at 5mm = (35x5.91)/(2055)x100
= 10.01%

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SOAKED CBR TEST FOR CONVENTIONAL SOIL

Sl No. Dial Gauge reading(in Proving ring reading(in

divisions) divisions)
01 0 0
02 50 0
03 100 1
04 150 2
05 200 3
06 250 4
07 300 5
08 400 5
09 500 6
10 750 7
11 1000 -
12 1250 -
Calculation;
1) CBR at 2.5mm = (4x5.91)/(1370)x100
= 1.72%
2) CBR at 5mm = (6x5.91)/(2055)x100
= 1.72%

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RESULTS OF CBR FOR VARYING DOSAGES

DOSAGE UNSOAKED SOAKED

CBR VALUES (%) CBR VALUES (%)

2.5mm 5mm 2.5mm 5mm

penetration penetration penetration penetration

Conventional soil 10.35 10.01 1.72 1.72

200ml/3m3 of soil 12.51 11.2 2.15 2.01

200ml/2.5m3 of 13.37 12.07 2.58 2.01

soil

200ml/2m3 of soil 14.23 15.24 3.44 2.5

200ml/1.5m3 of 12.07 11.8 3.88 3.16

soil

From above table it was observed that soaked cbr values of bc soil is 1.72 % & unsoaked is
12.07%. after adding terrazyme in different dosages as mentioned above ,the dosage
200ml/2m3 of soil is found to be maximum for unsoaked cbr values and for soaked cbr it is
observed that it goes on increasing as dosage increases.

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CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

1.The BC soil has a high degree of expansion , possess high swelling potential and require
stabilization for its better performance.

2.Liquid limit and plastic limit of BC soil varies i.e., decreases with increase in dosages of
terrazyme.

3.On adding 200ml/2m3 of soil of terrazyme we get lowest plasticity index which is
considered as optimum dosage.

4.The MDD increases on mixing of terrazyme i.e., 1.41 to 1.67 g/cc.

5.The CBR value is increased to 37% at optimum dosage.

6.The results of combination of terrazyme with lime is yet to be drawn.

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REFERENCES

[1].Shailendra Singh, Hemant B. Vasaikar(2013):“STABILIZATION OF BLACK

COTTON SOIL USING LIME”:vol.4 IJSR page no. 2090 – 2094.

[2].Joydeepsen , Jitendra Prasad Singh (2015): “STABILIZATION OF BLACK COTTON

SOIL USING BIO-ENZYME FOR A HIGHWAY MATERIAL”: vol. 4, IJIRSET page
no.12453 – 12459.

[3].Srinivas Ganta M.Tech& AMITH KADABA SHESHADRI M.Tech(2016) .“BLACK

COTTON SOIL STABILIZATION BY BIO ENZYMES”: vol.1 page no. 252 – 265.

[4].Saurabh B. Gautam, C. B. Mishra, N. F. Umrigar (2016):“SUBGRADE SOIL

STABILIZATION USING TERRAZYME”: vol.2 IJARIIE, page no. 2522 – 2528.

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