Page No.

Date

Accowdt
HEORY

Calls-I-hokA GUp- tuadwaua

CAALLS IN ARREARP CALS IN ADVANCE

BASL

Miauuug It H amouut tallud IE u Hu 0LLAAOk uetbu

up hu saapauuE uotallid up y tofau
poud lu aLtholde Poud uy Alauakaldea

chong td
Aukitat
lutLtat 1 alowed ou
Ledled CalA-Iu-aduaut

hdthonyArhc d ASouahou dotsrttt- A Loup. way

hat auw auyokouuae on acac Lalla lAadwaAtL

AyOAd tOpaLhtouhol Quthonn o do So

dedyced
ohouon N speAak
bodlatuHe
dueboa 0 ubgtmbad
Cap1hal inuot o chae iabluy n uHtut
Coplha n Bal kut Looulutu
Nou
Lalauure EIS Alhouon_OA dabut bal. Ahown aswduk bal

talwaluk towlu hoa tallkd TuLoMapan4

Hu uslalmimt CallLoel uwskaluuut yd
 Page No.
Date

ONAub.tcmalhou UuuARubicxiphoM

BANIR OVERSuRe CRAPTIoN UNDER-RURSUR1TioN

NoAlaaALA applud
Arghucl
ALd ar Aubethau d ar Ahtinphou
AttphauuA MA applitatom al wot L Ha aplLtakouA

AALenahutu aluaA aLb ull allohuuut

alloled 0A n laa maoli

RtwdExLL pglhtahou MOuLu I As _all Haapplttahaua all

ho b uudd or
oduatedQLLLed. Huy o ICn
Aauouda allchutut
|Min
at Ala o blum
poblAA.

LALVe ap1-al Coplal luasAL

RARLE KESERVECAITAL
CALTAA eERNE

AiangE au wuLald E Hat fau

Cop suda Launot ut callid up aLANL
wsuda u wot me kor dialnbuho
eN Aw wuut soludwgu
duLdwdo
 Page No.
Date

r a h o u
t Crea-cd ou b lE1Cealed out
LAMLAlld caplkl Capite poJti

Phoual IEUAOt audalo lEL moudaho Ceak

udan
w.ale a HiaLL capthala Capulal_ma

ueAal HWAaluhou Lot

ualuehonAHLALY o bmal Lqured taeale capt
LLaLAN Camlal

lLA LamE OM b Ao AE e EcouA b uaLa duulug

Htme LaludMasa u HA HA Loufa

1doaunLIE ot diuclotad lu 1E 1duaalotad wudu th

Buad Louveluplhs l
Ar Pauty Lahlukes pait

Shausholdu 0huhu holda

SHLEHOLDER DEKENTURE HOLDER

SwaunlheldoA owwu sbihu holduni HA

 Page No.
Date

Rttun AALLkoldu qihdudund ubuhuthaldua uhu

t

wo

Louhol Aauaoldia aa a ughk A dthouueholdLn ha

LOuhol ouLL 0orlaa
LOwpy atuuduagvohug
Ha Geaua Heetua

T Ahauholdis L at Ddbutuue heldiu L

acay iak Tuu tam weMuulahualy salieunad
ol Aauut Musatreldtakutuakoldua saw

ShouLA ouhunes

BAGIS SHARES DEBENTVRES

AOubtaahue bdube LOLfay

ILuon Akathaldin it uuoe, Ha dtbukuurlkoldoA i

Lthun RiaaLlaoldu guh dundaad btuhunlhotdu qutukuak on

Aiciedkake
 Tage No.
Date

cpaymuu Uomoll, H a 0 t 0tbuutuy aA uRud or a

ghauL uot Hepaud duuuy ltptenatd oALod Hmtt
ehMA OLpoua Qou debenduues 1
Heotto wettatt ttaottes-HPaud 0 dudate.

ut ak uthalua
ausLAMnot be1usued Abtutuaca bu u d
al duacout extup ak duacoue
Hy aA 18d o oa
Lquhy pla

euAuty hOLA QLoE Acund ubuutuun way er wau wot

eALCLALd y a clhag

oINUhhlthuhau_taMmot b0_Couvted Dcbtuhuue tau he couvukad

ao claOuA
ALCmty

otuug luw Aehaldzaa avL a ulatDsbuhuekaldus anuat

bo atud vokln Jaare auy ughh:
Gual MieHua
ndatvly
ShAnuholdou out ak Qrealer dbuuukoldu aL jodtE
1.8
t r a n s a c t i o
ns and events,
users, If
e users. It
f i n a n c i a l

to the
I. Financial Accounting with
recording
oating tthe
he
results
results

1
concerned
communicating
profit
earned or
loss
Financial Accounting is and a s c e r t a i n i n g

the
on t hee date wheen
summarising and interpreting them deals
with p
pooS
siit
tilo
onn

accounting.
It
the
a n d the
financi
f
fiin
naan
ncci
iaal
l

1s the original form o f and

u s u a l l y aa
((usually
year)
su
s uf
fffe
erre
edd during a period
eiod
to the costo
of
period ends.
accountis relating
the
t h e accounting information
Accounting,
ntino vaet of the aneh, i.e., Cost
Difference between Book Keeping and Accounting
Basis Book Keeping Accounting
1. Scope Book Keeping is a process of identifying financial Accounting,in addition to Book Keeping, is a process
transactions and events; measuring them in of summarising the recorded transactions and
money terms; recording them in the books of events,interpreting them and communicating the
account and classityingthem. resultsthereoftothe users.
2. Stage It is a primary stage. Itisthe basis for accounting.| It is a secondary stage. It begins where Book
Keepingends.
3. Objective The objective of Book Keeping is to maintain The objective of Accounting is to ascertain results
systematic records of financial transactions of operations and financial position and to
and events. communicate informationtotheinterested parties.
4. Nature of Job Thisjobis routine in nature. This job is analytical and dynamic in nature.
5. Performance It being a routine work can be performed by notIt being a specialised function is performed by
so trained staff. a trained staf.
6. Level of Skills Book Keeping is mechanical in nature and, thus, Accounting requires special skills and ability to
doesnot require special skills analyse and interpret.
InternationalFinancial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS)
Accounting principles, concepts and conventions commonly known as
Generally
Accepted Accounting Principles or GAAPs the basic rules that define the
are
parameters and constraints within which accounting
the theory base of accounting, on the basis of which
operates. These principles are
financial statements are
In other words, they are the prepared.
guidelines for preparing the financial statements.
The Institute of Chartered Accountants
of India (ICAD has issued Accaun
 MEANING OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
Accounting
Accounting Standards are a set of guidelines, i.e., Generally Accepted
Financial Statements.
Principles, that are followed for preparation and presentation of
They are accounting rules and procedures relating to measurement, recognition,
in the financial
treatment, presentation and disclosure of accounting transactions
Accountants of India.
statements issued by the Council of the Institute of Chartered
 Net Income (Profit) as per Accrual Basis (A-B) 2,40,500
Difference between Accrual Basis of Accounting and Cash Basis of Accounting
Basis Accrual Basis of Accounting Cash Basis of Accounting
1 NatureofTransactions Both cash and credit transactions are recorded. Cash transactions are recorded.
2 Prepaid/Outstanding Prepaid and outstanding erpenses are accounted in Prepaid and outstanding expenses are
Expenses the Profit &Loss Account not adjusted. Similary, accrued income
Accrued incomelincome Accrued income and income received in advance and income received in advance are not
Received in Advance
are alsoaccountedandshown inthe Balance Sheet adjusted
3 Profit or Loss Corect profitor loss is ascertained because it records Corect profit or loss is not ascertained
bothcash and credit transactions. because itrecords only cashtransactions.
4 Technical Knowledge Basis
The Accruzl of Accounting
requires technical It does not require much of technical
knowledge as many adjustments like prepaid, knowledge as is required for Accrual Basi
outstanding aptalandrevenuearereguiredto bermade of Accounting
5. Legal Position hccrual Basis of Accounting is recognised by the Cash Basis af Accounting is not recognised
Companies hct, 2013. by the Companies Act,2013.
6. Accegtability Accrual Basis of Accounting is more acceptable in Cash Basis of Accounting is not acceptable
business as it reveals correct income and expense inbusiness as it does not reveal the
besidesassets andliabilities. required information
7. Reliability Accrual Basis of Accounting is more reliable as it Cash Basis of Accounting is less reliable as
recordsboth cash and credit transactions and thus, it records only cash transactions and asa
reveals correct profit or loss besides assets and result does not reveal correct profit or loss
abilities. andalsoassets and liabilities
8 Suitability Accrual Basis of Accounting is suitable for businesses Cash Basis of Accountingis suitablefor Not-
as it requires information that is complex. It can be for-Profit Organisations and Professionals
made available by Accrual Basis of Accounting
such as chartered accountants, lawyers
etc, since they require comparatively less
information.
Conservatism: Playing it safe is both
an accounting principle and
Convention. It tells accountants to err
on the side of caution when providing
estimates for assets and liabilities. That
means that when two values of a
transaction are available, the lower one
should be favored. The general concept
is to factor in the worst-case scenario of
a firm's financial future.
Consistency: A company should apply
the same accounting principles across
different accounting.cycles. Once it
chooses a method it is urged to stick
with it in the future, unless it has a good
reason to do otherwise. Without this
convention, investors' ability to
compare and assess how the company
performs from one period to the next is
made much more challenging.
Full disclosure: Information considered
potentially important and relevant must
be revealed, regardless of whether it is
detrimental to the company.
Materiality: Like full disclosure, this
convention urges companies to lay all
their cards on the table. If an item or
event is material, in other words
important, it should be disclosed. The
idea here is that any information that
could influence the decision of a person
looking at the financial statement must
be included.