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Wastewater Treatment by Effluent Treatment Plants

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DOI: 10.14445/23488352/IJCE-V3I12P105

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

Wastewater Treatment by Effluent Treatment

Plants
Rakesh Singh Asiwal, Dr. Santosh Kumar Sar*, Shweta Singh, Megha Sahu
Department of Applied Chemistry
Bhilai Institute of Technology Durg (C.G.) India

Abstract
Most of the river basins are closing or closed Use of Water is Categorized by following-
to severe water shortages, brought on by the Commercial water use includes fresh water for
simultaneous effects of agricultural growth, motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings, other
industrialization and urbanization. Performance of commercial facilities, and civilian and military
state owned sewage treatment plants, for treating institutions. Domestic water use is probably the most
municipal waste water, and common effluent treatment important daily use of water for most people.
plants, for treating effluent from small scale industries,
is also not complying with prescribed standards. Thus, Domestic use includes water that is used in the
effluent from the treatment plants, often, not suitable for home every day, including water for normal household
household purpose and reuse of the waste water is purposes, such as drinking, food preparation, bathing,
mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and
purposes. The development of innovative technologies watering lawns and gardens.
for treatment of wastewaters from various industries is
a matter of alarming concern for us. Although many Industrial water use is a valuable resource to
research papers have been reported on wastewater the nation's industries for such purposes as processing,
pollution control studies, but a very few research work cleaning, transportation, dilution, and cooling in
is carried out for treatment of wastewater of steel
manufacturing facilities. Major water-using industries
industries, especially in reference to development of include steel, chemical, paper, and petroleum refining.
design of industrial effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) Industries often reuse the same water over and over for
system. Another beneficial aspect of this research work
more than one purpose.
will be recycling, reuse of water and sludge from steel
industry The whole technologies for treating industrial
wastewater can be divided into four categories: - Irrigation water use is water artificially applied
Chemical, Physical, Biological and mathematical to farm, orchard, pasture, and horticultural crops, as
approaches. well as water used to irrigate pastures, for frost and
Keywords- Waste water, Effluent treatment plants freeze protection, chemical application, crop cooling,
(ETP), Environmental Impact assessment (EIA), and harvesting, and for the leaching of salts from the crop
Physical treatment. root zone.
Mining water use includes water for the extraction of
INTRODUCTION naturally occurring minerals; solids, such as coal and
Avaibility of Water and Uses ores; liquids, such as crude petroleum; and gases, such
Water is one of the most vital natural resources as natural gas. The category includes quarrying, milling
for all life on Earth. The availability and quality of (such as crushing, screening, washing, and flotation),
water always have played an important part in and other operations as part of mining activity. A
determining not only where people can live, but also significant portion of the water used for mining, about
their quality of life.Total utilizable water resource in the 32 percent, is saline.
country has been estimated to be about 1123 BCM (690
BCM from surface and 433 BCM from ground), which Public Supply water use refers to water
is just 28% of the water derived from precipitation. withdrawn by public and private water suppliers, such
About 85% (688 BCM) of water usage is being diverted as county and municipal water works, and delivered to
for irrigation (Figure 1), which may increase to 1072 users for domestic, commercial, and industrial
BCM by 2050. Major source for irrigation is purposes. In 1995, the majority of the nation's
groundwater. Water use can mean the amount population, about 225 million, or 84 percent, used water
of water used by a household or a country, delivered from public water suppliers.

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

Fig 1 Water used by Different Sources

in Musi river basin all year round which includes

Wastewater can come from:
spinach, amaranths, mint, coriander, etc.
3. Flowers: Farmers in Kanpur grow roses and
 Human excreta (feces and urine) often mixed with marigold with wastewater. In Hyderabad, the
used toilet paper or wipes; this is known farmers cultivating Jasmine through wastewater.
as blackwater if it is collected with flush toilets Avenue trees and parks: In Hyderabad, secondary
 Washing water (personal, clothes, floors, dishes, treated wastewater is used to irrigate public parks
cars, etc.), also known as greywater or sullage and avenue trees. etc
 Surplus manufactured liquids from domestic Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)-
sources (drinks, cooking oil, pesticides, lubricating Environmental assessment (EA) An
oil, paint, cleaning liquids, etc.) environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a way by
 Urban rainfall runoff from roads, carparks, roofs, which we can assess different factors such as impact of
sidewalks/pavements (contains oils, animal environmental health of human, ecological health and
feces, litter, gasoline/petrol, diesel or rubberresidue associated risk with it and existence of changes in
s from tires, soapscum, metals from services of nature in particular projects. [1]. It is the
vehicle exhausts, etc.) term used for the assessment of the environmental
 Highway drainage (oil, de-icing agents, rubber consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy,
residues, particularly from tires) program, or concrete projects prior to the decision to
 Storm drains (may include trash) move forward with the proposed action. In this context,
 Manmade liquids (illegal disposal of pesticides, the term "environmental impact assessment" (EIA) is
used oils, etc.) usually used when applied to concrete projects by
 Industrial waste individuals or companies and the term "strategic
 Industrial site drainage (silt, sand, alkali, oil, environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies,
chemical residues) plans and programmes most often proposed by organs
of state (Fischer, 2016). Environmental assessments
Use of Waste water and its Disposal may be governed by rules of administrative
1. Cereals: Along 10 km stretch of the Musi River procedure regarding public participation and
(Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) where wastewater documentation of decision making, and may be subject
from Hyderabad is disposed-off, 2100 ha land is to judicial review.
irrigated with waste water to cultivate paddy.
Wheat is irrigated with waste water in Ahmedabad Purpose of EIA-
and Kanpur. 1. The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment
2. Vegetables: In New Delhi, various vegetables are (EIA) is to identify and evaluate the potential
cultivated on 1700 ha land irrigated with impacts(beneficial and adverse)of development and
wastewater in area around Keshopur and Okhla projects on the environmental system.It is an useful
STPs. Vegetables like Cucurbits, eggplant, okra, aid for decision making based on understanding of
and coriander in the summers; Spinach, mustard, the environment implications including social,
cauliflower, and cabbage in the winters are grown cultural and aesthetic concerns which could be
at these place. In Hyderabad, vegetables are grown integrated with the analysis of the project costs and

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

benifits.This exercise should be undertaken early pharmaceutical industry, to remove the effluents from
enough in the planning stage of projects for the bulk drugs.
selection of environmentally compatible sites, Need of ETP –
process technologies and such other environmental  To clean industry effluent and recycle it for
safeguards. further use.
2. While all industrial projects may have some  To reduce the usage of fresh/potable water in
environmental impacts all of them may not be Industries.
significant enough to warrant elaborate assessment  To cut expenditure on water procurement.
procedures. The need for such exercises will have  To meet the Standards for emission or
to be decided after initial evaluation of the possible discharge of environmental pollutants from
implications of a particular project and its location. various Industries set by the Government and
The projects which could be the candidates for avoid hefty penalties.
detailed Environment Impact Assessment include  To safeguard environment against pollution
the following:- and contribute in sustainable development.
Industrial wastewater treatment covers the Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of ETP –
mechanisms and processes used to treat  Treatment levels: Preliminary
wastewater that is produced as a by-product of
 Primary
industrial or commercial activities. After treatment,
 Secondary
the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may
 Tertiary (or advanced)
be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to
Preliminary Treatment level Purpose: Physical
a surface water in the environment. Most industries
separation of big sized impurities like cloth, plastics,
produce some wastewater although recent trends in
wood logs, paper, etc. Common physical unit
the developed world have been to minimise such
operations at Preliminary level are: Screening: A
production or recycle such wastewater within the
screen with openings of uniform size is used to
production process. However, many industries
remain dependent on processes that remove large solids such as plastics, cloth etc.
produce wastewaters. Generally maximum 10mm is used. Sedimentation:
Types of Wastewater Treatment Process: ETP, STP Physical water treatment process using gravity to
and CETP remove suspended solids from water. Clarification:
Some of the major important types of wastewater Used for separation of solids from fluids.
treatment process are as follows: Primary Treatment Level Purpose: Removal of
1. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP) floating and settleable materials such as suspended
2. Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) solids and organic matter. • Methods: Both physical and
3. Common and Combined Effluent Treatment Plants chemical methods are used in this treatment level. •
(CETP). Chemical unit processes: Chemical unit processes are
It is estimated that every year 1.8 million people die always used with physical operations and may also be
due to suffering from waterborne diseases. A large part used with biological treatment processes. Chemical
of these deaths can be indirectly attributed to improper processes use the addition of chemicals to the
sanitation. wastewater to bring about changes in its quality.
Wastewater treatment is an important initiative which Example: pH control, coagulation, chemical
has to be taken more seriously for the betterment of the precipitation and oxidation. pH Control: To adjust the
society and our future. Wastewater treatment is a pH in the treatment process to make wastewater pH
process, wherein the contaminants are removed from neutral. For acidic wastes (low pH): NaOH,
wastewater as well as household sewage, to produce Na2CO3 , CaCO3or Ca(OH)2. For alkali wastes
waste stream or solid waste suitable for discharge or (high pH): H2SO4 , HCl. Chemical coagulation and
reuse. Flocculation: • Coagulation refers to collecting the
1. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP): minute solid particles dispersed in a liquid into a larger
Effluent Treatment Plants or (ETPs) are used by leading mass. • Chemical coagulants like Al2 (SO4)3 {also
companies in the pharmaceutical and chemical industry called alum} or Fe2 (SO4)3 are added to wastewater to
to purify water and remove any toxic and non toxic improve the attraction among fine particles so that they
materials or chemicals from it. These plants are used by come together and form larger particles called flocs. • A
all companies for environment protection. chemical flocculent (usually a polyelectrolyte)
An ETP is a plant where the treatment of industrial enhances the flocculation process by bringing together
effluents and waste waters is done. The ETP plants are particles to form larger flocs , which settle out more
used widely in industrial sector, for example, quickly. • Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which
causes the particles to collide.

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

Secondary Treatment Level Methods: Biological and Tertiary / Advanced Treatment Purpose: Final
chemical processes are involved in this level. Biological cleaning process that improves wastewater quality
unit process To remove, or reduce the concentration of before it is reused, recycled or discharged to the
organic and inorganic compounds. Biological treatment environment. Mechanism: Removes remaining
process can take many forms but all are based around inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the
microorganisms, mainly bacteria. Aerobic Processes nitrogen and phosphorus. Bacteria, viruses and
Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence parasites, which are harmful to public health, are also
of air (oxygen). Utilizes those microorganisms removed at this stage. Methods: Alum: Used to help
(aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to remove additional phosphorus particles and group the
assimilate organic impurities i.e. convert them in to remaining solids together for easy removal in the filters.
carbon dioxide, water and biomass. Anaerobic Chlorine contact tank disinfects the tertiary treated
Processes the anaerobic treatment processes take place wastewater by removing microorganisms in treated
in the absence of air (oxygen). Utilizes microorganisms wastewater including bacteria, viruses and parasites.
(anaerobes) which do not require air (molecular/free Remaining chlorine is removed by adding sodium
oxygen) to assimilate organic impurities. The final bisulphate just before it's discharged.
products are methane and biomass.

Flow chart for ETP-

ETP Plant Operation- 2. Alum: (200-300 ppm) To remove colour

3. Poly electrolyte: (0.2 ppm) To settle the suspended
1. Screen chamber: Remove relatively large solids to matters & reduce SS, TSS. The addition of the above
avoid abrasion of mechanical equipments and clogging chemicals by efficient rapid mixing facilitates
of hydraulic system. homogeneous combination of flocculates to produce
2. Collection tank: The collection tank collects the microflocs.
effluent water from the screening chamber, stores and 5. Clarriflocculator: In the clarriflocculator the water
then pumps it to the equalization tank. is circulated continuously by the stirrer. Overflowed
3. Equalization tank: The effluents do not have water is taken out to the aeration tank. The solid
similar concentrations at all the time; the pH will vary particles are settled down, and collected separately and
time to time. Effluents are stored from 8 to 12 hours in dried; this reduces SS, TSS. Flocculation provides slow
the equalization tank resulting in a homogenous mixing mixing that leads to the formation of macro flocs,
of effluents and helping in neutralization. It eliminates which then settles out in the clarifier zone. The settled
shock loading on the subsequent treatment system. solids i.e. primary sludge is pumped into sludge drying
Continuous mixing also eliminates settling of solids beds. ETP Plant Operation
within the equalization tank. Reduces SS, TSS. 6. Aeration tank: The water is passed like a thin film
4. Flash mixer: Coagulants were added to the effluents: over the different arrangements like staircase shape.
1. Lime: (800-1000 ppm) To correct the pH upto 8-9 Dosing of Urea and DAP is done. Water gets direct

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

contact with the air to dissolve the oxygen into water. solids. The effluent is then reprocessed and the sludge
BOD & COD values of water is reduced up to 90%. collected at the bottom.
7. Clarifier: The clarifier collects the biological 9. Drying beds: Primary and secondary sludge is dried
sludge. The overflowed water is called as treated on the drying beds. FLOW CHART OF ETP Influent
effluent and disposed out. The outlet water quality is Screening Equalization (Lime + Alum) pH = 8.5 SS,
checked to be within the accepted limit as delineated in TSS removal Disperse unit RECYCLE TANK
the norms of the Bureau of Indian standards. Through Sedimentation tank {pH = 7.5} Sludge thickening unit
pipelines, the treated water is disposed into the Biological Treatment & Aeration {Dosing = (Urea +
environment river water, barren land, etc. DAP) for O2} BOD removal ~ 90% COD removal ~
8. Sludge thickener: The inlet water consists of 60% 90% Sludge Sludge discharge Fish pond Effluent
water + 40% solids. The effluent is passed through the Effluent discharge 60% water + 40% solids 40% water
centrifuge. Due to centrifugal action, the solids and + 60% solids SCREENING Screening is the filtration
liquids are separated. The sludge thickener reduces the process for the separation.
water content in the effluent to 40% water + 60%

FLOW CHART OF ETP

SCREENING Screening is the filtration process for the A. Activated Sludge Process
separation of coarse particles from influent. Stainless B. Chlorination
steel net with varying pore size can be utilized. Screens C. Filtration
are cleaned regularly to avoid clogging. Sewage treatment is the process of removing
contaminants from wastewater and house hold sewage,
EQUALIZATION TANK both runoffs (effluents), domestic, commercial and
Equalization makes the waste water homogenous. institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and
Retention time depends upon the capacity of treatment biological processes to remove physical, chemical and
plant. (Generally 8-16 hours) biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or Treated
MATERIALS AND METHODS – Effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable
Methodology: In this research paper the for disposal or reuse .The treatment of waste water is
treatment technologies adopted for treating sewage are not only important for our own health but also to keep
as follows : our environment clean and healthy.

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering ( SSRG – IJCE ) – Volume 3 Issue 12 – December 2016

In a sewage treatment plant, the activated sludge microorganisms, plants and animals. Hence, for
process is a biological process that can be used for one planned, strategic, safe and sustainable use of
or several of the purposes like oxidizing carbonaceous wastewaters there seems to be a need for policy
biological matter, oxidizing nitrogenous matter: mainly decisions and coherent programs encompassing low-
ammonium & nitrogen in biological matter, removing cost decentralized waste water treatment technologies,
phosphate, driving off entrained gases such as carbon bio-filters, efficient microbial strains, and organic /
dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen generating a biological floc inorganic amendments, appropriate crops/ cropping
that is easy to settle, generating a liquor that is low in systems, cultivation
dissolved or suspended material. The process involves
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