Brutas, Denisa Marie Yzzabella M.

May 20, 2022

D22B Laboratory Exercise #17

VIROLOGY
(BACTERIOPHAGE)

1. Paste a picture of a bacteriophage and label its parts.

capsid head
Nucleic acid
Bg
collar

sheath
Baseplate
Fiber
tail
spikes
2. Enumerate and illustrate the life cycle of a bacteriophage in a
prokaryotic cell in the following phases:
A. Lytic Cycle BACTERIOPHAGE
viral
5. New '
Genome
1. Attachment and
viruses →
qA ;¥h
inject viral genome
Death of " into the cell

¥
"
ice
the host ,

cell

ya ↓
Bacterial
chromosome

t¥x
°¥¥¥¥j¥¥¥¥¥i¥¥• o
' ""
"
-'
:
4. Assembly ...
..

"
2. Degradation
and release
''
" ""
,- .-i l
÷
i
. '"

-i . . ..
.
"
.
.. . of host genome

← ←
' ' '

÷
:; : #

9¥ *,

3. Replication of viral genome

and syntesis of viral proteins

B. Lysogenic Cycle
*
o
9T
:* 1. Phage attaches to the

** cell surface of bacterium.

2. Phage DNA enters

the bacterial cell. ¥1s
out
pro phage
3. Phage DNA
integrates into
-
bacterial DNA

4. Integrated prophage
replicates when bacterial
DNA replicates

These cells may exhibit new properties

Brutas, Denisa Marie Yzzabella M. May 20, 2022
D22B Laboratory Exercise #17

3. What is transduction?
Transduction is the process by which a virus transfers genetic
material from one bacterium to another. Viruses called
bacteriophages are able to infect bacterial cells and use them as
hosts to make more viruses.
4. Differentiate Generalized transduction from Specialized
transduction.
In generalized transduction, the bacteriophages can pick up any
portion of the host's genome. In contrast, with specialized
transduction, the bacteriophages pick up only specific portions of
the host's DNA. Scientists have taken advantage of the
transduction process to stably introduce genes of interest into
various host cells using viruses.
5. What are the potential effects of bacteriophage lysogeny to
bacteria?
Lytic phages take over the machinery of the cell to make phage
components. They then destroy, or lyse, the cell, releasing new
phage particles.
6. Relate the pathogenicity of the following to the presence of
temperate page within each.
A. Corynebacterium diphtheria
- based on toxin production:
Exotoxin inhibits protein synthesis of eukaryotic cell Gene for the
diphtheria toxin is carried by a genome of bacteriophage.
Corynebacterium diphtheria acquires bacteriophage (beta
bacteriophage) by tranduction from other corynebacterium diptheria
strain so as to express the toxin The phage must be lysogenized
before transduction.the toxin expression is mediated by fox gene,
which is regulated by chromosomally encoded repressor protein
(DtxR) when iron is limited.

B. Clostridium botulinum
costridium botulinum is infected by 2 bacteriophages namely
CEbeta and CEgamma but only CE beta is involved in converting
non toxigenic strains into toxigenic strains. The neurotoxins
produced by clostridium botulinum are encoded by prophage
genomes which causes pathogenecity
Brutas, Denisa Marie Yzzabella M. May 20, 2022
D22B Laboratory Exercise #17

C. Streptococcus
Bacteriophage that infects streptococcus pyogenes is T12
bacteriophage.
T12 bacteriophage converts harmless strains in to virulent bacterial
strains. It carries speA gene that codes for erythrogenic toxin A (
streptococcal pyogenic toxin A) which is scarlet fever toxin A. This
erythrogenic toxin converts non virulent bacterial strain into virulent
bacterial strain by lysogenic cycle. Lysogenic cycle is characterised
by ability of genome to become a part of host cell
D.

References:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/transduction-prokaryotes-292/
https://www.britannica.com/science/lysogenic-phage
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9157243/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553081/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/exotoxin
https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/lytic-vs-lysogenic-
understanding-bacteriophage-life-cycles-308094