Biology Investigatory Project

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2023-24
TOPIC :- TO STUDY INFERTILITY ITS

CAUSES AND ITS TREATMENT
NAME :- ATHARVA POPAT

SURWASE CLASS :- 12—A
ROLL NO. :-
INDEX
1) What is infertility?
2) What causes infertility?
3) Why addressing infertility is important?
4) What are risk factors for infertility?
5) How is female infertility diagnosed?
6) How is male infertility diagnosed?
7) How is female infertility treated?
8) How is male infertility treated?
9) What are fertility treatment for all

genders?
What is infertility?
Healthcare providers consider a couple
infertile if they try but fail to get
pregnant within one year. When the
woman is older than 35, the amount of
time trying to conceive drops to six
months for an infertility diagnosis. In
women over 40, immediate evaluation is
warranted. Infertility does not include
miscarrying or being unable to carry a
baby to childbirth.
Infertility is a condition where you cannot

get pregnant after one year of trying to
conceive. In women, cause of infertility
can include endometriosis, uterine
fibroids and thyroid disease. Men with
fertility problems may have a low sperm
count or low testosterone. The risk of
infertility increases as you age.
What causes infertility?
Causes of infertility vary:

Ø 1 in 3 infertile women have a problem
with the female reproductive system.
Ø 1 in 3 couples have a problem that
affects both of them or an
undetermined issue.
Ø 1 in 3 infertile men have a problem
with the male reproductive system.
Why addressing infertility is
important?
. Individuals and couples have the right to
decide the number, timing and spacing of their
children. Infertility can negate the realisation
of these essential human rights.
Addressing infertility can also mitigate

gender inequality. Infertility has significant
negative social impacts on the lives of
infertile couples and particularly women, who
frequently experience violence, divorce, social
stigma, emotional stress, depression, anxiety
and low self-esteem.
In such situations, education and awareness-

raising interventions to address understanding
of the prevalence and determinants of
fertility and infertility is essential.
What are risk factors for
infertility?
These factors increase the risk of infertility in all
people:
Ø Diabetes.
Ø Eating disorders, including anorexia
nervosa and bulimia.
Ø Excessive alcohol use.
Ø Over-exercising.
Ø Radiation therapy or other cancer treatments.
Ø Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Ø Smoking.
Ø Stress.
Ø Substance abuse.
Ø Weight problems (obesity or underweight).
Infertility
How is female infertility
diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider may ask you to record signs

of ovulation, such as basal body temperature and
cervical mucus. You may also use a home ovulation kit.
These tests can also help diagnose or rule out a
female fertility problem:
1) Pelvic exam: Your provider will perform a pelvic
exam, including a Pap smear to check for
structural problems or signs of disease.
2) Blood test: A blood test can check hormone levels,
including thyroid hormones.
3) Transvaginal ultrasound: Your doctor inserts
an ultrasound wand into the vagina to look for
problems with the reproductive system.
4) Hysteroscopy: Your provider inserts a thin,
lighted tube (hysteroscope) into the vagina to
examine the uterus.
5) Saline sonohysterogram (SIS): Your provider fills
the uterus with saline (sterilized salt water) and
conducts a transvaginal ultrasound. A full uterus
makes it easier to see inside the uterus.
6) Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): X-rays capture an
injectable dye as it travels through the fallopian
tubes. This test looks for blockages.
7) Laparoscopy: Your provider inserts a laparoscope
(thin tube with a camera) into a small abdominal
incision.
How is male infertility
diagnosed?
These tests can help diagnose or rule out a male
fertility problem:
1) Semen analysis: This test checks for problems
with sperm, such as low sperm count and poor
mobility. Some men need a needle biopsy to
remove sperm from the testicles and test it.
For most men, this is the only test that will be
needed in the workup of infertility.
2) Blood test: A blood test can check
testosterone, thyroid and other hormone levels.
Genetic blood tests look for chromosomal
abnormalities.
3) Scrotal ultrasound: An ultrasound of the
scrotum identifies varicoceles or other
testicular problems.
How is female infertility treated?
Treatments for infertility include:
Ø Medications: Fertility drugs change
hormone levels to stimulate ovulation.
Ø Surgery: Surgery can open blocked
fallopian tubes and remove uterine fibroids
and
polyps. Surgical treatment of endometriosis
doubles a woman’s chances of pregnancy.
How is male infertility treated?

Treatments for male infertility include:
Ø Medications: Medications can raise
testosterone or other hormone levels. There
are also drugs for erectile dysfunction.
Ø Surgery: Some men need surgery to open
blockages in the tubes that store and carry
sperm. Varicocele surgery can make sperm
healthier and can improve the odds of
conception.
What are fertility treatment
options for all genders?
Some couples need more help conceiving. To
increase pregnancy odds, a woman may first take
medications to stimulate ovulation before trying
one of these options:
•Intrauterine insemination (IUI): A healthcare
provider uses a long, thin tube to place sperm
directly into the uterus.
•In vitro fertilization (IVF): IVF is a type of
assisted reproductive technology (ART). It involves
harvesting the eggs at the end of the stimulation
and placing sperm and eggs together in a lab dish.
The sperm fertilize the eggs. A provider transfers
one of the fertilized eggs (embryo) into the uterus.
•Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): This
procedure is similar to IVF. An embryologist
(highly specialized lab technician) directly injects a
single sperm into each of the harvested eggs and
then a provider transfers an embryo into the
uterus.
•Third-party ART: Couples may use donor eggs,
donor sperm or donor embryos. Some couples need
a gestational carrier or surrogate. This person
agrees to carry and give birth to your baby.
BIBLOGRAPHY
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/
16083-infertility-causes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/
165748
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/
detail/infertility
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-
20354322

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BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

TOPIC :- TO STUDY INFERTILITY ITS

NAME :- ATHARVA POPAT

2) What causes infertility?

3) Why addressing infertility is important?

4) What are risk factors for infertility?

5) How is female infertility diagnosed?

6) How is male infertility diagnosed?

7) How is female infertility treated?

8) How is male infertility treated?

9) What are fertility treatment for all

Infertility is a condition where you cannot

Causes of infertility vary:

Addressing infertility can also mitigate

In such situations, education and awareness-

Your healthcare provider may ask you to record signs

How is male infertility treated?

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