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CHAPTER 3
WATER AND
ITS’ PROPERTIES
PREPARED BY:
Ms. RAFIDA BINTI RAZALI, FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES, UITM SABAH
BRANCH, KOTA KINABALU CAMPUS.
Ms. E.TAVASURIA D/O ELANGOVAN, FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES, UITM
PERAK BRANCH, TAPAH CAMPUS.

CHAPTER TOPICS
1 Biology and Its Theme
2 Scientific Methods
3 Water and Its’ Properties
4 Biological Molecules
5 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
6 Plasma Membrane and Transport of Molecules
7 Tissues

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Water and It’s Properties

❑ STRUCTURE OF WATER
✔ Chemical bonds of water molecules
✔ Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
❑ PROPERTIES OF WATER
✔ Cohesive and adhesive, high specific heat capacity, high heat of
vaporization, water expands as it freezes, versatile solvent
❑ AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
✔ Solvent, solute and solution
✔ Acids, bases, pH scale, buffers, and buffering mechanisms

LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able
to:

✔ identify the chemical bonds of water molecules;

✔ determine the structure and properties of water;
✔ describe the aqueous solutions and buffering
mechanisms.

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WATER
“The Molecule That Supports All Life”
• Water is the biological medium on Earth.

• In nature it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states.

• At room temperature, it is a nearly colorless with a hint of blue,

tasteless and odorless liquid.

• Water is the only common substance found naturally in all three

common states of matter and it is essential for life on earth.

• All living organisms require water more than any other substance.

• Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves are about
70–95% water.

• The abundance of water is the main reason the Earth is habitable.

1. STRUCTURE OF WATER
1.1 Chemical bonds of water molecules

• A water molecule is made up of two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
• Thus, the molecular formula of water is
H2O.
• A single oxygen atom contains six
electrons in it’s outermost (valence) shell ,
which can hold a total of eight electrons.
• Hydrogen atom contains one electron in
it’s valence shell.
• When two hydrogen atoms are bound to
an oxygen atom, the outermost (valence)
shell of oxygen is filled and completed.

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1. STRUCTURE OF WATER
1.1 Chemical bonds of water molecules

• The water molecule is a polar molecule.

• Oxygen is more electronegative than the
hydrogen and able to attract shared electrons
more strongly compare than hydrogen.
• Therefore, water consists of partially positive end
(H) and partially negative end (O).
• Thus, cause the formation of strong polar covalent
bonds between oxygen and its two hydrogen.
• Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in
hydrogen bonding.
• Polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen
bonds with each other.
• Water tend to form hydrogen bonds with other
water molecules.

Covalent bonds
• Covalent bond is one of the intramolecular
forces (forces that hold atoms or ions
together within a molecule).
• Are the strongest chemical bonds than the
hydrogen bonds. δ−

• Covalent bond is a bond between two atoms

formed by the sharing of electrons. δ+

• Two types: non-polar and polar bond. Polar covalent

bonds
δ−
δ+
• Non-polar covalent bond δ− δ+
δ−
- Equal sharing of electrons δ+

• Polar covalent bond

- unequal sharing of electrons such as in
water molecule.

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POLAR
NONPOLAR COVALENT BOND
COVALENT BOND
• The atoms share the electron equally. • One atom is more electronegative, and the
atoms do not share the electron equally.

• Covalent bond between atoms have similar • Covalent bond between atoms that have
electronegativity, electrons are shared different electronegativity causes a partial
equally. positive or negative charge for each atom or
molecule.
• Example: when Hydrogen atom is bonded to
more electronegative atom such as Oxygen
atom, the electrons of the bond are not
shared equally.

• Atoms in a molecule attract electrons to varying degrees.

• Electronegativity is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond.
• The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons
toward itself.

Hydrogen bond

• Hydrogen bond is one of the intermolecular

forces (forces that hold molecules together).
• It is a weak chemical interaction than the δ−
intramolecular force such as covalent bond. Hydrogen
bond
δ+
• Hydrogen bond is a bonding between
hydrogen atom to one of the highly
electronegative atom (such as fluorine, δ+
δ−
oxygen, nitrogen). δ− δ+
δ−
• Example: Bonding between hydrogen atoms δ+

of one water molecule to the oxygen atoms

of another water molecule.

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1. STRUCTURE OF WATER
1.2 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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❑ Hydrophilic molecules

• Hydrophilic molecules are substances that dissolve

readily in water (“water-loving”) (from the greek
hydro, water, and philos, loving).
• They are composed of ions or polar molecules.
• Water molecules surround each ion or polar
molecule on the surface of a solid substance and
carry it into solution.

Ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl)

dissolve because water molecules are attracted
to the positive (Na+) and negative (Cl-) charge of
each ion.

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❑ Hydrophobic molecules
• Hydrophobic molecules are substances
that insoluble in water or repel water
(“water-fearing”) (from the Greek
phobos, fearing).
• Usually molecules that are non-polar.
- i.e.: hydrocarbons, which contain many
C-H bonds.
- Lipid soluble molecules, vitamin A, D,
E, K.
• Water molecules that are not attracted
to such molecules and so have little
tendency to surround them and carry
them into solution.

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Water and It’s Properties

❑ STRUCTURE OF WATER
✔ Chemical bonds of water molecules
✔ Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
❑ PROPERTIES OF WATER
✔ Cohesive and adhesive, high specific heat capacity, high heat of
vaporization, water expands as it freezes, versatile solvent
❑ AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
✔ Solvent, solute and solution
✔ Acids, bases, pH scale, buffers, and buffering mechanisms

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2. PROPERTIES OF WATER
2.1 Cohesive and adhesive, high specific heat capacity, high heat
of vaporization, water expands as it freezes, versatile solvent

Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are:

1. Cohesive and adhesive behavior

2. Ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat capacity and high
heat of vaporization)
3. Water expands as it freezes
4. Versatility as a solvent

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❑ Cohesive and adhesive

• Cohesion is a property in which same molecules stick
together.
i.e. cohesion between water molecules due to
hydrogen bonding.
• Adhesion is a property in which different molecules stick
together.
i.e. adhesion between water and plant cell walls.

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The importance of cohesive and adhesive:

1. Capillary action : The process plants use to pull water up the plant (from
roots to their leaves) from the ground.

1. Transpiration : The loss of water from plants through evaporation.

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Gravity is shown by the water drops beading up at the bottom

of the pine needles trying to fall to the center of the Earth.

The property of adhesion here is counteracting gravity, at least

so far. Adhesion causes the water to be sticky to the pine
needle, thus preventing it from falling off the needle.

Cohesion is seen in the actual water drop—the water

molecules stick to each other, forming a drop.

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❑ Surface tension
• Surface tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes the
layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
• This effect allows insects (such as water strider) to walk on water, allows small
metal object to float on the surface of water and causes water to form a
droplet.

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The importance of surface tension:

1. Walking on water: Small insects such as the water strider
can walk on water because their weight is not enough to
penetrate the surface.

1. Formation of dew drops: Have you noticed the drops of

water on the leaves in your garden in the early morning? The
moisture in the atmosphere condenses in the early morning
and beads on the leaves due to surface tension. The surface
tension gives spherical shape to water drops.

1. Beading of water on waxed car: Waxing changes the surface

properties of your car. When the rains drops fall on your
waxed car, they smoothly slide down to the ground keeping
your car neat and clean and untouched. Water tends to
undergo adhesion weakly to the wax and strongly to itself.

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❑ High specific heat

• Specific heat is defines as the amount of heat that

must be absorbed or lost by 1 gram of a substance
to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
• Due to its high specific heat:
✔ water heats up more slowly than almost any
other compound and holds its temperature
longer when heat is no longer applied.
• This characteristic enables organisms, which have a
high water content to maintain a relatively constant
internal temperature.

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The importance of high specific heat capacity of water:

Stabilize ocean temperature

which creates a favorable
environment for marine life.

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To be continued..

THANKS!

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