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    Physical Science: Ms. Grace Monica P. Lebrilla

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    Gabriel James Sedan
    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. It also describes how to determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar based on electronegativity differences between atoms in the molecule. 3. The properties of substances are affected by intermolecular forces, which include ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

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    Physical Science: Ms. Grace Monica P. Lebrilla

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel James Sedan
    37 views40 pages
    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. It also describes how to determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar based on electronegativity differences between atoms in the molecule. 3. The properties of substances are affected by intermolecular forces, which include ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

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    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. It also describes how to determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar based on electronegativity differences between atoms in the molecule. 3. The properties of substances are affected by intermolecular forces, which include ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    37 views40 pages

    Physical Science: Ms. Grace Monica P. Lebrilla

    Uploaded by

    Gabriel James Sedan
    1. The document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. 2. It also describes how to determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar based on electronegativity differences between atoms in the molecule. 3. The properties of substances are affected by intermolecular forces, which include ion-ion interactions, ion-dipole interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    PHYSICAL SCIENCE

    Ms. Grace Monica P. Lebrilla


    Faculty - SHS
    POLARITY OF
    MOLECULES
    MELCs:
    • Determine if a molecule is polar or non-polar given its
    structure (S11/12PS-IIIc-15)
    • Relate the polarity of a molecule to its properties (S11/12PS-
    IIIc-16)
    EVEN
    ATOMS
    BOND.
    CHEMICAL BOND
    •an electrical attraction
    between the nuclei and
    valence electrons of an atom
    which binds atoms together
    •Three types of chemical
    bonds may exist in
    substances: ionic, covalent,
    and metallic.
    IONIC BOND
    • a chemical bond
    between a metallic
    and a nonmetallic
    elements.
    • It results from the
    transfer of one or
    more valence
    electrons from one
    atom to another.
    COVALENT BOND
    • a chemical bond
    between nonmetals
    • This type of bonding
    involves sharing of
    an electron pair
    between atoms.
    METALLIC BONDS
    • For metals which have
    highly mobile valence
    electrons
    • a sea of electrons is
    formed since metals
    easily lose its electrons
    due to its low
    electronegativity
    IDENTIFYING POLAR AND
    NONPOLAR CHEMICAL
    BONDS
    ELECTRONEGATIVITY
    • Electronegativity may be a measure of the power of
    an atom to draw in the electrons when the atom is a
    component of a compound.
    • Electronegativity values generally increase from left
    to right across the table and decrease from top to
    bottom.
    • Fluorine attracts electrons better than the other
    element.
    The of the
    (ΔEN)
    between two atoms gives an idea of
    the type of chemical bond that can
    exist.
    • Ionic bonds result when there is a very large
    difference between the electronegativity values of
    each atom, resulting to a polar bond. Polar covalent
    bond exist between atoms with high (ΔEN) value, but
    smaller than that in ionic bonds. Nonpolar covalent
    bonds have the least electronegativity difference
    among the three types of bonds.
    Ionic bond ΔEN ≥ 1.7
    Polar covalent bond 1,7 > ΔEN > 0.4
    Nonpolar covalent
    ΔEN ≤ 0.4
    bond
    NONPOLAR COVALENT
    • is a bond in which the electrons BONDING
    are equally shared by the
    bonded atoms. This equal
    sharing of electrons indicates a
    balanced distribution of
    electrical charge
    • Nonpolar covalent bonds have
    the least electronegativity
    difference among the three
    types of bonds.
    POLAR COVALENT BOND
    • A bond in which atoms
    have an unequal
    sharing of electrons.
    • Polar covalent bonds
    exist between atoms
    with high (ΔEN) value,
    but smaller than that in
    ionic bonds
    NONPOLAR COVALENT
    • is a bond in which the electrons
    BONDING
    are equally shared by the
    bonded atoms. This equal
    sharing of electrons indicates a
    balanced distribution of
    electrical charge
    • Nonpolar covalent bonds have
    the least electronegativity
    difference among the three
    types of bonds.
    POLAR COVALENT BOND
    • A bond in which
    atoms have an
    unequal sharing of
    electrons.
    • Polar covalent bonds
    exist between atoms
    with high (ΔEN) value,
    but smaller than that
    in ionic bonds
    DIPOLE
    • The two partially charged regions or poles of a
    molecule
    • Symbolized by an arrowhead pointing to the
    more electronegative atom (negative dipole)
    and a crossed tail located at the less
    electronegative atom (positive dipole.
    • Example:
    LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
    • Proposed by Gilbert Newton Lewis
    • also “Lewis Dot Symbols”
    • consists of the chemical symbol of
    the element representing the
    element’s nucleus and inner
    electrons and is surrounded by
    dots which represent the valence
    electrons of an element.
    Cu
    One electron in
    the s orbital of
    the first energy
    level
    HYDROGEN
    - ONE VALENCE
    ELECTRON
    - ONE DOT
    HUND’S RULE
    OCTET RULE
    •Richard Abegg formulated in 1904
    what is now known as Abegg's rule
    •A stable structure is observed
    when eight electrons surround the
    atom.
    Atoms either

    or

    electrons
    INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
    OF ATTRACTION
    MELCs:
    • Describe the general types of intermolecular forces
    (S11/12PS-IIIc-d-17)
    • Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of
    substances ((S11/12PS-IIId-e-19)
    such as
    and points are
    determined by the

    .
    INTERMOLECULAR
    FORCES OF ATTRACTION
    • Attractive forces
    between molecules ions,
    and atoms
    • Controls how well the
    molecules stick together
    • Weaker than
    intramolecular forces
    GENERAL TYPES
    •Ion-ion interaction
    OF IMFA
    •Ion-dipole interaction
    •Dipole-dipole interaction
    •Hydrogen bonds
    •London dispersion forces
    ION-ION INTERACTION
    •Strongest intermolecular
    forces
    •Present between
    oppositely charged ions
    •Gives compounds high
    melting and boiling points
    ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION
    • A charged atom
    being attracted to a
    dipole (a charged
    side of a molecule
    DIPOLE-DIPOLE
    INTERACTION
    • Attraction between polar molecules
    • Attraction due to the presence of partial positive and
    partial negative ends
    • short-ranged forces that exist between molecules
    that are very close to each other
    HYDROGEN BONDS
    • a special type of dipole-
    dipole interaction
    • a result of a hydrogen atom
    bonded to a highly
    electronegative atom (e.g.
    nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine)
    getting attracted to an
    unshared pair of electrons of
    an electronegative atom of
    another molecule.
    LONDON DISPERSION
    FORCES
    • The only forces present in nonpolar molecules.
    • Weak and occurs in small distances
    • This type of attractive force is temporary making
    it the weakest intermolecular force.

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