HOW THE MARKETING OF FORMULA MILK INFLUENCES

OUR DECISIONS ON INFANT FEEDING

How the
marketing of
formula milk
influences our
decisions on
infant feeding

The impact of marketing of breast-milk substitutes

on infant feeding decisions and practices: report
of a multi-country research study commissioned
by the World Health Organization and the United
Nations Children’s Fund.

Summary of findings and opportunities for action.

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In Memoriam
This report is dedicated to Dr Peter Salama (1968–2020), an inspiring
leader who actively supported this research and the use of evidence to
improve the health, nutrition and rights of children and women.
Contents

Preface vi

Foreword vii

Acknowledgements viii

Glossary ix

Executive summary x

Introduction 1

1. Marketing channels and tactics: pervasive and invasive 4

2. Marketing messages: slick and misleading 8

3. Health professionals: personal access, trusted role 12

4. Women’s experiences, women’s voices 14

5. Opportunities for action 17

References 20
From the moment you tell the world you are having a baby
and start looking for information online
You’re on the radar of formula milk marketing executives
They’re logging you on their future sales spreadsheet
Thinking up ways to take advantage of your fears and insecurities
You have a target on your back
Nothing will stop them from reaching you
And it’s not just one formula milk company
It’s all of them
Spinning the truth about what’s in their products
Hiding behind people you trust online and in health care settings
Showing up wherever you turn for advice
Piling on pressure to buy their products
At a time when what you really need
Is some time to yourself
To just be
Foreword
As societies, we are failing to protect our
children from the marketing of products that
undermine their health and development. One
of the most egregious examples of this is the
aggressive promotion of commercial milk
formula for babies and young children.

A s detailed in this report, formula milk

marketing – powered by enormous
budgets and the deliberate misuse of
This report clearly lays out the issues at
stake and points to the actions needed to
protect children and families, from robust
science – is driving over-consumption domestic legislation, to responding to digital
of formula milk and discouraging marketing practices, to highlighting the need
breastfeeding. It is also undermining for broader investments in breastfeeding.
women’s confidence and cynically exploiting
parents’ instinct to do the best for their We owe it to our children to ensure that
children. women and families are protected from
unethical marketing practices and are
The consequences for children and families equipped with accurate information and
are significant. Consumption of milk formula support.
can adversely affect children’s health, growth
and development. It also incurs significant
costs for families who can ill afford it.

Let us be clear: breastfeeding is the best

possible source of nutrition for babies.
Decades of research continue to reveal its Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreysus
incredible properties for growth, preventing Director-General
infections, bonding, and brain development. World Health Organization
Breastfeeding also supports the health of
mothers.

Formula milk has its place for women and

parents who are not able or do not want
to breastfeed, often the result of other
factors – such as employment – that are not
supportive of breastfeeding. Henrietta H. Fore
Executive Director
The International Code of Marketing of United Nations Children’s Fund
Breast-milk Substitutes is a landmark public
health agreement passed by the World
Health Assembly in 1981. Yet exploitative
marketing practices continue in defiance
of the Code. Digital media have been used
to further amplify the reach and impact of
marketing of formula milk. Even during the
COVID-19 pandemic, companies continue to
prey on parents’ fears to increase sales of
milk formula.
 Acknowledgements
This report summarizes the findings of a multi- for implementation of the research and
country study examining the impact of breast dissemination of findings: Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh,
milk marketing on infant feeding decisions Betzabe Butron Riveros, Sithembile Dlamini-
and practices, which was commissioned by Nqeketo, Hafid Hachri, Miguel Malo, Adelheid
the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Onyango, Pham Thi Quynh Nga, Faria Shabnam,
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Angela de Silva, Joy Ufere, Julia Untoro, Eliette
research was conducted in eight countries. Valladares, Kremlin Wickramasinghe.
WHO commissioned and coordinated the
study in Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco, Academics, local experts and representatives
Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom from the Ministries of Health in the study
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and countries provided additional guidance and
Viet Nam; UNICEF commissioned and support: Bangladesh - Muttaquina Hossain,
coordinated the study in China. Tahmeed Ahmed and Rukhsana Haider; China
- Shuyi Zhang; Mexico - Sonia Hernández and
The research protocol for the Multi-country Mireya Vilar-Comte; Morocco - Laila El Ammari,
study examining the impact of Breast-milk Amina Barakat and Mohammed Ababou; Nigeria
Substitutes (BMS) marketing on infant - Nadia Sam-Agudu; South Africa - Yogan Pillay,
feeding decisions and practices was designed Lesley Bamford, Tanya Doherty, Silondile Luthuli,
and implemented by M&C Saatchi World Christiane Horwood and Catherine Pereira-
Services – a specialist research division within Kotze; United Kingdom - David McCoy, Lynne
M&C Saatchi, one of the world’s largest McFetridge and Stephen Turner; Viet Nam -
communication networks. M&C Saatchi Roger Mathisen and Nguyen Thanh Tuan.
World Services analysed all data and drafted
a report for WHO and UNICEF that presented An international study advisory group
the findings and conclusions. Gillian Kingston provided guidance in the design and oversight
and Gerry Power coordinated the work in of the study: Professor Gerard Hastings
M&C Saatchi World Services and authored (Professor Emeritus, University of Stirling,
the main report with additional contributions United Kingdom); Dr Purnima Menon
from Natalie Maplethorpe, Mike Spencer, (International Food Policy Research Institute,
Lorry Symington, Hollie Jones and Katy Walsh Delhi, India); Professor Rafael Pérez- Escamilla
Gilbert. The M&C Saatchi World Services (Yale School of Public Health, Connecticut,
research report, including the methods and United States of America); Professor Linda
results, is available at https://apps.who.int/iris/ Richter (University of the Witwatersrand,
bitstream/handle/10665/354094/WHO-UHL- Johannesburg, South Africa); and Professor
MCA-22.01-eng.pdf Cesar Victora (Federal University of Pelotas, Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil).
This report was prepared by the Department
of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Research ethics approvals were granted by:
Health and Ageing and the Department of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease
Nutrition and Food Safety. It draws on findings Research, Bangladesh; Instituto Nacional de
and text from the M&C Saatchi World Services Salud Publica, Mexico; Université Mohammed
research report. With the exception of China, Vde Rabat, Morocco; National Health Research
the research was led by Nigel Rollins with Ethics Committee of Nigeria, Nigeria; Human
technical support from Laurence Grummer- Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Queen
Strawn. Additional inputs were provided Mary University of London, United Kingdom;
by Anshu Banerjee, Marcus Stahlhofer and Center for Creative Initiatives in Health and
Nina Chad. In China, the research was led Population, Viet Nam; WHO Ethics Review
by Anuradha Narayan (UNICEF) and Suying Committee.
Chang (UNICEF).
WHO gratefully acknowledges the Bill & Melinda
Anna Gruending drafted the report. Gates Foundation for providing funds to support
the research.
The support of WHO and UNICEF staff in
country and regional offices was essential

viii
Glossary
Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) A global effort by Influencer A person with the ability to influence potential
UNICEF and WHO to implement practices that protect, buyers of a product or service by promoting or recommending
promote, and support breastfeeding in health facilities. the items on social media.

Breast-milk Substitutes (BMS) Breast-milk substitutes include Marketing Defined as advertising, selling and delivering
any food or milk that is marketed as partially or fully replacing of products to consumers, non-consumers and through
breast milk. providers.

Cross-promotion Refers to the use of promotional activities for Marketing Landscape An analysis of the market, including for
one product to additionally promote another product. This can formula products in respect to strategies for promotion of
include packaging, branding, and labelling of one product to products, trends and competition in a country or other setting.
closely resemble that of another.
Maternal Milk Products Modified animal milk-based or milk
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid – an omega-3 fatty acid present in substitute-based products that may share a brand with an
breast milk. infant formula product and are promoted as a nutritional aid
for pregnant and/or breastfeeding women.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Feeding an infant only breast milk and
no other liquids or solids, not even water, with the exception of Reflux When an infant brings up or regurgitates milk during or
drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or shortly after feeding.
medicines.
Social Media Popular social media platforms, including
FGD Focus Group Discussion, qualitative research method Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, WeChat, TikTok, Little Red Book.
whereby people are gathered in a group to discuss a specific
topic.
Specialized Milks and Comfort Milks include formula products
that can be promoted for specific medical conditions,
Follow-on Formula Artificial ultra-processed products for
e.g. lactose intolerance or allergy. Additionally, there are
infants made out of a variety of products, including animal
products marketed as comfort milks to address specific infant
milks, soybean and vegetable oils and promoted as suitable for
behaviours such as fussiness, poor sleep or hungry, where the
use as a partial or total replacement for breast milk in the diet
formulation of the milks has been modified, for example the
of an infant from the age of 6 months; also referred to as stage
balance of whey or casein protein.
2 formula.

Stage 1 Formula usually for infants aged 0–6 months, but can
Formula Milk Artificial ultra-processed products for infants
be marketed for older infants; typically referred to as infant or
made from a variety of products, including animal milks,
standard formula.
soybean and vegetable oils and promoted as part of a line
of products that includes infant formula, follow-on formula,
Stage 2 Formula usually for infants aged 6–12 months, but can
and/or toddler/growing-up products (see stages 1–4 formula
be marketed for older infants; also referred to as follow-on
below), and may include formula products for special medical
formula.
purposes.

Formula Milk Companies Companies that manufacture, Stage 3 Formula usually for children aged 12–24 months, but
promote, and sell formula products. can be marketed for younger or older infants; also referred to
as toddler formula.
Growing-up Milk Modified animal milk-based or animal milk
substitute-based product that usually shares a brand identity Stage 4 Formula usually for children aged 3 years and up,
with an infant formula product and is promoted as suitable for but can be marketed for younger infants; also referred to as
use as a partial or total replacement for breast milk in the diet growing-up formula.
of a child. Growing-up milks can vary in the age of child the
product is targeted towards, usually from 12 months upwards. Toddler Formula Modified animal milk or animal milk substitute-
based product that shares a brand identity with an infant
HMO Human milk oligosaccharides, different types of sugars formula product and is promoted as suitable for use as a partial
that are present naturally in breast milk (human milk). HMOs or total replacement for breast milk in the diet of an infant from
influence the type of bacteria normally found in the gut and are 12 months old. Toddler milks can vary in age and promotion
important for a healthy gut. but are usually stage 3 formula milks aimed at children from 1
to 2 years old.
Infant Child aged 0 up to 12 months.
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
Infant Formula refers to formula products intended for infants
0–6 months of age during which time exclusive breastfeeding WeChat is a Chinese multi-purpose messaging, social media,
is normally recommended; also referred to as stage 1 or and mobile payment app.
standard formula.
WHO World Health Organization.

ix
 Executive summary

M arketing is part of everyday life, experienced by virtually

everyone. However, marketing of formula milk products
is different from the marketing of everyday items such as
Key Findings

shampoo, shoes, or fridges. Feeding practices of children in

1 Formula milk marketing is pervasive, personalized,
and powerful. Across all the countries studied, formula
the first 3 years of life profoundly affect their survival, health
milk companies use a range of tactics to engage women
and development throughout their lives. Deciding how we feed
through online and offline channels and platforms.
our infants and children should therefore be based on the very
Digital marketing provides a rich stream of personal
best information and truthful evidence, influenced only by
data which is used by companies to refine and optimize
what is best for the child and parents and free of commercial
marketing strategies.
interests.
2 Formula milk companies use manipulative
In 1981, the Thirty-fourth World Health Assembly adopted the marketing tactics that exploit parents’ anxieties
International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the and aspirations. Industry claims its products can solve
Code) to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes. common infant problems, it positions itself as a trusted
Forty years on, formula milk marketing still represents one friend and advisor, it appeals to parents’ aspirations
of the most underappreciated risks to infants’ and children’s for their children, and it plays on parents’ anxieties and
health. Scaling up breastfeeding could prevent an estimated self-doubts. Companies have even played on parents’
800 000 deaths of children under 5 and 20 000 breast cancer fears during the COVID-19 pandemic to sow doubt and
deaths among mothers each year. Despite the Code and enhance sales.
subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions,
formula milk companies continue to put sales and shareholder
3 Formula milk companies distort science and medicine
to legitimize their claims and push their product.
interests before infant and population health.
They make false and incomplete scientific claims and
position formula as close to, equivalent or superior to
This report draws insights from a large study, commissioned
breast milk despite growing evidence that breast milk
by the World Health Organization and the United Nations
and breastfeeding have unique properties that cannot be
Children’s Fund, conducted over the course of two years.
replicated by artificial formula.
The study sought to hear directly from women and those
who influence them – health professionals, partners, family 4 Industry systematically targets health professionals
members and friends – about their exposure to and experience – whose recommendations are influential – to
of formula milk marketing. Eight countries were included – encourage them to promote formula milk products.
Bangladesh, China, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Sponsorship, incentives and training activities are used
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, – either directly or through their institutions – to build
and Viet Nam – representative of countries in their regions relationships and influence health workers’ practices and
yet diverse in their income levels, exclusive breastfeeding recommendations.
rates, and implementation of the Code. The study was
conducted in urban populations where trends and values about 5 Formula milk marketing undermines parents’
confidence in breastfeeding. Many women express the
infant feeding practices are established and spread to other
desire to breastfeed, but a sustained flow of strategic
communities.
and persuasive marketing messages undermines their
confidence. Women’s positive attitudes towards formula
What emerges from this research is the most complete picture
milk correlate with their exposure to marketing, and the
to date of mothers’ and health professionals’ experiences of
fears and doubts they express about breastfeeding often
formula milk marketing – and it is deeply troubling.
mirror the themes and messaging of marketing.

6 Counter-measures can be effective, but must

be comprehensively expanded and scaled
up. Governments, health professionals and their
associations, civil society, and many other actors can
immediately take meaningful actions to end unethical
marketing of formula products and to support women,
parents and caregivers in their infant feeding practices.

x
This research shows that formula milk marketing knows should develop enforceable regulations that
no limits. It misuses and distorts information to influence protect child health and development from harmful
decisions and practices. The consequences for the health commercial marketing.
and human rights of women and children are not new but
often overlooked.
5 Invest in mothers and families, divest from
formula milk companies. Countries, donors, and
The need for society and governments to call out the
investors should scale up investments in wide-
unethical nature of formula milk marketing to a much
ranging measures to support mothers and families,
broader audience, and to take decisive action to end this
including support for breastfeeding and health
marketing and increase support to mothers and families is
systems, and maternity and parental leave, and
long overdue. Doing so will inevitably unnerve the vested
divest from companies that exploit families through
interests of this US$ 55 billion industry and the shareholders
unethical marketing of formula milk products.
and stakeholders who benefit from increasing sales.

Below are some of the immediate and tangible 6 Expand coalitions to drive action. Stopping
opportunities for action that governments, health unethical formula marketing needs actions across
professionals and their associations, civil society and society – not just those groups and individuals
individuals can and should take. involved in infant feeding or child health. Marketing
of formula is emblematic of marketing of other
products such as tobacco or gambling that prioritize
sales over health and well-being. Coalitions are
Opportunities for Action
needed to challenge commercially-driven practices
and demand action and accountability.
1 Recognize the scale and urgency of the
problem. Political leaders at the highest level, public
health institutions, health professionals and their
associations, and civil society should fully recognize The evidence is strong. Formula milk marketing, not the
and expose the pervasive and invasive nature of product itself, disrupts informed decision-making and
formula milk marketing, and the harm it causes for undermines breastfeeding and child health. All sectors of
child and maternal health and human rights, for governments, including health, labour and trade, health
societies, for economies, and for the environment. professionals and their associations, investors and those
with economic leverage should fulfil their responsibilities
2 Legislate, regulate, enforce. Countries should and exert their influence to insist on practices that prioritize
urgently adopt or strengthen comprehensive national children and families over commercial interests.
mechanisms to prevent formula milk marketing,
including: Society is not a bystander – everyone must protect the
– domestic legislation – health, trade and labour – in environment in which women and parents feed their infants
line with the Code, closing all loopholes; and demand the appropriate care, support and protection of
– robust enforcement and accountability rights. The research findings reveal the priorities of formula
mechanisms, including holding formula milk milk companies and how far they are prepared to go to
companies accountable for their practices and achieve their sales and market growth. In response, we must
commitments; be clear about the type of world that we stand for; what is
– regulatory measures, including plain packaging for ethical and acceptable; and where concern for our children
formula products and higher standards of evidence and their futures guide and prioritize our actions today.
for product development;
– programmatic initiatives, such as strengthening
and expanding the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative.

3 Protect the integrity of science and medicine.

Health professionals and their associations should
adopt, publicize and implement strong conflict-
of-interest policies to impede corporate interests
from influencing critical health guidance and
training on infant and young child feeding; and
governments should invest in training and building The evidence is strong.
the skills of health professionals in this area. Health
professionals and governments should actively Formula milk marketing,
counter commercially-driven messages on infant
feeding and provide accurate, impartial information not the product itself,
to women and parents.
disrupts informed decision-
4 Safeguard children’s health on digital platforms. making and undermines
The entire digital ecosystem – including data capture,
data brokering and content dissemination – should breastfeeding and child
be comprehensively reviewed using a public health
lens, and governments and international authorities health.

xi
Introduction

M arketing is part of everyday life, experienced by virtually

everyone. However, marketing of formula milk products
is different because feeding practices in the first 3 years of
milk substitutes. The Code was adopted in response to
aggressive marketing promoting formula feeding, leading to
significant increases in infant and child deaths (2). Subsequent
life profoundly affect the survival, health and development of relevant World Health Assembly resolutions have refined and
children both immediately and throughout their lives. Deciding expanded the scope of the Code.
how we feed our infants and children should therefore be
based on the very best information and evidence, influenced Forty years on, formula milk marketing still represents one
only by what is best for the child and parents and certainly not of the most underappreciated risks to infants’ and young
commercial interests. children’s health. The World Health Organization (WHO)
recommends early initiation of breastfeeding within the first
Forty years ago, the Thirty-fourth World Health Assembly hour of life, exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months
adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk of life, and continued breastfeeding with complementary
Substitutes (1) (the Code) to regulate the marketing of breast- feeding up to 2 years or beyond (3). Scaling up breastfeeding

10
Euromonitor formula sales per capita (kg)

2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

Standard Follow-on Growing-up Special

Figure 1. Sales of commercial milk formulas per capita (for ages 0–36 months), 2005–2019
Source: Euromonitor international; packaged food industry edition 2019 (190 countries)

could prevent an estimated 800 000 deaths of children under exclusive breastfeeding, have improved modestly over the past
5 years as well as 20 000 breast cancer deaths among women 20 years. However, sales of formula milk have almost doubled
each year (4). Despite the Code and subsequent relevant in roughly the same period and reached US$ 55.6 billion
resolutions, formula milk companies continue to put sales in 2019 (5), with high year-on-year growth even during the
and shareholder interests before infant and population economic crisis of 2008–2009 (6) (Figure 1).
health. While many of their marketing tactics are bold and
overt, in the digital age, they have also become more subtle Marketing works. Multiple studies have shown marketing’s
and sophisticated. Global rates of breastfeeding, particularly ability to increase demand and consumption, including

1
 for unhealthy products such as tobacco, alcohol and ultra- methodologies and marketing analysis frameworks that are
processed foods (7–10). Industry expenditure on marketing – seldom used in public health research.
estimated to be between 5–10% of annual turnover – similarly
reflects that confidence. Much has been written about how Study methods, including the sampling strategy, were
formula milk marketing continues to be a substantial global designed by a team with communication and behaviour
barrier to breastfeeding (10–12). Despite the rapid growth change expertise as used in commercial marketing with the
of the formula milk industry, its sophisticated and evolving aim of collecting data and insights as if to inform development
tactics – and how they are experienced by women and health of a commercial marketing plan. Study participants and data
professionals – have not been examined on a global scale collected were not intended to be representative of national
previously. populations but were sampled from groups considered to be
trendsetters, who would diffuse messages and practices to a
This report begins to fill that gap. It draws insights from a large wider population. A comprehensive marketing analysis was
study commissioned by WHO the United Nations Children’s conducted in each country in advance to assess the volume
Fund (UNICEF), conducted between August 2019 and April and dynamics of formula milk marketing and to map various
2021 by a specialist research team with communication types of advertisements, messengers, content and forms of
and behaviour change expertise. The study sought to hear dissemination. This information informed the design of focus
directly from women and those who influence them – health group discussions and ethnographic interviews, and the
professionals, partners, family members and friends – about terminology used in surveys. Over 8500 pregnant women and
their exposure to and experience of formula marketing. It was mothers of young children (aged 0–18 months) and 300 health
conducted in eight countries – Bangladesh, China, Mexico, professionals were surveyed, and more than 100 focus group
Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom of discussions and 80 in-depth interviews were conducted.1 An
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Viet Nam – selected unusual feature of this research was a sub-set of in-depth
as representative of countries in their regions but diverse interviews with marketing executives in China, providing insight
in their income levels, exclusive breastfeeding rates, and into the mindset and evolving tactics of formula milk companies.
implementation of the Code (Figure 2). Women and health
professionals in major cities in each country were interviewed Women’s attitudes and practices around infant feeding are
as it is here that trends and values about infant feeding shaped by multiple factors including formal and informal work
practices are established and spread to other communities. environments, health systems’ support, maternity protection,
preference, and societal norms and values. While recognizing
This study was novel in its scope and approach, using nine the critical importance of these factors, this research focused
data collection methods and applying consumer-focused on the scale, nature and impact of formula milk marketing.

United
Kingdom
1| High-middle
China
2| Some provisions
1| Upper-middle
3| – 2| Some provisions
3|
21%
Morocco
Mexico
1| Lower-middle
1| Upper-middle Viet Nam
2| No legal
2| Moderately measures

35%
aligned 1| Lower-middle

29
3| 3|
% 2| Moderately
aligned

3|
24%
Nigeria Bangladesh
1| Lower-middle 1| Lower-middle
Figure 2. 2| Substantially 2| Substantially
Profiles of countries included in aligned aligned

the study

World Bank
3|
29% 3|
65%
1 | income status
South Africa
Provision of
2 | the Code
1| Upper-middle
2| Substantially
Exclusive breastfeeding aligned
3 |

32%
(0-6 months) 3|

Not applicable

1
Details on the research methods can be found in the full research report, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/354094/ WHO-UHL-MCA-22.01-eng.pdf

2
Overall, the study sought to answer the following questions. parents – are manipulated by formula milk companies, who
incentivize and often unwittingly co-opt health professionals to
• What is the current formula milk marketing landscape endorse and promote their products.
across the eight countries?

• What are health professionals’ views on the marketing of

formula milk?

• What are women’s attitudes towards and engagement with

marketing of formula milk? Taken together, this
What emerges from this research is the most complete picture research shows formula
to date of mothers’ and health professionals’ experiences of
formula milk marketing – and it is deeply troubling. milk as a US$ 55 billion
Across all eight countries, marketing practices actively seek to per year industry
influence women’s and families’ infant and young child feeding
decisions. Many women express the desire to breastfeed, that systematically
yet a sustained flow of strategic and persuasive marketing
messages undermines their confidence in breastfeeding and undermines parents’
in themselves. Formula milk marketing, especially digital
marketing, is relentless and highly targeted. Formula milk
infant feeding decisions
companies use nuanced marketing techniques to exploit
parents’ anxieties and aspirations. Companies infer scientific
and compromises
credence of health claims for their products with carefully
crafted and tested language and labelling. Relationships of
women’s and children’s
trust – in particular, those between health professionals and health and human rights.

The findings of the full multi-country study report are summarized.

Section 1 Section 2
describes women’s exposure to
presents a summary of the marketing
formula milk marketing across the eight
themes, imagery and messaging used by
countries, and the channels and tactics
formula milk companies.
used to reach them.

Section 5
Section 3 Section 4 looks to the future, identifying
summarizes health professionals’ opportunities to act on this knowledge
reports key findings on women’s
knowledge and views on infant feeding to mitigate the unethical marketing of
perceptions on infant feeding, and
practices, and their exposure and formula milk, and to foster environments
their experience as the key targets of
attitudes towards formula milk that support women and parents in
marketing messages and strategies.
marketing. their infant and young child feeding
decisions and practices.

3
1 1. Marketing channels and tactics:
pervasive and invasive

M arketing for formula milk products has been taking place

for over a century. Despite international efforts to regulate
it beginning with the Code in 1981 and subsequent relevant
World Health Assembly resolutions, industry employs ever-
evolving tactics to both defy and circumvent them. This multi-
country study used multiple methods (survey, phone diaries,
focus group discussions, in-depth interviews) to measure
women’s self-reported exposure to formula milk marketing,
•

•
Traditional marketing, for example on television or through
advertisements, is less common in Bangladesh, Morocco,
Nigeria, and South Africa; here the effects of marketing are
seen in recommendations from health professionals and on
digital platforms.

In particular, companies seek to reach younger, newly

pregnant women – referred to by some marketing
executives as the “holy grail” for formula milk sales (13).
as well as marketing analyses to characterize the key channels
Companies use data-driven algorithms that target digital
and tactics employed by industry.
advertising to women whose online behaviour suggests
they may be pregnant.
Marketing of formula milk is present in all countries surveyed,
and pervasive in certain settings.

• 51% of the 8,528 pregnant and postnatal women surveyed

reported seeing or hearing formula milk marketing in the “After I gave birth to him, I didn’t know who
preceding year. Self-reported exposure to marketing is leaked the information, the ad person or
highest among women in urban China (97%), Viet Nam others would send me one pack, they seemed
(92%) and the United Kingdom (84%), and is also common to be fighting for the first sip of formula milk.”
in Mexico (39%) (Figure 3). In these countries, marketing
is ubiquitous, aggressive and carried out through multiple Mother, Jinan, China
channels.

27% 97% 39% 3% 24% 21% 84% 92%

Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom Viet Nam

Figure 3. Women’s self-reported exposure to formula milk marketing in the preceding year

4
Formula milk marketing uses multiple channels to persuade
women of the merits of and need for formula milk. “There were a few brand X adverts on the
side of the bus stops, that I saw. Obviously,
• Television. we were looking online and that little (advert
for) brand X milk popped up. With these
Television marketing – including advertisements and
cookies, they must know we’re looking at
product placement – was the most frequently recalled
baby stuff, and it’s popped up out of nowhere
mode of marketing, with particularly high exposure in
to tell us about this brand X milk. I think there
Viet Nam (86%), China (72%), and the United Kingdom
was a brand Y milk advert too.”
(68%) (Table 1). According to Nielsen Intelligence1 data, one
company based in the United States of America spent over
Mother, London, United Kingdom
US$ 400 million on a television campaign for formula milk
in China in 2018.

Funded by formula
WeChat “Moms Groups” in China
WeChat is China’s leading mobile messaging app, with
over one billion active users (14). Marketing executives
in China revealed that formula milk companies create
or participate in these groups, and use the groups to
glean information on women, to recommend products,
Viet Nam China United Kingdom to provide gifts, and to nudge women to buy their
products.
• Digital marketing.
Marketing executives revealed that formula milk companies
increasingly rely on digital channels to reach women, • Digital influencers.
an approach which has been further intensified by the
Influencers – those with large social media followings
COVID-19 pandemic. Social media channels are often
and the power to influence choices – make regular posts
inaccessible to many of the regulations by which traditional
about formula milk. These influencers for formula milk
media abide. Digital marketing provides formula milk
include celebrities, paediatricians, so-called experts and
companies with a rich stream of personal data that they use
mom influencers. In the United Kingdom, influencers
to sharpen and focus their marketing campaigns. Women
uploaded videos and pictures online of their hospital bags,
report being targeted by online marketing, with promotions
presenting formula brands. In China, marketing executives
prompted by their search behaviour for infant feeding
cited the particular effectiveness of mom influencers as key
advice and information. Some women spoke of being
marketing channels.
inundated by marketing for formula milk.

Table 1. Top three channels where formula milk marketing is seen or heard among mothers

United
Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa Viet Nam
Kingdom
(N=321) (N=1014) (N=413) (N=27) (N=254) (N=222) (N=970)
(N=888)

Cable TV TV TV Social media TV TV TV TV

66% 72% 84% 78% 83% 78% 68% 86%

YouTube Supermarket YouTube TV Hospital/clinic Supermarket Social media YouTube

31% 58% 12% 22% 10% 17% 18% 35%

TV BiliBili/ TikTok Social media Supermarket Social media Magazine YouTube Social media
25% 41% 9% 4% 9% 9% 6% 35%

1
The marketing analysis included the use of Nielsen Intelligence data, among other sources, to gather information on formula milk advertising campaigns.
Further details can be found in the full Multi-country study report, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/354094/ WHO-UHL-MCA-22.01-eng.pdf

5
 Table 2. Proportion of mothers receiving a free sample of formula milk

United
Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa Viet Nam
Kingdom
(N=1,178) (N=1,050) (N=1,050) (N=1,050) (N=1,050) (N=1,050) (N=1,050)
(N=1,050)

Free samples of formula milk

3% 18% 16% 19% 2% 8% 17% 28%
in hospital
Free samples of formula milk
3% 40% 4% 20% 2% 4% 4% 22%
outside hospital

Either inside or outside hospital 5% 46% 18% 26% 3% 10% 20% 35%

• Free samples. offers or promotional discounts from a formula milk

company, and 38% reported receiving gifts from a formula
Free samples are an effective and well-documented milk company.
marketing tool. Women in all eight countries reported
receiving free samples of formula milk, distributed inside
and outside hospitals (especially private hospitals), by
health professionals, at stores and by post. Samples were
“There’s a milk booth at [hospital name].
particularly common in China and Viet Nam, where 46%
After coming to see the doctor for a periodical
and 35% respectively of women surveyed had received at
pregnancy check, they can pass through
least one free sample (Table 2).
this booth. Promotional Girls there will give
pregnant women a milk sample and collect
their phone number. This strongly influences
the women’s subsequent choice in the
“If the consumers could provide a birth
future.”
certificate, they can be given a can of stage 1
formula for free. This is a very effective way
Nurse, private hospital, Ho Chi Minh City,
for formula companies getting new clients. If
Viet Nam
a baby drink stage 1 formula from one brand,
in most of the cases, will drink stage 2 and 3
of the same brand.”
• Baby clubs.
Brand manager, formula milk company, Baby clubs, organized and managed by formula milk
Beijing, China companies, offer women gifts and discounts, information
on pregnancy and birth, and access to “carelines” which
provide 24/7 “support and advice”. Baby clubs convened by
• Health settings. formula milk companies were identified in China, Mexico,
In settings – including hospitals, pharmacies and clinics – the United Kingdom, and Viet Nam, though sponsorship by
formula milk companies use posters, materials citing their industry is not always disclosed.
sponsorship, and branded goods to market their products.
In Mexico, South Africa and Viet Nam health professionals
• Talks and events.
report that some private hospitals are affiliated with Marketing executives in China spoke of lectures as a
particular brands and are paid to promote them. Almost particularly important way of reaching consumers, as
one in five women in Viet Nam (19%) reported seeing women trust expert opinions, and this builds brand
promotional booths in a health setting, offering women credibility. Formula milk companies in all surveyed
promotions, “advice” and free samples, often in exchange countries also held or sponsored talks, events and
for women’s contact information to allow companies to conferences for health professionals.
follow up later with consultation calls and promotions.
• Direct interaction with company
• Promotions and gifts. representatives.
Formula milk companies entice consumers with Formula milk representatives contact consumers online,
promotions, discount coupons, store card points and through social media, and on the phone, and present
free gifts with the purchase of other baby items, such as themselves as legitimate sources of advice and support for
strollers. Promotions and gifts were common in China, women. In urban China and Viet Nam, this contact was often
Mexico, the United Kingdom and Viet Nam. In China, over framed as a consultation during which concerns about infant
two thirds of women surveyed (68%) reported receiving feeding and formula milk products were addressed.

6
• Health professionals.
Recommendations from health professionals are a key specialized formula milk products, or invitations to
channel of formula milk marketing. Health professionals seminars, conferences and events. This highly influential
spoke of receiving commissions from sales, funding and problematic form of marketing is explored in greater
for research, promotional gifts, samples of infant and detail in Section 3.

Figure 4. Marketing of formula milk products at every stage

Maternal Standard Follow-on Toddler Growing up

The Bottom Line

Formula milk companies use a myriad of channels – both mass and
highly personalized – to maximize the number of women they reach and
the number of times they reach them. In some settings, this amounts
to a constant flow of marketing that confronts pregnant women and
mothers in public and private spaces.

7
2 2. Marketing messages:

T
slick and misleading

his section reports the themes and content of formula milk

marketing, drawing on data from the marketing analysis,
phone diaries, interviews and surveys with women and
interviews with health professionals and marketing executives.
From this information, five main themes were identified as
dominant in marketing strategies and messaging.
• Expanding the portfolio of products available is
a common marketing strategy to boost sales and
circumvent the Code.1 Findings from the marketing
analysis show an increasing range of products on offer
across all countries, especially follow-on milks (stage 2),
but also toddler (stage 3), and growing-up (stage 4)
formula milks. 2 In Viet Nam, a highly competitive
1 Product options. Industry has developed a wide range of market, at least 28 formula products came to market in
formula milk product options which are strategically marketed 2018 alone.
together, and which serve to normalize their use during
• Infant formula (stage 1) is typically marketed under
pregnancy and throughout infancy and early childhood.
the same umbrella brand and shelved alongside milks
for older children (stages 2–4), benefiting from brand

Cross-promotion in South Africa

1
Product is one element of the marketing variables (product, price, promotion and place) commonly referred to as the 4Ps which are used to develop brands and brand families.
2
Data were available from all countries except Morocco.

8
 recognition, known as “cross-promotion” (15). Women
recalled seeing marketing for stage 1 infant formula “I think that all those scientific acronyms like
products despite the Code and national legislation DHA give a feeling of scientific sophistication.
prohibiting this marketing. Some women spoke of how You don’t know what it is but sounds cool.”
it was sometimes unclear which formula product was
intended for which age of infant. Pregnant woman, Guadalajara, Mexico

“I saw these (formula milks) on (website for

a store) and they all seemed to be … a more
grown-up or follow-on milk. But, I found it all “After 6 months from birth, the nutritional
a bit confusing because I can’t really say that- needs of the child are increasing... breast
I couldn’t tell from the packaging immediately milk will not be enough to meet the
what the different types of milk were for.” nutritional needs of children. Children
can use brand X milk to supplement their
Mother, London, United Kingdom nutrition when necessary to meet the needs
for their development. The goal of today’s
manufacturers is to produce products that are
more similar to breast milk.”
• Some companies have widened their product range to
include milk for women, usually called maternal milk.
Advertising post from a US formula milk
Nearly all women surveyed in China (93%) and Viet Nam
company on popular Viet Namese parenting
(96%) had heard of maternal milk which can establish brand
forum
loyalty and familiarity with formula milk products before an
infant is born. Nearly one half (48%) of all women surveyed
in Viet Nam had received a free sample of maternal milk,
often distributed at promotional booths inside and outside • Marketing using science-based messages is impactful. One
of hospitals in exchange for women’s contact details. brand previously marketed itself as ”closest to breast milk”
until it was prohibited from doing so in 2007 by a United
Kingdom government watchdog. Despite this prohibition,
“My family told her I was about to give birth findings from interviews demonstrate that this brand
and the promotional girl said that I could message still resonates, and many women still perceive
also take milk for pregnancy (maternal milk) this brand to be the closest to breast milk.
even after giving birth so that I can produce
breast milk. They also gifted me with milk and
diapers for my baby.”
“I think a lot of women think that brand X this
amazing breast milk substitute because that’s
Pregnant woman, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
their slogan, and a lot of women are falling
for that and it costs a bit more money, that
seems to be definitely working … We never
• Formula feeding usually involves a multi-step process, recommend a brand but I have heard people
including sterilization of bottles. In recent years, formula say that they use brand X because it’s closest
milk companies have launched new products which focus to breast milk, that’s an actual quote from the
on convenience. For example, one company now markets brand X”
a formula milk capsule machine similar to a prominent
brand of coffee machine, advertised as a premium product Midwife, public hospital, London,
for busy mothers. These products are designed to convey United Kingdom
formula milk as the easier and more convenient life option.

2 Science. Science is a dominant theme in the marketing of

formula milk across all eight countries, including scientific
• Collaboration with health professionals is key for formula
imagery, language and pseudo-scientific claims.
milk companies, both to imply to consumers that their
brand has scientific grounding and credibility, and to use
• Formula milks are positioned as close to, equivalent
health professionals as conduits for marketing. Formula
and sometimes superior to breast milk, presenting
milk companies use a multi-pronged approach to build
incomplete scientific evidence and inferring unsupported
trust with health professionals. (These approaches are
health outcomes. Ingredients, such as human milk
described in greater detail in Section 3).
oligosaccharides (HMOs) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA),
are advertised as ”informed” or ”derived” from breast milk
and linked to child developmental outcomes. Examination
of the scientific evidence cited does not support the validity
of these claims (16–18).

9
 • Formula milk companies assume a socio-emotional,
“I find those advertisements more reliable supportive role for pregnant women and mothers in the
when there is someone with a white lab coat, form of 24/7 carelines, baby clubs and phone apps. Women
and then they show these letters. I don’t know may be directed to these sites and clubs without knowing
if it’s a marketing think, but they show those who the sponsor is and the extent to which the advice is
letters so that you can remember the contents not independent.
of the formula as well as mentioning the ISO
accreditation.”
Baby clubs and influencers
Pregnant woman, Guadalajara, Mexico in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, each of the four biggest
formula brands have established baby clubs and
24/7 carelines targeted at pregnant women, mothers
3 Pain points. Marketing creates and nurtures pain points – and fathers. One formula milk company provides
problems, real or perceived – out of common infant behaviours a COVID-19 specific baby club, positioning itself as
such as crying and tiredness, and manufacturers position their offering support and advice during “uncertain times”.
products as the solution. Interviews demonstrate that these clubs can influence
women’s awareness of, and receptivity to, formula
• Pain point marketing is a common but often subtle feature milk companies and brands.
that aims to either raise awareness of a problem, or
convince potential customers that they have a problem
which can be solved by purchasing a product (19). There
• The eradication of guilt and judgement is a central focus
has been a rise in marketing for specialized and comfort
of formula milk marketing across countries. Formula milk
milks that make bold claims to solve common infant
companies position themselves as friendly and non-
ailments and behaviours such as colic, reflux and crying,
judgemental and aim to mitigate guilt around products by
despite insufficient evidence that they are effective (16–18,
reassuring women that good mothers use formula.
20, 21).

“I know it sounds bad, but my mommy

instinct took over and I wanted the most
“The doctor advises that this formula milk is expensive, because I am making up for not
perfect for your child. By feeding this milk, the breastfeeding her.”
physical problems we [the baby] have when
we [the baby] drink this milk will no longer Mother, Johannesburg, South Africa
exist. We keep in mind the suggestion of
doctors. Brand X is very good.”

Mother, Dhaka, Bangladesh 5 Aspirational and emotional appeals. Formula milk

companies use sophisticated emotional and aspirational
approaches, promoting products as the pathway to achieve a
certain lifestyle and optimal child development.
• In China, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and
• Emotional marketing capitalizes on basic emotions,
Viet Nam, new products focus on allergies and sensitivities,
such as the happiness of a baby or nostalgia, to evoke a
an area identified by formula milk companies as valuable
connection with the company, brand and product (22),
for sales and business growth. Formula milk companies
while aspirational marketing inspires an image of what
foster need for these milks; for example, in the United
consumers want their children to be (23). These are
Kingdom a company has an app which “helps parents
powerful tools that can establish strong brand associations
along their diagnosis journey” to using their specialized
in consumers’ minds lasting for years (24).
milks.

• Marketing campaigns in several countries focused on how

domestic products are more “tailored to local stomachs”
than international products to counter the influence of
foreign brands gaining traction with women and health
professionals.

4 Trust and connections. Marketing companies exploit

vulnerabilities by positioning themselves as friendly, non-
judgemental and supportive of women, employing various
tactics to build trust and emotional connections.

10
 Aspirational marketing appeals

Left: Advertisement for formula milk in Mexico  Top Right: Advertisement for formula milk in Viet Nam
Bottom Right: Advertisement for European formula milk in China

Western Growth and intelligence Modern Premium

Advertisements show Advertisements focus on Male participation in Products are presented as
a “Westernized” home intellectual development child rearing is frequently superior, often including
with “Western-looking” and how products could shown in advertisements, colours such as gold
actors. In China and aid brain development, promoting a modern to imply exclusivity.
Viet Nam, marketing often and on how they help lifestyle. This common approach
uses language such as infants and young children leverages wanting the best
“Dutch quality”and “Swiss to grow. future for one’s child and
purity”. gets parents to pay higher
prices.

The Bottom Line

Formula milk companies use sophisticated techniques and misleading
messaging to market their products, including scientific language and
imagery, pain points, and emotional and aspirational appeals. They also
assume a friendly, supportive role to pregnant women and mothers,
exploiting vulnerabilities to gain access and increase sales.

11
3 3. Health professionals:

I
personal access, trusted role

n many countries and regions of the world, health

professionals are among the most respected and trusted
members of society. The advice of health professionals
is highly influential for pregnant women and parents of
infants and young children, including around infant feeding
decisions. Formula milk companies have sought to exploit this
relationship of trust by actively targeting health professionals
as part of their marketing campaigns.
Health professionals are positive about breastfeeding and, in
general, promote it as the optimum feeding choice.

• Health professionals in all countries say that attitudes

towards breastfeeding among women have become more
positive in recent years.

“I think in recent years, I personally think that

the percentage of breastfeeding for 0–6 months
During the multi-country study 300 interviews were
babies is higher and higher because this is
conducted with health professionals, including paediatricians,
closely related to our country’s emphasis on
obstetricians, gynaecologists, nurses and midwives from
breastfeeding, and baby-friendly hospitals.
public and private hospitals, pharmacists, nutritionists and
Especially in Beijing, [there] are a lot.”
community health workers. The findings are described below.

Nurse, public hospital, Beijing, China

Health professionals have a strong influence on women’s infant
feeding attitudes and practices.
• Health professionals in some countries cited the impact
• In all countries in the study, health professionals were
of legislation, policy changes, and specific initiatives (in
reported as the main source of education on infant feeding
particular, the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) (25))
practices, including breastfeeding, and interacted with
in supporting breastfeeding.
women to provide support and encouragement.

The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)

The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) was launched in 1991 by WHO and UNICEF to promote, protect and support
breastfeeding in health facilities. It requires compliance with the Code, including restricting marketing of formula and
other products which fall under the scope of the Code and educating health professionals on conflicts of interest. The
Initiative was found to be particularly influential in the United Kingdom, where the majority of health professionals who
were interviewed strongly opposed the marketing of formula milk.

Some health professionals, explicitly or inadvertently, introduce

doubts around the ability of women to breastfeed and the “In some hospitals, they only give the baby
value and quality of their breast milk, which together deter and back to the mother after 6 or 12 hours. In those
discourage women from breastfeeding. cases, there’s a specific brand of formula they
give them.”
• In some contexts, health professionals stated that formula
milk is needed in the initial days. In China, Mexico and Paediatrician, public hospital, Mexico City,
Viet Nam, health professionals commonly recommend Mexico
the introduction of formula milk immediately after birth
as a necessary supplement from the first days of life, thus
normalizing the introduction of formula milk products from • Some health professionals expressed doubts about the
an early stage. quality of breast milk and promoted alternative milks,
undermining continued breastfeeding. Many health
professionals believed that the quality and/or quantity of
“In our country everyone believes that breast breast milk is adequate up to 6 months and then declines,
milk is not enough. They need to feed formula at which point they recommend formula milk.
milk in order to meet the nutritional needs.”
• Some health professionals believe that formula milk is
necessary when introducing solids, and throughout and
Doctor, private hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
beyond the toddler years.

Health professional recommendations to use formula milk were

common across the surveyed countries, particularly post-partum.

12
 57% 17% 40% 38% 45% 22% 30%

Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom

Figure 5. Proportion of women who received recommendations from health professionals to use a formula product

• In Bangladesh, nearly 60% of post-partum women, and portraying them as opportunities to learn about child
in Nigeria, 45%, had received a recommendation from a health, breastfeeding or postnatal care.
health professional to feed a formula product (Figure 5). 1
• Specialized milks, such as for allergies, are used
Formula companies systematically target health professionals as a gateway and brand promotion to reach health
and attempt to encourage them to convey specific information, professionals, and thereby circumvent restrictions on
and health professionals sometimes – knowingly or unknowingly formula milk company representatives visiting health
– repeat marketing messages to women. facilities.

• In some countries, formula milk marketing is present in

• Health professionals in all surveyed countries are
hospitals, suggesting to women that health professionals
approached by formula milk company representatives,
endorse formula feeding.
although this differs in frequency and intensity. Health
professionals in Morocco, Nigeria and Viet Nam reported
that contact with formula milk companies was extremely “I mean, the formula companies, they
common in public and private health care settings. In absolutely love allergy. The allergy
South Africa and the United Kingdom, health professionals conferences, the eczema conferences … the
noted that contact attempts in public hospitals have specialties that deal with allergy, they’re
declined in recent years; however, visits in South African absolutely at the centre. They’re the biggest
private hospitals were common. Health professionals in funders at the meetings.”
several countries commented that meetings with formula
milk company representatives no longer focused explicitly Paediatric consultant, London,
on brand recommendations, but instead were presented as United Kingdom
learning opportunities where information about products –
and infant feeding and nutrition more generally – is shared.
• Research programmes are funded, and some prestigious
• Formula milk brand representatives target different types
medical institutes are thus involved with advancing
of health professionals – including paediatricians, nurses,
the credibility and claims of formula products and the
dieticians and hospital administrators – with a range of
corresponding brand.
incentives, including funding for research, commissions
from sales, ambassadorial roles, merchandise, gifts and all- Health professionals understand that formula milk marketing
expenses paid promotional trips. influences women’s infant feeding attitudes and decisions, and
most are supportive of laws restricting such marketing in their
countries.
“They have conversations with paediatricians
and midwives and ask to give [free samples] • Health professionals spoke of how women often relayed
to them and encourage them to use it. [They the marketing messages used by formula milk companies;
gave me] a sample of infant milk.” slogans that advertise products as “closest to breast milk”
are particularly influential.
Midwife, Marrakesh, Morocco
• Most health professionals were supportive of laws on
formula milk marketing in their countries, although some
• Conferences and training events sponsored by formula milk felt they were too strict. Many expressed concern that
companies are widespread. Companies are often subtle legislation is not being implemented, or that formula milk
in their promotion of conferences and training courses, companies are findings ways around legislation.

The Bottom Line

Health professionals have personal access to pregnant women and
parents of young children, and a trusted role in providing evidence-
based, independent, impartial advice. Systematic marketing by formula
milk companies seeks to influence health professionals’ understanding
of breastfeeding, to convince them of the need for formula, and to use
them as channels for marketing.

1
This question was not used in the survey in Viet Nam.

13
4 4. Women’s experiences,

W
women’s voices

omen are the primary targets of formula milk marketing

and have been for decades. The increasingly digital
nature of marketing has dramatically enhanced its capabilities
to target and monitor the effectiveness of advertising
strategies. Approaches aim to engage women early in their
pregnancies to create brand loyalty from then through their
children’s infancy, the toddler years and beyond.
Women express a strong desire to breastfeed, but they often
encounter a lack of support and are commonly troubled by fears
and doubts that reflect marketing messages.

• Across all countries, women expressed a strong desire

to breastfeed exclusively, ranging from 49% of women
in Morocco to 98% in Bangladesh (Figure 6). Marketing
messages reinforce myths about breastfeeding and
The multi-country study used four different research breast milk, which are frequently repeated by women.
methods, both quantitative and qualitative, to document the These myths include the necessity of formula in the first
perspectives and experiences of over 8500 women across the days after birth, the inadequacy of breast milk for infant
eight countries. The following paragraphs describe some of the nutrition, the perception that formula keeps infants fuller
findings. for longer, and that the quality of breast milk declines with
time.

98% 94%
84%
77%
73%
68%

51%
49% 47%
41%
31%
27%
21%
11%
5% 9%
5%
2% 2% 4% 2% 1% 1%
0%

Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom Viet Nam
(N=283) (N=300) (N=302) (N=301) (N=300) (N=300) (N=300) (N=301)

Figure 6. Pregnant women’s infant feeding intentions

Breastfeeding only Formula only Mix of breastfeeding and formula

14
• Women exposed to formula milk advertisements and
promotions are more likely to have favourable attitudes “Once the baby drinks the bottle milk, he
towards formula milk. Women’s feeding behaviours are will fall asleep quickly, or 3 hours at least
also substantially related to exposure to marketing. In compared to the natural breastfeeding.”
Bangladesh, 44% of women who exclusively formula fed
had been exposed to marketing for formula milk, compared Mother, Marrakech, Morocco
to 27% of women who exclusively breastfed.

• Marketing can convince women of the need for a wide range of

“Yes, when mothers see the ad they get formula milk products, including stage 2–4 milks, specialized
motivated as they claim brain development, formula milks (e.g. for allergies), comfort formula milks and
nutrition, and other benefits, then the mothers • maternal milks.
think that if they feed this to their baby then
their baby will be healthy. This is why they buy • Exposure to marketing is correlated with the belief that
•
the product by seeing the ad.” formula milks are necessary for older infants, aligning with
the message that breast-milk quality declines over time. In
Mother, Dhaka, Bangladesh • all surveyed countries, apart from the United Kingdom, at
least 80% of women who were aware of stage 2 formula
believed that it was necessary (Figure 7).

“Sticky” marketing messages

In China and Viet Nam women who were
“If you look at ... stage two and stage three ...
exposed to more marketing were significantly
It’s, kind of, ‘Let’s continue your journey. Let’s
more likely to answer that ‘nutrition is more
help you.’... I felt like... the formula milk is a
comprehensive and balanced in formula’
good thing because it will support your child’s
compared to breast milk (p < 0.05). In Mexico
growth later on as they’re growing… So, I feel
and Morocco women who were exposed
like I was tricked into follow-on formula, to be
to more marketing were significantly more
honest.”
likely to agree with the statement ‘formula is
very like breast milk’ (p < 0.01).
Mother, London, United Kingdom

• Formula milk companies are increasingly marketing

“After 6 months, the nutrition in breast milk specialized and comfort formula milks. Aligning with
is not enough. Though it has immunity, its pain point marketing strategies, women in the majority of
nutrition source is not as good as formula.” countries spoke of how these milks are desirable.

• Women also experienced marketing for maternal milks in

Mother, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam China and Viet Nam. In Viet Nam, some women discussed
how they fed their infants formula milk products of
the same brand as the maternal milk that they used,
demonstrating the intention and power of cross-promotion.

N/A*
96% 96%
93% 91% 89%
93%
80% 80% 82%
73%
68%

39% 36%
34%
26%

Bangladesh China Mexico Morocco Nigeria South Africa United Kingdom Viet Nam

Figure 7. Awareness of and perceived need for stage 2 formula milk

Awareness Perceived need among those who are aware

15
 Health professionals’ recommendations influence women’s
feeding decisions. “Yes, the paediatrician suggested one and
that’s what I chose, I didn’t do much research.
• In some contexts, advice from health professionals, I trusted what the paediatrician told me, that’s
though probably unintentional, detracted from women’s why I didn’t remember the ads.”
confidence to breastfeed and caused women to question
the value of breastfeeding. In Nigeria, where women ranked Mother, Guadalajara, Mexico
health professionals as their most important source of
feeding advice, over one third of surveyed pregnant women
said they received a recommendation to formula feed by Formula milk packaging is appealing to some women and can
a health professional. In Bangladesh, 72% of women who strongly influence women’s attitudes and purchasing decisions.
exclusively formula fed received a recommendation to
feed formula from a health professional, compared to 18% • In all countries, women said how packaging and
among women who breastfed. information on milk formula tins influence their decisions.
Women spoke of packaging that positioned the product
• Overall, more than one third of all women stated that as close to or equivalent to breast milk as favourable, and
they received a recommendation for a specific formula of finding products that are scientific or premium more
brand from a health professional. More than one half of all appealing.
formula-feeding mothers (53%) in Mexico chose their brand
because of a recommendation from a health professional. • Other mothers commented that they were confused by the
packaging and did not know how the products differed and
whether one brand was better than another.
“In the hospital, they said: ‘when she is born,
buy this formula’. It is a private hospital … “Advertisements will make me buy infant
they said (they give) formula when the baby is formula, if I see a beautiful and chubby baby
born, they feed the baby the first day and they on TV, well fed and smiling and there is a
give him to you the second day.” container of milk there with all the nutritional
facts on it, detailed.”
Mother, Guadalajara, Mexico
Mother, Lagos, Nigeria

• Standardized packaging – plain packaging – was discussed

as a way for health authorities to communicate impartial
“It is easier for me to go either to a sister
and informative public health messages around infant
[nurse] or a doctor to know what I am buying.
feeding. Most women were receptive to the concept of
Once the doctor recommends it and I see it’s
public health messages, but stated that they should be
good for my baby, I will base on that.”
clear and relevant, and must not shame or judge formula-
feeding mothers.
Pregnant woman, Lagos, Nigeria

Countering the marketing message

Health professionals can be powerful channels of counter-marketing. In the United Kingdom, national guidance states that
stages 2–4 formtula products are not required and that if feeding with formula, stage 1 should be used for the first 12 months
before moving on to cow’s milk. Interviews with health professionals in the United Kingdom revealed that this guidance was
usually provided by health professionals and health visitors visiting women in the first days after birth. Interviews revealed
that this guidance was effective, and that many were cynical about the marketing of formula milks for older infants, and
instead followed the advice of health professionals. While awareness of stages 2–4 formula is relatively high in the United
Kingdom, the perceived need for these is much lower than in the other seven survey countries.

The Bottom Line

Women are exposed to a high level of formula marketing which begins
early in pregnancy, is targeted, and is delivered through multiple
channels – including health professional recommendations. Marketing
influences women’s attitudes towards formula feeding.

16
5
5. Opportunities for action

T he research shows that formula milk marketing knows no

limits. It misuses and distorts information to influence
decisions and practices. The consequences for the health and
human rights of women and children are not new but often
overlooked.

For about forty years, most countries have collectively and

The findings from this study heighten an already compelling case
for action.

The persistence of marketing of formula products should

not be mistaken as inability for change. This research points
to immediate and tangible opportunities for action that
governments, health professionals and their associations, civil
repeatedly articulated through international instruments society and individuals can and should take to put a stop to
and resolutions that formula milk marketing should not the unethical marketing of formula milk, and to invest in the
occur. Indeed, apart from breast-milk substitutes (formula support that mothers and families want and need for infant
milk products) and tobacco, the World Health Assembly feeding decisions.
has not adopted a code of marketing for any other health or
nutrition product. This reflects the exceptional contribution
and importance of breastfeeding to health and development.
However, for over forty years and in all regions, marketing
has repeatedly failed to adhere to the Code, demonstrating
a disregard for the collective will of the world’s countries –
putting the pursuit of sales and the interests of shareholders
ahead of the health and rights of children and families. Marketing practices exploit
As described in this summary report, unrelenting and uncertainty when mothers
multi-faceted marketing aims to persuade families, health
professionals and wider society of the need for formula and parents are at their
milk products, undermining child health and development.
Marketing practices exploit uncertainty when mothers and most vulnerable, and aim to
parents are at their most vulnerable, and aim to change the
values, beliefs and practices of families and communities. change the values, beliefs
The distortion of objective information and the misuse of
science negatively impacts on access to accurate and impartial and practices of families
information – an essential human right as stated in the
Convention on the Rights of the Child (26). and communities.

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 Opportunities for Action 6 Expand coalitions to drive action. Stopping
unethical formula marketing needs actions across
Recognize the scale and urgency of the problem. society – not just those groups and individuals
1 involved in infant feeding or child health. Marketing
Political leaders at the highest level, public
health institutions, health professionals and their of formula is emblematic of marketing of other
associations, and civil society should fully recognize products such as tobacco or gambling that prioritize
and expose the pervasive and invasive nature of sales over health and well-being. Coalitions are
formula milk marketing, and the harm it causes for needed to challenge commercially-driven practices
child and maternal health and human rights, for and demand action and accountability.
societies, for economies, and for the environment.

The evidence is strong. Formula milk marketing, not the

2 Legislate, regulate, enforce. Countries should product itself, disrupts informed decision-making and
urgently adopt or strengthen comprehensive undermines breastfeeding and child health. All sectors
national mechanisms to prevent formula milk of government including health, labour and trade, health
marketing, including: professionals and their associations, investors and those
with economic leverage should fulfil their responsibilities
– domestic legislation – health, trade and labour – in
and exert their influence to insist on practices that prioritize
line with the Code, closing all loopholes;
children and parents over commercial interests.
– robust enforcement and accountability
mechanisms, including holding formula milk
Society is not a bystander – everyone must protect the
companies accountable for their practices and
environment in which women and parents feed their
commitments;
infants and demand the appropriate care, support and
– regulatory measures, including plain packaging for
protection of rights. The research findings reveal the
formula products and higher standards of evidence
priorities of formula milk companies and how far they are
for product development;
prepared to go to achieve their sales and market growth.
– programmatic initiatives, such as strengthening
In response, we must be clear about the type of world
and expanding the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative
that we stand for; what is ethical and acceptable; and
(BFHI).
where concern for our children and their futures guide and
prioritize our actions today.
3 Protect the integrity of science and medicine.
Health professionals and their associations should
adopt, publicize and implement strong conflict-
of-interest policies to impede corporate interests
from influencing critical health guidance and
training on infant and young child feeding; and
governments should invest in training and building
the skills of health professionals in this area. Health
professionals and governments should actively
counter commercially driven messages on infant
feeding and provide accurate, impartial information
to women and parents.

4 Safeguard children’s health on digital platforms.

The entire digital ecosystem – including data
capture, data brokering and content dissemination –
should be comprehensively reviewed using a public
health lens, and governments and international
authorities should develop enforceable regulations
that protect child health and development from
Society is not a bystander
harmful commercial marketing. – everyone must protect
the environment in which
5 Invest in mothers and families, divest from
formula milk companies. Countries, donors, and women and parents feed
investors should scale up investments in wide-
ranging measures to support mothers and families, their infants and demand
including support for breastfeeding and health
systems, and maternity and parental leave, and the appropriate care,
divest from companies that exploit families through
unethical marketing of formula milk products. support and protection of
rights.

18
“For decades the formula milk industry
has disregarded international
recommendations when marketing their
products, often to women who can ill
afford it. Formula milk marketing knows
no limits; it should be off limits.”
Helen Clark
Former Prime Minister, New Zealand

19
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