Compiled by:

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

MODULE3
IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC
HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

The course deals with the thermodynamic properties of pure substances, ideal and real
gases and the application of the laws of thermodynamics in the analysis of processes and cycles.
It includes introduction to vapor and gas cycles.

Systems of engineering interest often involve substances in the gas phase.

Accordingly, evaluation of the properties of gas is important. In this section, better
understanding of the relationship among pressure, volume and temperature of gases will
be emphasis. This is important not only as a basis for analysis involving gases but also
for the discussions of the succeeding lessons.

At the end of the module, it is expected that the students can:

1. Solve simple engineering problems by applying the different thermodynamics
concept and theories.

44 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1

The objectives of this module are to gain better understanding of the relationship
among pressure, volume and temperature of gases and understand how ideal gas
equation is developed, then relate the types of specific heat and gas constant with the
ideal gas equation.

EQUATION OF STATE
An equation of the state gives a definite relation between the properties of a pure
substance. The volume occupied by a given mass of this substance can be determined
using the pressure and temperature to which it is subjected. The relation can be
mathematically expressed as,
f(m,V,p,T) = 0
The term “state” indicates an equilibrium state, that is the pressure and
temperature are the same at all points of the system. If a system in a state of equilibrium
is heated the heating process within the system must have bring about new uniform
pressure and temperature before the system is considered to be in a new equilibrium
state.

THE IDEAL GAS

Actual gases exhibit molecular collisions that are inelastic. Equations considering
the effect of intermolecular forces in an actual gas require the use of experimental
constants making solutions mathematically complex.
To simplify this mathematical procedure, idealization is most practical. An ideal
gas is one whose density is low and whose molecules are far apart. Equations of ideal
behavior give sufficiently accurate results. It can be used to predict the behavior of most
gases and the results are used as basis for design and performance purposes.
It is also defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are
perfectly elastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces. An ideal gas
is ideal only in the sense that it conforms to simple perfect gas laws.

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 45

The ideal gas law can be used to calculate volume of gases consumed or produced.
THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

GAS CONSTANT, R
The value of R for any gas may be determined from accurate experimental
observations of simultaneous values of p, v and T.
(pressure unit ) ( volume unit / unit mass )
R
absolute temperatur e
Thus, R can be computed to be in any combination of units matching these
dimensions. From another point of view, since the unit of pv is an energy unit [(lb/ft2)(ft3/lb)
= ft-lb/lb], it follows;
unit energy
R
(mass )( absolute temperatur e)
The unit of R could be BTU/lb-0R. Note that R with ft-lb/lb0R unit has a pound of
force in the numerator and a pound mass in the denominator. In all cases, the unit must
be rationalized.
Since R is considered an ideal gas constant and the accepted value for universal
gas constant Ṝ = 1545.32, the gas constant are computed from 1545.32/M where M is
the molecular mass.
With this, two values or Ṝ will be used extensively, R is different for each gas,
BTU can be found by dividing
R  1.9859 0
 English Engineering the universal gas constant
pmole R by the molar mass of the
kJ gas.
R  8.3143  SI
kgmole 0 K
BOYLE’S LAW
Named after Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691). In 1660, during Boyle’s experiments with
air, he noted the relation between pressure and volume:
“If the temperature of a fixed quantity of a gas is held constant during a change of
state, the volume varies inversely with the absolute pressure”.

With T = C, It is called an ISOTHERMAL change of state

V  1/P
V = C/P
pV = C
p1V1 = C

46 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1
CHARLES’ LAW
In 1787, about a hundred years after the discovery of Boyle’s Law, two Frenchmen,
Jacques Charles (1746 – 1823) and Joseph L. Gay-Lussac (1785-1850) each without
knowledge of the other’s work, discovered the law that is usually called Charle’s Law.
This law is in two parts, one for constant pressure and one for constant volume:
“If the pressure is held constant, the volume of a gas is directly proportional
to its absolute temperature”
With P= C, it is called ISOBARIC change of state
VT
V = CT
C = V/T
V1/T1 = V2/T2 = C

“If the volume is held constant the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature”
With V = C, it is called ISOMETRIC change of state
PT
P = CT
C=P/T
P1/T1 = P2/T2 = C

EQUATION OF STATE OR CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION OF AN IDEAL GAS

Combining both Boyle’s Law and Charles Law
For convenience, it would be easier to express the constant on the basis of a unit
mass of gas, with the constant C now being expressed as a gas constant R
p1V1 p V
 2 2 C
T1 T2
p1V1 p V
 2 2 R
T T2
This equation may also be1expressed in the following alternative forms:
P is the absolute pressure
v - specific volume
pv = RT R - gas constant
pV = mRT T - Absolute Temperature
p = ρRT

Ideal gas equation is used to describe the relationship between pressure, volume,
amount, and the temperature of a gas.
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 47
THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

AVOGADRO’S LAW
Named after Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), a French physicist. A mole of a pure
substance contains a definite number of identical molecules and the number of molecules
in a mole is called AVOGADROS number, NA.
If two gases are to be considered:
M M1 M2
   N A  6.0225 x10 23 mol 1
m m1 m 2

Avogadro’s law also states that:

“At a particular pressure and temperature, equal volumes of ideal gases

contain the same number of molecules”
This relationship holds true if the gases considered are at the same pressure and
temperature and occupy the same volume
M1 ρ1
  v 2  or M1v 1  M2 v 2  Mv
M2 ρ2 v1
JOULE’S LAW
Joule, using an experiment first performed by Gay-Lussac, submerged two copper
vessels A and B in water and performed experiment. From instrument available, Joule
observed that the temperature of the water surrounding the containers was the same after
as before the test, a simple observation that leads to an important deduction

From the energy equation, ΔU

= Q – W = 0, The pressure changed,
the volume changed, but the internal
energy did not change; that is
(du/dv)T = 0 and (du/dp)T = 0. We
therefore conclude that the internal
energy of the experiment was not a
function of the pressure and volume.
Since the temperature did not
change, Joule expressed that;

“the change of internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of

only the temperature change”
48 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng
 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1
SPECIFIC HEATS OF IDEAL GAS
Specific heat is defined the ratio of the change in energy in the form of heat, to the
change in temperature of a given fluid for a particular process.
The specific heat of any substance is the quantity of energy in BTU required to
change the temperature of a 1 lb mass, 1oF. The specific heat of brass is 0.089 BTU/lboF.
This means that 0.089 BTU of heat energy must be supplied to increase the temperature
of 1oF.
- energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT

 It is the quantity of heat energy
 It is defined as the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 lb of water
at 1oF.
MECHANICAL ENERGY EQUIVALENT
It is frequently necessary to express work or mechanical energy to heat energy
units. Experiments have established that 778.16 ft-lb of work or mechanical energy are
equivalent to 1 BTU of heat energy. For convenience, we may use

778.16 ft  lb
Mechanical energy equivalent TWO KINDS OF SPECIFIC HEAT
BTU - Cv
- Cp
SPECIFIC HEAT CONSTANT VOLUME, Cv
Defined as the change in internal energy for a unit of mass per degree in
temperature between two equilibrium states.
In accordance with Joule’s law the change in internal energy is a function of
temperature only, we drop the volume restriction and write
Cv = du/dT
du = CvdT; kJ/kg
dU = mCvdT, kJ
Note: This equation is applicable to ideal gas only, any process and in equilibrium state.

If a closed, nonflow, constant-volume heating process is considered, the energy

equation is defined as:

Q = dU + pdV
but V=C
therefore dv = 0
q = CvdT; kJ/kg
Q = mCvdT; kJ
ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 49
THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

SPECIFIC HEAT CONSTANT PRESSURE, Cp

Defined as the change in specific enthalpy between two equilibrium states at the
same pressure per unit change in temperature.
Cp = dh/dT
dh = CpdT; kJ/kg
dH = mCpdT, kJ

Note: This equation is applicable to ideal gas only, any process and in equilibrium state.
Considering the enthalpy equation and taking its derivative:
H = U + pV
dH = dU + pdV + Vdp
dH – Vdp = dU + pdV
If a closed, nonflow, constant-pressure heating process is considered, the energy
equation is defined as:
Q = dU + pdV
Q = dH - Vdp
but p=C
therefore dp = 0
q = CpdT; kJ/kg
Q = mCpdT; kJ

SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO, k

- Is an important ratio extensively used in thermodynamics

Cp
k
Cv

With k always >1

RELATIONSHIP OF Cp, Cv, k AND R FOR AN IDEAL GAS

From the enthalpy equation
h = u + pv but pv = RT
h = u + RT
differentiating
dh = du + RdT
dh/dT = du/dT + R

50 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1
then,
Cp = Cv + R
Cp – Cv = R
dividing both sides by Cv,
R
then, C Cv 
p

Cv R
 k  1
Cv Cv Cv C p  kC v
R
k  1 Cp
kR
Cv k  1
Selected Gas Constants; Specific Heats at Low Pressure
The specific gas constant is computed from R = 1545.32/M ft-lb/lb0R. 1 BTU = 778.16 ft-lb.
M Cp Cv Cp Cv k R R R
Gas ft- BTU/lb
Lb/pmole BTU/lb0R BTU/lb0R kJ/kg0K kJ/kg0K J.kg0K
lb/lb0R 0
R
Argon (A) 39.95 0.1244 0.0747 0.5215 0.3152 1.666 38.68 208.17 0.0497
Helium (He) 4.003 1.241 0.745 5.2028 3.1233 1.666 386.04 2077.67 0.4961
Mercury (Hg) 200.61 0.0248 0.0148 0.1039 0.0624 1.666 7.703 41.45 0.0099
Neon (Ne) 20.183 0.246 0.1476 1.0313 0.6188 1.666 76.57 412.10 0.0984
AIr 28.970 0.24 0.1714 1.0062 0.7186 1.40 53.342 287.08 0.0685
Carbon
28.01 0.2487 0.1778 1.0426 0.7454 1.399 55.170 296.92 0.0709
Monoxide (CO)
Chlorine (Cl2) 70.914 0.1144 0.0864 0.4796 0.3622 1.324 21.791 117.28 0.0280
Fluorine (Fl2) 38.00 0.197 0.1447 0.8259 0.6066 1.36 40.67 218.88 0.0523
Hydrogen (H) 2.016 3.419 2.434 14.3338 10.2043 1.40 766.54 4125.52 0.9851
Nitrogen (N2) 28.018 0.2484 0.1775 1.0414 0.7442 1.399 55.158 296.86 0.0709
Oxygen (O2) 32 0.2194 0.1573 0.9198 0.6595 1.395 48.291 259.90 0.0621
Carbon dioxide
44.010 0.2016 0.1565 0.8452 0.6561 1.288 35.11 188.96 0.0451
(CO2)
Ammonia (NH3) 17.032 0.499 0.382 2.0920 1.6015 1.304 90.73 488.31 0.1166
Methane (CH4) 16.043 0.5099 0.3861 2.1377 1.6187 1.321 96.33 518.45 0.1238
Ozone (O3) 48 0.1954 0.154 0.8192 0.6456 1.268 32.194 173.27 0.0414
Ethane (C2H8) 30.068 0.4186 0.3526 1.7549 1.4782 1.187 51.39 276.58 0.0660
Ethylene (C2H4) 28.052 0.3654 0.2946 1.5319 1.2351 1.240 55.09 296.49 0.0708
Methanol
32.042 0.336 0.274 1.4086 1.1487 1.226 48.23 259.57 0.0620
(CH4O)
Sulfur Dioxide
64.07 0.1487 0.1177 0.6234 0.4934 1.263 24.12 129.81 0.0310
(SO2)
Steam (Water -
18.015 1.872 1.410 1.328 461.5
H2O)

Source: Thermodynamics, 6th Edition by Virgil Moring Faires and Clifford Max Simmang

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 51

THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

Problem Solving:
1) A tank has a volume of 0.5 m3 and contains 10 kg of an ideal gas having a molecular weight
of 24. The temperature is 25oC. What is the pressure of the air?
Given:
V = 0.5 m3
m = 10 kg
M = 24 kg/kgmole
T = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Solution:
𝑚𝑅𝑇 𝑅̅
𝑃= and 𝑅 =
𝑉 𝑀

𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8.3145 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾
𝑅= = 0.346
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
24
𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(10 𝑘𝑔) (0.346 ) (298 𝐾)
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑃= = 2,064.78 𝑘𝑃𝑎
0.5 𝑚3
2) 1.5 kg of oxygen at 1.05 bar and 4oC is compressed until its volume is halved and its pressure
is tripled. What is the final temperature? Ans. 142.5 oC
Given:
m1 = 1.5 kg
P1 = 1.05 bar = 105 kPa
T1 = 4oC + 273 = 277 K
V 2 = ½ V1
P2 = 3 P1 = (3 x 105 kPa) = 315 kPa
T2 = ?
R02 = 0.2599 kJ/kg K
Solution:
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑉1
𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇1 3𝑃1 ( 2 )
𝑇2 = =
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉1
3𝑇1
𝑇2 =
2
T2 = 415.5 - 273
T2 = 142.5oC
52 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng
 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1
3) A gas initially at P 1 = 517.2 kPaa and V1 = 142 liters, undergoes a process to P2 = 172.4
kPaa and V2 = 274 liters during which the enthalpy decreases 65.4 kJ. The specific heats are
constant; Cv = 3.157 kJ/kg K. Determine a) ΔU, b) Cp and c) oR.
Given:
P1 = 517.2 kPaa V1 = 142 liters x 1 m3/1000 liters = 0.142 m3
P2 = 172.4 kPaa V2 = 274 liters x 1 m3/1000 liters = 0.274 m3
ΔH = - 65.4 kJ
Since the nature of the process is unknown, we must consider various basic relations. In
Solving ΔU, normally we use ΔU = mCvΔT. We may replace T by using the ideal gas law
but we know neither m nor R. Thus, we resort to another relation, ΔH = ΔU + Δ(pv)
a) ΔH = ΔU + Δ(pv)
ΔH = ΔU + Δ (p2V2 – p1V1)
- 65.4 kJ = ΔU + [(172.4 kJ/m 3)(0.274 m3) – (517.2 kJ/m3)(0.142 m3)]
- 65.4 kJ = ΔU – 26.2 kJ
ΔU = - 65.4 + 26.2 = - 39.2 kJ
From k = Cp/Cv then,
ΔU = mCvΔT and ΔH = mCpΔT
𝛥𝐻 𝑚𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇 −65.4 𝑘𝐽
= =𝑘= = 1.668
𝛥𝑈 𝑚𝐶𝑣𝛥𝑇 −39.2 𝑘𝐽
then, again,
b) Cp = kCv = (1.668 x 3.157 kJ/kg K) = 5.266 kJ/kg K
c) R = Cp – Cv = 5.266 – 3.157 = 2.109 kJ/kg K
4) A 2-m3 rigid tank contains oxygen gas at 50 kPa and 50 oC. Another rigid tank of the same
volume contains oxygen gas at 30 kPa and 25 oC. The tanks are then connected. If the final
equilibrium state of the gas for both tanks is 25 oC, what is the final pressure in both tanks?
Given:
Tank 1 V1 = 2 m 3
P1 = 50 kPa
T1 = 50 + 273 = 323 K
Tank 2 V2 = 2 m 3
P2 = 30 kPa Tank 1 Tank 2
T2 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Tank Mixed T3 = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Solution
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
= 𝑉3
2
𝑃𝑉 𝑃
= 𝐶, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉 = 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, =𝐶
𝑇 𝑇
𝑃1 𝑃2
+
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑃3
=
2 𝑇3

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 53

THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎
+
323 𝐾 298 𝐾 = 𝑃3
2 298 𝐾
50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2𝑃3 = 298 𝐾 ( + )
323 𝐾 298 𝐾
𝑃3 = 38 𝑘𝑃𝑎
5) Complete the following Table
Ideal Gas M R (kJ/kg.K) Cp (kJ/kg.K) Cv (kJ/kg.K) K
A 30 0.2771 1.2 0.923 1.30
B 59.98 0.1386 0.4850 0.3464 1.40
C 20 0.4157 1.455 1.0393 1.399
Solution:
Ideal Gas A M= 30 k = 1.3
̅
𝑅 8.3143
𝑅= = = 0.2771
𝑀 30
𝑘𝑅 (1.30)(0.2771)
𝐶𝑝 = = = 1.2
𝑘−1 1.3 − 1
𝐶𝑃 1.2
𝐶𝑉 = = = 0.923
𝑘 1.3
Ideal Gas B R = 0.1386 Cp = 0.4850
𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 =
𝑘−1
(𝑘 − 1)𝐶𝑝 = 𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 𝑘 − 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 𝑘 − 𝑘𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝
𝑘(𝐶𝑝 − 𝑅) = 𝐶𝑝
𝐶𝑝 0.4850
𝑘= = = 1.4
𝐶𝑝 − 𝑅 0.4850 − 0.1386
𝐶𝑃 0.4850
𝐶𝑉 = = = 0.3464
𝑘 1.4
𝑅̅ 8.3143
𝑀= = = 59.987
𝑅 0.1386
Ideal Gas C M = 20 Cv = 1.0393

𝑅̅ 8.3143
𝑅= = = 0.4157
𝑀 20

𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣 + 𝑅 = 1.0393 + 0.4157 = 1.455

𝐶𝑃 1.455
𝑘= = = 1.3999
𝐶𝑣 1.0393

54 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1

Instruction: Solve the following problems in a clean 8.5 x 11 bond paper. Handwrite your
solution and highlight the final answer by putting a box to the final answer. Scan or picture
your paper and send to our Edmodo.com platform. Date of submission is specified in our
Edmodo classroom.
PROBLEM SET NO. 3
1. A 50L acetylene tank (M = 26.04) is used for welding purposes. As the acetylene
is used the gage pressure drops from 2000 kPa to 50 kPa, while the temperature
of the gas remaining in the tank drops from 27oC to 17oC. Determine a) the
remaining mass of acetylene in the tank; b) the mass of acetylene withdrawn; c)
the volume occupied by the used acetylene at atmospheric pressure and a
temperature of 17oC.
2. A closed vessel A contains 0.095 m3 of O2 at PA = 3500 kPa and a temperature of
55oC. This vessel is connected by a pipeline to another closed vessel B which
contains an unknown volume of O2 at 120 kPaa and 15oC. After the valve in the
pipe is opened the resulting pressure and temperature of the mixture are Pm =
14000 kPaa and tm = 30oC, respectively. What is the volume of vessel B?
3. A gas having cv=0.7452 kJ/kg.K, undergoes a process in which ∆h = 424 kJ/kg
and ∆u = 320 kJ/kg. Determine a) k; b) R; c) cp for the gas.
4. 2 kg of air initially at 2 bar and 30oC is expected so that its volume is doubled and
its temperature decreased by 10oC, what is the final pressure?
5. A tank contains a gas at a pressure of 1500 bar and a temperature of 30 oC. What
will be the pressure if the gas is placed in a container 5 times larger and the
temperature raised to 150oC?
6. If 5 grams of chlorine gas at 2 bar and 303 K are heated until both pressure and
temperature are doubled, determine a) the initial volume in cm3; b) the increase in
volume of the gas.
7. A gas mixture having a molecular mass of 6.9 kg/mol occupies a 1200 L tank at a
temperature of 18oC and a pressure of 245 kPag. Determine the mass of a gas.
8. A rigid vessel initially contains helium at 105 kPaa and 15oC. Two kilograms of
helium are then added to the contents so that the final pressure and temperature

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 55

THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

are 200 kPaa and 20oC. Determine a) the volume of the vessel; b) the final mass
of helium.
9. A steel tank initially contains oxygen gas at 450 kPag and 20 oC. After 2.5 kg of
oxygen had been used the pressure and temperature of the gas in the tank was
found to be 180 kPag and 20oC, respectively. What was the initial mass of the
oxygen in the tank?
10. An automobile tire is inflated to 32 psig pressure at 50oF. After being driven the
temperature rise is 75oC. Determine the finl gage pressure assuming the volume
remains constant. (EE Board Problem) Ans. 34.29 psig.
11. If 100 ft3 of atmospheric air at 0oF are compressed to a volume of 1 ft3 at a
temperature of 200oF, what will be the pressure of the air in psi? (EE Board
Problem) Ans. 2109 psia
12. A 10-ft3 tank contains gas at a pressure of 500 psia, temperature of 85 oF and
weight of 25 pounds. A part of the gas was discharged and the temperature and
pressure changed to 70oF and 300 psia, respectively. Heat was applied and the
temperature was back to 85oF. Find the final weight, volume, and pressure of the
gas. (EE Board Problem) Ans. 15.43 lb; 10 ft3; 308.5 psia
13. Four hundred cm3 of a gas at 740mm Hg absolute and 18oC un a process until
the pressure becomes 760 mm absolute and the temperature 0oC. What is the final
volume of the gas? (EE Board Problem) Ans. 365 cm3.
14. It is to lift and move the logs from almost inaccessible forest areas by means of
balloon. Helium at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 21.1oC is used in the
balloon. What minimum balloon diameter (assume spherical shape) will be
required for a gross lifting force of 20 metric tons? Ans. 33.3 meters
15. A cylinder with a capacity of 2.0 m3 contained oxygen gas at a pressure of 500
kPa and 25oC, initially. Then, a leak developed and was not discovered until the
pressure dropped to 300 kPa while the temperature stayed the same. Assuming
ideal-gas behavior, determine how much oxygen had leaked out of the cylinder
by the time the leak was discovered. Ans. 5.164 kg

56 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng

 BASIC PRINCIPLES, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS THERMODYNAMICS
1

The purpose of reflective analysis is to measure the extent of students learning on

the lessons discussed in this module. This is a student self - evaluation to provide with an
idea of the progress in the subject, identifies individual strengths and weaknesses, and
ultimately serves as a measure of whether students achieve the course’s learning
objectives.

Instruction to students. Evaluate and rate from 1 – 5 (5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest)
on how far you have learned in the topics discussed in this module. Rate the following
statements based on your perceived understanding of the topics. Please rate honestly.
Encircle the number that represents your answer.

Reflections Scale
1) I can easily relate pressure, volume and temperature; 5 4 3 2 1
2) I can apply and relate different laws involving ideal gas; 5 4 3 2 1
3) I can easily determine gas constants; 5 4 3 2 1
4) I can define specific heat; 5 4 3 2 1
5) I can relate the types of specific heat and gas constant with ideal
5 4 3 2 1
gas; and
6) I can apply the laws and theories in solving problems related to
5 4 3 2 1
ideal gas and specific heats.
5 – Definitely, 4 – Probably, 3 – Possibly, 2 – Probably Not, 1- Definitely Not

If your answer fall within 1 – 3, reflect what should be done for you to achieve 4 and 5.

ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng | 57

THERMODYNAMICS 1 IDEAL GAS AND SPECIFIC HEAT IN THERMODYNAMICS

Alcorcon, RS (2005) Power and industrial plant engineering. Cebu: Alcorcon Publisher
Bautista, A.J.C. (2010). Principles of thermodynamics reviewer – text. Manila: Philippines:
Booklore Publishing Corporation
Bayona, R.A. & Chua. AJY. (1999) Power & industrial plant engineering review manual.
Manila Philippines: Merriam & Webster Bookstore, Inc.
Capote, R. S., & Mandawe, J. A. (2001) Power and industrial plant engineering, vol 1.
Manila, Philippines: JRT Publishers
Chatterjee, A. (2007) MCQ in mechanical engineering. New Delhi, India: Academic
Publishers
Faires, VM & Simmang CM (1981) Thermodynamics, 6th ed. New York: Macmillan
publishing Co. Inc.
Faires, V.M. (1970) Thermodynamics, 5th ed. New York: Macmillan publishing Co. Inc
Huang F. F.(1988)Engineering thermodynamics, 2nd ed. New York: Mcmillan publishing
Company
Moran, M.J., & Shapiro, H.M. (1988) Fundamentals of thermodynamics, 3rd ed. SI
version, England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Nagaraj, P.B. & Ventakesh, D. (2005) Basic thermodynamics. New Delhi, India: New Age
International (P) limited
Salisbury, J.K. (1950). Kent’s mechanical engineer’s handbook. Power volume. New
York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sonttag R.E, et. al (2003) Fundamentals of thermodynamics, 6th ed. Singapore: John
Wiley and Sons ltd
Sta. Maria, H. B. (1990) Thermodynamics 1. Manila: National Book Store Inc
Sta. Maria, H. B., et. al. (1990) Thermodynamics 2. Manila: National Book Store Inc.
Struchtrup, Henning (2014). Thermodynamics and energy conversion. Springer
Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London. e-book DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-43715-5
Tordillo, JAS.(1998). Mechanical engineering formulas. Cebu City, Philippines: DMC
Blusa Printers.

58 ORLEY G. FADRIQUEL, RMEE, MEng