2.

6 The Gupta Empire

After the break-up of the Maurya empire, the Satavahanas and Kushans emerged as the two
Owers. The Satavahanas were the stabilizing power in the Deccan whereas the Kushans
factor in the north. However, both these powers came to an end in the mid-
d as a stabilizing
acted
was on the ruins of the Kushan empire, arose a new empireofthe Guptas, who
century.
It v
third Vaishya origin. It was, however, not as large as the Maurya empire but is kept north India
Of
itically united
forrover a century from AD 335 to 455.
Rise of the Guptas This chapter includes:
2.6.1 The to the Allahabad Pillar
According 2.6.1 The Rise of the Guptas
was the founder of
Inscription, Srigupta There is no conclusive Chandraguptal AD 319-334
2.6.2
the Gupta dynasty.
the extent of the kingdom Samudragupta AD 335-380
evidence about formed a part of 2.6.3
under Sri Gupta. Magadha of Chandragupta
from the time
2.6.4 Ramagupta
Gupta empire was his
I. Ghatotkacha, son of Srigupta Chandragupta II AD 380-412
successor. Ghatotkacha, the issuer 2.6.5
immediate
seal, has been called Kumaramatya Kumargupta I AD
415-455
of Vaishali 2.6.6
in the seal. 455-467
2.6.7 Skandagupta AD
2.6.2 Chandragupta I AD 319-334
was succeeded his s o n
by 2.6.8 KumarguptaII
Ghatotkacha
He assumed imperial title of
Chandragupta
I.

2.6.9 Buddhagupta
The rise of Chandragupta
Maharajadhiraja.
with the Lichchavi The Later Guptas
his marriage
was due to
I
He w a s greatly helped
2.6.10
princess Kumaradevi. The Maukharis in Magadha
Vaishali in establishing 2.6.11
bythe Lichchavis of and the city of 2.6.12 Gupta Administration
over Magadha
his authority
event w a s made memorable
This
Pataliputra. Pillar Inscription
figures of Chandragupta dynasty. The Allahabad
by issuing coins with a the reverse written by his court poet
I and Kumaradevi and
on
Prayaga Prasasti)
with the legend detail account of conquests
figure of Goddess Lakshmi Harisena gives a his military
the
Liccavayah. decisive role played by fact
The of Samudragupta. Through
re-established the
the
Lichchavis is further corroborated by campaigns, Samudragupta extent. Owing
of Chandragupta India of a large
that Samudragupta,the son political unity to V.A. Smith has
referred to as Lichchavi to his military
conquests, Dr.
is
I and Kumaradevi of India. Pataliputra
-dauhitra grandson of Lichchavis).
(maternal called him the Napoleon of a large empire. In
became the capital
Chandragupta I conquered Koshala again success,
famous commemorate his military
He founded the order to
Saketa) and Prayaga. commemorate
his
Samudragupta performed a n
Ashvamedha_
Gupta in AD 320 to
era
also issued ashvamedha
type of
coronation. He is also
the first Gupta king yajna and

who is claimed to have issued gold

coins. His Coins.
established the
maintained friendly
Pataliputra. He Samudragupta
capital was at
foreign kingdoms.
relations with neighbouring
of upper
rule of the Guptas over a large part wanted to
east the king of Ceylon,
parts of U.P., Meghavarma,
Gangetic valley, including Prayaga and Gaya for Ceylonese
a monastery in Bodh
of Lucknow, including Ayodhya, built granted the
the rise of Chandragupta and Samudragupta
Magadha Thus, with
pilgrims
role in permission for that.
, Magadha again began
to play a key
declared Sanskrit
as

the history of India after

a period of 400 years. Samudragupta scholars
Two Buddhist
Samudragupta AD335-380
the court language. lived in his Court.
2.6.3 selection of Asanga and Vasubandhu
accomplished poet
Chandragupta's
be the biggest Samudragupta was an
Samudragupta proved
to to his poetic skills he is
the Gupta and musician. Owing
interest of
factor in the
single
 Bihar General Knowledge
40
also known as Kaviraja. His love
for music is 2.6.6 Kumargupta I AD 415-455
which represent him Ut
attestedby his gold coins According to the Bilsad
instrument).
playing the veena (stringed Pillar Inscription, Kumargupta , SonStOn in

Chandragupta l and e
2.6.4 Ramagupta queen Dhr
ascended the throne after CO
Gupta epigraphs
According to succeeded by his
his father
maintained the Gupta empire intact and
ades
Samudragupta was
Chandragupta II. But according to have attempted to push beyond the N
large hoard ofNarma
son
Devichandraguptam, it as is suggested by a
Vishakhadatta's
coins found in Satara. d
1s suggested that
Ramagupta succeeded
Stone Pillar Inscription, the
ccording to the Bh
Samudragupta. According to the story, Gupta empir
his reign was invaded
Ramagupta agreed to surrender his queen
the
from 2 directions
Dhruvadevi to a Saka
chief. Theof honour was invasion of
Pushyamitra and
the queen was saved by Chandragupta,
the other that of the
was
Hunas. The inscripi.the
of Ramagupta, who killed the also mentions that Skandagupta
younger brother defeated
throne and married Hunas. The Junagarh Rock Inscription re the
Saka chiet, captured the to the Mlecchas, whose pride was
Dhruvadevi. broken
2.6.5 Chandragupta II AD 380-412 Skandagupta. On the whole Kumarguptai
reign remained peaceful.
According to official Gupta inscriptions,
Chandragupta II, the son of Samudragupta 2.6.7 Skandagupta AD 455-467
and Dattadevi succeeded Samudragupta. Skandagupta ascended the throne
He was also called Devaraja, Devagupta and after the death of his father
Kumaragupta ]
Kahaum inscription reters to
Deva Sri. In order to strengthen his position Skandagupta as
Chandragupta I married Kubernaga, aShakropana. He secured not only his position
the throne and saved the empire and the
princess of Naga lineage. He also married on
dynasty from disruption, but also successfull
his daughter Prabhavatigupta to Vakataka
prince Rudrasena II. After the death of her tackledthe invasions of Pushyamitraand the
husband she became the virtual ruler. As Hunas and assumed the titles of Kramaditya
a result Chandragupta exercised indirect and Vikramaditya. There was no loss of
control over the Vakataka kingdom. He also territory in his reign. Junagarh inscription of
conquered Mathura from the Kushans and Girnar mentions the repair and re_toration
occupied western Malwa and Gujarat from of Sudarshan lake by Chakrapalita (son of
Saka Kshatrapas. Chandragupta II adopted Parnadatta), in the first year of Skandagupta's
the title of Vikramaditya as a mark of his reign. The contemporary epigraph regarded
victory of Sakas Kshatrapas of western India. him as the most eminent hero in the lineage
He was also called Shakari or the enemy of of the Guptas.
Shakas. The exploits of a king called Chandra
are glorified in an iron pillar inscription fixed
2.6.8 Kumaragupta II|
near Qutub Minar in Mehrauli, Delhi, which Skandagupta was succeeded by
Kumargupta II who was either the son ot
has been identified as Chandragupta II.
Skandagupta or of Purugupta. He maintained
Pataliputra remained the capital of
the empire more or less intact. He issued gold
Chandragupta I, through Ujain was his
favourite city. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hien, coins of fairly good metal. He also assumed
who visited Bihar during his reign, refers the title of Kramaditya like Skandagupta and
to the
good government of the king and the ruledover Malwa and the Gangetic valley.
prosperous condition of the people. This
is confirmed by a
2.6.9 Buddhagupta
large variety of fine gold Kumargupta II was succeeded by
coins of high purity issued
by Chandragupta Buddhagupta, who was the son of Purugupta
II. He was also a
great patron of arts and and Mahadevi Chandradevi. His seal has
letters and had nine highly learned men, the been found in
nine gems lived at his court. Kalidasa is said Nalanda where he built a
Sangharama. He continued to rule over the
to have been
sent to Pravarasena II, a king empire extending from East Malwa in the
of Kuntala. Chandragupta also established west to North
friendly relations with the Kadamaba ruler Bengal in the east. Inscriptions
reterring to his rule are found in Eran in
Kakutsthavarman. Madhya Pradesh, in Sarnath and Varanasi in
 History of Bihar
41
101
e415-455 U t a rPraesh, iin
n
h,
Bihar
and in

gold coins
Damodarpu
with
and Siva-Parvati. That the Maukharis had a
the semi-sovereign character is asserted by the theregions
Bl sad
issued

silver fact that they used feudatory titles such as ituated between
rgupt a 1, issuing
1e
besides
Bengal.

litya, ast and Gandak

ueen Dhruvat
r his tather
in
e p i h eV
t i k K r

After
him
the
golden «

away y.
days of the empire Samanta Chudamani and Nripa, they donated
villages and constructed temples. However udes the districts
passing
the Maukharis could not rule for long, and pur, Samastipur,
reintathect anNarm
d her
e
sto
N a r a s i m h a g u p t aB a l a d i t y a eohar. A number
they were overshadowed by the rise of another
ond
e
ddhagupta was
succeeded by his
family, the later Guptas of Magadha at about the region.

rdihoard
Gupta Baladitya. ctends between
the same time. The Later Guptas became the
N a r a s h i m h

ng to o G
the
Jounger
brother
was
aceful but soon he
peace
political successors of the Imperial Gupta lains.
Gupta empire
2 direcions.oBhit
Initial

face the
hadder Toramana
his reign
invasion of the
Hunas. The
and his s o n Mihirkula
dynasty.
The Apshad inscription and Deo
yestern most part
h.Itincludes the
ganj and Saran.
wamitra and the western part
H u n a s
u n d e r

attacked
and
s. The inscipts oveman
nlunjab
In Be Bengal Vainya Gupta Baranark inscription supply a list of eleven
enmpire.
kings belonging to this dynasty.
upta defeated t the
Gupta
an independent
status and issuedd
Dvadasaditya. 1. Krishnagupta
n extends from
north of Chota

Inscription ree
de was brokenh
le Kumargupay
a S s u m e

Mihirkula invaded
oldcoins
of
with theepithet
Magadha
the
and
Buddhists.
2. Harshagupta
3. Jivitagupta I
rea of 33,670 sq.
orth Bihar plain,
wider west and
persecution
invaded and Baladitya had
ordered
to 4. Kumaragupta
ber of hills are
region. Mihirkula- 5. Damodaragupta
5-467 Pataliputr

the Gangetic
him but
deltaic

he w a s captured
and
6. Mahasenagupta
Barabar hills,
s and Kharagpur
ed the throne awed However, ts of Jehanabad,
before
Narsimhagupta. 7. Madhavagupta
Kumaraguptaa al
Skandagupt
rosented
nltimately
to rule
Mihirkula

over a
was
was

small
released

kingdom in the
and
8. Adityasena
9. Devagupta
se hills
lateau
are
and
the
are

only his positim allowed

Baladitya
shook off the Hunas
10. Vishnugupta
Rajmahal hills
north. Thus,
empire and the
also successhull andsaved
Buddhism
retired
froma terrible

to Nalanda
calamity.
where he 11. Jivitagupta lI
he Chotanagpur
nga in its course

Later Baladitya Krishnagupta regarded the founder

yamitra and the
s of Kramadita died. of Later
is
Guptas. There are no evidnces
as
to h differs in many
Kumaragupta III between them and getic Plain. It is
was no
loss succeeded by suggest any relationship
pes towards the
rh inscription do Narasimhagupta
was
the Imperial Guptas. Krishnagupta
made
Kumaragupta lll.
Parts of Bengal, in
and restoration his son matrimonial alliance with the
Maukharis so gradual as

continued under with he north is liable

rapalita (son oi Magadha and eastern U.P. by marrying his daughter Rajyasri
f Skandaguptas Gupta rule. Gupta empire
Thus,
was a
the of Maukhari Chief
son h Gangetic plain
Adityavarman, loods except in
much shrunk kingdom. Harivarman. This provided more importance
graph regarded very
and influence to the Later Gupta family.
o in the lineage Vishnugupta led is divided into
Kumaragupta ll was by succeeded
Jivitagupta I, the son of Harshagupta the
his son Vishugupta Chandraditya. His reign
campaigns in the direction of Himalayas in
marked the final fading away of the Gupta north and to the sea-coast of Bengal
in south- asternmost part
ucceeded by includes Banka
empire. He is the last known Gupta
emperor east.
The Chandan
ner the son of whose end may be placed in A.D. 550-1. Thus, and successor of
Kumaragupta, the son Digharia Hills
He maintained
Jivitagupta I, was an independent sovereign.
Gupta dynasty ended after a rule of two
He issued gold hal Hills
hundred and thirty one years. The relationship between the later Guptas the western side
also assumed
2.6.10 The Later Guptas and the Maukharis began to deteriorate st of Tal region.
andagupta and between the
After the break-up of the Gupta empire because of the political rivalry m a watershed
getic valley. two families. According to Aphsad inscription
ral ndependent states such as the
the Maukhari king Maan rivers.
Maukharis and the Later Guptas arose in Kumaragupta defeated ngregion which
as farwent
ucceeded by Kumaragupta
dynasty gained controlIshanavarman.
Maukhari died there.
hg rainy season.
of Purugupta the Gaya region. Two chiefs Yajnavarman as Prayag (Allahabad) and is the Kiul plain
His seal has and his son Sardulavarman had earned tame Kumaragupta w a s
succeeded by his son gadha plain. The
faced a Maukhari
e he built a in
fighting hostile kings. Sardulavarman is Damodaragupta, who again portant for rabi
repulsed the
rule over the Telerred to as the best among the chieftains invasion. He successfully
Malwa in the Samanta Chudamani). His son from thewounds received
Maukharis but died It is triangular_
t. Inscriptions S Credited with the constructionAnantavarnman
of a shrine and on
son and
the battlefield. Mahasenagupta,
the
anded by river
far
of Damodaragupta proceeded
as
d in Eran
in
nstallation of images of Krishna, Katyayani successor

Varanasi in
 Bihar General Knowledge
42
river and the head of the exchequer or the treasury
as the Lauhitya or the Brahmaputra revenue officials like Saulkika colleg
of Kamrupa.
defeated Susthitavarman, king
of Maukharis, and customs dues. The ted
taxes collected ti
In order to avert the danger
into a matrimonial
the land were known as uparikara and fron
Mahasenagupta entered udrin
alliance with the Vardhanas
of Thaneswar The government records were mainta
Pustapala or aine
by marrying his
sister to Adityavardhana. by
and law andorde patadhikrita.
But his diplomatic move
could not succeed police department
as the Maukhari king
Sarvavarman invaded

decisively
under the control of
ahadandapasika.
police officers who apprehended
Magadha, defeated Mahasenagupta
and made himself lord (Parameshwara) of were
Chauroddharanikas.
called iminakTe
was forced to
take Mahabaladhikrita head of the
was
1
Magadha. Mahasenagupta
Malwa, and his
department. The army was mainly comn milit
he lost
refuge in Malwa. Finally and Madhavagupta of cavalry, elephantry and
two sons Kumaragupta
navy. There Were
court of
Prabhakarvardhan heads of different wings of the
army
had to live in the Such
attendants of his two sons as Pilupati (head of the elephant divisi
of Thaneswara as
Rajyavardhan and Harshavardhan. Pattipati (head of intantry) and Asvan
vapati
(head of cavalry).
2.6.11 The Maukharis in Magadha
During the Gupta period the highes
Ishamavarman,
Sarvavarman, the son of officials were Kumaramatyas who
the Lord of were
conquered Magadha and became appointed by the King.
Magadha. He renewed the grants to temples
Provincial Administration
at Deo Baranaka near Ara. His seal bearing The largest administrative unit under the
imperial title has been found in Nalanda.
the
Guptas was bhuktiwhich was placed in charge
Magadha, now became a part of the Maukhari
empire whose empire was at Kanauj. of uparika. In Bihar, there were Tirabhukti
Suryavarman, brother of Sarvavarman was (now Tirhut) comprising territories north o
appointed as the governor of Magadha. Ganga, Srinagarabhukti (Patna, Shahabad
Finally the Maukhari authority is Magadha and south Munger) and Magadhabhuki
was qverthrown by the Gaudas under the (Rajagriha and Gaya).
leadership of Sasanka. The bhuktis were divided into
vishayas or districts and were placed under
2.6.12 Gupta Administration a vishayapati. The vishya of Rajagriha, and
Central Government Gaya were included in Magadhabhukti
The King was the heart of the state. The Krimila Vishaya belonged to Nagarabhukt.
Gupta emperors assumed high sounding titles The vishayapati was assisted by city banker
such as
Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja (Nagarasrestha), president of traders' guild
Paramadaivata. Kinship was hereditary (Sarthavaha), chief merchant (Kulika) and
but there was no strict rule that the eldest chief secretary
son must succeed his father.
(Prathama Kayastha).
Although, the The vishaya was divided into vithis.
mantriparishad did not play an important The lowest unit was the village which
role in the governance of the
empire, the was administrated by the elders known as
king did appoint ministers to assist him in
mahattara. Certain villages were granted by
carrying out the administration of the state.
the king to Brahmanas. These were called
The foreign policy was under the
charge agrahara villages and were free from taxes.
of Sandhivigrahika, who is later_known as These villages were looked upon by an otticer
Mahasandhivigrahika, the minister in charge called Agraharika.
of peace and war. The
Mahabhandagarika was
Examination Facts
According to the Allahabad Pillar Inscription Srigupta was the
Samudragupta is known as the Napoleon of India. founder of Gupta dynasiy
Samudragupta is depicted as playing veena on his gold coins.
According to Devichandraguptam of Vishakhadatta,
Samudragupta. Ramagupta succeedeu
Chandragupta II adopted the title of Vikramaditya as a mark of his
Kshatrapas of western India. victory over Shaka
 The
Revolt of1857 and Bihar
was in
was
in favour of the East India Company. Buxar supplemented the
214 Plassey
battle
of
nd laid
o fP l a s s e ya n d
i n India
the oundation British empirein India.
India through manifold
of For a Century after this, the
processes of transition political, economic,
grew in ous reasons, generated forces of discontent and these were open
himperialism variou
This for
a la n dcultural
tural. of a n t i - B ritish
riti outbreaks which ultimately culminated into the revolt of
form
n tthe
manitestationiin

This chapter includes:

1857 in Bihar
of
in
57 which began of 1857 in Bihar
Revolt

5;
2.14.1 Revolt
141 or rooted
The
revok
0, 1857
1 )had its deep
May
10, of the revolt 2.14.2 Beginning ofthe Revolt
incident
derutopihar. The tirs in
ato nNilha to Rohini village
traced
2.14.3 Mutiny at Danapur
har can be where on
in bihar
Jharkhand state)
( n o t v in killing
revolted
twwo
2.14.4 Role of Kunwar Singh
ar soldierS Other Areas
12. 1857theI h e revolt w a s soon
subsided
u T n e _ l .

in 2.14.5 Spread of the Revoltin

w h o took part
sh officials. soldiers the
Indian be said to mark
thethree sentence. 1857. This may
g i v e n death
were
July 25, revolt in Bihar,
revolt developments of a widespread
rhe vere three major there was
beginning
for more than
a year.
The
There
At Patna which lasted
the soldiers reached
1857,

Bihar
during July a
book-seller,
and
next day
i.e. on July 26
in
led by Pir All, and order to organise
themselves
uprising at Danapur, Shahabad in Singh
an the mutiny
by leadership of Kunwar
under the able
revolt
associates; of the launched
a
his
of leadership who had already
three regiments
of Jagdishpur,
assumption
the 25,
On July the Brit+sh.
of Danapur movement against
Kunwar Singh. c a n t o n m e n t

number of had a
followers,
at major of the and
stationed rebelled. Most KunwarSingh
Singh
outskirts
of Patna
Shahabad, i n c l u d e d his
brothers Amar
the into who Nishan Singh
on
crossed
the Son riter under Kunwar R i t n a r a i n Singh,
his nephews ot
zamindars
troops the
rebels and tour
Singh Joohan Singh,
where they joined then besieging
a small and Jai Krishna Singh,
n a m e d Narhan
who
was
Shahabad
Singh. Bisheshwar
Singh, at Ara Singh and who
ThakurDayal
community landlords
uropean many big
ofthe Revolt
were
there and helped
Beginning
of Pir Ali
on July 3, However,
colonialrule the
2.14.2 uprising the first remained
loyal
to the
Nevertheless,

Patna
The was
the
movement.
the region,
his associates revolt. On it n crushing in

along with
Widespread
185/ the tairly
during was
support.
in Bihar of the Patna
uprising
popular
major incident Opium Agent was and did
have strong
Kunwar Singh
Deputy This
this day the w a s killed. Role of zamindars

Agency, Dr. Lyell source

of c o l o n i a l 2.14.4
rebellion
many
pIum During the
govermment

majora with the

werewith
on
an attack together in the
In tact Bihar, leaders participated

The
Gangetic
was the main and local o t h e r s _ a c t i v e l y
Kunwar

Terenue. region the its

leaders.

B a n a r a s - G h a z i p u r
company's
while became upon
in the
looked
the and was
entire who
production
this rebellion them The
opium that of Bihar.
people of
of one

Pir Ali
On significant was

It is
also revolt. Singh
leaderby
the Manbhum
territories.
the
affected by was
c o n v i c t e d

as a
natural Chotanagpur,

to carry
on

of D a n a p u r ,
was
region murder wanted
Lyell's Tayler rebels
Palamu ot Kunwar
William
narged
with 1857. this and leadership

July 7,
Kunwar
at Singhbhum

underthe
to helphim.
division
on
hanged Patna struggle sought
dnd of against
the them
commissioner
operations

Many
of to join
Was the out forces
carried Singh. their
had sending
Singh by
l e
and
associates
and his
Pir Ali Danapur soldiers

Mutiny at of
Patna,
the
on
2.14.3 uprising mutinied

After
the Danapur
in
regiments
Cent
three d i l a l a also changes in s
O
number
which a large
course,
due to
its
 Bihar General Knowledge

once the
realized at danger of the situat
A Brief
Profile and ordered LordMark err and Sir Fdw
Singh:
Kunwar

born
in November
Lingard to press Kunwar Singh and relic
was
Rani
Kunwar Singh Singh
and
Azamgarh. unwar Singh on
nearing
of the
ol t
Shahabzada
1782 to Raja
in
Jagdishpur
Bhojpur). He
news, evacuatedAzamgarh with
Devi,
Pancharatan
Shahabad district (now portion ot his troops and proceeded
Uijainiya Rajput clan.
At
Ghazipur leaving behind the rest of hie towa
belonged
to the
led the FirstWar
His plan was then to ar
the age 80,
of
he actively He w a s cross the Ganges ar
in 1857in Bihar. the reoccupyJagdishpur,
Independence against
of of the fight On April 21, 1858,Kunwar Singh foug
the chiet
organizer
He died
on April 26, 1858. bravely against the British troops
British in Bihar. who had marched
the troops und
Joined by 1857,
Kunwar
Brigadier Douglas Despite physical iniu
from Danapurto
Ara July 27, at Ara. At
on
he
and the loss on an arm crossedthe Gange
the British
besieged saved at Shivapur ghat the same night. By
Singhs partysituation the British were

this critical
to Allahabad April he was at lagdishpur. A British for
who onhisway sent towards Jagdishpur under Captain
by Major Evre Arateleated
the forces of
turned towards This Grand against Kunwar Singhsuffered a sever
August 3.
at Bibiganmon
Kunwar Singh British garrison. repulse on April 23, 1858. But Kunwar
a gteat reliet to the
Sing
was not destined to live long. Worn out byth
provided of Kunwar Singh's
But this did notmark
an end were now fatigue and continuous fighting, he died or
activities
Kunwar Singh's
struggle. He now sought to
act in April 26, 1858, three days after the victory ove
shifted out of Bihar. other parts of LeGrand's troops.
with rebel troops in
cooperation Kanpur The followers 0t Kunwar
Gwalior, Lucknow, Singh
Jndia ie. Rewa, moved from
unperturbed by his death, carried out the
Singh
and so on. Thus, Kunwar with the help
fighting the British struggle in different parts of Bihar under the-
place to place leadership of his brother Amar Singh. Their
and the common people.
of local chiefs
Singh
Kunwar . made activities continued to be a cause of serious
In September 1857,
but was opposed by concern for the Company's administration.
attempto enterRewa
employ' of therajaof They even set up a parallel government at
Lt. Osborne 'in political Banda Jagdishpur. The forest area of Jagdishpur was
Banda. From
Rewa. Hethen went to
Nishan Singh, he the base of Amar Singh's military campaigns
along with his compatriot then After the retreat ef Nana Saheb into Nepal
He was joined by
proceeded to Kalpi. in the
the Gwalior troops and they took part he went to the (tarai regioi to assume the
of the leadership of Nana's troops, but was captured
battle-of Kanpur, The superior forces
Saheb and
British defeated the troops of Nana instead 1859.
in December He was imprisoned by the
in the battle. Kunwar Singh
British at Gorakhpyt, but died of dysentery
his allies towards Lucknow. on February5 1860, beforelhis trial could take
of owning defeat marched
The Shah of Awadh presented Kunwar Singh
of
place
a
robe of honour, a firman for.the district Spread of the Revolt in
Azamgarh and twelve thousand rupees in 2.14.5 Other reas
cash. to difterent
Themovement spread
On March 17, 1858, Kunwar Singh parts of Bihar where the
soldiers and civi
joined a band of his comrades at Atraulia British
population fought together against the
near Azamgarh. British troops under Colonel government in the Chotanagpur, Manbhum
Milman, later under Colonel Dames tried to Singhbhum and Palamu areas.
dislodge Kunwar Singh from this position Hazaribagh The companies ot intantry
but they failed. Azamgarh remained under at Hazaribagh revolted towards the end o
the control of Kunwar Singh. Kunwar Singh
Madhab Singh was their leade
adapted the unique method of attacking the July 1857.. at Ranch
moved to Ranchi. Those
position of the Ernglish, while keeping SOonthey
weakest Singh. Botn
also revolted under Jaimangal
his men mobilized for any eventuality. This the hands
is the reason as to why the rebellion could be Ranchi and Doranda fell into
Vishwanath Shahdeo
sustained for such a long time. Lord Canning rebel sepoys. Thakur
 History of Bihar

were
supporters
of the Pitamber made Palamau a centre of serious
nl2nuey Rai unched a massive
Ganyat,
anpat popular agitation during the revolt.
companylaur
the uprising
u Besides these events, the rebel troops in
situation
o nt h e

and crushed
el were strengthendbyatarge ngmber of
JaimangalPandey, Gaya
Edwar d
therebel.

he regions
a do nt h e

Ganpat Rai disafected villageyand Bhojpuri rebels under

s u c h .

d relheve&
1ishwanatnShahdeo and Pandey
l e a d e r s

uated between
ring this e
hShahdeo
nhayor were sentenced to
tured, tried a n d
theleadership of Jeodhar Singh andlaider st and Gandak
only
d toward a
AliKhan. In Patha tre wahabis played a des the districts
Singh of Porhat leading role in the revolt. The Dana pur mutiny ur, Samastipur,
his army, Raja Arjun of the also had an impact on the Muzaffarpur area ohar. A number
ehbhum
ingh formidable rising
anges and led a the where too an uprising took place. The mutiny_ he region.
hIsbrother

tially
Singhbhum. Init i a l they defeated tends between
later 12th at
of the
on
Irregular Cavalry Sugauli
gh tought January 1858, but the the to the ains.
s
in
anv'stroops in
arrested
with Indo-Nepali border eventually led estern most part
was
and Saran.
under
al injunes
Kaja
thePorhatof Chaibasa. outbreak of a revolt in Champaran of
i t includes the
in Lal Purnea rose in revolt under the influence
and
gan and Saran.
ne Ganges boloofMewa activities
ot Nilamber
the Jalpaiguri mutineers.
Palamau 1he
By Brd n extends from
itish force Examination Facts north of Chota
aptain Le traced
in Bihar can be
toRohini villagein Deoghar. ea of 33,670 sq.
ed a severe the revoltin 1857 in prth Bihar plain,
The first incident of associates onJuly 3 iwas
the first major incident wider west and
war Singh his
of dPir Aliand
out by the ThePatna)uprising ber of hills are
the revolt.
e died on Bihardúring in Danapurmutinied on
July 25, 1857. s Barabar hills,
The soldiers three
of regiments British troops led by Major s and Kharagpur
ctory over battle of Bibiganj by the ts of Jehanabad,
was
in
defeated thé
KunwarSingh se hills are the
AT Singh, lateau and are
EVTeLwn)
of Kunwar Singh.
in the hands Rajmahal hills
and reachedJagdishpur. Singh
remained
d out the Azamgárh on Apil 21, 1858
under the the Ganges Kunwar he Chotanagpur
Kunwar Singhcrossed Jagdishpur under Captair
Le GrandJagainst
hga in its course
gh. Their A British force sent
towards

of serious April 23, 1858. Le Grand's troops.

a severe defeat on
over
suffered after the victory differs in many
nistration. April 26, 1858,three days
rnment at Kunwar Singh died on

Multiple Choice Questions

getic Plain. It is
es towards the
shpur was (d) Harkishen Singh
of- of the parallel
o gradual as in
he north is liable
ampaigns.
. Kunwar Singh was
the King
5. Who was
government
the head
established by Amar
nto Nepa, (b) Dheerpur Gangetic plain
Sume the (a) Hamirpur loods except in
(d) Rampur Singh?
S capture Jagdishpur (a) Kunwar Singh
ned by the revolt of 1857 in is divided into
T h e leaders of the
) Harkishen Singh
dysentery Bihar was
(c) Nishan Singh sternmost part
could take (a) Maulvi Ahmadullah includes Banka
(d) Jaimangal Singh
unaffected The Chandan
(b) Tatya Tope Bihar was

Which region in Digharia Hills

(c) Nana Sahib 6.
revolt of 1857? al Hills
by the
different ud) Kunwar Singh 2. Patna, 3. Ara, e westerm side
had
following 1. Danapur,
andcivil 3. Who the 5. Munger tof Tal region
among Muzaffarpur,
the British and ammunition 4. options
-
n a watershed
an arms following
tablished from the Maan rivers.
? Choose
Manbhum
factoryat Jagdishpur Kunwar Singh and 5
b ) Only 5
region which
l4) Amar Singh (b) (a) 4 and 5
o fintantry
(d) Harkishen Singh (c) Only 4 (d) 3, 4 rainy season.

) Pir Ali state denied

entry the Kiul plain
which
heend of parallel rulers of
Hha plain. The
Who had
established
a
7.
The
Singh in
his state ?
eir leader.
to
Kunwar prtant for rabi
government in Jagdishpur? (b) Azamgarh
a t
Ranchi

a ) Rewa
(d) Banda
n g h .B o t h
a) Amar Singh (c) Awadh tis triangular
hands of
(b) Kunwar Singh ded by river
(c) Rathbhanjan Singh
Shahdeo
 Freedom
Movement in Bihar
2.15
the history of
struggle of India is very significas
freedom
icant. The
eogh
Bihar's role in movement. Even Gandhiji initiated his first people nvlutona
actively
movenment.
national
the massmass stru
participated in active involvement of women in the f
LKIales,
r t epre

There was also

an
Champaran.

Indian
National Congress This chapter includes: n e s n L e

2.15.1 and Bihar

ot Congress 2.15.1 Indian National Congress erolutiona
During the initial years
deal
Bihar and
there w a s a great B i h awr i t h

formation (1885-1908), 2.15.2 Home Rule

enthusiasm in
Bihar about it
and many
Movement and ISAoth
of
delegates participated
in
matter
the sessions, of
ot tact, a Bihar
Provincial
2.15.3 Revolutionary Nationalism Bihar
Bihar
and Simtys

volutiona
w

Congress. As
a
tormed in 1908
2.15.4 Champaran Satyagraha
n theRodd

Committee was
Congress of Nawab Sarfaraj
under the presidentship 2154C
Husain Khan
Bahadur, with its headquarters 2.15.5 Rowlatt Act Satyagraha, 1919 Cham

at Patna.
Provincial Congress
Committee 2.15.6 Non-Cooperation
(1920-22)
Movement ignifticance

The
The first
Mahatma

conterence.
political
used to hold a
Provincial Conterence was 2.15.7 Simon Commission Africa, t e s t e

session ot Bihar
Patna in 1908, with
Sir Ali Imam as its Civil Disobedience o n
Indian.

held at
also participated
2.15.8
Bihar Movement and Sutyagraha

President. Mazhar-ul-Haq hased o ntra

memorable in the
in it. The year
1912 was
2.15.9 Elections under Government of
of Bihar India Act, 1935 The Probie
history separate province
of Bihar. A
27th
Also in the same year the There
was formed.

Indian National Congress was held 2.15.10 Ramgarh Session of Congress

session of plantati+dn

at Bankipur, R.N. Mudholkar as its

Patna with 2.15.11 Individual Civil Disobedience European

President. Mazhar-ul-Haq was the Chairma were (a

Sachchidanand 2.15.12 Quit India Movements and Bihar
of the reception committee and the Zerait
Sinha was the General Secretarv. In 1914 two 2.15.13 Attainment of Independence
under thei

eminent persons ironm-Bihar, Mazhar-ul-Haq

labourers

and Sachchidanand Sinha, were elected to 2.15.14 Peasant Movement In Bihar sV'stem, the

serve on a deputation sent to England

by the cultivated
2.15.15 Women's Liberty and Bihar
Congress along with Bhupendra Nath Basu, method u
MA Jinnah, N.M Samarth, B.N. Sharma and which was
2.15.16 Creation of Modern Bihar
two metho
Lala Lajpat Rai.
2.15.3 Revolutionary Nationalism much prev
2.15.2 Home Rule Movement and Bihar and Bihar Unde
TheHame Rulemovement which was
While the Congress was following had to cu
started by Anne Beasanyalso madean impact bigha ( /
constitutional means for the attainment of sel
in Bihar. Ataieeting held at Bankipur on during a lo
Government, a section of nationalists preached
December 16, 1916, it was decided to start a a price for
Home Rule League in Bihar. The following
radical ideas and followed revolutkynary
methods. The partition of Bengal (1905)
and However,
persons were elected as the office - bearers:
stimulus Convertin
the policies of Lord Curzon gave a
President Mazhar ul Haq -
-

of Barindra fields, extu

to the nationalists. The activities by threat
Vice - Presidents Sarfaraj Husain Khan, Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendra Nath Data
Purnendu Narain Sinha 30,108,u Sometime
Secretaries act impact on Bihar. On April
an
heavy fine
Chandrabansi Sahay, a bomb was
thrown whicihtleu
Baijnath Narain Singh. Vuzalfarpur protests ca
wife and daugnte
fwe-Europeanladies, the was nae always fel
Anne Beasant visited Patna on The bomb
April 18, O Mr. PingleKennedy.
District Jug Role of R
1918 and paid a second visit on july 25, 1918
meant Kingsford, he then
for himsell
and met Hasan Imam and Raj
Sachchidanand of Muzaffarpur, who had made
Sinha. Home Rule movement was instrumental_extremely unpopular by passing hea
in unpopular the For onc
Champar
creating awareness among people. Sentences on political
workers.
 S u r u d

Histyry of Bihar

in the
He met Gandhiji
Champaran December
on) to in
anged
sted and hang
rafullaLuckpow
session of Congress of the indigo
Bose Was associate
1916gnd placed the grievances moved in this
resolution was
1908 a n d h i s

C Of
growers.A
Kishore Prasad) regarding a

session by Braj
s h o t
h i m s e l ld e a d

centre
resotution
fhe
the agrariantrouble.
a n o t h e r

used
was
into
ultionary a c t i v i t i e s .
W a s

S
Sii/
l ''s
s
lodge
and training of probe
ghar ctivities.
was passed. Raj
the Bihar delegate,
r a t i o n o f b o m b s

rthe'preparatior, uided by Sakharam

After this session,

Gandhiji to
actively
le from
T h e y w e r e
8 u i

in the
Deoghar
Kumar Shukla
in particular, urged
miseries of the
a l e s1 h e
Karun
this to witness the
askar of different villages of
preached
visit Champaran
Nandy tour Champaran.
ztrit. ndunath promised to
in
the
Ranch ryots. Gandhiji Mahatma
Gandhi at
met
lanterps. Kumar Shukla
v i e W

of magicand Anusheelan Raj with

nd
jonary

elp from Calcutta

Gandhiji started
uto hel
the
Calcutta.
reached Patna
ther such c e n t r e

inPatna Some
1917 and
with

shar
Shukla on April 9,
to Muzaffarpur
m i t i s w e r e s t a r t e d

convicted

Bihar from
Dumka (were next morning. Both
proceeded
and naries
ROlutic A r m s
case. the same night.
Rodda
ext
154
n
the Champaran Satyagraha
Gandhiji in Champaran
of historic had reached ortr
April 10, 1917, Gandhiji
area
an
1s
that On of of
Champaran
in
Champaran
the night where students
Muzaffarpur in hB
here
was
It from South of Acharya
under the leadership
nificance. return
his
Gandhi,
after

of Satyagraha JBBcollege 14th April, ider

ahatma weapon welcomed him.
Till
tested his
new

abroad.Kriplani
Atnica,
which he
had forged the situation of Champaran Bar
mindian soil, which was Gandhiji analysed of Planters fo
unique method
members
2nt and Satrvagraha was a by meeting
with the
Phmjc ind
truth and
non-violence.
of
hasedoni Association. Na
t of TheProblemtn ¬hamparan reached Motihari on April hill
Gandhiji
two systems ofindigo 1917. The
Government however
did not teau
There were
Bihar by the
15,
the agrarian trouble.
Pmg Rajm
S carried out in north like Gandhiji to probe
plantatton These systems ordered him not to enter
the Ch
ICe Eoropean indigo planters. The Magistrate
him on
p,ytd ga in
Assamiwar. Under was lodged against
were
-(a Zerait and (b) villages. A case stated him aim Phid
18th April. Gandhiji clearly
cultivation w a s
Bihar the Zerait system, the indigo
refused to differ
under their direct pranagement. The tenant and
for coming to Champaran
labourers were ill-paid.) In the (Assamiwar the whole etic
leave before
Champaran receiving
SYstem, thefactory chiefs had the indigo lands information. Defying the government order he
s
to
grac
cultivated by tenants. The most prevatent announced to face the consequences. WVatching
nort
method under this system was(Tinkathia the gravity of the situation, the government
Which was common in Champaran. The other withdrew the case on April 20. This w a s the Gang
TNO methods Khushki and Kurtauli were not
first phase of success for Gandhi. Dods
much prevalent here.
confused
Government machinery got s div
llowing
Under the tinkathia system, a tenant
to see the enthusiasm ot the farmers and the
d to cultivate indigo on three kathas per activities of Gandhi and his associates. The
ofself gha ((3/20h f the land) of his holdings Lieutenant Governor, Sir Edward Gait took stern
eached a l o n g period and was entitled to get immediate constructive steps to solve the ncluc
tionary Ce for it according to written agreements. problem. With the result, Champaran Enquiry The
and Howeve the planters coerced the tenants for
imulus
ng their lands into indigo producing
Committee was constituted to investigate Digh
arindra helds, and report on the agrarian conditions in l Hil
Datta by extort of forced labour from them
Champaran. Gandhiji became a member of the
908,jn threateningno
5ometimes them, very small payments committee on condition that he should be free
e

tof T.
wes

payment) and infliction of

killed hea to consult his associates during the progress a w
ughter r nes for failure to grow indigo. The of the enquiry. On the recommendations of
sCarried out by the oppressed tenants 1aan
intact
always fell on deaf this committee Champaran Agrarian Bill was
Judge ears.
Role of RaiKumarShukla presented before the legislative council on regie
imsell
November 29, 1917. Champaran Agrarian Act rain-
heavy
Raj Kumar the K
offence aran
Shukla a leader of the was passed on May 1, 1918 by the signature iha
ryots managed to bring Gandhiji of Lt. Governor, which accelerated the
process rtan

tis te
 Bihar General Knowledge

88
the
curse
of indigo.
in training young national workers
this time that
uypende
The

AbdulItwas
on
end
in
to
Champaran during Maulana
of putting mettaod in joined the movement. he
Gandhile landmark
Mahatma is a success,
t
proved a
complete
as also
in the history Events During Non-Cooperation structi
ef
Satyagraha, Movement in Bihar
the histor India.
well as
of Bihar,
as
in Champaran
Some of the important features a r

Welfare
Works by Gandhiji marked by movement in Bihar are
mentioned here: this
was
also
Gandhiji's
mission
Champaran. 1. Teachers and students left
and the lawyers school and
in
work for the people colleges
attending courts. Many abstained fTOm
welfare the Satyagraha,
of n

progress with the

During
the
well acquainted
officials left th
jobs. Foreign goods were
boycottedtheir
V a

became fabric
Gandhiji and social n Aba
ignorance
illiteracy, with
Kasturba 2. There was a boycott of partiipa
poverty, along auctions
of the region.
Gandhiji
on
November 8, 1917
settlement of ferTies and
pounds
for inNover
Champaran of all Munger and Bhagalpur. ds
came to
of getting
people rid In
Embl
with the purpose 3. There was a strike in the
those social evils press in Patna.
Governm
rnment
workers
from Bombay, 215.7

Social started flocking 4. There was a police strike in InA

Karnataka
and
Maharastra

the first
sch0ol
1921 which spread to Patna, March-Apri Hnuch

in Champaran.
He opened
miles east of Munger and Champaran. Purne nablac
Lakhan Sen, 20
Barharwa November
at
14, 1917. On 5. When the Prince ot Wales Us

November
landed
Motihari on

1917 another
school at
Bhitharwa in Nepal Bombay on November, 17, there waein meeting

20, Volunteers plunged into hartal in whole of Bihar. When the Anug
Terai was opened. and health and
Prince
education,
sanitation visited Patna on December, 22, there decidea
works of with the was
was engulfed a complete boycott.
the whole Champaran 2.15.8
feeling of change. 6. The arrest of Gandhiji in March, 1922 was
Act Satyagraha, 1919 marked by state-wide protest metings
2.15.5 Rowlatt
The Rowlatt
Bill was intended to give 7. The Civil Disobedience Enquiry started

power to
the bureaucracy Committee of the Congress visited Bihar Gandh

new and arbitrary sedition. in 1922.

so-called a prop
the
for suppressing the
Gandhiji started a satyagraha against . Bihar Vidyapeeth was established on passec
called
Rowlatt Act on March 30, 1919. He February 6, 19217which was inaugurated Lal N
and fast to begin by Gandhiji. Maulana Mazharul Haqe indep
for a country-wide hartal
with and observance
of a national week as a
and Braj Kishóre Prasad yere made throus
demonstrations in Patna, its Chancelor and \Vice-Chancellr
There were
protest.
Muzaffarpur, Chapra, Champaran,
Munger, vudA respectively. Rajendra Prasad was made
his
ta
Bhagalpur, Gaya and other places Principal at National School, Patna. April
1 T

9. Mazharul Haque established Sadakat the-s

2.15.6
Non-Cooperation
Movement (1920-22) Ashram near Digha in Patna which Pras
became the main centre of national disol
the and Khilafat
It was on Punjab movement. He also started a newspaper Sarar
movement
wrongs that the non-cooperation 30, tron
called Motherland from September
against the British rule was started under inSp
the leadership of Gandhi and the movement 1921.
the
reached its height during 1921-22. Bihar played he most significant_event was
Gaya in 192 on
an important role in this non-cooperation t hsession on the Congress at voted for dist
movement. prèsicded over b C.R. Da_, which wit
On August 28, 1920, the Bihar Provincial the continuance of the-boycott of legislatures, tac
was elecie
Conference presided over by Dy Rajendra in this session Rajendra Prasad Pat
and the oftice
Prasad passed a resolution supperting Secretary of the Congress A
Tana
shifted to Patna.
The Bhaglb
Mahatma Gandhis non-cooperatton, which AICC was tO
hehad dectared oryAugust 1, 1920. Gandhiji also attended the Gaya Congress.
Kajenu
in the famous lg
visited Patna in December-amd laid. the 'rasad himself participated n g wilh

foundation of a National College and( BiharSatvagraha at Nagpur n i TI

idyapeeth, which played an important part volunteers from Bihar W
group of
 7 3 Sh nn n Pny nd

Cfeidt) History of Bihar cbsic)

chrikodai rm fetHa 89
ration nmovement was dealt with three blows when he was
The non-cooperati
control the crowd in front of Patna
trying to

ional workers. on February 5,

1922 an account
college.
dent, and Bihar Kriplani and Rajendra Prasad were also
e m i e d o n Felb

Maulana AbdulIt Ban

was
ari Chaura incider

other assaulted by the police. But the repression and

production and
o n khadi use of force failed to terrorise the
patriots.
t h e

operation rated

, y 2 s t r u c t i v ea c t i v i t i e s .

In Bhagalpur, the volunteers started a

of
break in the Congress,
ortant features wasS
formed in January
formed regular camp at Bihpur where they practised
uater
of Party
identship of CR Das
and lathi play. However, the government
nentioned here : this sharaj decided eri)st
ents left f h e Swaraj to declare the camp illegal and break it up.'W des
its secretary.
schools from
wyers abstained and
as
ormed in February,1923
ilal N e h r t
inBihary was tor
Subsequently the camp and the local office of n ur,
lany officials left Congress were seized. Considerable agitation ohar
Prasa was its first President and about 130 out of 250 her
were boycotted. their Natayan
its secretary.
The party prevailed Bihpur in
cott of Bari was
elections held chowkidars in this police station resigned/e ends
auctions A assembly
Tated in the and w o n The action taken by the Government was ains.
ies and for 8 seats in the
esterm
pur. pounds
in
Nov
1923
seats in
the c o u n c i l .
condemned even by the liberals of Bhagalpur
in
in the Government
7
and 10 and the five newly elected members of the ganj a
Sembly
215.7 Simon Commission Legislative Council resigned in protest.
came to India Inthe Munger district, Shrikrishna Sinha, á exte
trike in March-April, In928,5imonEómhmission

throughout the country the then secretary of the Provincial Congress north
Patna, Purnea, which facedboycoft s h o w n . This c o m m i s s i o n
Committee and Nand Kumar Sinha
led the ea of
aran.
andblack flags wgre in Bihar. An all-party Hundreds activists
of were( rth Bi
f Wales landed in was-also boycofted the leadership
congress
activities.
lw Theinmates < wider
ber, 17, there was c ý n v e n e d under
arrested for breaking the salt
meeting was in which it w a s use foreign clothes ber of
ar. When the Prince Sirha of Çhapra jail refused to
ofAnugrahaNarayan commission. till swadeshi clothes eja
Bara
mber, 22, there was decided to boycotttlhe and wentfor nakedhartal and K
for the S - u
CivitDisobedience were provided. Agitation was launched The of Je
non-payment ofChowkidari
tax in Biha?. hills
in March, 1922 was 2.13.3 Movement and Bihar on S y ateau
Congress was declared illegal organization
protest meetings. Civil Disobedience movement was
w a s arrested
Prasad afon Rajma
Mahatma June 30, 1930. Rajendra
edience Enquiry started under the leadership of tor six months B e i t i n ho
gress visited Bihar Gandhi in(1930/ In 1929, atLahore Congress on July 5 and imprisoned
free after (Gandhi-lrwipo ga in i
all the leaderswereset
proposal fof complete
independence w a s Gandhiji attended the
Pact on Mäy 5, 1931
a

as established on passed which presided o v e r by Jawahar in London but

came
differs
Round able Eonferencedeclared to start the
was
declared getic P
h was inaugurated Lal Nehru.26 January, 1930 w a s back disappointed.
He
it. pes tow
celebrated with joy where he had left
Mazharul Haque naependence day. It w a s movement again made every o grad
asad were made throughout Bihar. Lord Willingdon
started Viceroy movement
from he nort
other hand, Gandhiji
the
Vice-Chancellor On the attempt to prêvent
was
arrested. h Gang
Prasad was made o n March 12, 1950. Gandhiji
s tamous Dandi march gathering
momentum.

were passed loods

hool, Patna.
pril 6, 1930 was fixed-as the date of breaking A large
number ot ordinances

ot human
Patna, Rajendra aspect
ablished Sadakat
he-salt taw. In a speech at which covered
almost every
is divi
in Patna which the possible
lines of civil
asad reviewed Nehru's tour of life.
opened in Motihari,
Rosera in
i5ste
ntre of national Sobedience. Jawahar Lal Fires were
Muzaffarpur
sternr
and Muzaffarpur
districts
Sheohar
district, in includ
teda newspaper
n September 30,
dn, Champaran was a
source of great Darbhanga
and Tarapur
in Munger
The
March 31 to April 3 district, Begusarai to
communal
ap
Inspiration to the peopte district. Gandhiji objected
Mc Donald following Digha
Bihay'was started Ranmsay
ur
al Hill
award of in made in
favour q
event wasjhe
h salt satyagraha and Champaran were
amendments
e wes
in192 15, 1930 Jin Saran
was
which Sevak Sangh
Gaya
21, 1930, Patna Harijan tot Ta
at
vhich voted lor dist 16 to of the Harijans. opened in
rom tApril in the
and its
branches
were
a w-
most heroic scenes constituted civil individual 7
o n e of the In supported
o flegislatures
f sed of the police. Gandhiji 12, 1933. 900 Maanr
the part Bihar.
movenment on July
a d w a s elected on
V1olence on
office
of Pa satyagraha
was
inaugurated disobedience

s e n t to jail.
Sh i a regid
the hteSalt proceeded in Bihar were
rainy
de Tana April 16, 1930, when the volunteers persons weapons o (Sat)
Bhagas
Mangle
Tank in
tna
Patn
The unrestricted use of all
the movement
the K
ress. Rajendra Nakhas Pind, the spot
for
fo: the
near
at their
disposal,
ha p
h efamous flag City, which had selected as
salt. persecution Such as Picketing CPU
een
manufacturing
continued in
all its torms of liquor, ortant
sale
along witha
lation of salt laws by the
volunteers
clothes
and the

The the police

on
of foreign
OCities of
was
bari
them. Even
Abdul tis tr
Ounded many of
ded
 Bihar General Knowledge

90
Civil
Disobedience was passed. On the
sidelines of theConfe
non-payment
of
taxes,

suspended
in 1934. The Al-India Anti-Compromise sessi
was held at
Ramgarh under the presiden.
was
movement
self-rule but increased
did not bring of Subhas Chandra
movement
Bose. It considered
n a t i o n a l a w a r e n

Elections under Government|

e s s .

Congress viewpoint wards

Swami Sahajanand, Shilabh. comprom
played a promineand so
1935 others from Bihar
2.13.of India Act, the elections
decided to
contest
it. role
Congress The
of India Act, 1935, On the other hand, Muslim Lea
Assembly in Bihar
under Government
to the Legi_lative
its Lahore session reiterated the
elections
between January
22 to 27, 1937.
Of
separate Pakistan The Bihar demandnd
took place Assembly, Congress branch of Mus
in the
total 152 seatsseats
League convened nference
a
at
April 13 and 14, 1940 where Lahore Chapra
the 98 seats.
contested on
107 and won
result, Congress
Ministry was
was supported and on resolut
April 19 Pakistan
As a
Shri with
in Bihar on July 20,
1937, was observed at different places in
Singh the Ahrar Party and the Memins Bihar
formed
Prenmier. Ram Dayalu
Krishna Sinha
as
and Abdul Bari
became
these activitiés
eendemn
became the speaker Ministers w e r e
The other
the Deputy-speaker. Mahmud 2.15.11 Individual Civil Disobedíence
Anugraha Narayan
Sinha, Syed was The August Offer made on Au
Baldeva Sahay
and Jaglal Chowdhary. 8, 1940 by Viceroy Linlithgow
Advocate-General.
The Ministry made
improvement to clear the constitutio
appointed to a circular
issued
resented
in Bihar strongly and he had deadlock and it was condemned
by
by Mr. Brett
the Chief Secretary, Congress. As a moral protest against the pol
refused
to withdraw
it. When the Governor
the Ministry of BritishGovernment, Gandhiji decided
prisoners,
to release the political resumed launch individual civil disobedience only
However, the ministry
resigned. reached on chosenindividuals.The response in Bihar
agreement was
office only after an
quick and enthusiastic.
this matter in February 1938.
the outbreak of World
War II in The individual satyagraha started
With insisted on a Bihar on November 28, 1940Shri Kris
nationalists
the Indian
1939 the British was the first satyagrahi in Bihar followed
clear declaration of war aims by
and formation of a national Anugraha Narayan "Sinha, He was -arres
Government
initiative on
in Patna city whiBe delivering a speech. Ga
government. But
there was no
P
There Shankar Singh was the satyagrahi in Ga
this aspect by British Government. the
where he performed Satyagraha on Decem
in Bihar as
was a widespread resentment
had 4, 1940. Shyam Narayan Singh pertorm
in other parts of India. Shri Krishna
that the Satyagraha on December 9,1940 atSilaw
moved resolution in the Assembly
a
2.15.12 Quit India Movementsan¢Bih;
Government have decided to regard India
as

an independent nation entitled

to frame its The Quit India Movement off19424
This resolution was passed of modetmhista
ownconstitution. one of the greatest upsurges
role in the movem
by 73 votes to 6. Bihar played a decisive
Bihar gave its ruthless repression.
Finally, the Ministry in the face of most
this Committee passed.
resignation on October 31, 1939 on
Congress Working
1942 in Boma
resolution on August 5,
issue. The Governor assumed on himself
all legislative and administrative powers. India Resolution, w
later called the Quit
arrested under the withdrawal of theBritishpov
Jaiprakash Narayan was demanded the
Defence of India Rules for a speech delivered resolution was fully endor
from India. This
at Jamshedpur on ebruary 18, 1940. It added
the Congress
Al1-India
he
Commitee

to the national discontent in Bihar.

by 8, 1942. It was n
7 and
Bombay on August famous su
2.15.10 Ramgarh Session of Congress that
gave the
Mahatma Gandhi
The 53 session of Indian National of Do or Die.
outbreak of mas
the
Congress was held at Ramgarh on March l o prevent
in tne t
Government,
19 and 20, /1940 under the presidentship of disobedience, the
arrested MahatmaWork
resolution of August 9,
(Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. \ hours

members of
the Congress
moved by fawahar Lat Neliru on Satyagraha dnd all
 ho
History of Bihar

nationalists under the control of

to0, many
military, which went
Bihar
Thehimself
District
Magistrate of
beyond their powers. Imposition of heavy
fines, indiscriminate
mested. The
f the session, rested Rajendra
G Archer hil
Bankipur jail. The
shooting of people
by troops and police, looting the property,
Conference
oresidentshithpe ne
General
W
as taken to
a s
t a k e

Baldey leva Sahay resigned burning people's houses and intimidation in

nsidered yad
ant

in
protest
to Government other ways became common. nelal O

ompromi
and somese. officeerma, Shrikrishna
his Phulan Prasad Ver
Sinha and some
ugraha Narayan Sin
By October-November,
movement losed its momehtum, but was not
1942, the
inent role in
Anug were
also
arrested. yet completely over. Xhe movement went
laders by the inflicted underground and marny patriots of Bihar went
League in
demand for
tker T h e

rernment failed tto

failed o
r e

check m
p

a s
r

s
e s

upheaval.
s i o n

to Nepal Terai. secal& etonomio

heroic role in this
of Muslim Te udents played a Role of Jai Prakash Narayan idcag
On August 11, a band of
Chapra on tom movement.

the national to hoist

A pumberoffreedom fighters confined
resolution
kistan Day stadents
marched in
order
of the Patna Secretariat. At
in the Hazaribagh jaiB, felt a need to dedicate

Bihar. But n the

building
under the
orders of the District themselves to the cause of the nation. On
Diwali night, on November 9, 1942 many of
ut4.57 p.m.
ndemned aistrate W.G.
thirteen o r fourteen

fired in which
Archer,
seven students
them made a miraculous escape from the jail.
Ramnandan
were Jai Prakash Narayan,
ninds were The They
1ence several were injured. Mishra, Yogendra Shukla, Suraj Narayan
ere killed and
August evenstudent martyrs were
)AT Singh, Gulab Sonar and Shaligram Singh
nade no District Congress
Students of Patna
Secretariat Incident (Secretary of the Hazaribagh
preventive
titutional District School/College Committee). Government
Ram Narain Singh,
took
Krishna
by the Name
Rammohan step to remove
Saran Sukhlal Singh from
nepolicy Umakant Ballabh Sahay and
cided to Roy Seminary that would
they
Sinha Bhagalpur jail on suspicion offered by
only by Ramanand Patna Rammohan
also escape. Large rewards were

those
har was Roy Seminary for information about
the Government
Singh
BN College who had escaped Rs. 5000 each werepffered
and
rted in Jagatpati Gaya Yogendra Shukla
forJai Prakash Nasayan, Rs. 2000 each for the
rishna) Kumar
Ramnandarn Mishra, and
vedby Satish Prasad Bhagalpur Patna college
otherthree they entered the
Tested Jha Patna After escaping where
Gauri district from
Bhagalpur Millar High Gaya
Devipada boundary of
the
themselves into
two groups.
Gaya School
they divided
ember Choudhary consisting
of Yogendra
Shukla,

rmed Rajendra Saran Patna High One group north

and Gulab
went to
School Narain Singh Prakash
Suraj of Jai
Singh Punpun High Bihar and
the other consisting
Mishra and Shaligram
Kam Govind Patna Ramnandan
har Narayan, Banaras. However
School towards
was Singh a widespread
Singh proceeded
secret
intormation, the police in
at
ory. Asa resultf this incident, based on
arrested Yogendra
Shukla

ent Peaval broke out spontaneously.

was There Muzzafarpur
D e c e m b e r 7, he
was taken
On
1ne
Omplete strike in Patna on August 12. Akharaghat. other
The u x a r Jail. The
organized D Patna and sent to towards
d
e evening a meeting was decided
to
members of
his group
went

it
ay Jagat Narayan Lal, in which
was

1o
two
and carried
out thcir activities.

machinery. Darbhanga with

ch Pple the
government
Jai Prakash along
administration,
the agita In Nepal, Narain Singh
Paralyse the telegraphs cooperation
of Suraj Azad
active
d uprooted railwa lines, damaged stations, Ram-Manohaohia
organized
wires and hones,
burnt police and to serve the eountry.
government
Dasta (guerilla bands)a r r e s t e d and w e r e put
seized post and other
they were
However, they were

buildings. did not

hesitate
in
in Hanuman
Nagar jail.
However,

band of workers
under the
ne Government
to suppress soon
rescued by a
and Sardar
using any of repression
was large-scale arrests
of Suraj
Narain Singh
method guidance instructer in Nepal
themovement. There whipping
and
other
Nityanand Singh
(chiet
and impris
Prisonments, were
placed
areas
kinds torture.
Some

number in
shape, and is
 H es h

Bihar General Knowledge

92
instructe
at Prasad, Shrikrishna Sinha, Sachchidan.
camp
who

Sonbarsa).
shortly
A few
after

months
became

later Jai
a

and
nfartyr
Prakash w a s

arrested
Sinha, Abdul
Naidu and four other ladies.
anand
Qaiyum Ansari, Shrir
The Constitu
puranin
a t gw o

KIShOre
overtaken by police
in
Amritsar
Assembly first met December 9,1946, ur
thepresidentship of Dr.
w t e r s t o

in Mughalpura.
of the
revolutionary
the most elderly of the
Sachchidanand Sin
In Bihar,
some
activities. members mbled service
their disruptive He has always been known as a
continued
them w a s Siyaram
Dal great sSon of vugIniers
groups
active among Bihar. V a t ia l

The most leader Siyaram

after its
named There were important
of Bhagalpur,
at the national level.
developmen
British
Singh.
going FKASA
VIara

A t t a i n m e n t of
Independence
MinisterAtlee's statement on March 15,
2.15.13 succeeded Linlithgow as
coming of Cabinet mission, 1946 Bra

When
Wavell
of India,
the situation
Mountbatten as the new
appointment of T a n gl n

G o v e n o r - G e n e r a l

As
Governor General
the
serious and complicated. of India and his June 3, 1947
plan, hastened
nOTen s h

for Quit India, aituation,

was
in India demand the process of partition cum--

against the
Congress
new slogan Divide independence
of India. The people in Bihar realized felieved i n

the
started
Muslims
a
demand for the
and Quit.
There was an
intensive

reactions in
difficulties inherent in the situation. Accordino F i a b h a
v a t i ' s

to the Indian Independence Act, India

Pakistan. All this had
unpleasant
becar the.
a

free on August 15, 1947. Jairamdas Daulatr FrakashN a

Bihar. workers of
was appointed the Governor of
Some prominent congress
w e r e arrested
Bihar. andl e a r n

August 15, he laid the foundation stone of

had been absconding Kshor p r d
Bihar, who was arrested in
the martyr's memorial at the spot in front
1944. Sucheta Kriplani o Gandhi

in April 1944. of the secretariat where seven students

Patna on April 28, in
had Narayand

Plan w a s
announced sacrificed their lives for freedom Frakash N
Soon Wavell
order to break the constitutional deadlock. 1 5 . 1 4 Peasant Movement In Bihar

held in 1945-46. The

e m a n c i p a t

The elections
w e r e to be An 1922 in
Munger, Kisan Sabha was Influ
decided to contest
the elections.
Congress organized by Mohammad Zubair _and Sh many ed
6 general constituency
Congress
obtained Krishna Singh. In1929, Swami Shahjanand
Bihar in the Central participat
seats out of 10 seats for the Bihar Provineial
various politicaldrdSWati formed
Women's

The position of to Sabha (BPKS) mobilise

Assembly. peasant grievances Patna. Sc
Lower House of Bihar Legislature
parties in the against the Zamindari attacks on their
was hel
follows.
consisting of152seats was as occupancy rights. Zamindars in retaliation women
98 formed United Political Party in order to
Congress the woT
Muslim League 34 suppress peasants. In933, Bihar Kisan public r

Momins Sabha was formed. In 1936 Al India Kisan tour. D

Adivasis Sabha was formed at Lucknow. NG Ranga
1920-21
12 was its secretary while-Swámi Shahjanand
Independent
was its President. Under Rajendra Prasad, a foreign
On March 30, 1946, the Governor of Bihar this re-
invited Shrikrishnato form the government.
committee was set-up to study conditions of
farmers. In North and Central Bihar, peasants
treedo
Shrikrishna Sinha, Anugraha Narain Sinha and becom
the
Syed Mahmud took oaths of office and secrecy. movement was an important side effect of
movement. This movement
Jaglal Choudhary was released from jail and independence Nand
became the fourth minister. Soon the Council aimed at overthrowing the feudal zamindari opera
of Minister was expanded to include five System instituted by Britíshers. t was)being
à tam
more members Ramcharitar Singh, Acharya led by Swami Shahjanat saaswati an Vind
Badrinath Verma, Krishna Ballab Sahay, his fotlevers. Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Kanu Char
Binodanand Jha and Abdul Qaiyum Ansari. Sankrityayan and other HindiTiteraryfigure meet
The Government lifted ban on the started publishing a Hindi weekly (Hunka a

Congress Socialist IParty on April 12, 1946 and from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became tne Her
e
movement and
Jai Prakash Narayan was released from jail. mouthpiece ofthe peasant unh
The Bihar Forward Bloc leader, Shilbhadra agrarian movement in Bihar. the
Yajee was also active.
2.15.15Women's Liberty and Bihar
The election to the Constituent
Assembly he women
participated
powerand
activey
shouldered the 19
attracted all the nationalists. The Congress in freedom struggle cau
nominees for Bihar included Dr. Rajendra service at the
responsibility of social
Mahatma Gandhi.
 Shh S

History of Bihar 93
n(193
women were ¬ommittee in 1925 apd dedicated her for
h o o l s to e d u c a t e

social service.
lif
in Bihar. Gandhiji
Bihat
century

inha, Sachchidanand
n Ansari, Shrimati
instructed during
his
19th

his
assoCiates
he had
regardingg
come to
When Congress party decided
the Simon commission, Smt. Hasan Imam
to boycott
when
dies. The Constituent men
One of
his c l o s e
associates
actively participated in it and requested to
cember 9,1946, under tiin 1917.
had
encouraged his close the shops. This reflects the
participation
bachchidanand
members Sinha,
assembled
rstore
Prasad
obtain education
had two
wo
K i s h o r e ) P r a s a d
and do of Muslim women in politics. Veil system was
attacked at the call of Gandhiji during 1927-28
wn as a ghice.(Braj Elder
great son of Prabhavati
and Vidyavati. for the second time.
tant developments
-

accompanied her father in Rama Nand Mitra launched agitation in

vel. British Prime a t i always was marrìdd to Jai Darbhanga against veil system. He had met
Prabha
meetings.
on ic o n 16 May
1920 Gandhiji at Sabarmati Ashram. Braj Kishore
March 15, 1946, Narayan
on, appointment of akash Prasad felt the need for Prasad and Rajendra Prasad also issued
"Kishore
Governor - General Indian
believed that
women and statements against veil system. An appeal
947 plan, hastened rating
h i f e r a t i n

come
to obtain torward in this regard with the signature of men and
am - independence should
en women in equal number was also published
behind the taboos. He
Bihar realized the Hincation, leaving examples himself and in Young India.
uation. According kelieved in setting
personality developed
in tune Vindhayavasini Devi, along with other
Act, India became Pabhavati's Kishor Prasad. Jai women was arrested during salt agitation
amdas Daulatram ideologies of Braj
vith the a d v I s e d Prabhavati to study in 1930. She was sent to Muzaffarpur jail
in
mor of Bihar. Prakash Narayan with Charkha. When Braj 1932 and the government declared the Kanya
ndation stone Onof and learn weaving Devi was
ne
spot in front Kishor proposed
that Prabhavati should go Swyam Sevika Dal illegal. Kamakhyamovement
disobedience
en students had o Gandhi
Ashram and stay there, Jai
Prakash arrested during civil
arrested in 1932
object to it. Co-operation of Jai
women w e r e
m. Narayan did not in 1930. Many
work of women's during processions.
In Bihar Prakash Narayan made the arrested in
Kishore Prasad. Prabhavati Devi was
san Sabha was emancipation easier for Braj call of boycott of
Influenced by Braj Kishore's gesture, Lucknow in 1932 during
ubair and Sri allowed women to goods. Ram Pyari
foreign
Devi was married

mi Shahjanand\ many educated families Lal on 12 March, 1930

and o n
An All India to Jagat Narayan
ovineiaB Kisan{ participate in public events.
in salt satyagraha.
Women's Conference w a s held in 1919
in March 30 she participated
sant grievances Patna. Soon after, Bihar Women's Conference She w a s jailed for
one year. She was
so popular

ks on their Kisan leader Sahjanand

in retaliation held in December. Proposals to make
Was that she defeated of all India
the member
women literate were passed. This encouraged Saraswati to become
in order to remained a member
Committee and
in Congress
Bihar Kisan ne women folk and they participated
public meetings of Gandhiji during his Bihar till 1939. She
arrested for her
was repeatedly
w o m e n for
India Kisan speeches. Participation of
movement m
political started. It gave
. NG Ranga ur. During n o n co-operation political and
socialreforms had

Women urged people not

to purchase
Shahjanand ,
Natural outcome o impetus to freedom struggle.
an integral part
ra Prasad, a g n goods and liquor. in Braj Kishore became
onditions of his
resulted into of articipation
women

had of Gandhiji's group

when Gandhiji started a
emancipation tarmers of
ar, peasants edom struggle. Women's the real status of
to find out
probe
effect of the Decome an important issue.
Champaran in
1917. Gandhiji had great impact
wife of
Awadhesh considered the words of
movement
Smt. Savitri Devi, in non co- on people and peopleGovernment constituted
zamindari dndan Sahay actively participated Gandhi as ultimate.
workers
operation movement and and the women
was being later r t Smt an inquiry
committee

Kishore for advice and help.

Swati and mous lawyer of the Patna High Court.sn stayed with Braj
wife of Munshi Ambika In 1929, Jai
Prakash Narayan returned
iee, Rahul CLnyavasini Devi, work after
social Devi
ryigures hara dedicated herself to and allowed Prabhavati
She became for America Jai
1919. activities. When
Hunkar e ng with Gandhiji in also. to continue
her political
a of Congress went to Allahabad fora short
camethe perman nember
and they Prakash Narayan
Her patriotism influenced many work tor the Congress, Prabhavati
to
andthe to protest period
CSitatingly
daughters sent their accompanied him. She became a lifelong
the sale of foreign goods and liquor ot Jawahar Lal
agitation friend of Kamla Nehru, wite
started a n
Amala Mukherjee during Nehru. She participated in a public nmovement
actively veil system there. She was arrested on February 3, 1932
Muzaffarpur Dr. against BP
ed the and sent to jail.
call of 921-22. Parvati Veraof All India
Lndia Congress
Congress
member
Decame

LUUrse, alges e r a i South Bihar

number in
shape,
Pla
and is surr
 Bihar General Knowledge

94 India to success. In 1894, a memorandum of

to south
When
Gandhiji
went
untouchability
Bihar a state separate from Bengal
oiv aking
awaken
the people
against
Prabhavati to Lieutenant Governor Sir Charles was given
IIliot
in
Hindu society,
accompanied
Illiot rejected this
memorandum. In 1900 but
prevalent also
She it came to the
accompanied
him.
Odisha
tour. When
that the
knowledge to
people of Biha
his Viceroy of India, Lord
determined for partition of Bengal.Curzon
Gandhiji
during decided to hold
National Congress was In protest
Indian Prabhavati e n e n ts

to this the
at Ramgarh, 'Swadeshr and bayeett
girl
broke out. In 1904(SachchidanandmroveTete
conference
its organizing
entrusted
with the job of Prasad. Sinha
Gandhiji and
Rajendra an article printed ih
by Hindustan Review
efficiency.
title of which was "The Partition of the I the
volunteers

this work with great

She did British
the women against the Provinces: An ternative Proposal.
To awaken
Prabhavati
established Mahila
Narain got printed another
article of
ahesh
imperialism, title in 1905. On the basis of these two same
Charkha Samiti-at Patna. articles
Movement started, a book was created "Partition of
-

When Quit
India
Separation of Bihar. Bengal and
Prabhavatiiasarrestedand
sent 6 Bhagalpur
Kasturba were
alse-arrested This book created unprecedented zton
an.Gandhi and Kasturba
enthusiasm in the
Yervada jail at Pune) young Bihari students
and sento
from the government studying in Bengal, particuiarly Calcuta
fell ill and demandedbesent for taking
care
Rajendra Prasad was secretary of Bihari
Devi
Prabhavati
that
agreed to it and Club of Calcutta. He wished to organize
of her. The government Conference of Bihari Students. After a
to Yervada jail
transferred Prabhavati
Devi coming to
Kasturba Patna hemetandthad discussions wjh remor

JikeMahesh Narain, Resultantly(firstleader

Unfortunately,
from Bhagalpur. sent to
died and Prabhavati
Devi was again Bihari
Students' Conference was organized yder
Bhagalpur jail. the chairmanship of Sharfuddin
This has to be accepted
that participation in/Patna
the College in 1906, A large number of students
from Bihar strengthened
of women participated in this conference.
movement. With the
women emancipation In July, 1906, Mahesh Narain
result, women of the state and the country
he nante of his paper from 'Bihar Times to
changed
are not behind men in the matter of attaining
education and work.
Bihari Sachchidanand managed the financial
side of Bihari' and started supporting Mahesh
215.16 Creation of Modern Bihar Naraín in every way. Due to ill-luck, Mahesh
Starting of a separate Bihar Provinde Narain died in 1907. The Bihar movement
movement is attributed to Dr. Sachchidanahd got a great shock, but Sachchidanand Sinha
Sinha and Mahesh Narain. Dr. Sachchidanand did not lose courage. Deputy Magistrate
Sinha went to England in 1889 to study law Brahmadeo Narain, Mazharul Haque, Ali
There he saw that people in England are not Iman Hassan Imam and Md. Fakhruddin
acquainted with the name of Bihar. He became made his hands strong. With the efforts of
disappointed with this and after returning to these leaders Bihar Provinciai Conference
India he started a movement for achieving a was organized in 1908, the conference was
separate state status for Bihar. held on 12th and 13th April in Patna. Md.
Fakhruddin placed the proposal of separation
Dr Sachchidanand got enough
Cooperation from Mahesh Narain, Nand
of Bihar from Bengal in this conference. The
Kishore reputedlawyer of Bihar, Sharfuddin, was
Lal, Krishna
Sahay, Ali Imam,
MaulanaSarfuddin, Maulana Mazharul elevated to the bench of the Calcutta High
Court in 1907 by the Government. In 1908, Ali
Haque, Deep Narain Singh and Parmeshwar Imam was appointed on the post of standing
Lal in his mission. Mahesh Narain
gave solid council. These steps of the Government
base to the
movement of
constitutien of created wave of the
separate Bihar. He was the editor of Kayastha intellectuals of Bihar.happiness among
Sachchidanand Sinha
Gazete. He was of opinion that the people of 8ave thanks to the Government and requesteu
Bihar cannot develop tH Bihar does not
get the honour of the people of Binar
independent identity separate from Bengal. to protect separate Bihar Province. In 1910,
He met Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha in Patna ymaking
and Sachchidanand Sinha was elected member
they unitedly resolved to secure separate state the Central Legislative Council ro
status to Bihar. Mahesh Narain O
name of his
changed the. Bengal legislative counci. NoW arating
paper and renamed it as The Bihar for separdtug
Times. Bihar Times achieved Pressurizing the Government
unexpected
Bihar General Knowledge
History of Bihar
India to success. In (736 95
1894, a
achability Bihar a state memorandum Bengal. On the advice of Governor
Bihar was made
Lieutenant separate from province.
a
of making he
abhavati to Minte persuaded Ali Iman
lliot rejected Governor Sir Bengal was gi
Lord
In 1936, Bihar and Orissa province were
B i h a r

G e n eral
r
npanied in the Executive
this Charles Illiot,given e
Law-Member
again divided. As a result, Orissa
When
to hold
it came to the
that the
memorandum.
knowled to In 1903
but
tiCil of
the
Govertnor-General,
a
became
separate state by being separated from
determinedViceroy lndia, Lordpeople
ot of Bih 3, vun

Ali Imam
recommended to Governor- Bihar. Due to
ati was for Curzon was that partition of Bengal reorganization of India in
done by
to this the partition ot
Bengal. In protest
1956, the shape of
Bihár changed agáin om
broke out. 'Swadeshi
S girl G e n e

w a s not practica It should be 1st

Prasad. In and bayeett Curzon November, 1956. Purulia and Ki[hangany
article printed Sachchidanandmovemets
1904 diately withdra In its place, giving
ciency.
an areas of Bihar were separated from Bikar and
title of which inHindustan Sinhao i n m m e

ependent state ststatus to Bihar & Orissa

merged with Bengal province. From then
Partition ofReview' the
British was "The
Provinces: An separatingit from Bengal
Province will ill a long tîme, Bihar remafned established
Mahila Alternative Proposal.theMahesh
Narain got printed Lower by
extremet
practical. In 1911, Emperor of as a
province. At that time, there were four
arted,
title in 1905. On another article
the basis of of
and, George jsite India. DyingDivisions i.e.
Patna, Tirhut, Bhagalpur,
a book was these two same
created - "Partition i visitroyal durbar held on 12th Chhotanagpur and 17 districts in Bihar. The
was
alpur articles
sted
Separation of Bihar." of
Bengal and December 1911M Bihar whieh the Emperor Bihar state was reconstituted in 1972-73. After
This and Ofissa from this reconstitution, there became five divisions
urba book created declared separatrón of
enthusiasm in the unprecedented Bengal and reconstituition of a new state. The and 33 districts. In 1977-1998, there became 13
nent
studying in Bengal, young Bihari students notification effect as issued on 12th
to this divisions and 54 districts. The sourthern part
care
Rajendra Prasad was particularly ofCalcutta. December, province same into
1911. his of Bihar was Scheduled Tribe majority area
and Club of Calcutta. secretary Bihari existence lawfully/ on 1st April, 19]2. Patna
jail conference of
He wished to and hadrich.depesits.of mineralresources.
On
Bihari Students.
After
organize a
was made capital
of this province. Sir Charles 15th November, 2000, ît came into existence
rba Patna he met and coming to appoin ted first Lieutenant as a separate Jharkhand state after separation
had discussions Bailley was as
to Jike Mahesh Narain, Resul wjthleaders Governor of this province. In this way, the from Bihar.
Students Conference was tantly{first Bihari dream off people of Bihar became "true and
n the
chairmanship organized Yrder
ne College in 1906. A of(Sharfuddin in/Patna
large number of students
Examination Facts
e participated in this conference. The first session of Bihar Provincial Conference was held at Patna in 1908, with Sir Ali
In July, 1906, Mahesh Imam as its President.
Narain
the nante of his paper from "Bihar changed On April 30, 1908, in Muzffarpur
abomb was The
thrown which killedtwo European ladies
Bihari, Sachchidanand Times' to for
side of Bihari' and startedmanaged the financial the wife and daughter of Mr. Pingle Kernedy. bomb infact meant Kingsford,
the then District Judge of Muzaffarpur, who had made himself extremely unpopular by
was

Narain in supporting Mahesh

every way. Due
to ill-luck, Mahesh passing heavy sentences on political workers.
Narain died in 1907. The Bihar leader of the Champaran ryots managed to bring Gandhiji to
movement Raj Kunmar Shukla, a
got a great shock, but Sachchidanand Sinha
did not lose Champaran.
courage. Deputy Magistrate Gandhiji opened the first school at Barharwa Lakharn Sen, 20 miles east of Motihari on
Brahmadeo Narain, Mazharul
Iman Hassan Imam and Md. Fakhruddin
Haque, Ali November 14, 1917.
made his hands strong. With the efforts of On August 28, 1920, the Bihar Provincial Conference presided over by Dr. Rajendra
these eaders Bihar Provincial Conference Prasad passed a resolution supporting Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation, which he had
Was organized in 1908, the conference was declared on August 1, 1920.
12th and 13th April in Patna. Md. The most was the 37th session
significant event
on
the Congress at Gaya in 1922 presided
held on
Over by C.R. Das, which voted for the continuance of the boycott of legislatures.
Fakhruddin placed the proposal of separation
1930 in Saran and Champaran
of Bihar from Bengal in this conference. The The salt satyagraha in Bihar was started on
April 15,
reputed lawyer of Bihar, Sharfuddin, was districts.
elevated to the bench of the Calcutta High on
April 16, 1930, when the volunteers
In Patna, the salt satyagraha was inaugurated
ourt in 1907 by the Government. In 1908, A proceeded to Nakhas Pind, near Mangles
Tank in Patna city.
standing March 19 and 20,
lam was appointed on the post of beld at Ramgarh
was on
The 53rd session of Indian National Congress Kalam Azad.
Ouncil. These steps of the Government
he
1940 under the presidentship of Maulana Abul
reated Wave of happiness among 1922 Rihar Kican Sabha was formed.