This document provides an overview of rice production and postharvest operations. It begins with defining rice, discussing its origin in Asia, and current global distribution. Next, it examines world rice production statistics, identifying the top producers, exporters, and importers. Finally, it outlines key environmental factors that influence rice cultivation, such as temperature, rainfall requirements, and effects of weather conditions in different rice growing regions. The overall document serves as an introductory lecture on rice postharvest technology.
This document provides an overview of rice production and postharvest operations. It begins with defining rice, discussing its origin in Asia, and current global distribution. Next, it examines world rice production statistics, identifying the top producers, exporters, and importers. Finally, it outlines key environmental factors that influence rice cultivation, such as temperature, rainfall requirements, and effects of weather conditions in different rice growing regions. The overall document serves as an introductory lecture on rice postharvest technology.
This document provides an overview of rice production and postharvest operations. It begins with defining rice, discussing its origin in Asia, and current global distribution. Next, it examines world rice production statistics, identifying the top producers, exporters, and importers. Finally, it outlines key environmental factors that influence rice cultivation, such as temperature, rainfall requirements, and effects of weather conditions in different rice growing regions. The overall document serves as an introductory lecture on rice postharvest technology.
This document provides an overview of rice production and postharvest operations. It begins with defining rice, discussing its origin in Asia, and current global distribution. Next, it examines world rice production statistics, identifying the top producers, exporters, and importers. Finally, it outlines key environmental factors that influence rice cultivation, such as temperature, rainfall requirements, and effects of weather conditions in different rice growing regions. The overall document serves as an introductory lecture on rice postharvest technology.
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
Visca, Baybay City, Leyte, PHILIPPINES Telephone: (053) 525-0140 local 1015 Email: [email protected] Website: www.vsu.edu.ph
5th Virtual Class ABEn 131. Module 3 Overview Postharvest Operations of AB Materials Dr. Roberto C. Guarte Professor 20 November 2020 10:00-12:00 Noon Updates on Class Activities and Reminders
At the end of the lecture, students are expected to:
1. Define Postharvest Technology 2. Identify the different types and causes of Postharvest losses 3. Discuss the economic implications of postharvest losses
b Postharvest Technology Postharvest technology (PT) includes all operations which are required for processing of food, feed, and by-products on farms between harvesting and consumption or further industrial processing. Components of Postharvest Technology: 1. Technical operations that include any of the following: • Harvesting, separation, peeling, dehusking, cutting, grinding, crushing, grating, pulping, expelling, threshing, fermentation, preservation, handling, cleaning, drying, storage, milling, and transport 2. Associated trading- and mal-practices Postharvest Technology Postharvest technology (PT) includes all operations which are required for processing of food, feed, and by-products on farms between harvesting and consumption or further industrial processing. Components of Postharvest Technology: 1. Technical operations - include any of the following: ▪ Harvesting, separation, peeling, dehusking, cutting, grinding, crushing, grating, pulping, expelling, threshing, fermentation, preservation, handling, cleaning, drying, storage, milling, and transport, other technical operations specific to the product Postharvest Technology
2. Associated trading- and mal-practices
3. Financial credit, infrastructure and other factors supporting the industry 4. Government incentives and programs 5. Set of biophysical, socio-cultural, institutional, technical and economic environment 6. Attitudes and preferences of different sectors Postharvest Technology
Operational components of PT include:
1. Product - refers primarily to the initial condition 2. Human - refers to unskilled/untrained manpower 3. Technology - includes improved practices, tools and equipment Postharvest Technology Role of PT in the Food System The food system is composed of sub-systems: 1. Production - sufficient amount of food for the people 2. Credit Banks – provides financial assistance 3. Research and extension universities – provides technology and technical assistance 4. Government - formulate and impose laws, policies, and programs to facilitate production process 5. Postharvest Technology - ensures the movement of product from the point of production to the point consumption with minimum losses in terms of quality and quantity. 6. Consumers - recipients of the product in the food system Postharvest Technology 1. Grains and cereals 3. Oily Plants Rice Coconut Corn Palm Oil Wheat Jatropha Sorghum 2. Starchy crops 4. Fruits ◼ Potato Mango ◼ Cassava Pineapple ◼ Sweet Potato Papaya Causes and Effects of Postharvest Losses Causes of Postharvest Losses 1. Harvest of Unripe Products o Reduction in content of valuable constituents o Increase susceptibility against mechanical or thermal treatment o Reduction of germination ability o Reduction of separation/cleaning efficiency o Decrease in intensity of color and aroma/flavor Causes of Postharvest Losses 2. Harvest of Overripe Products o Shattering losses (grains, legumes) o Losses due to climatic conditions o Changes in aroma, flavor and appearance (coffee, fruits) o Contamination by microorganism or insects o Formation of mycotoxins Causes of Postharvest Losses 3. Improper Harvesting o Mechanical damage (grains, legumes, tubers, fruits) o Picking losses (figs, apricots, coconuts, tea)
4. Intermediate Storage in the Field
o Losses due to microorganism growth o Losses due to rodents and birds o Contamination with insects o Losses due to climatic condition (rain) Causes of Postharvest Losses 5. Transport and Conveying o Shattering losses (grains, legumes) o Mechanical damage (fruits) o Enzymatic reactions (root crops, vegetables) o Growth of microorganisms (fish, fruits) 6. Separation Process o Threshing losses (grains, legumes) o Mechanical damage (fruits) o Pedling losses (tubers, fruits) Causes of Postharvest Losses 7. Chemical Pre-treatment o Non-uniform dipping (grapes, apricots) o High concentration of antioxidants, sulphur (apricots) o High or low salt concentration (fish, meat) o Hindering of germination of roots and tubers by hazardous chemicals)
8. Fermentation o Improper fermentation (cocoa, coffee, tea, tobacco, vegetables) Causes of Postharvest Losses 9. Drying o Non-uniform drying o Insufficient drying (rainy season) o Change of sensorial properties due to enzymatic reactions o Losses due to insects, birds, and rodents o Theft o Contamination with dust o Contamination with pathogenic microorganisms or substances o Growth of microorganisms due to long drying time Formation of mycotoxins Causes of Postharvest Losses 10. Storage o Losses due to adverse weather conditions o Losses due to rodents and insects o Contamination with animal excrements o Respiration losses o Change of sensory properties due to microorganism growth o Oxidation of fatty acids (copra, nuts, oil seeds) o Formation of mycotoxins (copra, nuts, peanuts, corn) o Contamination with pesticide residuals (Lindan, malathione, phospane) o Bag storage favors losses due to insects and rodents Causes of Postharvest Losses 11. Processing o Milling losses o Peeling losses o Extraction losses (sugar, coconut oil, palm oil, starch) 12. Packaging o Weight losses and reduction of quality due to packaging material, which is not adapted to the product - Air tight Dry meat, dry fish - Air permeable Tubers, grains - Lightproof Dried fruits, medicinal plants Rice Production and Postharvest Operations I. Rice Origin, Distribution, and Description 1.1 Description ▪ Rice is a cereal grain (Oryza sativa) of the grass family (Graminae)
▪ It is probably native to the deltas of the great Asian rivers—the
Ganges, the Chang (Yangtze), and the Tigris and Euphrates. a different grass plant. I. Rice Origin, Distribution, and Description 1.2 Origin and distribution
▪ According to Chang (1976), domestication of rice in Asia may
have occurred independently at about same time in many places along a broad belt extending from the Ganges Plains below the eastern foothills of the Himalayas, across northern Burma, northern Thailand, Laos and Vietnam, to Southwest and South China. I. Rice Origin, Distribution, and Description 1.2 Origin and distribution
▪ Japanese analysis on variations in isoenzymic genotypes in
native rice varieties showed that the center of genetic diversity exists in the area of Assam India and Yunnan China (Nakagahra and Hayashi 1977).
▪ Therefore they concluded that the area is the origin of cultivated
rice and it was broadly accepted up to early 1990s. I. Rice Origin and Distribution 1.2 Origin and distribution
▪ However Korean archaeologist Ahn Sung-Mo insisted in his
book(1999) that middle and lower Yangtze river is the origin of cultivated rice based on the earliest archaeological evidences in China. I. Rice Origin and Distribution 1.2 Origin and distribution
Figure 1. The origin and diffusion of rice.
II. Rice Production 2.1 Introduction
▪ Rice is the staple in the diet for much of the world. It runs a close second to wheat in its importance as a food cereal in the human diet.
▪ About 560 Million Metric Tons of rice is grown annually compared to
600 MMT for wheat, 300 MMT for oil seeds, and 900 MMT for coarse grains (corn, sorghum, barley, oats, rye, millet and mixed grains. II. Rice Production 2.2 World Production
Figure 6. World Top Rice Producers
II. Rice Production
Figure 7. Top Rice Exporters
II. Rice Production
Figure 8. Top Five Rice Importers
II. Rice Production 2.3. Environmental Factors 1. Temperature: ▪ Longer sunshine durations during establishment stage particularly in the coastal rice-growing region would enhance rice yield. ▪ In the upland and inland regions shorter day length would promote rice yields. ▪ Rice-weather relationship analysis in Coastal region has revealed a warm sunny and calm weather is favorable for sustainable rice productivity ▪ . In the Upland region rice crop would be sustainable in cool, cloudy and moist conditions. II. Rice Production 2.3. Environmental Factors
2. Rainfall - In normal rainfall year:
• Autumn rice - 450-550 mm • Winter rice - 600-720 mm and • summer rice - 775-875 mm
Note: Water requirement was computed using CROPWAT 4.0
model II. Rice Production 2.4. The Growth Stages
Figure 5. Rice growth
stages II. Rice Production 2.5. Production Factors
1. Soils 2. Irrigation
Figure 10. The depth of the water layer may vary during the growing season. II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 1. Rice Thrips (RTH): Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae )
Figure 11. Infested crop of RTH
II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 2. Brown Plant Hopper (BPH): Nilapavata lugens (Stal) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
Figure 12. Infested with BPH
II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 3. Yellow Stem Borer (YSB): Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Figure 13. Infested with
YSB II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 4. Rice Leaffolders (RLF): Cnaphalocrocis medinalis; Marasmia spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Figure 14. Infested with
RLF II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 5. Rice Gall Midge (RGM): Orselia oryzae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Figure 15. Infested with
RGM II. Rice Production 2.6. Disease and Insect Pests 6. Paddy bug (PB): Leptocorisa oratorius (Hemiptera: Alydidae)
Figure 16. Infested with
PB III. Postharvest Technology of Rice 3.1. Introduction • Postharvest technology (PT) includes all operations which are required for processing of food, feed, and by-products on farms between harvesting and consumption or further industrial processing. • Postharvest technology implies the inclusion of harvesting, the common intersection between production technology and postharvest technology.
• The conditions of the products during harvesting influence the
quality during PH. Postharvest Problems of Rice ▪ Inefficient harvesting and handling methods ▪ Labor shortage during harvest season ▪ Harvesting immature and over-mature crops ▪ Poor processing techniques ▪ Limited drying facility ▪ Intermittent weather conditions (rainfall exposure) ▪ Lack of storage facilities ▪ Rough transportation/load/unload ▪ No or poor access to new technology ▪ No farmers friendly business model Postharvest Operations of Rice 1. Harvesting (cutting – field drying – hauling) 2. Stacking/Piling - Threshing (and winnowing) 3. Moisture control (drying) 4. Fine cleaning (for seed) 5. Bagging 6. Fumigation (for seed) 7. Storage (paddy storage) 8. Parboiling & milling 9. Transportation - Marketing Postharvest Operations of Rice Pre-drying in field
