Corporate Social Responsibility

Components of CSR
• CSR is a process by which an organization thinks about and evolves its
relationships with stakeholders for the common good and demonstrates ● Economic Responsibility

its commitment in this regard by adoption of appropriate business

processes and strategies. Thus, CSR is no charity or mere donations.
● Environmental Responsibility

CSR is a way of conducting business, by which corporate entities visibly ● Ethical Responsibility

contribute to the social good. Socially responsible companies use CSR to

integrate economic, environmental and social objectives with the ● Philanthropic Responsibility

company’s operations and growth.

Basic Principles of CSR Economic Responsibility

● Sustainability
- end goal is not to simply maximize pro ts but positively impact the
environment, people, and society

● Accountability

● Transparency
Environmental Responsibility

- organizations should behave in as environmentally friendly a way as

Sustainability
possible

- e ect which action taken in the present has upon the options available in Common actions:

the future
- Reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, the use of single-use
- use no more of a resource than can be regenerated
plastics, water consumption, and general waste

- Increasing reliance on renewable energy, sustainable resources, and

recycled or partially recycled materials

Accountability

- organization recognizing that its actions a ect the external environment

Environmental Responsibility

- assuming responsibility for the e ects of its actions

- implies a reporting to external stakeholders

- O setting negative environmental impact; for example, by planting trees,

funding research, and donating to related causes

Transparency

Ethical Responsibility

- external impact of the actions of the organization can be ascertained

from that organization’s reporting
- ensuring an organization is operating in a fair and ethical manner

- pertinent facts are not disguised within that reporting

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- fair treatment of all stakeholders, including leadership, investors,

employees, suppliers, and customers

- example, a business might set its own, higher minimum wage if the one
mandated by the state

- business might require that products, ingredients, materials, or

components be sourced according to free trade standards

Philanthropic Responsibility

- business aim to actively make the world and society a better place

- responsibility often dedicate a portion of their earnings

Ackerman Model (1976)

- create their own charitable trust or organization

▪ The model has emphasized on the internal policy goals & their

relation to the CSR.

▪ Four stages involved in CSR.

❖ Managers of the company get to know the most common social

problem & then express a willingness to take a particular project which will
solve some social problems.

❖ Intensive study of the problem by hiring experts & getting their

suggestions to make it operational.

❖ Managers take up the project actively & work hard.

❖ Evaluating of the project by addressing the issues.


● Legal requirements:

- biding the laws of the land.

- Organizations anywhere in the world are required to operate in

compliance with the law

Economic requirements:

- Maximize the shareholders value by paying good return

- Economic responsibility of the rm is the bedrock foundation for

business

Carroll Model(1991)

● Stockholders are one group among many.

Carroll Model(1991) ● Stakeholders are those groups that have a “stake in” or claim on the
Philanthropic requirements:
resources / activities of the company.

● Donation, gifts, helping the poor. It ensure goodwill & social welfare.
● Each has a right to be treated as a end itself not just means for
enrichment of the stockholders

Ethical requirements:

● Follow moral & ethical values to deal with all the stakeholders.

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Best Practices of CSR

• It create a better impression.

• To set a feasible, Viable & measurable goal.

• Corporate should return a part of wealth.

• Build a long lasting relationship with the community.

• Retain the community core values.

Arguments against the CSR

• The impact of the CSR needs to be assessed.

▪ Fundamental principles of business gets violated.

▪ It very expensive for business houses.

• Reporting the impact.

▪ CSR projects will not be successful.

▪ There are not the special areas of any business.

• Create community awareness.

▪ CSR is to induce them to steal away the shareholders money.


Need for Corporate Social Responsibility

• To reduce the social cost.

• To enhance the performance of employees.

• It a type of investment.

• It leads to industrial peace.

• It improves the public image.

• Can generate more pro t.

• To provide moral justi cation.

• It satis es the stakeholders.

• Helps to avoid government regulations & control.

• Enhance the health by non polluting measures.

Arguments for the CSR

• Corporate should have some moral & social obligations to undertake for
the welfare of the society.

• Proper use of resources, capability & competence.

• The expenditure on CSR is a sort of investment.

• Company can avoid many legal complications.

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 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ETHICS AND In today's highly competitive environment, there is a pressure to
stay pro table for the sake of good return of investments to please
BUSINESS stakeholders. Often this pressure however, leads to unethical decisions
just to deliver positive results. When a decision-maker justi es such act

Ethics has a big role in the operations of a business. A bad knowing it is wrong, this may develop into becoming part of the
business could be the consequence of unethical business practices. While organizational structure sooner or later. Eventually, subordinates will see
e ective practices could be the outcomes of good and valuable ethical this as an example and such short of moral judgment will multiply.

practices. This simply proves that ethics and business really go hand and
hand. Indeed, ethics must have a place in every business organization.
The society nowadays desires immediate satisfaction and people

look forward to instant outcomes. This could possibly be the main
Ethics should actually start from the time the goals and intentions explanation on the unethical practices of some businesses. Certainly, bad
are being framed at the beginning of the venture. So that once a business business practices when tolerated may cultivate unsound moral
is launched, ethics already becomes a part of its internal infrastructure. philosophies which would decline moral acts. When this happen defective
Ethics should be part of the management structure of any business. It or faulty products, invalidated ring of employees, and misrepresentations
must be a component of the core rules of business operation for an of products to consumers will grow to be common in the business
e ective management. In every relationship inside the business, an environment. These practices may present an appearance of pro t, yet in

organization needs ethics as its foundation such as that of employers and the long run will have a negative and costly impact to the business. The
employees, business itself and its partners and the organization and its reputation of any business will su er ultimately with these unethical acts.
customers. For instance, an employer must have its moral obligation to The business may not necessarily close down but due to corrupt
his employees in the form of respect and loyalty, just and fair wage and practices, may not have the chance to boost revenues to its maximum
good working condition.
potential.

There must always be the motive to contribute some social There must be no basis why a business organization cannot create ethical
bene ts despite the primary objective of a business to produce pro t. A decisions and cannot act ethically while still making pro t. Deceitful and
business needs to satisfy a need or a want in order to o er something of dishonesty do not add value to a business and may also a ect its
value to its customers. Indeed, in this case a business must consider operation negatively. Employees and good reputation are two vital assets
social needs and should involve ethics in doing so. Obviously, while of a company that need to be enhanced by encouraging a morally ethical
espousing ethics, a business must not forget its primary objective which is environment for both employees and customers.

generating pro ts. Ethics must be regarded as a support and not a hinder
in making money for the business. Being hand and hand, both pro t Trust and con dence coming from consumers can serve a lot of
motive and contribution motive should go along well. Businesses that bene ts to the business company. Once a business becomes popular as a
demonstrate and support strong corporate ethics often turn to be company that treats everyone fairly, with expertise and very
pro table in the long run.
knowledgeable sta about the company, more customers would be
attracted to buy because of such reputation of honesty and integrity. The
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 large network that would be created will result to a lot of economic The only way to ourish is to gain pro t. In order to control and
bene ts for the business. In this case, the company should continue to manage material reality, a person must not lose any assets or just have a
promote ethically good behavior in the workplace as its primary objective break-even. Pro ts come in a lot of di erent shapes. One may grow
for its best interest.
material reality from intellectual pro ts or gains of knowledge. A person
may also obtain pro ts from technical means or gains of skill, and material
Indeed a positive image of a company would mean higher pro ts pro ts or gains of property. A gain in health and tness is also known as
and a lot of better services intended to its customers. In order to be an physiological pro ts. A gain in valuable relationships is called social
e ective company, ethics and business should not be separated. In the pro ts. A gain of money is termed as monetary pro ts. Each person
long run it will be a win-win situation for everyone if a strong ethical policy values these types of pro ts in a di erent degree depending on the ways
is truly implemented. These days of highly competitive business in which that individual desires to ourish.

environment, the best way to promote success on all levels is integrating

ethics within the business operations.
Practically speaking no one ever denounce every type of pro t.
Ironically, however the type of pro t that draws the greatest criticism is
monetary pro t. This criticism is completely unjusti able. When a person
THE MORALITY OF PROFIT possesses monetary pro t he can easily control everything in the quest of
the greatest diversity of ends. Certainly, money cannot buy absolutely
everything, yet itcan help in ful lling one's life objectives.

In order to understand if gaining pro t is really advantageous and

desirable, one must know the goals of a life well-lived. Every individual
Money being a medium of exchange is always use in trading a
lives with double-purpose intentions, which are survival and ourishing.
broad variety of goods and services very conveniently. In order for an
The goal of perpetuating ones biological being and averting to experience

individual to gain knowledge and skills, he needs money to purchase

poverty, downfall, and death is known as survival. While ourishing is
books or pay for his tuition fee in school. Money is also use to procure
being able to control and manage material reality and take advantage of
gym stu if a person desires to enhance his physical health and vigor. In
more elements for the sense of self-love so as to unstick one's self from a
revitalizing one's energy, relax and reduce stress, a person may buy
present situation and make a start to grow as a human being.

leisure goods with money. Most people purchase gift items especially
during special occasions to preserve positive social relations. Obviously,
In life, every individual will obtain some bene ts from material
some people invest their money into obtaining valuable assets to make
reality only if he acts and utilizes his reasoning. For a person to act in the
more money. Money indeed performs a big role in attaining the ourishing
ways he desires there will be expenses that he needs to spend. When a
goal in life.

man's gains are equal to his expenses, that means a break-even for him,
and he survived. Simply, this means he is no worse o than he was when
Pro t that is used to ourish and elevate one's life from poverty is
he started. When a man wants to ourish, his gains should be greater than
moral. By its very nature money cannot destroy a man’s life. Although,
his expenses. Hence, it necessitates for him to produce a pro t.

some people assert that money may unmake the lives of others. This also
is something very impossible to happen.

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 A man may basically generate pro ts in two ways. First he can cause resources to be ine ciently distributed away from their most
take an action bene cial to himself but is immaterial to the rest of people. advantageous uses. If the businessman gains pro t this way, it means he
Possibly, he may pursue an action towards his individual's self- is able to place the resources to an improved application than before.
improvement or a direct change of nonliving things without the Simply, people around him are agreeable to pay him more than previously
involvement of anyone. In this situation, no person is placed in danger and because of this new allocation of resources. Through removing arbitrage
there will be a lot of indirect advantages to other people coming from the opportunities, business people are able to correct market aws and
results of the person's self-improvement and his direct change of balance supply and demand to fully satisfy human needs.

nonliving things. Secondly, he may secure the participation and team with
other people to attain an objective that is helpful to everyone. An Further, mandatory economic rules would stop every individual in
individual may connect with a charitable trade with someone or work in discovering how to ourish in his own approach, other people might be
partnership with others on a project or just bond in a mutually cherished
harmed. Those market aws that have been corrected might come back,
friendship. Here, in this condition, there would be direct advantages to remain and shall keep on resulting to misappropriated resources. A lot of
other people, which earning a pro t might be one of them.
bene cial and worthwhile trades for everyone will be hindered. Sadly,
numerous people will discontinue improving themselves and limitations on
Man needs to be free in obtaining pro t. He must rely on his own certain activities such as money-making will not ourish. In its place, there
reasoning to make a choice on what is pro table for him and decide on will be great losses because of the useless and damaging rigid system.

how he does it. He cannot act in his best interest or ourish up to his
ceiling if he would be restricted to follow his choice or someone shall If ourishing is moral and improving oneself is moral, then the
enforce unbene cial strategy on him. He needs laissez-faire capitalism to pursuit of pro t is the same. If pursuing pro t is moral, so men could do
let him ourish freely. Laissez- faire capitalism is a political, social, and economic activities freely. Hence, with this line of logic everyone supports
economic system which allows everyone to do pro t-seeking activities the highest economic autonomy under the principle of laissez-faire
without any complications or interventions. Under the principle of laissez- capitalism.

faire, anyone has the autonomy to make a decision on the value he will
give to each kind of pro t, the manners he will use to gain said pro t and
kinds of connections he will pursue with others to ourish.
Profit for Christians
In addition, in order for a businessman to gain pro t on the free
The Bible is the base ethics of all Christians. Pro t is a very di cult
market, he must monitor and remove arbitrage opportunities which come
issue, considering most Christians have the viewpoint that the Word of
from extensive inaccuracies of opinion. Arbitrage opportunity is an
God says any point of it is unethical.

investment strategy that gives way to a positive pro t with positive

likelihood but without any risk disadvantage. The businessman may
Using the principle of good stewardship, the idea of pro t is
attempt to discover a better way to distribute resources at hand which is
indispensable. The evidence that a businessman was able to generate
di erent from what he had done before. A better way of allocating
resources must be done if mistakes in people's knowledge presently
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 more bene ts than cost is the resulting pro t. In the present time, pro t is such quantity of money could also be spent into other advantageous uses
actually a reward for doing something that is helpful to other people.
such as food and clothing. While in this world, Christians as humans also
need to consider materials things as necessary like food, clothing, shelter,
Obviously, one must not take advantage of one's su ering by medical care and education among others. Once again the important sign
taking the situation as an opportunity for pro t. The presence of is given by pro t.

di culties, o ers everyone the chance to practice charity. It is the duty of

everyone to be a Good Samaritan by extending assistance to other people To some scope, even in the operational e orts of charitable
who are in need. Basically, meeting severe human needs prompts organizations, pro t also serves as a guide. Charitable assistance requires
business people to provide answers to those needs with pro t as the vital the idea of pro t. Donors need the information about prices and pro ts in
motivation. In the normal business operation, it is those pro t-seeking order to know which goods and services are in the shortest supply. Thus,
business people who are able to relieved people from hunger and not said information would be of help in deciding which goods and services
those charitable institutions. Most of the times, food is able to reach would be highly useful when provided.

places where it is needed through pro t motivation.

Making pro t is not a sin. Earning pro t through dishonest means

Businesses are able to relieve people in some way, but they must makes it immoral. In fact, pro t is necessary in support to Christian
practice of course honesty. For instance, a drug company generates pro t stewardship.

from reducing pain or curing certain illnesses. The housing problem could
be answered by a construction business through building shelters for a
pro t. Schools make pro ts by o ering courses that would increase the What Makes Profits Unethical
knowledge of students. The wages of employees are their pro t in
exchange for using their time and abilities by their employers.

The pro t motive is indispensable particularly to businesses

because it is their primary goal. Businesses have the option to grow and
In reality, there are a lot of human needs but inadequate resources
maximize pro ts either ethically or unethically. The choice of unethical
in this world; however with pro t these needs are answered. When
business practices such as deceiving customers through dishonest
utilizing resources for a much pressing need, higher pro t is estimated.
advertising, cutting down incentives of employees, selling low quality
While lower pro t is expected when lling a need that is not much vital
products, or damaging the natural environment may result to tarnish
and not much urgent. Humans are not “all-knowing, hence pro t serves as
brand reputation or disloyalty among consumers.

an important signal to good stewardship.

Employees
Deciding on various opposing needs is also critical. Say for
Reducing or even not providing the required bene ts due to employees to
instance that a person has a million pesos for his disposal with the
minimize costs is one of the most common unethical practices in
requirement of spending them for a much critical needs, so how will he
companies. In almost all industries, the largest percentage of expense
use such amount of money? The answer for numerous Christians would
concerns payroll. This bad practice of getting rid of bene ts has become
primarily be donating the money to the ministry of the gospel. However,
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an ethical issue that results to poor morale among employees in the 1. Air Pollution - It is any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological
workplace. In small businesses that have only few employees, this could properties of the atmospheric air.

lead to destructive outcomes. This strategy is fast, established and useful

for many companies though very unethical in the eyes of the public. 2. Water Pollution - It is any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological
Cutting costs at the expense of employees may move a business down to or radiological properties of a body of water resulting in the impairment of
a risky route toward bankruptcy.
its purity or quality.

Marketing 3. Noise Pollution - It is the excessive sound that causes hearing loss,
A company' marketing may contribute a lot to its generating of pro ts. A stress, fatigue, irritability, tension, headaches, and high blood pressure.

strong marketing strategy may increase brand awareness, pull customers

towards the company and eventually produce pro ts. In the eld of 4. Soil Pollution - It is chie y caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as
marketing, the intention of maximizing pro ts often times leads companies poisons that are used to kill agricultural pests like insects and herbicides
into an ethical dilemma of choosing the right from wrong decision. Some that are used to get rid of weeds.

ethical issues in marketing includes sexy advertisement to attract male

customers particularly in liquor and wine products, advertisements Quality
targeting young people even if they may look cute and innocent enough Producing goods and providing services especially premium ones are
and making use of violence in presenting advertisements for a product or costly. This is possibly the rationale of companies in trimming down the
service.
quality of goods by using substandard materials but still selling at the
same price to gain more pro ts. However, this kind of practice crosses the
Environmental boundary towards an unethical business practice. The practice of
The process of producing some goods and the delivery of some services maximizing pro t at the cost of quality may stain the company's brand
are sometimes done using unethical environmental practices. Often, name and reputation. Thus, this unethical practice leads to the loss of the
companies wanted to generate pro ts to the detriment of the respect, trust and loyalty of customers. It will be also have vital
environment. Some of these unethical environmental practices include consequences on the slow growth and reduced revenue of both small and
increasing pollutants, water supply contamination, and deforestation. The big businesses.

common reason for these unethical practices is cost. It is highly costly for
companies to positively impact the environment, especially for small
businesses. There is a need for a lot of extra cash to continuously operate ETHICS AND MORALITY IN BUSINESS
a much safer factory or plant. Producing pollutants may seem to be an
advantage and less costly although it may bring a negative impact to the It is basically ethics that decides whether certain actions, conducts
environment.
and behavior are right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral and just or
unjust. In general, ethics creates the rules and standards that direct the
Environmental pollution could be in the form of: proper behavior of both individuals and groups. It considers honesty of
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 primary intention, possible would-be harm and harmony with customary 3. Gives protection to social groups - Business ethics give protection to
values and rules.
di erent social groups such as consumers, employees, small
businessmen, government, shareholders, creditors, and other
On the other hand, morals are judgments, standards and rules of stakeholders.

right conduct in the society. Morals provide direction to people on

acceptable behavior regarding basic values. Business owner or leader can 4. Provides basic framework - Business ethics provide a basic framework
draw e ective decisions and strategies using his understanding of values, for conducting business. It suggests legal, social, moral, economic and
ethics and morals together with ethical principles. The motivation to cultural limits within which business has to be operated. Business must be
include ethical principles into the decision-making formation shows conducted within these limits. It suggests what is good and what is bad in
willingness in encouraging equality and avoiding possible ethical issues to business.

happen.

5. Voluntary acceptance for enforcement - Business ethics must be

voluntary. The businessmen must accept business ethics on their own.
Features of Business Ethics Business ethics must be like self- discipline. It must not be enforced by
law. It should come from within the businessmen.

Business ethics is a form of applied ethics, which studies ethical

6. Requires education and guidance - Businessmen must be given proper
principles, morals and problems that happen in the business environment.
education and guidance before introducing business ethics. The
It is nothing but the integration of day to day morals and ethical norms to
businessmen must be motivated to follow ethical business practices. They
business and applies to all types of business. Here are the features of
must be informed about the advantages of using business ethics. Trade
business ethics, namely:

Associations and Chambers of Commerce must also play an active role in

this matter.

1. Code of conduct - Business ethics is a code of conduct. It tells what to

do and what not to do for the welfare of the society. It is the code of
7. Relative Term - Business ethics is a relative term. That is, it changes
conduct which businessmen should follow while conducting their normal
from one business to another. It also changes from one country to
business activities.

another. What is considered as good in one country may be taboo in

another country.

2. Based on moral and social values - Business ethics is based on well-

accepted moral and social values. It contains moral and social principles
8. Not against pro t making - Business Ethics is not against fair pro t-
of conduct for businessmen. This includes self-control, consumer
making. However, it is against pro teering by cheating and exploiting
protection and welfare, service to society, fair treatment to social groups,
consumers, employees or investors. It supports expansion of business
and not to exploit others.

activities but by fair means and not through illegal activities or corrupt
practices.

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 Sources of Business Ethics common that are transferred from one generation to another. It also refers
to the pattern of development re ected in a society's pattern of
knowledge, ideology, values, laws, social norms and everyday rituals
Basically, ethics in business is a ected by three important sources
di ers from society to society. It is the culture that primarily determines
which are culture, religion and laws of the state. Thus, there are no
what is wrong and what is right and de nes certain behavior as
uniform or totally the same standards across the globe. These three
acceptable and others as unacceptable.

factors places in uence on humans in di erent degrees that eventually

mirrors the ethics of the organization. These sources are as follows:

Culture facilitates the generation of commitment to something

larger than one's individual self-interest. Culture encourages the members
Religion
of the organization to give priority to organizational goals over and above
A religion is a custom and observance of a conception on what is
their personal interests. Culture also serves as a sense making and control

real and signi cant (for example God, Allah, the Tao, and Brahman). It is
mechanism that guides and shapes the attitudes and behavior of people.
the belief that wrongdoing, vice, disillusionment, and illusion may be
Managers have to run an industrial enterprise on the cutting edge of
defeated by grace, prayer, practices. In addition, living in harmony, unity,
cultural experience. The tension that their actions create makes the
or friendship with what is real and signi cant are all part of religion. A
business ethically more complex.

Christian faith for instance, may be knowledgeable by Jesus' radical

teaching about loving one's neighbor, being a Good Samaritan, loving
Law
one's enemies, and the like.

Laws are procedures and code of conduct that are laid down by
the legal system of the state. They are meant to guide human behavior
Religion is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards.
within the social fabric. The major problem with the law is that all the
There are numerous religions which exist across the whole world. Every
ethical expectations cannot be covered by the law and specially with ever

religion gives an expression of what is wrong and right in business and

changing outer environment the law keeps on changing but often fails to
other walks of life. It is believed that ethics is a sign of the Divine and so it
keep pace. In business, complying with the rule of law is taken as ethical
draws a line between the good and the bad in the society.

behavior, but organizations often break laws by

evading taxes, compromising on quality, service norms and so on.

The principle of reciprocity towards one's fellow beings is found in

all the religions. Great religions advocate the inevitability for an orderly
The legal system of any country, guide the human behavior in the
social system and stress upon social responsibility with an objective to
society. Whatever ethics the law de nes is binding on the society. The
contribute to the general welfare. With these fundamentals, each religion
society expects the business to abide by the law. Although it is expected
generates its own code of conduct.

that every business should be law abiding, seldom do the businesses

adhere to the rules and regulations. Law breaking in business is common
Culture
such as tax evasion, hoarding, adulteration, poor quality & high priced
The other source of business ethics is the culture. Culture is the
products, environment pollution etc.

set of signi cant understandings that members of a community share in
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CHAPTER 3
Basic Elements of Good Governance
GOOD GOVERNANCE AND CODE ETHICS
• Rule of Law

“Where do the evils like corruption arise from? It comes from never- Good governance requires the rule of law.Rule of law is the protection of
ending greed.The ght for a corruption-free ethical society will have to be human rights and civil liberties particularly those of minorities by the
fought against this greed and replace it with ‘what san I give’ spirit”.
independent,unbiased and principled law enforcement agencies.

-A.P.J.Abdul Kalam

• Transparency

Governance describes the overall management approach through Good governance requires transparency of the decision- making process
which senior executives direct and control the entire organization, using a to make certain that information is easily and freely obtainable to those
combination of management information and hierarchical management who will be a ected by such decisions as well as the outcomes resulting
control structures.
by the decision taken.

Good governance is an ideal concept which is di cult to achieve • Responsiveness

in its totality.
Responsiveness is a requirement in governance.

Responsiveness simply means that organizations and their place need to

be planned in a manner that serves the best interests of all stakeholders
CONCEPT OF GOOD GOVERNANCE within a practical and realistic period of time.

• Consensus oriented

o In the mid-1980s, the term governance emphasizes on strict adherence

Good governance requires knowing the broad consensus about the best
to the rule of law.

interest of the entire stakeholder group and how thus can be achieved in a
practical way.

o Both governance and government came from the French word

“gouvernance” which means the act or manner of government.

• Equity and Inclusiveness

Equity and inclusiveness is based on the idea that all members of an

o The government word later in the mid-16th century meant “system by

organization or society must feel the sense of belongingness and must not
which something is governed”.

have the impression od being excluded from the typical group.

o In the 18th century, it came to develop the meaning as a “governing

authority”.

Employees feel being included when they experienced both:

1. A sense of uniqueness

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 2. A sense of belonging
INDIVIDUALS INFLUENCES ON ETHICAL
Employees on the other hand,experience a sense of exclusion when
BEHAVIOR
they feel:
Individual FactorsA ecting Ethics
1. Degraded, dismissed, or discounted for the exceptional qualities they
bring to the company.
1. Stages of moral development

2. Personal values and morals

2. Treated like outsiders because of their di erences such gender, race/ 3. Family in uences

ethrnicity,nationality, age, religion, sexual orientation, and,in some 4. Peer in uences

cases,job role or tormal position of power.

5. Life experiences

6. Social norms

7. Religious beliefs

• E ectiveness and E ciency

8. Upbringing

E ectiveness and e ciency is vital in good governance.It is developed by 9. Laws

making sustainable use of resources top create advantageous results to

meet the needs of its stakeholders.

SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES O N ETHICAL

• Accountability

BEHAVIOR
Accountability is a key requisite of good governance. Institutions such as
government agencies,civil society,and the private sector ought to be
➢ Issue Related

accountable to one another as well as to the public and to their

➢ Moral Intensity

institutional stakeholders.

1.The magnitude of consequences

• Participation

2. The social consensus

Participation in good governance requires equal participation by all groups

3.Temporal immediacy

with everyone having a role in the process of decision making,either

4.Proximity

directly or through legitimate representatives.

5.Concentration of e ect

ETHICS,VALUES A N D MORAL IN G OVERNANCE

Special Bombing Mission No.13

➢ Ethics

➢ Values

➢ Morals

Moral Framing
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 1. Harmony

2. E ciency

3. Image of power and e ectiveness

Context Related

1. Reward

2. Authority

3. Bureaucracy

4. Work Roles

5. Organizational Cultures

6. National Context
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