Chapter 2 Final

Chapter 2 (1st Year Physics) Vectors and Equilibrium (Edition: 2015-16)
VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM
2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS
Q # 1. What do you know about vectors? How a vector is represented graphically?

Ans. The physical quantities that are completely described by magnitude with proper unit and
direction are called vectors. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and momentum are
examples of vectors.
A vector is represented graphically by a directed line segment with an arrowhead. The length
of the segment, according to a chosen scale, corresponds to the magnitude of the vector.
Q # 2. What do you know about rectangular coordinates system? Describe its significance.
Ans. The lines which are drawn perpendicular to each other are called coordinate axis and a system of
coordinate axis is called the rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system. A coordinate system is used
to describe the location of a body with respect to a reference point, called origin.
Two Dimensional (2D) Coordinate System:
The 2D coordinate system consists of two reference lines drawn at the right
angle to each other. One of the lines is named as x-axis and the other the y-axis.
 A point P, in xy-plane, is represented by the coordinates .
This notation means that if we start at the origin, we can reach
point P by moving ‘a’ units along positive x-axis and ‘b’ units
along positive y-axis.
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 The direction of position vector of point P in a plane is

described by the angle which the representative line of
the vector makes with positive x-axis in anti-clockwise
direction.
Three Dimensional (3D) Coordinate System:
The 3D coordinate system consists of three mutually perpendicular
lines. The lines are named as x-axis, y-axis and z-axis.
 A point P, in space, is represented by the coordinates .
This notation means that if we start at the origin, we can reach
point P by moving ‘a’ units along positive x-axis, ‘b’ units
along positive y-axis and ‘c’ units along positive z-axis.
 The direction of position vector of point P in space is specified
by the three angles which the representative line
of the vector makes with x, y and z-axis respectively.
Q # 3. Describe the Head to Tail rule.

Ans. The vectors can be added graphically by head to tail rule.
According to this rule, the addition of two vectors ⃗ and ⃗
consists of following steps:
(i) Place the tail of vector ⃗ on the head of vector ⃗ .
(ii) Draw a vector from the tail of vector ⃗ to the head of vector
⃗ , called the resultant vector ⃗⃗ .
Important Note:
The vector sum ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ has the same resultant

⃗⃗ , as shown in the figure. Therefore we can write:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
So vector addition is commutative.
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Q # 4. Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity?

Ans. No it is not possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity
because only the physical quantities of same nature can be added.
Vectors and scalars are different physical quantities.
Q # 5. Can you add zero to a null vector?

Ans. No, zero can’t be added to a null vector because zero is a scalar and scalars can’t be added to
vectors. Only the physical quantities of same nature can be added.
Q # 6. What do you know about the Resultant Vector?

Ans. The resultant of two or more vectors is a single vector which would
have same effect as if all the original vectors are taken together.
The vector ⃗⃗ has the same effect as the combined effect of vectors
⃗ ,⃗ , and ⃗ . So ⃗⃗ is the resultant vector of the vectors ⃗ , ⃗ , and ⃗ .
Q # 7. Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
Ans. No, the sum of two vectors having unequal magnitudes can’t be zero. The sum of two vectors
will be zero only when their magnitudes are equal and they act in opposite direction.
Q # 8. The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be
the orientation of the vectors?
Ans. If the three vectors are represented by the sides of a triangle taken in
cyclic order, then the vector sum of three vectors will be zero.
Let three vectors ⃗ ⃗ and are the three vectors acting along the
sides of triangle as shown in the figure. As the head of coincides with
the tail of ⃗ , so by head to tail rule, the resultant of these three vectors will be zero.
Q # 9. Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged

head to tail. What is the sum of these vectors?
Ans. If there are five vectors ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ which are acting along the
sides of close polygon as shown in the figure:
As the tail of the first vector meets with the head of last vector, so
by head to tail rule:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Hence the sum of vectors arranged along the sides of polygon will be zero.
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Q # 10. The two vectors to be combined have magnitude 60 N and 35 N. Pick the correct answer
from those given below and tell why is it the only one of the three that is correct.
(i) 100 N (ii) 70 N (iii) 20 N
Ans. The correct answer is 70 N.
(i) The resultant of two vectors has maximum magnitude when they act in same direction. Thus if
both vectors are parallel, then the magnitude of resultant will be: .
(ii) The resultant of two vectors has minimum magnitude when they act in opposite direction. Thus if
both vectors are anti-parallel, then the magnitude of resultant is .
Hence the sum can’t be less than and more than . Therefore, the only possible value for
correct answer is .
Q # 11. Define following

(i) Vector Subtraction
Subtraction of a vector is equivalent to the addition of one vector
into negative of second vector. Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ . In order
to subtract ⃗ from ⃗ , the negative of vector ⃗ is added to vector A by
head to tail rule.
The resultant is given by:
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
(ii) Equal Vector
The vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude and
direction, regardless of the position of their initial points.
This means that parallel vectors of the same magnitude are equal to each other.
(iii) Null Vector

A vector of zero magnitude and arbitrary direction is called null vector. For example, the sum of a
vector and its negative vector is a null vector.
⃗ ( ⃗)
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(iv) Component of a Vector

A component of a vector is its effective value in a specific direction.
(v) Rectangular Component
The components of a vector which are perpendicular to each other
are called rectangular components.
(vi) Position Vector
The position vector describes the location of a point with respect to origin. In two dimensions, the
position vector ‘ ’ of point is described as:
̂ ̂
The magnitude of this position vector will be
| | √
In three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, the position vector ‘ ’ of
point is described as
̂ ̂ ̂
The magnitude of this position vector will be
| | √
Q # 12. Suppose, in rectangular coordinate system, a vector ⃗ has its tail

at the point and its tip at . Determine the distance
between these points.
Given Data:
To Determine: | |
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
| | √ √ √
Q # 13. A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If
an insect is sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates , where the units are
in meters, what is the distance of the insect from this corner of the room.
Given Data:
To Determine: | |
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
| | √ √ √
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Q # 14. The positions of two aeroplanes at any instant are represented by two points
and from origin in km. (i) what are their position vectors? (ii) Calculate the distance
between two aeroplanes.
Given Data:
To Determine: | |
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂,
⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂
| | √ √ √
Q # 15. Discuss the different cases of multiplication of a vector by a scalar (number).
Case -1: If any scalar is multiplied by a vector ‘ ⃗ ’, then the
magnitude of the resultant ‘ ⃗ ’ will become n times (| |) but the
direction remains same as that of ⃗ .
Case-2: If any scalar is multiplied by vector, then the magnitude of
the resultant vector will become n times and the direction will reverse.
If n represents a scalar quantity, then the product ⃗ corresponds
to a new physical quantity and the dimension of the resulting vector will be the product of the
dimensions of two quantities which were multiplied together. For example, when velocity is
multiplied by a scalar mass m, the product is a new vector called momentum having the dimensions as
that of mass and velocity.
Q # 16. What do you know about Unit Vector? Describe its significance.
Ans. A vector having the unit magnitude is called the unit vector. It is used to indicate the direction
of a vector. The unit vector in the direction of vector ⃗ is expressed as:
⃗
̂
| |
̂
where is the unit vector in the direction of vector ⃗ and | | is its magnitude. In
space, the direction of x, y and z-axis are represented by unit vectors ,̂ ̂ and ̂ ,
respectively.
Q # 17. What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector ⃗ ̂ ̂?
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ̂
Calculations: ⃗ | | √ √ √
⃗ ̂ ̂
̂
| |
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Q # 18. Find out the rectangular component of a vector.

Ans. Consider a vector ⃗ , represented by a line ̅̅̅̅ which makes an angle
with the x-axis.
We want to find out rectangular components of vector ⃗ . For this, we
draw a perpendicular from point ‘ ’ on . Projection ̅̅̅̅̅ being along
is represented by ̂ and projection ̅̅̅̅̅ along
represented by ̂ . Thus ̂ and ,̂ being perpendicular to each other,
are called rectangular components of ⃗ .

| |
For x component | |
| |
For y component | |
Q # 19. Under what circumstances would a vector have components

that are equal in magnitude?
Ans. If & are rectangular components of vector ⃗ , then according to
given condition:
So the components of a vector will have equal magnitude when vector makes an angle of 45˚ with
horizontal.
Q # 20. Can a vector have a component greater than the vector‟s magnitude?
Ans. No, the component of a vector can never be greater than the vector’s magnitude because the
component of a vector is its effective value in a specific direction.
If and are the rectangular components of vector ⃗ , then magnitude of vector is described by
formula: | ⃗ | √
It is clear from the expression that maximum magnitude of component can be equal to the
magnitude of the vector.
Q # 21. Determine a vector from its rectangular component.
Ans. Let and are the rectangular components of vector ⃗ which is
represented by a line ̅̅̅̅ as shown in the figure below:
Magnitude: The magnitude of vector ⃗ can be find out by using
Pythagorean Theorem. In triangle :
| | | | | |
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√
This expression gives the magnitude of resultant
Direction: In right angle triangle :
| |
| |
( )
This expression gives the direction of the vector ⃗ with respect to x-axis.
Q # 22. Vector lies in xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components
be negative? For what orientation will its components have opposite signs?
Ans. Figure shows sign with rectangular components of an arbitrary vector ⃗ in different quadrants. It
is clear from figure:
i) When the vector lies in 3rd quadrant, then both of its
rectangular components of vector will negative.
ii) The components of a vector have opposite sign when the
vector lies in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
Q # 23. If one of the rectangular components of a vector is not
zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
Ans. If and are the rectangular components of vector ⃗ , then
magnitude of vector is described by formula:
|⃗ | √
It is clear from the expression that the magnitude of a vector

will be zero only if all of its rectangular components are zero.
Therefore if one of the components is not zero, then the
magnitude of vector can’t be zero.
Q # 24. Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?
Ans. No, the magnitude of a vector cannot be negative, because the magnitude of vector ⃗ can be
described by the formula:
Magnitude of ⃗ |⃗ | √
Where and are the rectangular components of ⃗ . As the squares of real quantities always gives
the positive values. Therefore, the magnitude of a vector will always be positive.
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2.2 VECTOR ADDITION IN TERMS OF RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS

Q # 25. Describe the vector addition in terms of rectangular components.
Ans. Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ represented by lines ̅̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅, respectively . The vector ⃗ is
added to ⃗ by the head to tail rule of vector addition as shown in the figure. Thus the resultant vector
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ is represented by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
Let and are the x-components of the vectors ⃗ ⃗

and ⃗⃗ and there magnitudes are given by the lines | || | and
| | respectively. From figure:
| | | | | |
or | | | | | |
or
which means that the sum of the magnitudes of
x-components of two vectors is equal to the x-component of the
resultant.
Similarly, the sum of the magnitudes of y components of two vectors is equal to the
magnitude of y-component of resultant:
Since and are the rectangular components of resultant vector ⃗⃗ along x and y-axis
respectively, then we can write
⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
or ⃗⃗ ̂ ( ) ̂
Magnitude of Resultant
The magnitude of resultant can be expressed as
| | √
Putting the values of and ,
| | √ ( )
Direction
The direction of resultant can be find out using expression,
( )
( )
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GENERALIZATION: If ⃗⃗ is the resultant vector of a large number of coplanar vectors represented

by ⃗ ⃗ , then the expression for the magnitude of resultant will become:
| | √ ( )
The direction of resultant vector ⃗⃗ with x-axis can be find out by using expression:
( )
Q # 26. If ⃗ ⃗ , what can you say about the components of the two vectors.
Ans. Given that: ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗
These vectors can be expressed in terms of rectangular components,
̂ ̂ ( ̂ )̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Comparing the coefficients of unit vectors ̂ and ,̂ we get:
and
Hence the components of both vectors are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Q # 27. Two forces of magnitude 10 N and 20 N act on a body in directions making angles
and respectively with x-axis. Find the resultant force.
Given Data: |⃗⃗⃗ | , , |⃗ | ,
To Determine: Magnitude of Resultant ⃗ |⃗ | , Direction of Resultant

Calculations:
Magnitude of Resultant ⃗ |⃗ | √ √
Direction of Resultant ( ) ( )
Q # 28. Two particles are located at ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ respectively. Find both the
magnitude of vector ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ and its orientation with respect to the x-axis.
Given Data: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ,̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: |⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ | , Orientation of ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ | √ √ √
( ) ( )
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Q # 29. Given that ⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂, find the magnitude and angle of (a) ⃗ ⃗,
and (b) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ,̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: (i) |⃗ | , Orientation of ⃗
(ii) |⃗ | , Orientation of ⃗
Calculations: (i) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √ √ √
( ) ( )
(ii) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √ √ √
( )
Q # 30. If a vector ⃗ is added to vector ⃗ , the result is ̂ ̂. If ⃗ is subtracted from ⃗ , the

result is ̂ ̂. What is magnitude of vector ⃗ ?
Given Data: ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ , ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: Magnitude of ⃗ |⃗ |
Calculations: Adding (1) & (2) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
Magnitude of ⃗ |⃗ | √ √ √
Q # 31. Find the angle between two forces of equal magnitude when the magnitude of their
resultant is also equal to the magnitude of either of these forces.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: Let Force A is along x-axis and Force B makes an angle with horizontal
Magnitude of Resultant ⃗ √ √
( )
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Q # 32. How would the two vectors of same magnitude have to be oriented, if they were to be
combined to give a resultant equal to a vector of same magnitude?
Ans. The two vectors of equal magnitudes are combined to give a resultant vector of same magnitude
when they act along the sides of equilateral triangle.
Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ of equal magnitude which
act along the sides of equilateral triangle such that they make an
angle of with each other. Both vectors are added by head to
tail rule to give resultant ⃗⃗ , which is along the third side of
equilateral triangle as shown in the figure below:
From figure it is clear that ⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ and |⃗⃗ | |⃗ | |⃗ | , as all the sides of equilateral
triangle have equal lengths.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The direction of a vector in space is 5. If ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , this shows that

specified by:
addition of vectors is
a) One angle a) Associative
b) Two angle b) Commutative
c) Three angle c) Additive
d) No angle d) Additive inverse
2. A single vector having the same effect
as all the original vectors taken
6. The unit vector along y-axis is
together, is called a) ̂
a) Resultant vector b) ̂
b) Equal vector c) ̂
c) Position vector d) None
d) Unit vector 7. The unit vector in the direction of vector
3. The resultant of two forces 30 N and 40 ̂ ̂ ̂ is:
N acting at an angle of with each a) ̂ ̂ ̂
other is b) ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )/9
a) 30 N c) ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )/3
b) 40 N d) ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )/5
c) 50 N
d) 70 N 8. The magnitude of a vector ̂ ̂
̂ is:
a)
4. The magnitude of ̂ ̂
b)
a) Zero
b) One c) √
c) Three
d) d) √
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2.3 PRODUCTS OF VECTORS

Q # 33. What do you know about scalar or dot product?
Ans. When two vectors are multiplied to give a scalar quantity, then the product of vectors is called
the scalar or dot product. The scalar product of two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ is written as ⃗ ⃗ and is defined
as
⃗ ⃗ | ⃗ ||⃗ |
where and are the magnitudes of vector ⃗ and ⃗ and is the angle between them.
Example: The work done is the dot product of force and displacement is an example of scalar
product. Mathematically, it is written as
Q # 34. Show that the scalar product is commutative.

Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ . Place both vectors tail to tail. From fig.
⃗ ⃗ ( ⃗) ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ------------- (1)
Similarly, from Fig. (c)
⃗ ⃗ ---------- (2)
Thus, from eq. (1) and (2)
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
Hence, the scalar product is commutative.
Q # 35. Describe the properties of scalar product.
(i) Scalar product is commutative.
That is, for vectors ⃗ and ⃗ , ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
]
(ii) Scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero.

 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ mutually
perpendicular to each other, then
⃗ ⃗
(iii) The scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the

product of their magnitudes.
 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ parallel to each other,
then ⃗ ⃗
 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ anti-parallel to each
other, then ⃗ ⃗
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(iv) The scalar product of vector ⃗ with itself is equal to the square of its magnitudes.
⃗ ⃗
(v) Scalar product of vectors ⃗ and ⃗ in terms of their rectangular components will be
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗
(vi) The angle between these vector can be find out by putting the value of ⃗ ⃗ in above equation
⃗ ⃗
Q # 36. Find the work done when the point of application of force ̂ ̂ moves in a straight
line from point to the point .
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ,̂ Initial Point , Final Point
To Determine: Work Done
Calculations: Position Vector of Point A ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ,̂ Position Vector of Point B ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
Displacement ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Work Done ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 37. A force ̂ ̂ units, has its point of application moved from point to point
. Find the work done.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ,̂ Initial Point , Final Point
Displacement ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Work Done ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 38. Show that the three vectors ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂ ̂ are mutually

perpendicular.
Given Data: Let ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂, ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂, ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
To Show: ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
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Q # 39. Given that ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ , find the projection of ⃗ on ⃗ .
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
To Determine: Projection of ⃗ on ⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂)
|⃗ | √ √ √
⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗
Q # 40. Find the projection of vector ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ in the direction of the vector

⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
|⃗ | √ √ √
⃗ ⃗
Q # 41. Find the angle between two vectors, ⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂.

Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗
To Determine: ( )
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √ √ √ |⃗ | √ √ √
⃗ ⃗
( ) ( )
√ √
Q # 42. Show that the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are
also perpendicular and of same length.
Ans. Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ of equal magnitude which are
perpendicular to each other. The sum and the difference of both vectors
gives the resultant ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗ , respectively, and are described below:
⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂
Magnitude of ⃗⃗ √ -------------- (1)
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Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗ √ -------------- (2)

From (1) and (2), it is clear that the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal
magnitude have the same lengths. Now taking dot product of and , we get:
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ |⃗ | |⃗ |
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
As ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ , therefore, the sum and the difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude
are perpendicular to each other.

12. Two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ are making angle θ
9. Dot product of two non-zero vectors is
with each other. The projection of vector
zero, when angle between them is:
⃗ on vector ⃗ is written as.
a)
a) ⃗ ⃗
b)
b) ⃗ ⃗
c)
d) c)cos θ
9. d)Both a and b are correct.
10. The dot product ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ is equal 13. The projection of a vector ⃗ over ⃗ is:
to a)
a) 1 b)
b) -1 c)
c) Zero d)
d) None
14. If ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and
11. The scalar product of two vectors is ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ then:
maximum when they are:
a) ⃗ ⃗
a) Parallel
b) ⃗ ⃗
b) Perpendicular
c) Anti-parallel c) ⃗ ⃗
d) None of these d) ⃗ ⃗
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Q # 43. What do you know about Vector Product?

Ans. When two vectors are multiplied to give a vector quantity, then the product of vectors is
called the vector or cross product. The vector product of two
vectors ⃗ and ⃗⃗ is written as ⃗ ⃗ and is defined as
⃗ ⃗⃗ | ⃗ ||⃗ | ̂ ̂
where and are the magnitudes of vector ⃗ and ⃗ and is

the angle between them and ̂ is the unit vector perpendicular
to the plane containing ⃗ and ⃗⃗ .
Example: The turning effect of force is called the torque and
is determined from the vector product of force and position vector . Mathematically, it is
described as:
Torque ⃗
Q # 44. Show that the vector product is non-commutative.

Ans. Consider two vectors ⃗ and ⃗ . Place the both
vector ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ tail to tail to define the plane of ⃗ and ⃗ .
⃗ ⃗ ̂
Similarly
⃗ ⃗ ̂
It is clear from figure that product vectors ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ are anti-
parallel to each other i.e., ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗ ̂
⃗ ⃗ ̂
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Therefore,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Hence, the vector product is not commutative.
Q # 45. Describe the right hand rule.
Ans. According to right hand rule for the cross product of two vectors, the right hand is placed on the
first vector and fingers are curled towards the second vector by keeping the thumb erect. The erected
thumb will give the direction of vector product.
17
Q # 46. Describe the properties of vector product.

(i) Vector product is non-commutative.
That is, for vectors ⃗ and ⃗ , ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
(ii) Vector product of two mutually perpendicular
vectors has maximum magnitude.
 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ mutually
perpendicular to each other, then
⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂
(iii) The vector product of two parallel and anti-parallel
vectors is the null vector.
 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ parallel to each
other, then ⃗ ⃗ ̂
 If the two vectors are ⃗ and ⃗ anti-parallel to each
other, then ⃗ ⃗ ̂
(iv) The vector product of vector ⃗ with itself is the null vector. As ⃗ ⃗ ̂
(v) Vector product of vectors ⃗ and ⃗ in terms of their rectangular components will be:
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗ ( ) ̂ ̂ ( )̂
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗ | |
(vi) The magnitude of ⃗ ⃗ is equal to the area of parallelogram formed with ⃗ and ⃗ as two
adjacent sides.
Q # 47. If all the components of the vectors, ⃗ and ⃗ were reversed, how would this alter
⃗ ⃗ .
Ans. If all the components of the vectors ⃗ and ⃗ are reversed, then both vectors will be
represented as ⃗ and ⃗ , respectively.
As ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
So the vector product of two vectors will remain unchanged even when the components of the
vectors are reversed.
Q # 48. Name the three different conditions that could makes ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
Ans. The conditions that could make the ⃗ ⃗ are as follows:

 If ⃗ or ⃗ is the null vector
 If both ⃗ and ⃗ are the null vectors
 If the vectors ⃗⃗ and ⃗ are parallel or anti-parallel with each other.
18
Q # 49. Vector ⃗ , ⃗ and are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe
carefully ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ .
In coordinate plane, we consider (by convention) directions of east, west, north and south along
respectively. Hence,
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ⃗ ̂
To Determine: ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂) ̂
⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂) ̂
⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

19. The direction of torque is
15. The cross product ̂ ̂ is equal to
a) Along position vector ̅
a) zero
b) one b) Parallel to the plane containing ̅ and ̅
c) – ̂ c) Along force ̅
d) ̂ d) Perpendicular to the plane containing ̅
and ̅
16. If the line of action of force passes
through axis of rotation or the origin, 20. ⃗ ⃗ is
then its torque is: a) A
a) Maximum b)
b) Unity c) 2A
c) Zero d) Null Vector
d) None of these
21. The magnitude of dot and cross product
17. ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ) is equal to of two vectors are √ and
a) respectively. The angle between them
b) will be
c) a)
d) b)
c)
18. The cross product of vectors will be d)
minimum when the angle between
vectors is 22. The cross product ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
is equal to
a) a) 1
b) b) -1
c) c) Null Vector
d) d) None
19
2.4 TORQUE
Q # 50. Define the term „torque‟.
Ans. The turning effect of a force is called torque. The torque ‘⃗ ’
acting on a body under the action of force ‘ ’ is described as
⃗
where is the position vector of point of application of force with
respect to pivot point ‘O’.
Anticlockwise torque is taken as positive, while the clockwise
torque is considered as negative.
Q # 51. Derive the expression for torque produce in a rigid body under action of any force.
Ans. Let the force ‘ ’ acts on rigid body at point P whose position
vector relative to pivot ‘O’ is .
We want to find out the expression torque about point ‘O’
acting on the rigid body due to force ‘ ’.
The force ‘ ’ makes an angle ‘ ’ with horizontal,
therefore, it can be resolved in two rectangular components i.e.,
‘ ’ and ‘ ’. The torque due to ‘ ’ about point ‘O’ is zero as its line of action passes
through this point. Therefore, the ‘ ’ component of forces is responsible for producing torque in
the body about point ‘O’.
Now the torque,
In vector form:
⃗
This is the required expression of torque.
Q # 52. Can a body rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight?
Ans. No a body can’t rotate about the center of gravity under the action of its weight.
The whole weight of the body acts on the center of gravity. Therefore, the perpendicular
distance between line of action of weight and axis of rotation, called moment arm, is zero.
As
So the torque due to weight will be zero because the moment arm is zero. Hence, a body
cannot rotate about center of gravity under the action of its weight.
20
Q # 53. Consider a force ̂ ̂ ̂ (newton) acting on the point ̂ ̂ ̂ (m). What is the
torque in N m about the origin?
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ⃗
̂ ̂ ̂
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 54. The line of action of force F passes through a point P of a body whose position vector in
meters is ̂ ̂ ̂ . If ̂ ̂ ̂ (in newton), determine the torque about the point A whose
position vector (in meter) is ̂ ̂ ̂.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 55. The line of action of force ̂ ̂, passes through a point whose position vector is ̂ ̂.
Find (a) the moment of about the origin, (b) the moment of about the point of which the position
vector is ̂ ̂.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
̂ ̂ ̂
Calculations: (i) ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ (̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 56. The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are √ and 6 respectively. Find the
angle between vectors.
Given Data: For two vectors ⃗ & ⃗ , |⃗ ⃗ | √ |⃗ ⃗|
To Determine: ⃗ ⃗
Calculations: |⃗ ⃗ | √ √
|⃗ ⃗|
Dividing (1) and (2): ( )

√ √ √
21
2.5 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

Q # 57. Define the term “equilibrium”. Write down different types of equilibrium.
Ans. A body is said to be in state of equilibrium if it is at rest or
moving with uniform velocity. There are two types of equilibrium.
(i) Static Equilibrium
If a body is at rest, then it is said to be in static equilibrium.
(ii) Dynamic Equilibrium
If the body is moving with uniform velocity, then it is said to
be in dynamic equilibrium.
Q # 58. Write down different conditions of equilibrium.
Ans. There are two conditions of equilibrium.
First Condition of Equilibrium
The vector sum of all forces acting on any object must be zero. Mathematically,
∑
In case of coplanar forces, this conditions is expressed usually in terms of x and y components
of forces. Hence, the 1st condition of equilibrium for coplanar forces will be
∑ ,∑
When the first condition of equilibrium is satisfied, there will be no linear acceleration and
body will be in translational equilibrium.
Second Condition of Equilibrium
The vector sum of all torque acting on any object must be zero. Mathematically,
∑⃗
When the second condition of equilibrium is satisfied, there is no angular acceleration and
body will be in rotational equilibrium.
Q # 59. State the complete requirement for a body to be in equilibrium?
Ans. A body will be in the state of complete equilibrium, when the sum of all the forces and torques
acting on the body will be equal to zero. Mathematically, it is described as
(i) ∑ i.e. ∑ ,∑
(ii) ∑ ⃗
Q # 60. Identify true or false statements and explain the reason.
(a) A body in equilibrium implies that it is neither moving nor rotating.
(b) If the coplanar forces acting on a body form a close polygon, then the body is said to be
in equilibrium.
Ans. i) Statement (a) is false. Because a body may be in equilibrium if it is moving or rotating with
uniform velocity.
22
ii) Statement (b) is correct. Since the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body along close
polygon is zero, then the first condition of equilibrium will be satisfied and the body will be in
state of equilibrium.
Q # 61. A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of
the strings for which the tension in the string is minimum.
Ans. Consider a picture of weight is suspended by two strings as shown in
the figure.
From figure,
It is clear from the expression that the tension in the string will be minimum
when the factor will be maximum (equal to 1). This condition can be
obtained for .
Q # 62. A load of 10 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that it makes an
angle of with horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Given Data: Load
To Determine:
Calculations: As ∑
As ∑
Q # 63. A load is suspended by two cords as shown in the figure. Determine the
maximum load that can be suspended at P, if the maximum breaking tension of
the cord used is 50 N.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
As So for
23
Q # 64. A uniform beam of 200 N is supported horizontally as shown. If

the breaking tension of the rope is 400 N, how far can the man of weight
400 N walk from point A?
Ans. Let the limiting equilibrium occur at a distance d from point A. The force
diagram of the situation is shown in the figure.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
Q # 65. A boy weighing 300 N is standing at the edge of a uniform diving

board 4 m in length. The weight of the board is 200 N. Find the force
exerted by pedestals on the board.
Ans. Let and are the reaction forces exerted by pedestals separated by a
distance of 1 m, as shown in the force diagram.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
Putting values in (1)
Q # 66. A tractor of weight 15000 N crosses a single span bridge of weight 8000 N and of length
21 m. The bridge is supported half a meter from
either end. The tractor‟s front wheels takes 1/3 of the
total weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3
m behinds the front wheels. Calculate the force on the
bridge supports when the rear wheels are at the
middle of the bridge span.
24
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
Q # 67. A spherical ball of weight 50 N is to be lifted over the step as shown in the
figure. Calculate the minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
| | | |
From Fig. | | | | | |
In Triangle OAB: | | | | | |
| | √
Q # 68. A uniform sphere of weight 10 N held by a string attached to a frictionless wall so that
the string makes an angle of with the wall as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the
string and the force exerted on sphere by the wall.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations:
Q # 69. Identify the correct answer.

25
(i) Two ships X and Y are travelling in different directions at equal speeds. The actual
direction of X is due to north but to an observer on Y, the apparent direction of motion X is
north-east. The actual direction of motion of Y as observed from the shore will be
(A) East (B) West (C) South-east (D) South-West
Ans. The correct answer is (B) West
(ii) The horizontal force F is applied to a small object P of mass m at rest on a smooth plane
inclined at an angle to the horizontal as shown in the figure below. The magnitude of the
resultant force acting up and along the surface of the plane, on the object is
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Ans. The forces acting up and along the surface of plane is
, therefore the correct option is (a)
23. If a body is at rest, then it will be in 24. For a body to be in complete

equilibrium,
a) Static equilibrium
b) Dynamic equilibrium a)
c) Translational equilibrium b) ∑
d) Unstable equilibrium c) ∑
d) None
Answers of MCQs of Chapter # 2

Q. No. Ans Q. No. Ans Q. No. Ans
1 c 9 d 17 a
2 a 10 a 18 c
3 c 11 a 19 d
4 b 12 a 20 d
5 b 13 b 21 b
6 b 14 a 22 c
7 c 15 d 23 a
8 c 16 c 24 a
26
15
Chapter 02 Vector and Equilibrium

What are Physical Quantities? Describe the Types on the basis of direction
Physical Quantities: All measurable quantities are called Physical Quantities. E.g length, temperature etc.
Types: There are two types of Physical quantities on the basis of direction
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
The quantities which have only magnitude and no The quantities which have magnitude as well as
direction are called scalar quantities. direction are called vector quantities
For example mass, density, temperature etc. For example force, velocity, acceleration etc
What are the Methods For Representation Of Vector?

There are two methods for representation of vector quantity
Symbolic Representation Graphical Representation
It is represented by bold face letter. Like A,B It is also It is represented by a straight line with an arrow head at
represented by a letter with arrow head above or below its one end. The length of line show magnitude and
it like ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴, and magnitude is represented by light face arrow show direction of vector. Like
letter A or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴| → etc
Explain Rectangular co-ordinate system
Rectangular co-ordinate system: Two lines drawn perpendicular to each other are called co-ordinate axis and
system of co-ordinate axis is called rectangular co-ordinate system.
Horizontal line (axis) is called X-axis and vertical line (Axis) is called Y-axis.
Origin: The point of intersection of two axis is called origin. And line right to and above origin is taken as positive
and line left and below origin is taken as negative.
Two dimensional co-ordinate system: Such a system in there are two perpendicular lines is called two
dimensional
The direction of vector in plane is represented by angle which the vector makes with positive x-axis in anti-clock
direction.
Three dimensional co-ordinate system: such a system in there are three perpendicular lines is called three
dimensional co-ordinate system. Direction of vector in space is represented by three angle with the vector makes
with x,y,z axis.
How two vectors are added (Explain head to tail rule of vector addition). OR Prove that A+B=B+A
Such a graphical method to add two vectors is called head to tail rule. There are following steps of vector addition by
head to tail rule
i. Draw a representative lines vector A&B
ii. Join the tail of Vector B with head of vector A
iii. Now join the tail of vector A with head of B which gives resultant vector R.
As the vector sum A+B and B+A has the same results so A+B=B+A
Resultant vector: Sum of two or more vector
Result into a single vector is called resultant vector.
16
Vector Subtraction OR How Two Vectors Are Subtracted?

The subtraction of a vector is equivalent to the addition of same vector with its direction reversed.
Subtraction Multiplication
What is the Multiplication Of Vector
When a vector A is multiplied by a positive number n>0 then its magnitude is n𝐴 and in case of negative number
direction is reversed.
What is Unit Vector? Write its formula.
A vector whose magnitude is one and used to show the direction of given vector is called unit vector. Its formula is
𝐴
𝐴̂= , unit vector along X-axis is 𝑖̂, along Y-axis is 𝑗̂ and along Z-axis is ̂𝑘.
|𝐴|
What is Null Vector Or Zero Vector?
A vector having zero magnitude and arbitrary direction is called null vector. A  ( A)  0 For example of position
vector origin is null vector.
What are Equal Vectors?
Two vectors are said to be equal if they have same magnitude and same direction regardless of initial position.
What is Position Vector? Write its formula.
The vector which locates the position of particle with respect to origin is called position vector. r  a ^  b ^ And
i j
 
magnitude r  a 2  b 2 in three dimensional r  a ^  b ^  c k and magnitude r  a 2  b 2  c 2 .
i j
What are Rectangular Components Of A Vector? Explain.

Component of a vector: The effective values of a vector in given direction is component of a vector.
Rectangular components of a vector: The components of vector which are perpendicular to each other are called
rectangular components of vector.
Explanation: Let us consider a vector 𝐴 makes an angle Ɵ with x-axis. Draw a projection OM of vector OP on x-
axis and projection ON(ON=MP)of vector OP on y-axis as shown in figure.

Using head to tail rule OP=OM+MP A  Axiˆ  Ayˆj
𝑂𝑀
X- Component of vector: In right angle triangle OPM 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑂𝑃
𝐴𝑥
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝐴
𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 -------- (1)
𝑀𝑃
Y- Component of vector: In same triangle 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑂𝑃
𝐴𝑦
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐴 𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 --------- (2)
Vector and its magnitude: Squaring and adding both equation or applying Pythagoras theorem
OP2=OM2+MP2 A2=A2x+A2y A Ax 2  Ay 2
Direction of vector: The direction of vector can be found by dividing eq (2) by eq (1)
Asinθ Ay Ay Ay
  Tanθ     tan 1 ( )
Acosθ Ax Ax Ax
This method is also called composition of vector
17
Write a note on Vector addition by rectangular components
Let us consider two vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵⃗ represented by lines OM and ON, using head to tail rule the resultant 𝑅⃗=𝐴+𝐵
⃗.
Step01: To find x and y components of all given vectors: To resolve the vector 𝑅⃗,𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗ into rectangular
components, draw perpendiculars MQ and PR from points “M” and “P” on x-axis.
Step 02: To find the resultant of X-components: As horizontal line X-axis
OR=OQ+QR OR=OQ+MS (As QR=MS)
Rx=Ax+Bx ------------------- (1)
Step 03: To find the resultant of Y-components: As Vertical components are
PR=RS+SP PR=MQ+SP (As RS=MQ)
Ry=Ay+By ------------------ (2)
Now we can find resultant of Resultant vector R by adding (1) and (2)

R  Rx iˆ  R y ˆj

R  ( Ax  Bx )iˆ  ( Ay  By ) ˆj
Step 04: To find the magnitude of Resultant vector 𝑅⃗: Magnitude can be found
By taking the magnitude of R or using Pythagoras theorem.
2
R  ( Ax  Bx ) 2  ( Ay  By ) 2

R  ( Ax  Bx ) 2  ( Ay  By ) 2
Step 05: To find the Direction of Resultant vector 𝑅⃗: The direction can be found by
 Ry   Ry   Ay  By 
Tanθ       Tan -1     Tan -1  
 Rx   Rx   Ax  Bx 
For any number of coplanar vectors Magnitude can be written as

R  ( Ax  Bx  Cx  ....) 2  ( Ay  By  Cy  ....) 2 And Direction can be written as
 Ay  By  Cy  .... 
  Tan -1   This is also called reverse process of vector addition.
 Ax  Bx  Cx  .... 
Determination of Angle by rectangular components
First Quadrant: Rx=+ and Ry=+ angle Ɵ=ɸ 2nd Quadrant: Rx=-, Ry=+ angle Ɵ=180°-ɸ
Third Quadrant: Rx=- and Ry=- angle Ɵ=180°+ɸ 4th Quadrant: Rx=+, Ry=- angle Ɵ=360°-ɸ
18
Q. What is Scalar/Dot product? Explain its characteristics.

Definition: If the product of two vectors result into a scalar quantity then this product is called scalar product.
Mathematically it can be written as 𝐴.𝐵⃗ =|𝐴||𝐵
⃗ |cosɵ=ABcosƟ,
Physically𝐴.𝐵 ⃗ =Magnitude of Vector A (Projection of B on A)=A(BcosƟ)= ABcosƟ shown in fig
Example: Work is an example which is scalar product of force and displacement W=𝐹 .𝑑 =FdCosƟ
Characteristics:
(1) Scalar product is commutative 𝐴.𝐵 ⃗ =𝐵
⃗ .𝐴 , as ABcosƟ=BAcosƟ
(2) Scalar product of two perpendicular vector is zero, i.e Ɵ=90°, 𝐴.𝐵 ⃗ =ABcos90°=0, where in case of unit
vectors
^ ^
i . j  (1)(1) cos 90 o  0 In same case ĵ.k̂  0 and k̂.î  0
⃗ =ABcos0°=AB, in
3) Scalar product of two parallel is equal to the product of their magnitudes i.e Ɵ=0°,𝐴.𝐵
^ ^
case of unit vector i . i  (1)(1)cos0  (1)(1)(1)  1 In same case ĵ.ĵ  1 and k̂.k̂  1
o
4) Scalar product for two anti-parallel vector Ɵ=180° , ⃗ =ABcos180°=-AB

𝐴.𝐵
5) Self product of a vector A is equal to square of its magnitude A. 𝐴.𝐴=AAcos0°=A2 (1) =A2
6) In case of rectangular components,
 
A  Axî  Ayĵ  Azk̂, B  Bxî  Byĵ  Bzk̂
 
A.B  (Axî  Ayĵ  Azk̂)(Bxî  Byĵ  Bzk̂)
AB cos   AxBx  AyBy  AzBz
AxBx  AyBy  AzBz  AxBx  AyBy  AzBz 
Cos     Cos 1  
AB  AB 
What is Vector/Cross product? Explain its characteristics
Definition: If the product of two vectors results into a vector quantity then this product is called vector or cross
product. 𝐴x𝐵 ⃗ =𝐴Bsinɵ𝑛̂.In this case AB sinɵ give magnitude and 𝑛̂ give direction, which is found by right hand rule
Right Hand Rule: Rotate the fingers of your right hand through some possible angle then erect thumb will show
the direction of vector product.
   ^    ^
Example: (1) Torque   r * F  rF sin  n . (2) Angular momentum L  r * P  rP sin  n
Characteristics: Properties of Vector/ cross product are as follows.
(1) Vector product is not commutative as𝐴x 𝐵 ⃗ ≠𝐵⃗ x 𝐴 but 𝐴x 𝐵 ⃗ =-𝐵
⃗ x𝐴
(2) Vector product of two mutually perpendicular vector has maximum value Ɵ=90°,𝐴x𝐵 ⃗ =ABsinɵ90°𝑛̂= AB𝑛̂,
îxĵ  k̂, ĵxk̂  î , k̂xî  ĵ, where in reverse ĵxî  k̂, k̂xĵ  î , îx k̂   ĵ
unit vector case
Proof : îxĵ  (1)(1)sin90 o kˆ  (1)(1)(1)kˆ  kˆ
⃗ =ABsinɵ0°𝑛̂= ⃗0
(3) Vector/Cross product two parallel or anti-parallel vector is null vector i.e. Ɵ=0°,180°,𝐴x𝐵
 
îxî  ĵxĵ  k̂xk̂  0 as îxî  (1)(1)sin0o  0
(4) Cross product in terms of rectangular components is expressed in determinant form
î ĵ k̂
  Ay Az Ax Az Ax Ay
AxB  Ax Ay Az  î  ĵ  k̂
By Bz Bx Bz Bx By
Bx By Bz
 
AxB  (AyBz- AzBy)î  (AzBx - AxBz)ĵ  (AxBy  AyBx)k̂
⃗ is equal to area of parallelogram with two A and B adjacent sides.
(5) The magnitude of 𝐴x𝐵
19
What Is Torque? Calculate The Torque Acting On Rigid Body.
Definition: The turning effect produced in a body about axis of rotation is called torque.
   ^
Equation:   r * F  rF sin  n Its SI unit is Nm Dimension [ML2T-2]
Moment Arm: The perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to line of action of force is called moment arm. The
nut is easier to turn with moment arm of large value.
Example: Tightening and loosening of nut with a spanner.
Torque on rigid body: Consider force 𝐹 is acting on rigid body at point P whose position vector relative to axis of
rotation is 𝑟. the Force can be resolved into two rectangular components.
(i) FsinƟ is perpendicular to 𝑟
(ii) FcosƟ is along the direction of 𝑟 ( Torque due to this components is zero as it passes from axis of
rotation)
The torque is produced due to FsinƟ only about O, which is given by
   
τ  r(Fsinθ)  rFsinθ in vector form τ  rFsinθr̂ or τ  rxF .......(a)
Similarly if we resolve the position vector r into its components,
Then only component which produce torque is rsinƟ
   
τ  F(rsinθ)  rFsinθ in vector form τ  rFsinθr̂ or τ  rxF .......(b)
Important points about torque:
 Torque is count part of force for rotational motion
 Torque is also called moment of force
 Torque determine angular acceleration in body
 Clock wise torque is taken negative and anti-clock wise torque is taken positive.
What is Equilibrium of forces? Define its types and conditions.
Equilibrium: A body is said to be in equilibrium if it is at rest or moving with uniform velocity under the action of
number of forces.
Types of Equilibrium: There are two types of equilibrium
Static Equilibrium: If a body is at rest, it is said to be in static equilibrium for example book lying on a table.
Dynamics Equilibrium: If a body is moving with uniform velocity, it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium. For
example A car moving with uniform velocity.
Conditions of Equilibrium: There are two conditions of equilibrium

First condition: Sum of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero F  0

2nd condition: Sum of torques acting on a body is equal to zero   0
Translational Equilibrium: When first condition of equilibrium is satisfied and body has zero linear acceleration
then is in translational equilibrium.
Rotational Equilibrium: When 2nd condition of equilibrium is satisfied and body has zero angular acceleration
then it is in rotational equilibrium.
Complete Equilibrium: When both conditions of equilibrium are satisfied then it is said to be in complete
equilibrium.
Why do you keep your legs far apart when you have to stand in the aisle of a bumpy riding bus?
When you stand in the aisle of a bumpy riding bus, you are in unstable position and you may fall. To make you stable
you keep your legs far apart.
20
EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS CHAPTER 02

1: Define the terms (i) unit vector (ii) Position vector and (iii) Components of a vector?
Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude is one and used to show the direction of given vector is called unit vector. Its
^ A
formula is A  .
A
Position vector: The vector which locates the position of particle with respect to origin is called position vector.
r  a ^  b^ And magnitude r  a 2  b 2 .
i j
Components of vector: The effective values of a vector in a given direction are components of a vector.
2. The vector sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the orientation of the vectors?
If the three vectors are represented by the sides of triangle joined by head to tail rule at angle of 60°, there sum will be
zero as shown in figure.
⃗
⃗ +𝐶 =0
𝐴+𝐵
3) Vector A lies in the xy plane. For what orientation will both of its rectangular components be negative? For
what orientation will its components have opposite signs?
When the vector lies in 3rd quadrant, then both of its rectangular components of vector will negative.
ii) The components of a vector have opposite sign when the vector lies in 2nd or 4th quadrant.
4) If one of the components of a vector is not zero, can its magnitude be zero? Explain.
No, its magnitude cannot be zero. As we know that magnitude of A is Ax 2  Ay 2 which shows that magnitude of
vector will be zero only when all of its rectangular components are zero.
5) Can a vector have a component greater than the vector’s magnitude?
No, the component of a vector can never be greater than the vector’s magnitude because the component of a vector is
its effective value in a specific direction and it is the part of vector and part is always less than full. So A≥Ax&A≥Ay.
6) Can the magnitude of a vector have a negative value?
No, its magnitude can never be zero. As we know that magnitude of A is Ax 2  Ay 2 which shows that square of
real values is always positive.
7) If A + B = 0, what can you say about the components of the two vectors?
A  B  o  A  B
In terms of rectangular components
Ax ˆ  Ayˆj  ( Bxiˆ  Byˆj )
i
Ax  Bx, Ay  By Hence the components of both vectors are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
8) Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?
sinθ
Ax  Ay  Acosθ  Asinθ  1
It is possible only when the vector makes angle of 45° with x-axis. cosθ
tanθ  1  θ  tan 1 (1)  45 o
9) Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity? Explain.
No it is not possible to add a vector to a scalar quantity because both are different quantities as scalars have only
magnitude while vector quantities have both magnitude as well direction so cannot added be add to each other.
10) Can you add zero to a null vector?
No it is not possible to add zero to a null vector because zero is scalar and null vector is vector and scalar is not added
to vector quantity due to different quantities.
11) Two vectors have unequal magnitudes. Can their sum be zero? Explain.
No, the sum of two vectors having unequal magnitudes can’t be zero. The sum of two vectors will be zero only when
their magnitudes are equal and they act in opposite direction.
21
12) Show that the sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal lengths are also perpendicular and
of the same length?
Consider two vectors A and B of equal A=B magnitude which are perpendicular to each other
(A+B).(A-B)=A2-B2=A2-A2=0, when dot product of two vectors is zero then they are perpendicular.
13.How would the two vectors of the same magnitude have to be oriented, were to be combined to give a
resultant equal to a vector of the same magnitude?
It is possible only when the angle b/w two vectors is 120°. If the two vectors are shown by two sides of equilateral
triangle then third side shows their resultant A=B=R.
14)The two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60N and 35N. Pick the correct answer from those given
below and tell why it is the only one of the three that is correct. (i)100N (ii)70N (iii)20N.
The correct answer is 70 N.
Sum of two vector is maximum when they are parallel to each other as 60+35=95 N, sum of two vector is minimum
when opposite as 60+(-35)=25N, this shows that range of resultant is from 25 N to 95 N so correct answer is 70 N
15) Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector-arranged head to tail. What is the sum of these
vectors?
Sum of these vectors will be zero, in this case the head of last vector coincides with tail of first vector as
A+B+C+D+E+F=O
16)Identify the correct answer:

i)The actual direction of motion will be due to west
ii) Fcosɵ-mgsinɵ is correct answer by converting into rectangular components along the inclined plane
17)If all the components of the vectors A 1andA 2 were reversed, how would this alter A1  A 2 ?
It would not be changed when all the components of a vector were reversed.
-A1x-A2= A1xA2
18) Name the three different conditions that could make A1  A 2 = 0.
This is zero when
i. A1 or A2 is a null vector
ii. A1 and A2 are parallel vector(ɵ=0°) As A1*A2sin0°=0
iii. A1 and A2 are anti-parallel (ɵ=180°) As A1*A2sin180°=0
19) Identify true of false statements and explain the reason. (a) A body in equilibrium implies that is not moving nor
rotating. (b)If coplanar forces acting on a body form a closed polygon, then the body is said to be in equilibrium.
a) This statement is false because in dynamic equilibrium body may move or rotate with uniform velocity.
b) This statement is true only as first condition if satisfied body is said to be in translational equilibrium.
22
20) A picture is suspended from a wall by two strings. Show by diagram the configuration of the strings for
which the tension in the strings will be minimum.
If picture is suspended from wall by two strings and tension is resolved into its rectangular components then
Tsinɵ+Tsinɵ=W, 2Tsinɵ=W T=W/2sinɵ, tension will be minimum if Sinɵ is maximum so at 90° tension will be
minimum.
21) Can a body rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight?
No, A body cannot rotate about its center of gravity under the action of its weight because in this case line of action of
force passes through axis of rotation so moment arm is zero and
Torque= (moment arm) force= 0*Force=0 so torque acting on it is zero.
Numericals
2.1: Suppose, in a rectangular coordinate system, a vector A has its at the point P (-2, -3) and its tip at Q
(3,9). Determine the distance between these two points.
 
Sol : Points P((-2,-3) and Q(3,9), r1  -2 î - 3ĵ , r2  3î  9ĵ, d  ?
  
d  r2  r1  (3 î  9ĵ) - (-2 î - 3ĵ)  (3 î  2î )  (9ĵ  3ĵ)  5î  12 ĵ
d x 2  y2  52  12 2  25  144  169  13 units
2.2: A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system, If an insect is
sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates (2,1), where the units are in meters, what is the
distance of the insect from this corner the room?

Sol : Points P((2,1) and O(0,0), r  2î  ĵ d  ?
d  2 2  12  4  1  5  2.24 units
2.3: What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector A  4iˆ  3 ˆj .

sol : A  4î  3ĵ Â  ?
 
A A 4î  3ĵ 4î  3ĵ 4î  3ĵ 4î  3ĵ
Â      
A Ax  Ay
2 2
4 2  32 16  9 25 5
2.4: Two particles are located at r1  3iˆ  7 ˆj and r2  2iˆ  3 ˆj respectively. Find both the magnitude of
the vector (r2  r1 ) and its orientation with respect to the x-axis.
   
Sol : , r1  3î  7ĵ , r2  -2î  3ĵ, r2 - r1  ?
 
r2  r1  (-2î  3ĵ) - (3î  7ĵ)  (-2î  3î )  (3ĵ  7ĵ)  5î  -4ĵ
 
r2  r1  x 2  y 2  (-5) 2  (4) 2  25  16  41  6.4 units
4
θ  tan -1 ( )  38.6 o , As in 3rd quad so angle  180 o  38.6 o  218.6 o  219 o
5
2.5: If a vector ‘B’ is added to vector A, the result is 6iˆ  ˆj .If ‘B’ is subtracted from A, the result is
 4iˆ  7 ˆj . What is the magnitude of vector ‘A’?

   
A  B  6î  ĵ, A - B  4î  7ĵ A  ?
   
(A  B)  ( A - B)  (6î  ˆj)  (4î  7ĵ)  2î  8 ĵ
 
2A  2î  8 ĵ  A  î  4 ĵ
A  A x  A y  12  4 2  1  16  17  4.1
2 2
23
2.6: Given that A  2iˆ  3 ˆj and B  3iˆ  4 ˆj , find the magnitude and angle of (a) C=A+B, and (b) D=3A-
2B.
   
Sol (a) : C  A  B  C  (2î  3ĵ)  (3î - 4ĵ)  5î - ĵ

C  (5) 2  (1) 2  25  1  26  5.1
-1
Direction    tan -1 ( )  11o As  lies in fourth quad so orintation 360 o - 11o  349 o
5
   
(b) D  3A  2B  D  3(2î  3ĵ)  2(3î - 4ĵ)  (6î  9ĵ) - (6î  8ĵ)  0î  17ĵ

C  (0) 2  (17) 2  0  289  17
0
Direction    tan -1 ( )  90 o As  lies in First quad
17
2.7: Find the angle between the two vectors, A  5iˆ  ˆj and B  2iˆ  4 ˆj .
 
Given data : A  5î  ĵ, B  2î  4ĵ angle  θ  ?
Using equation of scalar product for two vectors ABcosθ  AxBx  AyBy
AxBx  AyBy (5)(2)  (1)(4) 10  4 14
cosθ    
AB ( 5  1 )( 2  4 )
2 2 2 2
26 20 5.1 * 4.5
14
θ  cos -1 ( )  θ  52 o
5.1 * 4.5
2.8: Find the work done when the point of application of the force 3iˆ  2 ˆj moves in a straight line from the
point (2,-1) to the point (6, 4).
  
Given data : F  3î  2ĵ, point(2,-1) r1  2î - ĵ, point(6,4), r2  6î  4ĵ W  ?
  
d  r2  r1  (6î  4ĵ) - (2î - ĵ)  4î  5ĵ

W  F.d  (3î  2ĵ).(4î  5ĵ)  12  10  22 J
2.9: Show that the three vectors iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, 2î - 3ĵ  k̂ and 4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ are mutually perpendicular.
  
Given Data : A  î  ĵ  k̂, B  2î - 3ĵ  k̂, C  4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ
   
We know that two vectors are perpendicular if if A.B  ABCos90o  0  A.B  0
 
A.B  (î  ĵ  k̂).(2î - 3ĵ  k̂)  2 - 3  1  3 - 3  0
 
A.C  (î  ĵ  k̂).(4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ)  4  1  5  5  5  0
 
B.C  (2î - 3ĵ  k̂).(4iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ)  8  3  5  8  8  0
Hence prove that given thre e vectors are mutually perpendicular
2.10: Given that A  iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ and B  3iˆ  4kˆ , find the projection of A on B.
 
Given Data : A  î  2ĵ  3k̂ , B  3iˆ  4kˆ Projection of A on B  Acos  ?
 
  A.B AxBx  AyBy  AzBz (1)(3)  (2)(0)  ((3)(4)  9
As A.B  ABcos  Acos    
B B (3) 2  0 2  (4) 2 5
24
2.11: Vectors A, B and C are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe carefully (a)
A B (b) A C (c) B  C
        
Given Data : A  4 unit North, B  3 units west, C  8 unit east, AxB  ? AxC  ? BxC  ?
 
AxB  ABsinθ n̂  (4)(3)sin90 o  12 units vertically upward (Using Right hand rule)
 
AxC  ACsinθ n̂  (4)(8)sin90 o  32 units vertically downward(using right hand rule)
 
BxC  BCsinθ n̂  (3)(8)sin0 o  0
2.12: The torque or turning effect of force about a given point is given by r  F where ‘r’ is the vector from
the given point to the point of application of F. Consider a force F  3iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ (Newton) acting on the
point 7iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ(m) . What is the torque in Nm about the origin?
  
Given Data : F  3î  ĵ  5k̂ , r  7î  3ĵ  k̂ torque    ?
iˆ ˆj kˆ
   3 1 ˆ  7 1 ˆ  7 3 ˆ
 rxF 7 3 1  iˆ    j   k   i (15  1)  ˆj (35  (3))  kˆ(7  (9))
3 1 5 1 5  3 5  3 1

  14iˆ  38 ˆj  16kˆ
2.13: The line of action of force, F  iˆ  2 ˆj , passes through a point whose position vector is  ˆj  kˆ  
.Find (a)the moment of F about the origin, (b) the moment of F about the point of which the position vector is
iˆ  kˆ .
  
Given Data : F  î  2ĵ , r   ĵ  k̂ torque  τ  ?
î ĵ k̂
    - 1 1  0 1  0  1
(a) τ  r x F  0  1 1  î    ĵ   k̂   î (0 - (-2)  ĵ(0 - 1)  k̂(0 - (-1))  2î  ĵ  k̂
 - 2 0 1 0 1 - 2 
1 2 0
    
(b) first of all to find r, r  r2 - r1  ( ĵ  k̂)  (î  k̂)   ĵ  k̂  î  k̂  î  ĵ so r  î  ĵ and F  î  2ĵ
î ĵ k̂
    - 1 0   1 0  1  1 
τ  r x F  - 1  1 0  î     1  2  î (0 - 0)  ĵ(0 - 0)  k̂(2 - (-1))  3k̂
- 2 0  1 0
ĵ k̂
1 2 0   
2.14: The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are 6 3 and 6 respectively. Find the angle
between the vectors.
Given Data : ABcosθ  6 3 , ABsinθ  6 angle  θ  ?
ABsinθ 6 sinθ 1 1
dividing both equations,     tan  
ABcosθ 6 3 cosθ 3 3
1
  tan 1 ( )  30 o
3
2.15: A load of 10.0N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so makes an angle of 15o with
the horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Given Data : Weight  W  10 N, Angle  θ  15 o , T  ?
As Tension due to X - components is zero as  Fx  0
Along Y  axis Tsin  Tsin  W  2Tsin  W
W 10
T   19.3N
2sin 2 sin 15 o
25
PAST PAPERS MCQS

Q# Questions Option A Option B Option C Option D
i. The magnitude of cross product and dot 45˚ 90˚ 180˚ Zero ˚
product are equal at angle of
A.B=AxB.. ABcosɵ=ABsinɵ, sinɵ/cos=1, tanɵ=1 ɵ=45°
ii. Magnitude of rectangular components are 45˚ 90˚ 180˚ Zero ˚
equal at angle of
iii. i^.(j^xk^)=? 1 0 J I
(j^xk^)=i^ so i^.i^=1
iv. Projection of B along A is written as A.B A A.B/B A.B/A
v. A force of 10N acting on 30˚ with y axis 5N 8.66N 10N Zero
then magnitude of X-component will be
F= 10 N, angle with y axis is 30° then with x-axis will be 60° so Fx=Fcosɵ=10cos60°=5N
vi. The resultant of two force 5N and 10N 4N 6N 9N 13N
cannot be?
Max ans is 5+10=15 N and min ans=10-5=5 N, ans range is 5-15
vii. Resultant of two forces 30N and 40N 50N 30N 40N 70N
Apply Pythagoras theorem
acting at angle of 90° is to get result
viii. The unit vector along y axis is i^ j^ k^ y^
ix. If the angle between two vectors of 6 12 24 48
magnitude 12 and 4 is 60˚, then dot
product
A.B=ABcosɵ= (12)(4)cos60°=48(0.5)=24
x. Resultant magnitude of 6N force acting on 6N 8N 10N 14N
Apply Pythagoras
right angle with force of 8N theorem to get result
xi. A body is in a static equilibrium when it is Rest Moving with Moving with All of these
at uniform variable
velocity velocity
xii. If body is at rest or rotating with uniform Maximum Zero Negative Positive
angular velocity then torque will
xiii. The magnitude of vector can never be Positive Negative Both A&B None of these
xiv. The vector in space has components Two Three Four One
xv. Dot product of vector A with itself is A 2A A2 0
xvi. A body will be in translational equilibrium ƩF=0 Ʃt=0 Both A&B None of these
if
xvii. Two forces of 10 N and 20 N act on a body 25.98 N 12.5 N 30.98 N 36.36 N
in direction making angle 30°, Resultant of
X-component is
xviii. If second condition of equilibrium is Translational Rotational Dynamic Complete
satisfied then body will be in equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
xix. The magnitude of resultant of two A √𝟐A A A2
perpendicular vector of magnitude A will Apply Pythagoras
be? theorem to get result
xx. Name the quantity which is vector? Speed Force Temperature Density
xxi. A force 2i + j has moved its point of -10 -18 +18 +10
application from (2,3) to (6,5). What is work
done?
W=F.d, d=r2-r1=(6i+5j)-(2i+3j)=4i+2j, W=(2i+j).(4i+2j)=8+2=10J
xxii. If a force of 10N acting on y axis then its x 8.66 N 5N 0N 10N

component will be
For Fx=Fcosɵ=10cos90°=0 as w.r.t X component angle is 90° w.r.t y axis
xxiii. The direction of torque is along Position vector Force Parallel to Perpendicular
plane contain to plane
r and F contain r&F
xxiv. The magnitude of cross and dot product are6 0˚ 30˚ 45˚ 60˚
and 6√3then what is angle b/w them
26
See solution of numerical 2.14

xxv. Two vector of 60N and 35N combined 15N 20N 70N 100N
then correct answer will be
Apply Pythagoras theorem to get result , also its max ans=60+35=95N and min ans=60-35=25N, its ans range 95-25 so
xxvi. A single vector having the same effect as Resultant Equal vector Unit vector Position vector
all the original vectors taken together vector
called
xxvii. Unit vector in the direction of vector 2i − 4j
2𝑖 4𝑗
will be: − 4𝑖 − 2𝑗 i2j 𝑖 − 2𝑗
√6 √10 √7
5
^ 2i  4 j 2(i  2 j ) i2j
A  2 2  (4) 2  20  4 * 5  2 5 , A   
2 5 2 5 5
xxviii. The angle of A=Axi-Ayj with x-axis in 0° and 90° 90° and 180° 180° and 270° and 360°
b/w 270°
As resultant lies in 4th quadrant so angle is b/w 270° and 360°
xxix. If the resultant of two vectors each of 60˚ 30˚ 90˚ 120˚
magnitude F is also of magnitude F, the
angle between them will be ?
See solution of exp 2.3 for explanation
xxx. If ǀA+Bǀ=ǀA-Bǀ then angle between A&B is 90˚ 0˚ 180˚ 45˚
Sum and difference of equal vectors are perpendicular to each other
xxxi. If the force of magnitude 8 N acts on a body Fx = 3√3 Fx = 4√3 Fx = 4√3 Fx = 8
in direction making an angle 30°, its X and Y
components will be: Fy = 4 Fy = 8 Fy = 4 Fy = 4√3
F=8N, Fx=Fcosɵ=8cos30°=8√3/2=4√3 Fy=Fsinɵ=8sin30°=8(1/2)=4

xxxii. If A=2i and B=3i+4j then A.B 1 0 14 6
A.B=(2i).(3i+4j)=6(i,i)=6
xxxiii. Angle between Ax and Az is 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
xxxiv. If Fx=2N and Fy=2N then F along X-axis 0˚ 90˚ 45˚ 60˚
xxxv. The scalar product of i and k is: Zero 1 90° –1
xxxvi. A force of 15 N makes an angle of 90° with 15 N 0N 100 N 15 N

x-axis, its y component will be
xxxvii. If vector A lies along x-axis then its A sinƟ A cosƟ A tanƟ Zero
component along y-axis will be?
xxxviii. The result of 120 N and 20 N forces cannot 141 N 100 N 101 N 130 N
xxxix. When a vector is multiplied by -1 then its 90˚ 120˚ 360˚ 180˚
direction is changed by?
xl. If F=2i+3j and d=4i+4j then work will be? 12J 20J 32J 40J
xli. If the two unit vectors perpendicular to 1 √𝟐 4 3
each other are added, magnitude of
resultant
By Pythagoras theorem magnitude 12  12 = 2
xlii. If the magnitude of then angle between 30˚ 45˚ 60˚ 90˚
A and B is
A.B=ABcosɵ=ABcos60°=1/2 AB as Cos 60°=1/2 or 0.5
xliii. Torque of force t=rxF then r and F are at 0˚ 90˚ 45˚ 60˚
angle of
xliv. When a vector A is added to negative 2A A 0 Null vector
vector-A then resultant will be
xlv. A body will be in complete equilibrium First condition 2nd condition Both A&B None of these
when it satisfies
27
xlvi. If we double the moment arm the value of Two times Three times Four times Half
torque becomes
xlvii. The position vector r in xz plane xiˆ  zkˆ yiˆ  zkˆ yiˆ  xkˆ yˆj  xiˆ
xlviii. The resultant of two forces 3N and 4N 5N 6N 1N 7N

acting at right angle to each other
Apply Pythagoras theorem
xlix. What is angle between two vectors A=5i+j 66ᵒ 52ᵒ 25ᵒ 33ᵒ
and B=2i+4j
See solution of numerical no 2.7 to get the result
l. The vector product rxdp/dt is F I torque Momentum
li. ǀi-j-3kǀ=?
Apply formula of magnitude √(a2+b2+c2) put a=1 b=-1 c=-3 to get the result
lii. If position vector r and F are in same Maximum Minimum Zero Same
direction then torque will be
liii. Torque has zero value if angle between r 0˚ 90˚ 45˚ 60˚
and F is
liv. The cross product k^ x j^ i^ j^ K^ -i^
lv. The cross product i^ x k^ i^ j^ K^ -j^
lvi. For maximum torque, the angle between 0˚ 90˚ 45˚ 60˚
r&F is
lvii. If the scalar product of two vectors is 2√3 120° 30° 60° 180°
and magnitude of their vector product is 2,
the angle b/w them is
ABsin 2 1 1
ABcosθ  2 3, ABSin  2 ,   tan      tan 1 ( )  30 o
ABcos 2 3 3 3
lviii. The resultant of two forces 30 N and 40 N 30 N 40 N 70 N 10 N
acting parallel to each other is:
For parallel forces, forces are sum up so 30+40=70 N
lix. Which is correct formula?
  rF   rF sin    rx F   rF cos 
lx. A force of 100 N is acting on y axis 60° 50 N 60N 70N 86.6 N
with y axis then its horizontal component
will be
F= 100 N, angle with y axis is 60° then with x-axis will be 30° so Fx=Fcosɵ=100cos30°=86.6N
F.Sc. Physics (Part-I) Solved Numerical Problems
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
F.Sc. Physics, Chapter # 2: Vectors and Equilibrium
Q # 1. Suppose, in rectangular coordinate system, a vector ⃗ has its tail at the point ( ) and its tip at
( ). Determine the distance between these points.
Given Data: ( ) ( )
To Determine: | |
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ )̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
| | √ √ √
Q # 2. A certain corner of a room is selected as the origin of a rectangular coordinate system. If an insect is
sitting on an adjacent wall at a point having coordinates ( ), where the units are in meters, what is the
distance of the insect from this corner of the room.
Given Data: ( ) ( )
To Determine: | |
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ )̂ ̂ ̂
| | √ √ √
Q # 3. What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector ⃗ ̂ ̂?

Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ̂
Calculations: ⃗ | | √ √ √
⃗ ̂ ̂
̂
| |
Q # 4. Two particles are located at ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ respectively. Find both the magnitude of
vector (⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ) and its orientation with respect to the x-axis.
Given Data: ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ,̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: |⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ | , Orientation of (⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ )
Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ | √( ) ( ) √ √
( ) ( )
5|Page Publisher: www.HouseOfPhy.Blogspot.com

Q # 5. If a vector ⃗ is added to vector ⃗ , the result is ̂ ̂. If ⃗ is subtracted from ⃗ , the result is ̂ ̂.
What is magnitude of vector ⃗ ?
Given Data: ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ( ), ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ( )
To Determine: Magnitude of ⃗ |⃗ |
Calculations: Adding (1) & (2) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
Magnitude of ⃗ |⃗ | √( ) ( ) √ √
Q # 6. Given that ⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂, find the magnitude and angle of (a) ⃗ ⃗ , and
(b) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ,̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: (i) |⃗ | , Orientation of ⃗
(ii) |⃗ | , Orientation of ⃗
Calculations: (i) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √( ) ( ) √ √
( ) ( )
(ii) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ )̂ ( ̂ )̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
|⃗ | √( ) ( ) √ √
( ) ( )
Q # 7. Find the angle between two vectors, ⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂.

Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗
To Determine: ( )
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂) ( ̂ )̂
|⃗ | √ √ √ |⃗ | √ √ √
⃗ ⃗
( ) ( )
√ √
Q # 8. Find the work done when the point of application of force ̂ ̂ moves in a straight line from point
( ) to the point ( ).
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ,̂ Initial Point ( ), Final Point ( )
Displacement ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ )̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Work Done ⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂) ( ̂ )̂

Q # 9. Show that the three vectors ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂ ̂ are mutually perpendicular.
Given Data: Let ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂, ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂, ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
To Show: ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ⃗ ⃗
Q # 10. Given that ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ , find the projection of ⃗ on ⃗ .
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ (̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂)
|⃗ | √ ( ) √ √
⃗ ⃗
⃗ ⃗
Q # 11. Vector ⃗ , ⃗ and are 4 units north, 3 units west and 8 units east, respectively. Describe carefully
( )⃗ ⃗ ( )⃗ ( )⃗ .
In coordinate plane, we consider (by convention) directions of east, west, north and south along
respectively. Hence,
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ⃗ ̂
To Determine: ( ) ⃗ ⃗ ( )⃗ ⃗ ( )⃗ ⃗
Calculations: ( )⃗ ⃗ ̂ ( ̂) (̂ ̂) ( ̂) ̂
( )⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ (̂ ̂) ( ̂) ̂
( )⃗ ⃗ ( ̂) ̂ (̂ ̂) ( )
Q # 12. Consider a force ̂ ̂ ̂ (newton) acting on the point ̂ ̂ ̂ (m). What is the torque in N m
about the origin?
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂( ) ̂ ̂ ̂( )
To Determine: ⃗
̂ ̂ ̂
Calculations: ⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂

Q # 13. The line of action of force ̂ ̂, passes through a point whose position vector is ̂ ̂ . Find (a) the
moment of about the origin, (b) the moment of about the point of which the position vector is ̂ ̂.
Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
To Determine: ( ) ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ( ) ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
̂ ̂ ̂
Calculations: (i) ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂
(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ (̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Q # 14. The magnitude of dot and cross products of two vectors are √ and 6 respectively. Find the angle between
vectors.
Given Data: For two vectors ⃗ & ⃗ , |⃗ ⃗ | √ |⃗ ⃗|
To Determine: ⃗ ⃗
Calculations: |⃗ ⃗ | √ √ ( )
|⃗ ⃗| ( )
Dividing (1) and (2): ( )

√ √ √
Q # 15. A load of 10 N is suspended from a clothes line. This distorts the line so that it makes an angle of
with horizontal at each end. Find the tension in the clothes line.
Given Data: Load
To Determine:
Calculations: As ∑
As ∑
F.Sc. Physics, (1st Year), Exercise Short Questions

CLICK THE LINK TO DOWNLOAD
https://houseofphy.blogspot.com/2017/12/exercise-short-questions-fsc-
physics.html

Q # 16. A tractor of weight 15000 N crosses a single span bridge
of weight 8000 N and of length 21 m. The bridge is supported
half a meter from either end. The tractor’s front wheels takes 1/3
of the total weight of the tractor, and the rear wheels are 3 m
behinds the front wheels. Calculate the force on the bridge
supports when the rear wheels are at the middle of the bridge span.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
( )
∑
( )

Q # 17. A spherical ball of weight 50 N is to be lifted over the step as shown in the figure. Calculate the
minimum force needed just to lift it above the floor.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations: ∑
( )
| | | | ( )
From Fig. | | | | | |
In Triangle OAB: | | | | | | ( ) ( )
| | √
Q # 18. A uniform sphere of weight 10 N held by a string attached to a frictionless wall so that the string makes
an angle of with the wall as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the string and the force exerted on
sphere by the wall.
Given Data:
To Determine:
Calculations:

Physics (MCQ’s) 1st Year (Chapter # 2)
CHAPTER # 2: VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM

11. When two vectors are anti-parallel, the angle
1. Which one is a vector: between them is:
a) Length a) Zero
b) Volume b) 180°
c) Velocity c) 90°
d) Work d) 270°
2. An example of scalar quantity is 12. The resultant of two forces 30 N and 40 N acting at
a) Displacement an angle of 90° with each other is
b) Speed a) 30 N
c) Velocity b) 40 N
d) Torque c) 50 N
3. Name the quantity which is vector: d) 70 N
a) Density 13. The magnitude of the vector ̂− ̂+ is:

b) Power a) Zero
c) Charge b) One
d) Moment of Force c) Three
4. Rectangular coordinate system is also called: d)
a) Polar coordinate system
14. If 6N force act at right angle to 8N force, then the
b) Cartesian coordinate system
magnitude of resultant will be:
c) Cylindrical coordinate system
d) Space coordinate system a) 6N
b) 8N
5. The direction of a vector in space is specified by:
c) 10N
a) One angle d) 14N
b) Two angle
c) Three angle 15. If A⃗ + B⃗ = B⃗ + A⃗, this shows that addition of
d) No angle vectors is
6. If both components of a vector are negative, then a) Associative

resultant lies in: b) Commutative
c) Additive
a) 1st quadrant d) Additive inverse
b) 2nd quadrant 16. A body is in dynamic equilibrium only when it is
c) 3rd quadrant
d) 4th quadrant a) At rest
b) Moving with a variable velocity
7. In which quadrant the two rectangular components c) Moving with uniform acceleration
of a vector have same sign? d) Moving with uniform velocity
a) 1st
17. The unit vector along y-axis is
b) 2nd
c) both 1st and 3rd a) ̂
d) 4th b) ̂
8. If the x-component of a vector is positive and y- c)
component is negative, then resultant vector lies in d) None
what quadrant: 18. Mathematically, unit vector is described as:
st
a) 1 quadrant a) A = A A⃗
b) 2nd quadrant
b) A = ⃗
c) 3rd quadrant
⃗
d) 4th quadrant c) A =
9. If vector A lies in the third quadrant, its direction d) A = A⃗ . A⃗
will be:
19. A unit vector is obtained by dividing a vector with:
a) 180 − a) Its direction
b) 360 − b) Its magnitude
c) 180 + c) Its magnitude and direction
d) d) None
10. A single vector having the same effect as all the 20. The unit vector in the direction of vector
original vectors taken together, is called 
A = 2 ̂ − 2 ̂ + is:
a) Resultant vector
b) Equal vector a) 2̂ − 2̂ +
c) Position vector b) (2 ̂ − 2 ̂ + )/9
d) Unit vector c) (2 ̂ − 2 ̂ + )/3
d) (2 ̂ − 2 ̂ + )/5
1
Written and composed by Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik, Govt. Degree College, Naushera, Khushab, 0301-6775811
32. Two vectors A and B are making angle θ with each
21. The magnitude of a vector A⃗ = ̂− ̂ other. The projection of vector B on vector A is
a) + written as.
b) − a) A⃗. B⃗/
b) A⃗. B⃗/
c) + c) cos θ
d) Both a and b are correct.
d) − 33. The projection of a vector B⃗ over A⃗ is:
22. Vectors A is along y axis, its component along x a) cos
axis is: b) cos
a) A c) sin
b) A/2 d) sin
c) Zero
d) 2A 34. If = ̂+ ̂ + and
23. The angle between rectangular components of vector = ̂+ ̂ + then:
is:
a) 45° a) . = + +
b) 60° b) . = + +
c) 90° c) . = + +
d) 180° d) . = + +
24. A force of 10N is acting along x-axis, its component
along y-axis is 35. The magnitude of vector product is given by:
a) sin
a) 10N b) sin
b) 5N
c) cos
c) 8.66N
d) tan
d) Zero N
25. If vector A⃗ is acting along y-axis, its y-component is: 36. The direction of vector product is given by:
a) Head to tail rule
a) A b) Right hand rule
b) cos c) Left hand rule
c) sin d) Triangular rule
d) Zero
37. The cross product ̂ × ̂ is equal to
26. If = 2 ̂ − ̂ + 3 , then the magnitude of vector A a) zero
is: b) one
a) 4 c) –
b) 14 d)
c) √14 38. Torque has zero value, if the angle between ̅ and
d) None is
27. ̂ − ̂ −3 = a) 0°
b) 90°
a) √5 c) 270°
b) √7 d) 180°
c) √11
39. ̂ . ̂ × is equal to
d) √13
̅ = 2 ̂ + ̂ + 2 , then | ̅| is : a) 1
28. If
b) 0
a) Zero c) −1
b) 3 d) −
c) 5 40. The cross product of vectors will be minimum when
d) 9 the angle between vectors is
29. Dot product of two non-zero vectors is zero, when
angle between them is: a) 35
b) 90
a) 0
b) 30 c) 0
d) 45
c) 45
d) 90 41. The direction of torque is
30. The cross product ̂ × ̂ = ̂ × ̂ = × is equal to a) Along position vector ̅
a) 1
b) Parallel to the plane containing ̅ and
b) -1
c) Along force
c) Zero
d) Perpendicular to the plane containing ̅ and
d) None
31. The scalar product of two vectors is maximum when 42. A⃗ × A⃗ is
they are: a) A
a) Parallel b)
b) Perpendicular c) 2A
c) Anti-parallel d) Zero
2
43. If the position ̅ and force are in same direction,
then torque will be: 54. The magnitudes of rectangular component are equal
a) Maximum if its angle with x-axis is:
b) Minimum a) 45°
c) Same b) 90°
d) Negative c) 30°
44. The direction of torque can be found by: d) 0°
55. If = , then the angle between the vector A
a) Head to tail rule
with x-axis will be:
b) Right hand rule
a) 0
c) Left hand rule
b) 30
d) Fleming rule
c) 45
45. At what angle, the two vectors of the same d) 90
magnitude have to oriented, if they were to be 56. The resultant of two forces of equal magnitudes is
combined to give a resultant equal to a vector of also equal to the magnitude of the forces. The angle
same magnitude? between the two forces is.
a) 45° a) 30o
b) 90° b) 60 o
c) 120° c) 90 o
d) 180° d) 120 o
57. The magnitude of dot and cross product of two
46. If the line of action of force passes through axis of vectors are 6√3 and 6 respectively. The angle
rotation or the origin, then its torque is: between them will be
a) Maximum a) 0°
b) Unity b) 30°
c) Zero c) 45°
d) None of these
d) 60°
47. The magnitude of a vector can never be: 58. The magnitude of cross-product and dot-product of
a) Positive two vectors are equal, the angle between them is
b) Negative a) Zero
c) Positive and negative b) 45°
d) None of these c) 90°
48. The minimum number of unequal forces whose d) 180°
resultant will be zero: 59. Two vectors to be combined have magnitudes 60 N
a) 2 and 35 N. The correct answer for the magnitude of
b) 3 their resultant will be:
c) 4 a) 15 N
d) 5 b) 20 N
c) 70 N
49. Torque is defined as. d) 100 N
a) Turning effect of force Q. No. Ans. Q. No. Ans. Q. No. Ans.
b) Cross product of force and position vector 1 c 21 c 41 d
c) Product of force and moment arm 2 b 22 c 42 d
d) All a, b and c are correct 3 d 23 c 43 b
50. SI unit of torque is: 4 b 24 d 44 b
5 c 25 a 45 c
a) Nm-1
6 c 26 c 46 c
b) Nm
7 c 27 c 47 c
c) Nm-2
d) None 8 d 28 b 48 b
9 c 29 d 49 d
51. A body will be in complete equilibrium when it is 10 a 30 c 50 b
satisfying: 11 b 31 a 51 c
a) 1st condition of equilibrium 12 c 32 a 52 a
b) 2nd condition of equilibrium 13 b 33 b 53 a
c) Both 1st and 2nd condition of equilibrium 14 c 34 a 54 a
d) Impossible 15 b 35 b 55 c
52. For a body to be in complete equilibrium, 16 d 36 b 56 d
17 b 37 d 57 b
a) =0 =0
18 c 38 a 58 b
b) ∑ = 0
19 b 39 a 59 c
c) ∑ = 0
20 c 40 c
d) None
53. If a body is at rest, then it will be in
a) Static equilibrium
b) Dynamic equilibrium
c) Translational equilibrium
d) Unstable equilibrium
3

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Chapter 2 (1st Year Physics) Vectors and Equilibrium (Edition: 2015-16)

VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM

2.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VECTORS

Q # 1. What do you know about vectors? How a vector is represented graphically?

 The direction of position vector of point P in a plane is

Q # 3. Describe the Head to Tail rule.

The vector sum ⃗ ⃗ and ⃗ ⃗ has the same resultant

So vector addition is commutative.

Q # 4. Is it possible to add a vector quantity to a scalar quantity?

Q # 5. Can you add zero to a null vector?

Q # 6. What do you know about the Resultant Vector?

Q # 9. Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged

Q # 11. Define following

(iii) Null Vector

(iv) Component of a Vector

Q # 12. Suppose, in rectangular coordinate system, a vector ⃗ has its tail

Q # 18. Find out the rectangular component of a vector.

are called rectangular components of ⃗ .

Q # 19. Under what circumstances would a vector have components

It is clear from the expression that the magnitude of a vector

2.2 VECTOR ADDITION IN TERMS OF RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS

Let and are the x-components of the vectors ⃗ ⃗

GENERALIZATION: If ⃗⃗ is the resultant vector of a large number of coplanar vectors represented

To Determine: Magnitude of Resultant ⃗ |⃗ | , Direction of Resultant

Q # 30. If a vector ⃗ is added to vector ⃗ , the result is ̂ ̂. If ⃗ is subtracted from ⃗ , the

Calculations: Adding (1) & (2) ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The direction of a vector in space is 5. If ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ , this shows that

2.3 PRODUCTS OF VECTORS

Q # 34. Show that the scalar product is commutative.

(ii) Scalar product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is zero.

(iii) The scalar product of two parallel vectors is equal to the

Q # 38. Show that the three vectors ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂ ̂ are mutually

Q # 39. Given that ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ , find the projection of ⃗ on ⃗ .

Q # 40. Find the projection of vector ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ in the direction of the vector

Q # 41. Find the angle between two vectors, ⃗ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂.

Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗ √ -------------- (2)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q # 43. What do you know about Vector Product?

where and are the magnitudes of vector ⃗ and ⃗ and is

Q # 44. Show that the vector product is non-commutative.

Q # 46. Describe the properties of vector product.

Ans. The conditions that could make the ⃗ ⃗ are as follows:

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

position vector (in meter) is ̂ ̂ ̂.

Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

To Determine: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗

Calculations: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

Given Data: ⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂

To Determine: ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗

(ii) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ (̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂

Dividing (1) and (2): ( )

2.5 EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCES

Q # 64. A uniform beam of 200 N is supported horizontally as shown. If

Q # 65. A boy weighing 300 N is standing at the edge of a uniform diving

Putting values in (1)

Putting values in (1)

Q # 69. Identify the correct answer.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS