TECHNOLOGY PROFILE

Ultra-conductive, low-density ceramic proppant

More space
to flow

Lower F&D costs, increased recovery

KRYPTOSPHERE® LD ultra-conductive, In addition, KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology provides comparable
and, in many cases, higher conductivity than intermediate-
low-density ceramic proppant technology density and bauxite ceramics while delivering improved
significantly exceeds the conductivity, proppant transport and increased propped fracture volume.
compressive strength and durability of The higher flow rates and larger propped volume increases
recovery and return on investment, thereby lowering finding
existing low-density products. and development costs per barrel of oil equivalent.

KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology:
Precision-engineered, strong, durable, Extraordinary strength and durability.
round, single-mesh-sized and smooth
Maintains higher conductivity and flow
proppant grains
for the life of the well

Significantly less erosive on pumping Improved proppant transport and

equipment due its excellent shape and higher propped volume compared to
smoothness intermediate-density proppant

Round and smooth. Reduces flow path Uniform size and shape for optimal
tortuosity to reduce non-Darcy impacts proppant packing. Creates a frac with
and improve overall conductivity more space for hydrocarbon flow
 KRYPTOSPHERE LD ultra-conductive, low-density ceramic proppant

A step-change in performance
KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology creates more space for hydrocarbon flow which results in the highest levels of production and
recovery across the entire range of low and high stress conditions. The significantly higher baseline conductivity compared to
typical intermediate- and low-density ceramic proppant maintains the highest flow rates and extends the productive life of the frac.

Conductivity comparison, 25 Mesh vs comparable mesh products

7,000
KRYPTOSPHERE LD25

HDC (bauxite) 20/40

6,000
IDC (ISP) 20/40

LDC (CARBOLITE) 20/40

Reference conductivity (md-ft)

5,000

30% increase over

4,000 IDC proppant

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
Closure stress (psi)

Conductivity comparison, 35 Mesh vs comparable mesh products

3,500
KRYPTOSPHERE LD35

HDC (bauxite) 30/50

3,000
IDC (ISP) 30/50

LDC (CARBOLITE) 30/50

Reference conductivity (md-ft)

2,500 60% increase over

IDC proppant

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0
6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
Closure stress (psi)
 Sustains conductivity after stress-cycling
KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology has a high crush-resistance and withstands stress-cycling to ensure
that fracture conductivity, integrity and connectivity are sustained long-term to optimize production.

Conductivity before and after 5 stress cycles (Cycle: 14,000 psi - 6,000 psi - 14,000 psi)

Before cycling

After cycling
API conductivity at
14,000 psi, md-ft

KRYPTOSPHERE LD25 IDC 20/40 KRYPTOSPHERE LD35 LDC (CARBOLITE) 30/50

Exceptional microstructure for increased strength and durability

KRYPTOSPHERE LD Standard low-density ceramic proppant

KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology has an exceptionally low and High internal porosity with irregular distribution dramatically
uniformly distributed internal porosity which creates a proppant reduces strength leading to the creation of fines that rapidly
with extraordinary compressive strength and durability. reduce conductivity and production.

Lower beta factor and pressure drop

The spherical, smooth and uniform size characteristics of KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology creates a frac with more uniform flow
paths. The reduced flow path tortuosity minimizes the pressure drop due to non-Darcy flow effects across the fracture which
further enhances overall conductivity, flow rates and ultimate recovery.

Beta factor comparison, 25 Mesh vs comparable mesh products Beta factor comparison, 35 Mesh vs comparable mesh products
0.0035 0.0035
KRYPTOSPHERE LD25 KRYPTOSPHERE LD35
0.0030 0.0030
Beta factor (atm-sec2/g)

Beta factor (atm-sec2/g)

IDC (ISP) 20/40 IDC (ISP) 30/60

0.0025 0.0025
LDC (CARBOLITE) 20/40 LDC (CARBOLITE) 30/50
0.0020 0.0020

0.0015 0.0015

0.0010 0.0010

0.0005 0.0005

0.0000 0.0000
6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000
KRYPTOSPHERE LD ultra-conductive, low-density ceramic proppant

Physical and chemical properties

Typical sieve analysis [weight % retained] Single mesh size technology
U.S. Mesh [mesh] Microns LD20 LD25 LD35 100

-18+20 mesh -1000+850 100 0 0 90 KRYPTOSPHERE LD25

100% +/- 30 μm
-20+25 mesh -850+710 0 100 0 80 (840-780 μm)
Conventional 20/40
-30+35 mesh -600+500 0 0 100 70 95% +/- 212 μm
(850-425 μm)
Mean particle diameter [microns] 960 810 575 60

Wt%
API/ISO crush test 50
% by weight fines generated @12,500 psi 10 8 5
40
Sizing requirements:
These specifications meet the recommended practices as detailed in ISO 13503-2. 30

20
Typical additional properties
10
Roundness 0.9 Apparent specific gravity 2.83
0
Sphericity 0.9 Absolute volume [gal/lb] 0.042 18 20 25 30 40 50

Bulk density [lb/ft ] 3

104 Solubility in 12/3 HCl/HF <2 Mesh Size
[g/cm3] 1.67 acid [% weight loss] KRYPTOSPHERE LD technology is a single-mesh-sized product
Chemistry >50% that can be manufactured at the optimal size for your fracture
Alumina design and reservoir conditions.

Long-term conductivity
Closure stress Reference conductivity*, md-ft Closure stress Beta Factor, atm-sec^2/gram
[psi] 20 Mesh 25 Mesh 35 Mesh 45 Mesh [psi] 20 Mesh 25 Mesh 35 Mesh
2,000 9,095 8,490 3,490 2,188 2,000 0.000099 0.000097 0.000228
4,000 8,155 7,225 3,200 2,100 4,000 0.000114 0.000120 0.000254
6,000 6,820 5,750 2,790 1,950 6,000 0.000143 0.000162 0.000302
8,000 5,095 4,075 2,400 1,770 8,000 0.000210 0.000254 0.000366
10,000 3,500 2,890 1,860 1,463 10,000 0.000349 0.000403 0.000500
12,000 2,450 2,050 1,420 1,015 12,000 0.000562 0.000626 0.000697
14,000 1,700 1,440 1,025 671 14,000 0.000919 0.001010 0.001043
16,000 1,100 975 700 425 16,000 0.001648 0.001688 0.001043

Closure stress Reference permeability*, Darcies

[psi] 20 Mesh 25 Mesh 35 Mesh 45 Mesh
2,000 512 469 204 130
4,000 464 405 188 126
6,000 395 327 165 118
8,000 301 237 143 108
10,000 211 170 113 90
12,000 151 124 88 64
14,000 107 88 65 43
16,000 71 61 45 28

* Reference conductivity and permeability are measured with a single phase fluid under laminar
flow conditions in accordance with ISO 13503-5. In an actual fracture, the effective conductivity will
be much lower due to non‑Darcy and multiphase flow effects. For more information, please refer
to SPE Paper #106301.

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