Power Supply Design Seminar

Switch-mode power converter Switch-mode power converter

compensation made easy compensation made easy
Reproduced from
2016 Texas Instruments Power Supply Design Seminar SEM2200

TI Literature Number: SLUP341

© 2016, 2017 Texas Instruments Incorporated Louis Diana
Power Seminar topics and online power training modules are available at:ti.com/psds Robert Sheehan

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar

Agenda Compensation design and objectives

• Compensation design and objectives Why do we need feedback and why do we need compensation?
• Feedback is needed to
• Explanation of poles and zeros regulate the output voltage
• Power stage characteristics • The bandwidth of the control
loop determines the response
• Error amplifier and transconductance amplifier time

• Isolated feedback with optocoupler

• Compensation examples
• Circuit limitations and other issues

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-2 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-3

Control loop response Phase margin and gain margin

Poor transient response Objective Good transient response Control loop – frequency response Phase margin and stability
60 135
• Sufficient phase margin is needed to
IOUT • Maximize crossover IOUT 40 90 prevent oscillation (45º min.)
frequency for fastest
• Gain margin goal 10 dB min.
MAGNITUDE (dB)

transient response
PHASE (°)

VOUT VOUT 20
Phase margin
45
• Slope of –20 dB/decade when passing
• Adjust compensation for through 0 dB
0 0
best settling behavior • Bandwidth rule of thumb is 1/5 to 1/10
Gain margin
-20 -45 of switching frequency

• Response is under- • Response is well

-40 -90
damped causing damped with good 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
oscillatory behavior settling behavior
FREQUENCY (Hz)

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-4 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-5
Poles and zeros Inverted and right-half-plane zeros
Pole Zero Inverted zero Right-half-plane zero
1 s Z s
H (s)  1 1 1
1
s Z s Z
H (s)  H (s)  H (s) 
P 1 1 1

20 45 60 135 60 45 60 45
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
0 0 40 90 40 0 40 0

PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
-20 -45 20 45 20 -45 20 -45

-40 -90 0 0 0 -90 0 -90

-60 -135 -20 -45 -20 -135 -20 -135

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-6 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-7

Complex conjugate pole and ESR zero Control methods and operating modes
Complex conjugate pole With ESR zero • Voltage-mode control
s
1 1
H (s) 
H (s) 
Z Control methods
s s • Current-mode control
2
1  s s 2

QO  O O 2 1 
QO  O O 2

20
Gain
45 20 45
• Fixed frequency
0 0 0 0 Operating modes
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

Q=2
• Continuous conduction-mode (CCM)
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)

-20 Q=1 -45 -20 -45

Q = 0.5
-40 Q = 0.25 -90 -40 -90
Phase
-60 -135 -60 -135 • Switching frequency – fSW 1
Switching frequency T
-80 -180 -80 -180
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 and period • Switching period – T f SW
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-8 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-9

Buck, boost and buck-boost derived topologies Voltage-mode buck power stage
• Forward • Push-pull
Buck, • Two switch forward • Full bridge
40 45
AVC O
forward, VOUT  VIN  D • Active clamp forward • Phase-shifted full 20 2  0
MAGNITUDE (dB)

push-pull, • Half bridge bridge

PHASE (°)

N N 0 Z -45
bridge VOUT  VIN  D  S
NP
VOUT  VIN  2  D  S
NP 2 
-20 -90
• Boost topology On-time duty cycle: -40 -135
VOUT  VIN 
1 D
Boost D Off-time duty cycle: -60 -180
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
D′ = 1 - D VIN 1
AVC  O  FREQUENCY (Hz)
VRAMP L  COUT
• Buck-boost derived • Flyback
Buck-boost, D topologies ROUT 1
s
VOUT  VIN  D NS QO  Z 
1
vˆOUT Z
SEPIC, D • SEPIC VOUT  VIN  
D N P
L
C OUT RESR  COUT  AVC 
vˆC s s2
flyback • Cuk 1 
QO  O O 2

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-10 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-11
Current-mode buck power stage Current-mode boost power stage
VIN
40 45 40 45
AVC P AVC P
L RS 20 2  0 20 2  L 0

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
Logic VOUT R
COUT 2 

PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
ROUT 0 -45 0 2  -45
A RESR 
+ -20 -90 -20 Z -90
PWM -  + VSLOPE Z L 2 
+ VC -40 2  2  -135 -40 -135

1 -60 -180 -60 -180

Ri  A  RS Z  10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 ROUT  D 2
K m R i 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
RESR  COUT Ri  A  RS R  L 
FREQUENCY (Hz) L L FREQUENCY (Hz)
ROUT VIN ROUT  D 1
AVC  Km  at D = 0.5 AVC  Z 
Ri VSLOPE s 2  Ri RESR  COUT  s   s 
1 1    1  
vˆOUT Z vˆOUT  R    Z 
1 K m R i  AVC  2  AVC  
P  L  vˆC  s   s  P  V
K m  OUT
vˆC  s   s 
COUT  ROUT L 1     1    COUT  ROUT
VSLOPE
at D = 0.5 1     1   
 P   L   P   L 

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-12 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-13

Current-mode buck-boost power stage Current-mode forward power stage

T1
40 45 NP : NS D1 L 40 45
P VIN VOUT P
AVC COUT AVC
CIN
20 2  L 0 D2 ROUT 20 2  0
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
RESR
R 2 
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
PWM
Logic
0 2  -45 Q1 0 -45
VSLOPE
-20 Z -90 A -20 -90
+
 2  - 
RS Z L
+ VC
-40 -135 -40 2  2  -135

-60 -180 -60 -180

ROUT  D 2
K m R i Ri  A  RS Z 
1
Ri  A  RS R  L  10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
RESR  COUT
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
LD L
FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)
ROUT  D ROUT N P VIN
AVC  Z 
1 AVC   Km  at D = 0.5
1  D   Ri RESR  COUT 
1 
s  
  1 
s 

Ri N S VSLOPE
1
s
vˆOUT  R    Z  vˆOUT Z
 AVC  
2
1 D VIN  VOUT P 
1 K m R i  N S   AVC 
P  Km  at D = 0.5 vˆC  s   s  L     vˆC  s   s 
COUT  ROUT VSLOPE 1     1    COUT  ROUT L  NP  1     1   
 P   L   P   L 

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-14 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-15

Current-mode flyback power stage Type I error amplifier

40 45 60 135
AVC P
20 2  L 0 40 90
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

R 2 
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)

0 2  -45 20 45

-20 Z -90 0 0
2   EA
+


-40 -135 -20 -45
2 
Ri  A  RS 2 -60 -180 -40 -90
ROUT  D  N P 
2
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
ROUT  D N P R   
AVC   LP  D  N S 
1  D   Ri N S FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
FREQUENCY (Hz)

1 D
N
VIN  VOUT  P  EA 
P  NS  s   s  RFBT  CCOMP
COUT  ROUT
Km 
VSLOPE
at D = 0.5 1    1 
 R    Z 
 vˆC 
vˆOUT
 AVC     EA
Z 
1
L 
K m R i vˆC  s   s 
1     1   

vˆOUT s
RESR  COUT LP  P   L 

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-16 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-17
Type II error amplifier Type II transconductance amplifier
80 180 80 180

60 135 60 135

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
40 90 40 90

20 AVM 45 20 AVM 45
 ZEA  HF  ZEA  HF
0 2  2  0 0 2  2  0

R -20 -45
AVM  K FB  g m  RCOMP
-20 -45
AVM  COMP 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
RFBT
FREQUENCY (Hz)  ZEA 
1 RFBB FREQUENCY (Hz)
1 K FB 
ZEA  RCOMP  CCOMP RFBB  RFBT
RCOMP  CCOMP
 ZEA 1
s 1  1
s
1 1  HF  AOL  g m  REA 1  ZEA
 HF  vˆC s AVM   ZEA ZEA RCOMP  C HF vˆC s AVM   ZEA ZEA
RCOMP  C HF   AVM      AVM   

vˆOUT s s s 
vˆOUT s s s
1 1 1 1
Assumption: CCOMP  C HF  HF  HF Assumptions: CCOMP  C HF & REA  RCOMP  HF  HF

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-18 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-19

Type III error amplifier Isolated feedback with optocoupler

80 270 80 180
60 225 60 135
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
40 180
40 90
20 135
 FP  HF 20 AVM 45
0 AVM 90  ZEA  HF
 ZEA  FZ 2  2 
-20 45 0 2  2  0
2  2 
R -40 0 R I -20 -45
AVM  COMP 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 AVM  CTR  P CTR  C 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
RFBT RD IF
1 FREQUENCY (Hz) FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
ZEA   FZ  1
RCOMP  CCOMP RFBT  C FF ZEA 
  ZEA   s   s   s  RFBT  CCOMP  s
1    1   1    1   1  ZEA 1
s    FZ 
1
ZEA    FZ 
1
 FP   HF  vˆC  A  vˆC s AVM   ZEA ZEA
RFF  C FF RCOMP  C HF   AVM    VM ZEA     AVM   

vˆOUT  s   s  s  s   s  1 
vˆOUT s s s
 HF  1 1
Assumptions: CCOMP  C HF & RFBT  RFF 1     1    1     1    RP  C P  HF  HF
 FP   HF   FP   HF 

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-20 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-21

Voltage-mode buck Voltage-mode buck compensation strategy

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power ωC
AVM 
Output filter dissipation AVC  ωO
• Pick target bandwidth, typically fSW/10: RCOMP  AVM  RFBT
ωC = 2·π·fC
Modulator • Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth CCOMP 
1
 ZEA  RCOMP
VOUT • Set ωZEA and ωFZ equal to the output filter complex conjugate
D
VIN pole ωO: C FF 
1
ωZEA = ωFZ = ωO  FZ  RFBT
V  VOUT
D  IN
VIN
Error 1
• Set ωFP equal to the output filter zero ωZ: RFF 
amplifier ωFP = ωZ  FP  C FF
• Set ωHF equal to half the switching frequency: C HF 
1
ωHF = 2·π·fSW/2  HF  RCOMP

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-22 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-23
Voltage-mode buck compensation results Isolated current-mode flyback
Power stage 40
AVC
45

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 0
O Z
s 0 -45
1 2 

(dB)
vˆOUT
vˆC
 AVC 
s
Z
s2
-20
-40
2  -90
-135 Output filter
1  -60 -180
QO  O O 2 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Modulator
Error amplifier 60
 ZEA  FZ
270
D
VOUT
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 & 225
2  2  NS
  ZEA   s  20 180 VIN   VOUT
1    1   (dB)  FP  HF
s    FZ  0 135 NP

+
vˆC  AVM 
  AVM  -20 90

vˆOUT  s   s  2  2 
1    1 
  FP    HF 
 -40
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
45
1,000,000 D 
VIN
NP
Error
VIN  VOUT 
Control loop 60 135 NS amplifier
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 90
20 45
(dB)

vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC 0 0

  -20
C -45

vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT
-40 2  -90
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-24 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-25

Current-mode flyback compensation strategy Current-mode flyback compensation results

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power D N P Power stage 40 R Z 45
Gm (mod)   AVC

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 0
dissipation Ri N S  s   s  0 P 2  2  -45
1     1    L

(dB)
• Find the modulator transconductance in A/V 2 vˆOUT
 AVC   R   Z 
-20
2  -90
ROUT  D2 N  vˆC  s   s 
-40 2  -135

• Find the RHPZ frequency at minimum input voltage and R    P  1     1   
-60 -180
LP  D  NS   P   L  10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
maximum load current
C  COUT Error amplifier 40 270
• Set the target bandwidth to 1/4 of the RHPZ frequency: AVM  AVM

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 225
Gm (mod)  ZEA 0 180
ωC = 2·π·fC = ωR/4 1 ZEA

(dB)
vˆC s -20 HF 135
  AVM 
• Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth RP 
vˆOUT s -40 2  2  90
RD  CTR  1 -60 45
Adjust RD, RP and COUT as required A VM  HF 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

• Set ωZEA equal to 1/10 the target crossover frequency: 1 Control loop 60 135
CCOMP 
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
ωZEA = ωC/10 RFBT   ZEA
40
20
90
45
• Set ωHF equal to the lower of the RHP or ESR zero vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC (dB) 0 0
1   -20 C -45
frequency: CP  
vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT
2 
RP   HF
-40 -90
ωHF = ωR or ωZ 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-26 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-27

Bandwidth vs. transient response Switching regulator with poor compensation

Current-mode bandwidth Current-mode transient response
0.1 μF
• Power stage: phase at –180° Transient response
TPS54620
3.3 μH
VIN BOOT VOUT indicates high internal slope IOUT
60 135 VIN PH

∆I
15 μF
31.6 kΩ
compensation
40 90
MAGNITUDE

GND
PHASE (°)

U1 47 μF
20 45
VSENSE
• Error amplifier: zero appears
EN 10 kΩ VOUT
(dB)

COMP
0 0 SS/TR
RT/CLK 5 kΩ
high and mid-band gain is 3 dB
22 μF
-20 fC -45 10 nF 100 kΩ 1 nF effective • Control loop: fC is 95 kHz with
-40 -90 vP capacitance
only 20° phase margin
100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 tP
FREQUENCY (Hz)
Power stage Error amplifier Control loop
40 45 60 270 60 135
1 1
With no ESR, slew rate or duty cycle limiting: tP  tP   25s 40 225
4  fC 4 10kHz 20 0 40 90
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
PHASE (°)
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)

I 5A 0 -45 20 180 20 45
VP  VP   180mV
Current-mode single pole approximation: 2    f C C OUT 2   10kHz  440 F -20 -90 0 135 0 0
I 5A
Current-mode critically damped: VP  VP   130mV shown above -40 -135 -20 90 -20 -45
e    f C C OUT e   10kHz  440F
-60 -180 -40 45 -40 -90
I 5A 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Voltage-mode: VP  VP   140mV 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000
8  f C C OUT 8 10kHz  440 F FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz)

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-28 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-29
Switching regulator with revised compensation Practical limitations
0.1 μF
• Power stage: cannot change Transient response
TPS54620
3.3 μH
VIN
VIN
BOOT
PH
VOUT slope compensation IOUT
15 μF
GND U1
31.6 kΩ
47 μF
• Error amplifier: decrease
EN
VSENSE
COMP 10 kΩ
RCOMP and rescale CCOMP VOUT
SS/TR 1 kΩ
RT/CLK
22 μF • Control loop: now fC is 30 kHz
10 nF 100 kΩ 10 nF effective
capacitance with 67° phase margin

Power stage Error amplifier Control loop

40 45 60 270 60 135
20 0 40 225 40 90
MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)

MAGNITUDE (dB)
• Error amp BW can limit • Resistance seen by output • Maximum fC is a fraction

PHASE (°)
PHASE (°)

PHASE (°)
0 -45 20 180 20 45
0 135
maximum fC transistor forms a pole in of fSW
-20 -90 0 0
-40 -135 -20 90 -20 -45
• Wider BW op amp needed kHz range • Rule of thumb is 1/5 to
-60 -180 -40 45 -40 -90
for voltage-mode due to • More of an issue for forward 1/10 of fSW
0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Type III compensation topologies at higher fC
FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz)

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-30 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-31

DCM vs. CCM characteristics Filter considerations

DCM duty cycle Input filter stability Second stage filters
• Buck
2  L  f SW  I OUT  VOUT
D
VIN  VIN  VOUT 

• Boost
2  L  f SW  I OUT  VOUT  VIN 
D
VIN
For stability: Filter ZOUT << Converter ZIN • Capacitors: make COUT1 smaller than COUT2
• Inductors: make L2 smaller than L1
• Buck-boost L
• Discontinuous conduction-mode (DCM) occurs when the inductor • Characteristic impedance Z S  C
IN
• Resonance: make second stage filter
current dwells at zero before the end of the switching cycle 2  L  f SW  I OUT  VOUT
IN
resonance 3 times fC
D • Damping factor 1  RL  RC Z S 
• This causes a reduction in the bandwidth VIN       • Damping: make second stage filter damped
• Generally, if the loop is stable in CCM, it will be stable in DCM 2  ZS Z IN  to a Q of 1

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-32 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-33

Summary Resources and references

• “Closing the Feedback Loop” by Lloyd Dixon, SEM300
• Identify poles and zeros of the power stage
• “Current-Mode Control of Switching Power Supplies” by Lloyd Dixon, SEM400
• Cancel with zeros and poles in the error amp • “The Right-Half-Plane Zero -- A Simplified Explanation” by Lloyd Dixon, SEM500
• “Isolating the Control Loop” by Robert Mammano, SEM700
• Adjust the gain for best performance
• “Control Loop Design” by Lloyd Dixon, SEM800
• “Control Loop Cookbook” by Lloyd Dixon, SEM1100
• “A More Accurate Current-Mode Control Model” by Ray Ridley, SEM1300
• “Designing Stable Control Loops” by Dan Mitchell and Bob Mammano, SEM1400
• “Current-Mode Modeling – Reference Guide” by Robert Sheehan, SNVA542
• “Understanding and Applying Current-Mode Control Theory” by Robert Sheehan, SNVA555
• “Frequency Compensation and Power Stage Design for Buck Converters to Meet Load
Transient Specifications” by S. Bag, R. Sheehan, et al., APEC 2014

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-34 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-35
Appendix Current-mode buck
• Current-mode buck compensation
Output filter
• Current-mode boost compensation
• Current-mode buck-boost compensation
Modulator
• Isolated compensation techniques
VOUT
• Isolated forward converter compensation D
VIN  Error
V  VOUT
amplifier
D  IN
VIN

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-36 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-37

Current-mode buck compensation strategy Current-mode buck compensation results

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power Gm (mod) 
1 Power stage 40
AVC
90

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
Ri
20 Z L 45
dissipation 1
s P
2  2 

(dB)
0 0
vˆOUT Z 2 
 AVC 
• Find the modulator transconductance in A/V C  COUT vˆC  s   s 
-20 -45
AVM  1     1    -40 -90
Gm (mod)  P   L 
• Pick target bandwidth, typically fSW/10: 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

ωC = 2·π·fC RCOMP  AVM  RFBT (op amp) Error amplifier 40  HF 225

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
 ZEA
20 AVM 2  180
• Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth 1

(dB)
0 135
AVM vˆC s  ZEA
RCOMP    AVM  -20 90
• Set ωZEA equal to 1/10 the target crossover frequency: (gm amp) 
vˆOUT s
g m  K FB 1
 HF
-40 2  45
ωZEA = ωC/10 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
1
• Set ωHF equal to the ESR zero frequency: CCOMP  Control loop 60 135
ωZEA  RCOMP
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 90
ωHF = ωZ vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC (dB)
20
0
45
0
1   C
C HF  
vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT -20
2 
-45
ωHF  RCOMP -40
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
-90
1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-38 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-39

Current-mode boost Current-mode boost compensation strategy

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power D
L Gm (mod) 
VIN VOUT dissipation Ri
• Find the modulator transconductance in A/V ROUT  D2
CIN COUT Output filter R 
ROUT • Find the RHPZ frequency at minimum input voltage and L
Ri RESR maximum load current  C
Modulator AVM  C OUT
• Set the target bandwidth to 1/4 of the RHPZ frequency: Gm (mod)

VOUT  VIN +  + VSLOPE

Error ωC = 2·π·fC = ωR/4 RCOMP  AVM  RFBT (op amp)
D Logic
VOUT
PWM -
RFBT amplifier • Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth RCOMP 
AVM
(gm amp)
VFB g m  K FB
VC
VIN + gm- • Set ωZEA equal to 1/10 the target crossover frequency:
D  + VREF RFBB 1
VOUT CHF RCOMP ωZEA = ωC/10 CCOMP 
Peak current-mode boost ωZEA  RCOMP
Optimal VSLOPE = (VOUT - VIN)·Ri·T/L CCOMP • Set ωHF equal to the lower of the RHP or ESR zero frequency:
1
ωHF = ωR or ωZ C HF 
ωHF  RCOMP

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-40 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-41
Current-mode boost compensation results Current-mode buck-boost
Power stage 40 R Z 45
AVC

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 0
 s   s  P 2  2 
Output filter
0 -45
1     1    L

(dB)
vˆOUT -20
2  -90
 AVC   R   Z 
-40 2  -135
vˆC  s   s 
1     1   
-60 -180
 P   L  10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Error amplifier 40
AVM
270
Modulator
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 225
 ZEA 0 180
1 (dB) ZEA
vˆC s -20 HF 135 VOUT
  AVM 

vˆOUT s -40 2  2  90 D
1 -60 45 VIN  VOUT
 HF 
Error
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Control loop 60 135 VIN

D  amplifier
MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 90
20 45 VIN  VOUT
(dB)

vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC 0 0

  -20 C -45

vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT
-40 2  -90
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-42 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-43

Current-mode buck-boost compensation strategy Current-mode buck-boost compensation results

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power D Power stage 40 R Z 45
Gm (mod)  AVC

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 0
dissipation Ri  s   s  0 P 2  2  -45
1     1    L

(dB)
• Find the modulator transconductance in A/V ROUT  D2 vˆOUT
 AVC   R   Z 
-20
2  -90

R  vˆC  s   s 
-40 2  -135
1     1   
-60 -180
• Find the RHPZ frequency at minimum input voltage and LD  P   L  10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
maximum load current  C
AVM  C OUT Error amplifier 40 270
Gm (mod) AVM

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
20 225
• Set the target bandwidth to 1/4 of the RHPZ frequency:  ZEA 0 180
RCOMP  AVM  RFBT (op amp) 1 ZEA HF

(dB)
ωC = 2·π·fC = ωR/4 vˆC s -20 135
  AVM 
AVM 
vˆOUT 1
s -40
2  2  90
• Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth RCOMP  (gm amp)  HF
-60 45
g m  K FB 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
• Set ωZEA equal to 1/10 the target crossover frequency:
ωZEA = ωC/10 CCOMP 
1 Control loop 60 135

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 90
ωZEA  RCOMP 20 45
• Set ωHF equal to the lower of the RHP or ESR zero frequency: vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC (dB) 0 0
1   -20 C -45
C HF  
vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT
ωHF = ωR or ωZ ωHF  RCOMP
-40 2  -90
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-44 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-45

Isolated compensation techniques Primary side compensation

Simplest method: Optocoupler with shunt regulator Primary side compensation High bandwidth configuration
VC VCC
• CTR – Current transfer • RD – Connected to VOUT
ratio creates a feedback path
‫ܫ‬஼ even when CCOMP rolls off RF
‫ ܴܶܥ‬ൌ
‫ܫ‬ி the gain RI
• CP – Includes opto -
parasitic capacitance. • TL431 – Cathode cannot + VREF RE
This creates a pole with pull lower than the
gain setting resistor RP reference voltage

• Uses primary side inverting amplifier to • Opto emitter is at virtual ground of VREF
1
1 implement frequency compensation • This minimizes pole due to opto
vˆC R s  CCOMP  RFBT
 CTR  P  parasitic capacitance

vˆOUT RD 1  s  C P  RP

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-46 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-47
Secondary side compensation Isolated current-mode forward
ESR zero compensation Phase boost Zener bias
V′OUT V′OUT V′OUT
CS RS RS
RD RD CFF RD ZS
RFBT
RFF CHF
Output filter
Modulator
CCOMP RFBT RFBT CCOMP RCOMP D
VOUT N P

Error
CCOMP
VIN N S amplifier

+

TL431 RFBB TL431 RFBB TL431 RFBB NP
VIN  VOUT 
NS
D 
• Zener bias for RD eliminates VIN
• An RC pole to the opto can • Feed-forward across RD adds
the high frequency feedback
be used to cancel the output phase boost for increased
path for secondary-side
capacitor ESR zero bandwidth
compensation

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-48 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-49

Current-mode forward compensation strategy Current-mode forward compensation results

• Choose a value for RFBT based on bias current and power 1 NP Power stage 40 90

MAGNITUDE
AVC

PHASE (°)
Gm (mod)  
20 Z L 45
dissipation 1
s P
Ri N S 2  2 

(dB)
0 0
vˆOUT Z 2 
 AVC 
• Find the modulator transconductance in A/V vˆC  s   s 
-20 -45

C  COUT 1     1    -40 -90

AVM   P   L 
• Pick target bandwidth, typically fSW/10: 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Gm (mod)
ωC = 2·π·fC Error amplifier 40  HF 225

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
R  ZEA
20 AVM 2  180
• Find the mid-band gain AVM to achieve target bandwidth RD  CTR  P 1

(dB)
0 135
vˆC s  ZEA
A VM   AVM 
Adjust RD, RP and COUT as required 
vˆOUT 1
s -20
-40 2 
90
45
 HF
• Set ωZEA equal to 1/10 the target crossover frequency: CCOMP 
1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

ωZEA = ωC/10 RFBT   ZEA Control loop 60 135

MAGNITUDE

PHASE (°)
40 90
• Set ωHF equal to the ESR zero frequency: 1 vˆOUT vˆOUT vˆC (dB)
20 45
CS   
0
C
0
ωHF = ωZ RS   HF 
vˆOUT 
vˆC vˆOUT -20
-40 2 
-45
-90
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-50 Texas Instruments – 2016/17 Power Supply Design Seminar 3-51

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