Pavement Design and Maintenance: Asset Management Guidance For Footways and Cycle Routes

FOOTWAY AND CYCLETRACK
UK ROADS LIAISON GROUP MANAGEMENT GROUP
ASSET MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE FOR FOOTWAYS AND CYCLE ROUTES:

PAVEMENT DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE
VOLUME 1
2018
FOREWORD
This document has been developed under a commission from

the Footway and Cycletrack Management Group (FCMG),
a sub-group of the UK Roads Board (UKRB) under the UK
Roads Liaison Group (UKRLG).
This document forms part of suite of three documents
commissioned by the FCMG, which have been developed
to align with and support the implementation of the UKRLG
Code of Practice Well-managed highway infrastructure:
a code of practice (1) for footways and cycle routes.
The purpose of this document is to provide information on
the design and maintenance of paved assets for walking and
cycling.
This document has been endorsed by CIHT.
Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Pavement Design and Maintenance
Volume 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document has been developed from existing guidance sponsored by and the direct management, with extensive contribution and advice, of Mr
FCMG: Herbert Micallef as FCMG’s Project Manager.
Application Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway and Cycle Route Design The project was commissioned and managed by TfL on behalf of FCMG
Construction and Maintenance Guide (2) with funding from DfT via UKRLG, and was delivered by CH2M supported by
Hyperion Infrastructure Consultancy and Accent MR.
and retains and re-presents some of the information and content from that
document. Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is granted by BSI.
British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats from the
This document has been prepared under the overall purview of FCMG’s
BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI Customer
project steering group comprising:
Services for hardcopies only: Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001, Email: cservices@
• Mr Herbert Micallef, TfL bsigroup.com.
• Mr Peter McCready, London borough of Bromley
• Mr Dan Bond, Rhondda Cynon Taff

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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1 STEP 2: DEFINE 9 REFERENCES 41

Objective 1 General guidance for provision of walking and
Definitions 1
cycling facilities 9 APPENDIX A
What is the scope of this guidance? 2
Considerations for pavement solutions 11 GUIDANCE: INITIAL SITE APPRAISAL 46
Develop outline solution 15
Who is this guidance for? 2
Further investigation 15 APPENDIX B
Context for this guidance 2
DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION SAMPLE
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDANCE 4 STEP 3: DEVELOP 20 SPECIFICATION 49
Footway and cycle route pavement
STEP 1: DISCOVER 6 construction 21
APPENDIX C
Confirm required outcomes 6 Pavement design 22 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY SAMPLE
Establish further requirements 7 Pavement materials 23 SPECIFICATION 52
Users and uses 7 Monolithic pavements 25
Planning, heritage, conservation and Elemental pavements 27 APPENDIX D
streetscape 7 Maintenance treatments and operations 36
CARRIAGEWAY CORING SAMPLE
Stakeholder engagement and control of third SPECIFICATION 54
parties 8 STEP 4: DELIVER 39
Clarity of requirements 39
Site information 8
Construction 39

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1 INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE DEFINITIONS
There are extensive existing resources and guidance on the development of Definitions used are consistent with those presented in Well-managed
walking and cycling facilities, incorporating planning, design, construction highway infrastructure: a code of practice (1), i.e.
and maintenance. The objective of this document is to present a process for
• The term ‘footway’ is used for that part of a highway over which the
the design and maintenance of the pavement for footways and cycle routes
public have a right of way on foot only, e.g. segregated surfaced paths
that:
used by pedestrians.
• Highlights the factors for consideration during the design and • The term ‘cycle route’ is used as the collective term for facilities used by
maintenance of footways and cycle routes; cyclists. These include:
• Sign posts existing relevant information such as legislation, standards, -- cycle tracks adjacent to or away from carriageways
Codes of Practice and guidance; and
-- cycle lanes on carriageways
• Provides further guidance and clarification where appropriate.
-- on carriageway provision with cycle symbols and shared use facilities.
• The term pavement is used as the collective term for all hardened
surfaces within the highway, including carriageways, footways and cycle
routes.

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WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF THIS GUIDANCE? WHO IS THIS GUIDANCE FOR?
2 This guidance is intended principally for footways and cycle routes with While this document is aimed primarily at engineers within local highways
bound surface construction that are the responsibility of a local highway authorities with responsibility for design and maintenance of walking and
authority. cycling facilities. It is also intended to assist anyone who is involved in the
development, design, specification and/or delivery of works for the design
Cycle lanes that form part of the carriageway will, in general, be designed,
and maintenance of paved footways and cycle routes.
constructed and maintained with the requirements and procedures for the
carriageway asset and so are not specifically addressed within this guidance. The term ‘designer’ is used throughout this guidance since the Construction
Similarly, unsurfaced tracks, leisure trails and public rights of way (PROW) are Design and Management (CDM) regulations (3) define a designer as “an
not directly included within the scope however some of the advice presented organisation or individual who is involved preparing or modifying designs
may be relevant and of value. for construction projects, or arranging for, or instructing others to do this.
Designs include drawings, design details, specification, bills of quality and
The guidance covers the following types of works:
design calculations”.
New provision – Highway Authority or Developer funded projects to create
new walking and/or cycling facilities
Renewals – planned works to restore, maintain or enhance asset
performance as part of a planned programme of works
CONTEXT FOR THIS GUIDANCE
The process of developing a works solution for a footway or cycle route
Maintenance - rehabilitation of an existing asset to restore level of service will generally be initiated by a rational procedure that has identified and
and/or rectify deterioration in condition either as: prioritised the need for investment. This procedure should, ideally, conform
• Planned maintenance, or to established asset management principles, such those as described in:
• Routine maintenance • Well-managed highway infrastructure: a code of practice (1) and
• Highway infrastructure asset management: guidance document (4)
Note that reactive maintenance to address defects that require an
immediate or short term response, e.g. fixing of potholes, is not explicitly
covered within this document. A designed and planned solution is generally
not feasible or appropriate for such works, which are often temporary
holding solutions until a more permanent treatment can be effected.

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For planned works the process may be
3 summarised as follows:
CAPTURE, MANAGE,
REVIEW ACTUAL VS
ANALYSE AND REPORT
DESIRED SERVICE DEVELOP BUDGETS PRIORITISE WORKS
ASSET DATA AND
PROVISION
INFORMATION
Figure 1 Identification of need
The need for provision of new walking and/or and/or enhanced service provision), or The other elements of this suite of documents are:
cycling facilities will generally be identified by • Is serviceable, but has deteriorated to the Volume 02 - Risk-based maintenance management
the highway authority or a developer, most likely point where intervention is required to restore
in response to meeting demand for increased or maintain asset performance, or Volume 03 - Levels of service for cycle routes
capacity and/or enhanced service provision,
• Is serviceable, but has deteriorated to the
or to support new residential or commercial
point where intervention is appropriate to
development.
obtain optimum lifecycle performance
For existing assets, need will be identified
This guidance forms part of a suite of documents
primarily from the collection, reporting and
that have been developed by the FCMG to
analysis of data and information that indicates
support implementation of effective asset
that the asset:
management on footways and cycle routes.
• Is not providing the required level of service
(to include requirement for increased capacity

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4 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDANCE
This document guides the reader through the steps that should be
considered when developing a solution that meets the required outcomes, Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
for example Discover Define Develop Deliver
• Provision of a safe and comfortable facility for all users
Figure 2: Four steps to carry out any design
• Minimisation of whole life cost
• Enhanced durability and service life
• Improved aesthetics or environmental impact.
Step 1 – Discover: This step is to review the scope of work and identify the
The guidance identifies issues to be considered and provides references information required to define the problem and to develop the solution.
to other sources of relevant existing information where appropriate, for It should include the opportunity to carry out an initial site visit to gain an
instance understanding of the issues and constraints to be considered in developing
the solution as well as identifying the need for any further investigations.
• Guidance and best practice advice
It may also include consultation with stakeholders and consideration of
• Standards issues beyond the engineering requirements, such as planning and heritage
• Legislation constraints that will inform the principle of the solution to be adopted.
There are four main steps when carrying out any design (as illustrated in
Figure 2).

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Step 2 – Define: This step is to review the Step 4 – Deliver: This step is about making it happen
5 information that has been gathered in
Step 1 together with the required outcomes
through the detailed design and specification of the
solution and the execution of the works on site. Not
from the initial identification of need in order to every design will be straightforward to deliver and
define the problem to be addressed. This leads to the designer is expected to maintain engagement
development of the design case and establishing throughout the process to ensure that the required
the design parameters and/or criteria for the outcomes are delivered.
pavement solution. Depending on the nature
and scale of the works it may be appropriate
to consider further investigation to support the
solution development and design.
Step 3 – Develop: This step is to take the design
parameters that have been established in Step 2
and to develop a solution that is appropriate
for the circumstances and requirements of the
particular site, e.g. what form of construction
should be adopted to suit the anticipated
users, what form of treatment would restore
serviceability most cost effectively. There may
be other factors that influence the design
such as different stakeholder requirements
or architectural requirements for particular
materials. This stage is, therefore, about the
development of the ideas, ensuring that the
construction and material selection is appropriate
to meet the needs of the community and
provides a solution that is safe, sustainable,
environmentally sound and value for money over
the whole life of the asset.

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6 STEP 1: DISCOVER
This step is to review the scope of work and identify the information CONFIRM REQUIRED OUTCOMES
required to define the problem and develop the solution. It should include Once the need for intervention at a particular location has been confirmed
the opportunity to carry out an initial site visit to gain an understanding and approved, the required outcomes from the works investment should
of the issues and constraints to be considered as well as identifying the be established. These will generally be largely defined from the original
need for any further investigations. It may also include consultation identification of need and the subsequent asset management processes for
with stakeholders and consideration of issues beyond the engineering justification and prioritisation of the scheme. Typically these may include:
requirements, such as planning and heritage constraints that will inform
the principle of the solution to be adopted. • Increase in capacity
• Restore or enhance level of service
• Improve access for a wider range of users, e.g. Cyclists
• Improvement of asset condition

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ESTABLISH FURTHER REQUIREMENTS users of the asset and how it will be used. Paved how to address the requirements of the Equality
7 Consideration should also be given to the assets for walking and cycling come in a variety of
forms, from dedicated tracks to open plazas with
Act 2010 (6) insofar as it applies to the design and
maintenance of footways and cycle routes.
requirement and/or opportunity to address other
drivers such as the highway authority’s wider shared use, and may be accessed by a variety of
Information on considerations for provision
policy objectives and legal obligations. Many different user groups, such as pedestrians, vehicles
for users with particular needs is available from:
highway authorities will, for example, have aims and equestrian users, and different types of use
within those groups, such as commuter or leisure • Inclusive mobility (7)
around minimising environmental impact and/or
sustainable development which could influence trips. The wider aspects of the planning and design • Who put that there. The barriers to blind and
the choice of solution that is adopted. of the use of these facilities are beyond the scope partially sighted people getting out and about (8)
of this guidance, though there is a wealth of • Guidance on the use of tactile paving surfaces (9)
A useful guide to the relevant legal available information on these topics: Step 2
framework that may bear upon the choice of General guidance on the Equality Act is
General Guidance.
solution is presented in: Well-managed highway available from:
infrastructure: a code of practice (1) However, it is important to understand the • Equality Act 2010: guidance (10)
nature of the usage in order that the appropriate
Further guidance on the recommended pavement solution can be developed. Key PLANNING, HERITAGE, CONSERVATION
approach to planning networks of walking and considerations will include: AND STREETSCAPE
cycling routes is available in Local Cycling and
• Flow data Depending on the particular location and
Walking Infrastructure Plan Guidance (5)
environment of the site, the designer may need to
• The types of user to be catered for, and
USERS AND USES • Whether there will be any usage by vehicles
ensure that the design will comply with any local
planning authority restrictions and/or policies
Such information may well be available from the relating to the public realm. Many local authorities
original identification of need for the scheme but, have published their own guidance or standards
if not, should be established from existing data that set out their preferred and/or mandated
sources, network intelligence, site inspection and/ options on design principles and practices such
or commissioned surveys as appropriate for the as choice of materials to be sympathetic with
nature and scale of the works. neighbourhood character or address the needs
The needs of users with restricted mobility, sight or of specific users. Such policy and guidance is an
hearing impairment are also likely to be particular important starting point to inform the design
considerations in the provision of walking and concept and required outcomes.
In developing the design parameters it is essential cycling facilities. Many of the references cited in
to consider and establish the requirements of the this document include guidance on this issue and

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There is a range of guidance and advice on these affecting both service and durability if not Existing Information
8 issues, published by a number of organisations:
examples are given below.
properly executed. It is therefore important to
understand the framework for dealing with third
An early action on the client should be to identify
and assimilate existing information particularly
parties. The Highways Authorities & Utilities with regard to:
• Manual for streets (11)
Committee (HAUC) has produced a specification
• Manual for streets 2 (12) • Site layout and topography
for reinstatements to utility works which is a
• L tn 1/08 traffic management and streetscape widely acknowledged and accepted standard: • Presence of utilities and other assets
(13) Specification for the reinstatement of openings • Construction and condition of existing paved
• Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan in highways (SROH) (18) assets
Guidance (5) For further information on powers of • User type and flow data
• Street design for all, 2014 (14) enforcement, liability or permits the designer Much of this, and possibly further relevant
• Tfl streetscape guidance (15) should refer to: information, may be available from the evidence
• Better streets delivered (16) • L ocal road maintenance, repairs, and street and data used to identify the need for works
• Better streets delivered 2 (17) works in england (19) at the location. The completeness, quality
and currency of the existing information will
• T he traffic management permit scheme
STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT AND (england) regulations (2007) (20)
inform the scope and extent of any further site
CONTROL OF THIRD PARTIES Additional information on good practice,
investigation. Further Investigation
The designer should consider if any stakeholder Site appraisal
guidance and legislation for street works is
or third party, such as a utility company or It is good practice for the designer to make
available from the HAUC website.
owner of adjacent land or premises, needs to an initial familiarisation visit to the site to
be consulted if the proposed works are likely to SITE INFORMATION better understand the environment, condition,
affect, or be affected by, their existing asset or While policy and the required outcomes will constraints and other site-specific factors that
interest. It is important to identify such issues ultimately inform the choice of solution, the will influence the choice of solution and/or,
at an early stage since disruption or damage particular features and condition of the site depending on the nature and scale of the works,
caused by poor design and/or works planning will bear directly upon the engineering of the inform the need for further more detailed
and execution that does not meet stakeholder pavement design or maintenance solution. It investigation.
standards or requirements may give rise to is therefore essential to obtain the appropriate
claims, repairs and/or reputational damage. Guidance on the information that should,
information, commensurate with the nature and
typically, be sought both in the interrogation of
Similarly, intervention by third parties – scale of the works, on layout, construction and
existing information and through the initial �ite
typically utility companies – can cause damage condition at an early stage.
appraisal is presented in Appendix A.
and disruption to footways and cycle routes

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9 STEP 2: DEFINE
This step is to review the information that has been gathered in Step 1 GENERAL GUIDANCE FOR PROVISION OF WALKING AND
together with the required outcomes from the initial identification of need
in order to define the problem to be addressed. This leads to the developing
CYCLING FACILITIES
Where the scheme entails new provision or significant improvement then
the design case and establishing the design parameters and/or criteria for
the wider aspects of provision of walking and or cycling facilities, beyond
the pavement solution. Depending on the nature and scale of the works it
the form of pavement construction, will need to be considered. However,
may be appropriate to consider further investigation to support the solution
there is merit in considering how the overall provision of walking and cycling
development and design.
can be improved in any planned pavement works including those focused
The following sections present a number of factors that may be appropriate principally on rehabilitation and repair.
to consider in developing the design and/or identifying the need for further
While these aspects of design are beyond the scope of this guidance, there is
information.
extensive published information on the design of footways and cycle routes
which may have a bearing on the pavement design and materials options. A
number of sources that address general design and/or the considerations for
footways and cycle routes are presented in the table below. This list is by no
means exhaustive but is intended to give the designer an indication of the
range of material and sources available.

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General Footways Cycle Routes For projects of significant scale and value, and
10 Manual for Streets (11) Planning for Walking (26) LTN 2/08 Cycle Infrastructure Design (28) where the existing information is not adequate, it
may be appropriate to commission a topographic
Manual for Streets 2 (12) Providing for Journeys on Foot Cycling by design (29)
Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure (27) London cycling design standards (30) survey to obtain the necessary information on
Plan Guidance (5) Design manual for bicycle traffic (31) site geometry and the location of features and
LTN 1/11 Shared space (21) Handbook for cycle friendly design (32) assets. Further Investigation, Topographic
LTN 1/12 Shared use routes for pedestrians Greater Manchester Cycling Design Survey, Appendix C
and cyclists (22) Guidance (33)
TA 90/05 The Geometric Design of IAN 195/16 Cycle Traffic And The
Drainage
Pedestrian, Cycle and Equestrian Routes Strategic Road Network (34) Effective drainage is a principal consideration for
(140) Planning for cycling (35) any pavement works with regard to user safety
TA 91/05 Provision for Non-motorised and comfort and also the structural performance
Users (23)
of the pavement. Adequate falls and tight level
Design Guidance. Active Travel (Wales) Act
2013 (24) tolerances are required to ensure that surface
Street Design for All (14) water is cleared effectively and without ponding,
Inclusive mobility (6) which is inconvenient for users and can present
Traffic free routes: conceptual design (25) a safety hazard, particularly in freezing conditions.
One of the established principles for traditional
Site Layout From this the designer should seek to ensure that: pavement construction and materials is
Detail of the site layout is important to enable the • t here is adequate depth of construction/ that exclusion and/or removal of surface and
designer to ensure that the proposed solution can natural ground to accommodate the groundwater from the structure is essential
be constructed within the site constraints while pavement construction/treatment for good long term performance – i.e. layered
meeting minimum design requirements and offering • there is adequate surface profile for efficient construction with unbound and bound materials
acceptable levels of user service and comfort. drainage over the natural subgrade ( Forms of pavement
Ideally the layout information should include: construction). The strength of the subgrade and
• there is adequate clearance to other assets/
unbound pavement materials can vary considerably
• P lan location and dimensions furniture
with moisture content, thus drainage is especially
• Levels and vertical dimensions • the gradients and radii are appropriate for safe
important if there is any risk of vehicle overrun (
• Location of other assets, e.g. structures, and comfortable use
Vehicle overun), as the load spreading properties
lighting, signs etc • the works don’t impact subsurface utilities of unbound subbase can be significantly reduced
• Location of utilities Information on the site layout may be available if the material becomes wet or saturated.
• Location of street furniture from existing records or may be gained from the
initial site appraisal Site Appraisal, Appendix A
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determine the likely maintenance and/or in combination with a permeable sub-structure
11 improvement works required to any existing
drainage, or the need for installation of a new
to capture and attenuate runoff, which can help
to mitigate flooding, and thus its use should be
drainage system. integrated into the local drainage and flood risk
management strategy.
Some knowledge of the existing drainage system
will therefore be required. If this is not available Further guidance on SuDS may be found in:
from existing information or the site appraisal
• The SuDS Manual (69)
from Step 1, then depending on the nature and
• I nterim code of practice for sustainable
scale of the proposed works there may be merit
drainage systems (70)
in undertaking a degree of drainage investigation
to: • SuDS in London – a guide (71)
• SuDS Advice Note – Brownfield Sites (72)
• D
etermine and/or verify the nature and
location of the existing drainage asset
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PAVEMENT
• E stablish the condition of the existing drainage
and identify problems requiring treatment
SOLUTIONS
From the information collected in Step 1 it may
• D
evelop a preliminary scope for drainage be possible to identify particular features and
works to meet requirements of the proposed details that will need to be considered in the
scheme development of the pavement solution. Guidance
( Further investigation, Drainage assessment, on the factors to be considered is addressed in
Appendix B) existing documentation:
Where new cycling or walking provision is to be Further information and examples on • HD 39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design (37)
introduced on or adjacent to an existing drainage asset management are available from • Application Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway
carriageway it will generally be beneficial to make HMEP Guidance on the management of highway and Cycle Route Design Construction and
use of the existing carriageway systems for both drainage assets (36) Maintenance Guide (2)
surface and subsurface drainage. Consideration For new development or major renewals in urban Advice on some of the key features to look out for
should be given to both assessment of the areas the use of sustainable drainage systems is given below:
capacity of the existing system to accommodate (SuDS) may be considered. SuDS construction
the new provision and also the condition and is very different to traditional pavement
performance of existing system in order to construction in that a pervious surfacing is used

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Vehicle Overrun • P
arking on Pavements – Quick Wins for Local Road Tar
12 Authorities (40) Where there is any indication of road tar being
Where it is not possible to ‘design out’ vehicle present in existing construction – from the
overrun by reconfiguring the layout or access initial site appraisal or any subsequent detailed
constraints, then it may be appropriate to design investigation or other sources – consideration
and construct, or reconstruct, the pavement should be given to developing solutions that
locally to accommodate the loading. avoid removing or disrupting the material,
Pavement design since road tar in sufficient concentration may
be deemed a hazardous material, presenting
Ironwork significant challenges and/or expense for its
treatment or disposal.
Information on investigating for the presence
Vehicle overrun is a common cause of failure in
and concentration of road tar is presented in the
footways and cycle routes. Vehicle incursion onto
Section on Further Investigation. Further
footways and cycle routes may occur for a
Investigation
number of reasons, e.g.:
• N ecessary access for maintenance or Where road tar is confirmed to be present at a
cleansing operations hazardous level the principal options are:
• Deliveries and loading • D
evelop solution options that do not disturb
• Parking Ironwork can be an issue for cyclists in particular. the road tar contaminated layers
Understanding the causes of vehicle overrun On new schemes, it should be possible to provide • D
evelop solutions that make safe and
at a particular location can help in developing cycle routes free of ironwork. If gullies are acceptable use of the material, i.e. cold
a solution approach to prevent the problem required they should either be side-entry gullies recycling techniques
recurring and, hence, reduce the need for future or be offset from the edge of the carriageway • R
emove and dispose of the road tar
remedial works. running surface. However, if a cycle route is on an bound materials in accordance with Waste
Advice on considerations in accommodating existing road, any ironwork should be reset so Acceptance at Landfills (41)
deliveries and kerbside loading is available from that it is flush with the carriageway surface.
Gratings should be realigned if necessary so that Further information on dealing with road tar
Kerbside Loading Guidance (38).
their drainage slots run at right angles to the is available from: Managing reclaimed asphalt –
Further information regarding parking on direction of cycle flow. Damaged ironwork should highways and pavements. An ADEPT guidance
pavements is available from: be replaced. note (2)
• Pavement and on-street parking in England (40)

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Statutory Undertakers Crossings Soft Estate
13 The footway or cycle route should complement
the surrounding environment and natural
features should be disturbed as little as possible
by construction or maintenance works. The roots
of large trees can damage both the structure and
drainage of the footway/cycle route and may
represent a hazard to users where the surface
profile is significantly disrupted. Ideally the
footway/cycle route should be routed to avoid
such trees but where this is not possible, or for
maintenance works, careful attention should be
Crossing points to allow users of a footway or paid to the detailing of the tree pits; guidance is
Where possible, footways and cycle routes should
cycle route to cross a highway in safety should be available from Surface Materials Around Trees In
be designed so that services can run in the verge
provided at key points along walking and cycling Hard Landscapes (45).
rather than below the paved construction. If
this is not possible the provision of service ducts routes and should be accessible to all users. The In a new development, trees should be carefully
minimises any disruption during maintenance nature and requirements of the crossing, in chosen to have deep rather than spreading roots
work. On new footways all Statutory Undertakers’ particular the needs of users such as those with and sufficient space must be provided for root
equipment must be placed below formation level restricted mobility, vision or hearing impairment growth.
before the footway is formed and positioning or equestrian users, may influence the design and
For existing footways or cycle routes it may be
of new services should be in accordance with detail of the pavement solution.
appropriate to consider removing or replacing
the requirements of the Specification for the Further guidance and information on existing planting if its age or condition is
reinstatement of openings in highways (SROH) considerations for the provisions of crossings is considered to present a potential hazard if
(18). available from: the cost/frequency of routine maintenance to
• L TN 2/95 The design of pedestrian crossings preserve appropriate levels of safety and service
(43) would be high.
• Street Design for All (14) Trees, hedges and other vegetation close to
• Who put that there! The barriers to blind and the footway/cycle route will need routine
partially sighted people getting out and about (8) maintenance to prevent encroachment
• Road crossings for horses (44) and obstruction of the footway/cycle route.
Consideration will need to be given, for example, to:

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• f requency of cutting/clearing to users with restricted mobility or vision (
14 • leaf fall from trees and shrubs during the
Autumn season
Inclusive mobility). While this guidance is focused
on the design and maintenance of the paved
• plant maintenance such as watering, pruning construction for cycling and walking facilities,
• weed control information on ancillary assets obtained in
Further information on trees and planting is Step 1 should be considered in so far as it may
available from Manual for Streets 2 (12). affect the choice of pavement solution and/or the
scope and extent of the works.
Sources of information on routine
maintenance for soft estate and landscape Signs
management in general are given in the section
on Routine Maintenance ( Enhanced Routine
Maintenance)
Streetscene
The character of the site and/or local street-scene
guidance or requirements may influence the
options for the solution. For the pavement this
is likely to be a consideration in the selection of
materials for ‘prestige sites’, but there may also
Signage and wayfinding are important to
be scope for the use of colour for demarcation,
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANCILLARY ASSETS encourage walking and cycling and also to assist
to aid users with impaired sight or for reasons of
Ancillary assets on a footway or cycle route may visitors to the area. Signing should focus on key
aesthetic appearance.
contribute significantly to the overall level of service features of the place, such as the nearest railway
Sources of information on streetscape are perceived by the user. Appropriate, well-designed and bus stations, shopping areas, town halls,
given in the section on Planning, heritage, and well-maintained lighting and signage are likely tourist attractions, information centres and sports
conservation and streetscape. to be of particular benefit. However, poor design, facilities etc. Consideration should be given to
Further information on pavement materials is installation, coordination and maintenance of the accessibility of signage for visually impaired
given in Step 3 Materials. ( Pavement materials) ancillary assets, may lead to a cluttered, confusing people and those with learning disabilities.
and unattractive streetscene. Careful planning and
Further information is available from:
attention to detail is, therefore, essential in the
• BS5489-1:2013. Code of practice for the
provision of ancillary assets, particularly with regard
design of roads lighting. Part Lighting of roads
and public amenities (52)

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• L egible London Yellow Book (46) Appropriate provision of lighting is essential to The use of lines and markings on footways and
15 •
•
London Cycling Design Standards (30)
LTN 2/08 Cycle Infrastructure Design (28)
ensure that the user has clear visibility when they
are walking or cycling and can make journeys safely.
cycle routes is generally for segregating users,
e.g. cyclists from pedestrians where the route is
• Traffic signs manual (47) It is also contributes to improving the security of shared, or is informative in marking features such
• LTN 1/94 Design and use of directional the location and, importantly, users’ perception of as crossings.
informatory signs (48) security which is key to encouraging walking and
Further information on lines and markings is
• The Sign Design Guide (49) cycling. Lighting should reveal all the features of the
available from:
pavement to the different types of users, however
Lighting the provision of lighting will need to be balanced • London Cycling Design Standards (30)
with the objectives of many local authorities to • Traffic Signs Manual (47)
be more sustainable in their operations, reducing • Manual for Streets 2 (12)
light pollution at night along with requirements to
achieve efficiencies and budget savings. Guard rail
Further guidance on street lighting provision
is available from:
• Manual for Streets 2 (12)
• Class and Quality of Street Lighting (50)
• Lighting of cycle paths (51)
• BS5489-1:2013. Code of practice for the
design of road lighting. Part 1.Lighting of
roads and public amenity areas (52)
Lines and markings
Unlike vehicle restraint systems (VRS), guardrails

are not designed or intended to prevent vehicle
incursion, rather they are used to segregate users
and also to direct users to safe crossing points. The
use and provision of guardrail is a matter of policy;
recent trends towards decluttering of street space
have seen the removal or minimisation of guardrail
along with other street furniture. The experience

Volume 1
with removal of guardrail in London has been to Also, to perform satisfactorily, a footway must
16
Sources of information on streetscape are
alleviate pedestrian congestion at crossing points given in the section on Planning, heritage, be constructed on an adequate foundation; a
thus improving pedestrian safety. conservation and streetscape. soft subgrade provides insufficient support for
Further information on guard rail is available compaction of the layers above, which may
from: FURTHER INVESTIGATION subsequently deteriorate rapidly.
• Local Transport Note 2/09 Pedestrian Once the considerations have been determined it For pavement construction the load bearing
guardrailing (53) is possible, that further information will required capacity of a subgrade is conventionally assessed
• Manual for Streets 2 (12) to support the development of the solution and its in terms of its California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and
• Guidance on assessment of pedestrian design. The initial site appraisal ( Site appraisal, its plasticity (Plasticity Index [PI]). Weak sub-
guardrails (54) Appendix A) should have broadly identified the grades tend to be easily penetrated and have
• TA 57/87 Roadside Features (55) need for and scope of further investigation, and a CBR value of less than 2%. Weak subgrades
the assessment of this information in Step 2 should also have elevated plasticity (in the region of
Street furniture
have helped identify more precisely what further 60% and more) demonstrating that their load
information is required. The following sections bearing capacity is affected by moisture content.
provide information and/or links to further Ideally the assessment of CBR should relate to
resources to inform the planning of any further the moisture content which is expected to be
investigation. present in the subgrade, under the completed
footway, when any change in the water table due
Subgrade assessment
to construction and the installation of drainage
Where new walking and/or cycling facilities are to has taken place, i.e. the equilibrium condition.
be constructed, or where extensive renewals or If the in situ CBR at the time of measurement is
maintenance works are likely to require widening, less than the expected equilibrium CBR then the
One of the key considerations with ancillary assets realignment or reconstruction of a footway or cycle in situ value should be used for design, otherwise
and street furniture- e.g. advertising boards, route then assessment of the subgrade, should failure may occur before equilibrium is reached.
benches, bins, cycle parking etc- is to develop be considered, i.e. the natural ground at the site.
an integrated rather than piecemeal approach to This is particularly important where a footway or In situ assessment of CBR is commonly and
avoid generating a cluttered street environment cycle route needs to be designed to withstand conveniently undertaken through Dynamic Cone
which can be unattractive and confusing and, at vehicle loading, e.g. use by maintenance vehicles Penetrometer (DCP) testing; useful guidance on
worst, present obstructions for the user. and/or anticipated vehicle overrun, ( Vehicle both the testing and interpretation of the data
Overrun) as the construction thickness will be obtained is presented in IAN 73 Design Guidance
Information on street furniture and clutter is
dependent on the properties of the subgrade. ( for Road Pavement Foundations (56)
available from:
• Manual for Streets 2 (12) Footway and Cycle Route Pavement Construction)

Volume 1
Where access for in situ testing is not possible Alternatively, a very rough guide to CBR may be Drainage assessment
17 laboratory testing on representative samples may
be undertaken in accordance with:
taken from the table 2. The principal aims of any drainage investigation
Table 2 – Rough guide to CBR are likely to be to:
BS 1377-4: 1990 Soils for civil engineering purposes Source: HD39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design (36) • D
etermine and/or verify the nature and
— Part 4: Compaction-related tests (57)
Soil condition CBR location of the existing drainage asset
Further information is available from • E stablish the condition of the existing drainage
Very soft, exudes between Less than 1%
HA44/91 Earthworks - Design and Preparation of and identify problems requiring treatment
fingers when squeezed
Contract Documents (58)
Can be moulded by light finger Between 1 and 2% • D
evelop a preliminary scope for drainage
Often, in the case of footways and cycle routes, pressure works to meet requirements of the proposed
testing may not be practical or cost effective. In scheme
Can be moulded by strong Between 2 and 3%
such cases there a number of sources that provide a
finger pressure
means of estimation of the CBR for design purposes. Typically, the drainage investigation may
Can be indented by a thumbnail More than 6% comprise:
Table 1 allows estimation of CBR from the soil type but not by a thumb
and Plasticity Index. • C
ollection and review of information on
Additional guidance on assessment or flooding incidents and maintenance records
Table 1 – Equilibrium CBR values
estimation of subgrade properties is available • I dentification/confirmation of ownership of
Source: HD39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design (36)l
from: surface and foul water drainage
Soil type Plasticity index Design CBR %
Plastic Clay 50 or greater 2+ • I AN 73 Design Guidance for Road Pavement • A
topographic survey ( Topographic
Silty Clay 40 2 Foundations (56) Survey) to establish:
Silty Clay 30 3 • HD29/08 Data for Pavement Assessment (59) -- Cover levels of gullies
Sandy Clay 20 3 • B
S EN 13286-47:2012. Unbound and -- Cover levels of manhole covers
Sandy Clay 10 2+ hydraulically bound mixtures. Test method for -- Kerb lines
Silt - lett than 2 the determination of California bearing ratio, -- Trees; location & girth
Sand (poorly graded) - 7* immediate bearing index and linear swelling • A CCTV survey of the subsurface drainage to
Sand (well graded) - 10* (60) include:
Sandy Gravel (well - 15* • A
STM D4318-10E1.Standard Test Methods for -- Gullies
graded) Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index -- Manholes
Notes: of Soils (61) -- Laterals
+ CBR may be less than 2 if construction conditions are poor.
* Indicates estimated values assuming some probability of the -- Highway drainage carrier pipes.
material saturating in service.

Volume 1
A sample brief for a drainage investigation is Topographic survey survey. The purpose of the visual survey is to:
18 presented in Appendix B. ( Appendix B) The principal aims of a topographic survey are to: • I dentify existing construction type(s) &
Further information on assessment of existing • Establish the geometry of the existing site: materials
drainage assets is available from IAN 147/12 • identify pavement features and defects
-- h
orizontal carriageway/footway/cycle route
Drainage surveys and data (62).
alignment and, hence, assist in both diagnosing the causes
Where new walking or cycling facilities are -- v ertical carriageway/footway/cycle route of pavement distress and developing appropriate
being constructed, or significant renewals or alignment design and treatment solutions.
maintenance works being undertaken, it may be
• I dentify and record pavement construction in Guidance on visual surveys is available from
appropriate to undertake an assessment of likely
the carriageway/footway/cycle route Overview of Visual Data Collection (73)
flows to be accommodated and/or flood risk to
inform the design of a new or enhanced drainage • Identify and record drainage runs and falls Information on existing visual surveys is
system to support the long term serviceability • I dentify and record principal highway assets available from:
and performance of the footway or cycle route. e.g. • Coarse Visual Inspection (CVI) (74)
Information on assessment of drainage -- lighting • Detailed Visual Inspection (DVI) (75)
requirements is available from: -- s igns & bollards (illuminated & non- • Footway Network Survey (FNS) (76)
illuminated)
• R
ainfall runoff management for developments • Walking Route Audit Tool (77)
(63) -- vehicle restraint systems
Testing and analysis of pavement materials
• D
esigning for exceedance in urban areas – • Identify and record highway features
On occasion, perhaps for major upgrade
good practice (64) A sample brief for a topographic survey is works, it may be appropriate to carry out more
• M
anaging urban flooding from heavy rainfall presented in Appendix C. ( Appendix C) detailed investigation and analysis of the existing
(65) construction and materials. Some of the available
Further information is available from The
• Greenfield runoff rate estimation (66) Survey Association techniques and their application are listed in
Table 3.
General information on drainage design is Condition assessment of existing footway or
available from:
cycle route pavement
• H
D 49/16 Highway drainage design principle
Visual Survey
requirements (67)
In the majority of cases the sole or principal
• H
D33/16 Design of highway drainage systems
means of assessing condition of the existing
(68)
footway/cycle route pavement will be a visual

Volume 1
Table 3 – Assessment of pavement materials Road tar
19 Investigation/Test method Guidance/Specification Potential application Where there is any indication from records or
Coring HD29/08 Data for • Layer thickness investigation of the presence of road tar in the
Pavement Assessment (59) • Material identification bound materials within construction likely to be
TfL TAA Coring • Material condition disturbed by the proposed scheme
specification – Appendix D • Determine the presence of tar bound materials in the existing ( Road Tar), then further investigation should
( Appendix D) construction be considered to determine the extent and
• Provide materials samples for further testing and analysis concertation of the contamination. Advice on:
Trial Pitting HD29/08 Data for Could be considered for detailed and/or structural investigation:
• Sample preparation
Pavement Assessment (59)
(Optionally could use large • Layer thickness
• Testing and analysis
diameter cores) • Material identification
• Assessment of hazard
• Material condition
• Identification & location of utilities Is presented in Managing reclaimed asphalt
• Samples for unbound layer testing – highways and pavements. An adept guidance
• Subgrade assessment note (42)
• Identify the presence of tree roots
• Determine the presence of tar bound materials in the
existing construction
• Identify the presence and level of moisture in the existing
construction
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer HD29/08 Data for
(DCP) Pavement Assessment (59)
Ground Penetrating Radar • Identification of changes in construction, utilities etc., e.g. to
(GPR) direct coring programme.
• Determination of construction thicknesses (with calibration
from cores) and indication of presence of moisture

Volume 1
20 STEP 3: DEVELOP
Step 3 – Develop: This step is to take the design parameters that have been Overall in developing appropriate solutions it is important to consider both
established in Step 2 and to develop a solution that is appropriate for the the principle and detail of the approach to:
circumstances and requirements of the particular site, e.g. what form of
• e nsure that that the solution addresses the original drivers that led to the
construction should be adopted to suit the anticipated users, what form
identification of need
of treatment would restore serviceability most cost effectively. There may
be other factors that influence the design such as different stakeholder • d
etermine whether there is opportunity or requirement to address
requirements, or architectural requirements for particular materials. This legislative/statutory obligations and/or the organisation’s policy objectives
stage is, therefore, about the development of the ideas, ensuring that the in the design and delivery of the scheme
construction and material selection is appropriate to meet the needs of the • provide appropriate levels of service for all users
community and provides a solution that is safe, sustainable, environmentally • a ssess both initial affordability and also whole life cost over the lifecycle
sound and value for money over the whole life of the asset. of the pavement
• a ssess future maintenance requirements, e.g. frequency, cost, ease of
intervention, disruption,
• manage the impact on the existing environment and natural features

Volume 1
The basic principle of the proposed pavement works will have been largely
21 established from the information obtained in Step 1 and its assessment in
Step 2.
Paving layer Surface course
Laying course Base / Binder course
The following sections provide further information on:
• Forms of construction Subbase
• Design
• Materials Subgrade
• Maintenance treatments and operations
Figure 4 Footway/Cycle Route Construction
FOOTWAY AND CYCLE ROUTE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
Subgrade
Forms of pavement construction
The sub-grade is the existing ground or native material below a constructed
There are a various options for the general form of construction and
pavement. The top of the subgrade is termed the formation.
constituent materials for footway and cycle route pavements which, for the
purposes of this guidance, are categorized as follows: Subbase
Monolithic The subbase is a layer that improves the load bearing strength of the sub-
grade and acts as a construction platform for overlying pavement layers. It
A monolithic pavement is a pavement made up of constituent materials that
is generally made up of unbound, graded crushed rock or cement or other
bind together to form a single, coherent material. Examples of monolithic
hydraulically bound mixtures. This may also include bituminous mixtures.
materials include concrete, asphalt or thermoplastic materials.
Base / Binder course
Elemental
The base and/or binder course are layers of cement bound or bituminous
An elemental pavement is a pavement made up of individual units placed
bound mixtures below the surface course to give structure to the pavement
adjacent to each other. Examples of elemental pavements include blocks,
and provide a sound, profiled platform for the placing of the surface course.
setts and flags.
Pavements are composite structures that comprise a number of layers: the Laying course
principal components of a footway or cycle route pavement are illustrated in The laying course is a layer of material intended to provide the bedding to
Figure 4. elemental paving. This is generally a layer of compacted sand, sand and
cement mortar, or other cementitious granolithic mixtures.

Volume 1
Surface course -- P
art 13: Guide for the design of permeable
22
Design methodologies for the thickness
Surface course is the surface layer of a monolithic design of footway and cycle route pavements are pavements constructed with concrete
pavement. It is generally a smooth, slightly available from. paving blocks and flags, natural stone slabs
textured bituminous or thermoplastic material and setts and clay pavers (84)
• H D39/16 Footway and cycleway design (36)
intended to provide comfort and slip resistance. Guidance on typical footway and cycle route
• Construction and surfacing of footways and
construction is available from:
Paving layer cycleways using asphalt (78)
• Application Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway • T raffic free routes: detailed design (85)
The paving layer is the surface layer of an • Cycling by design (29)
and Cycle Route Design Construction and
elemental pavement. This comprises modules, i.e.
Maintenance Guide (2) In practice the loads presented by pedestrians
• Concrete / stone flags, • BS7533 Pavements constructed with clay, and/or cyclists are minimal in comparison with
• Concrete / stone blocks, natural stone or concrete pavers vehicular traffic and the role of the pavement
• Clay pavers or -- Part 1: Guide for the structural design of structure is largely to maintain a safe and durable
heavy duty pavements constructed of clay surface and to protect the subgrade from the
• Stone setts
pavers or precast concrete paving blocks environmental effects of, in particular, water and
made from concrete, clay or natural stone. frost. Where any vehicular use is anticipated,
(79)
such as for:
PAVEMENT DESIGN -- Part 2: Guide for the structural design of
lightly trafficked pavements constructed • Access
Thickness design • Loading
of clay pavers or precast concrete paving
The function of the pavement is to provide a blocks (80) • Use by maintenance and/or cleansing vehicles
structure that protects the underlying natural • Localised vehicle overrun
-- Part 8: Guide for the structural design of
ground, or subgrade, from both the environment then attention must be paid to the design of the
lightly trafficked pavements of precast
and the loads applied in usage of the footway structure to accommodate this loading.
concrete flags and natural stone flags (81)
and/or cycle route, while maintaining a form
-- Part 10: Guide for the structural design Rational design methodologies for pavement
and profile that provides users with a safe and
of trafficked pavements constructed of thickness design are generally based on
comfortable surface. For value and efficiency this
natural stone setts and bound construction consideration of:
should be achieved without need for frequent and/
with concrete paving blocks (82)
or significant repair, so the use of a rational design • The properties of the existing subgrade
approach for the dimensioning of the pavement -- Part 12: Guide to the structural design of
trafficked pavements constructed on a • Assessment of the anticipated loading
layers, in conjunction with careful selection and
bound base using concrete paving flags • Protection of frost susceptible materials
specification of materials, is advised.
and natural stone slabs (83) • C
hoice of the form of construction and
materials

Volume 1
Given the light nature of the loading on many Advice on the frost index can be obtained • A
ppropriateness for the local environment;
23 footways and cycle routes, with consequent
minimal requirement for a load bearing structure,
from meteorological advisory services. style, character, colour
• S ustainability; sourcing, availability,
a key consideration in the design can be the Edge details transportation and placing of materials
provision of an appropriate depth of non-frost The detailing of the edge of a footway or cycle
The following sections provide guidance on
susceptible materials to protect the underlying route is important to ensure both provision
typical footway and cycle route materials.
subgrade from the effects of frost penetration. of adequate lateral restraint to the pavement
Frost damage occurs in very cold conditions construction and proper functioning of the Subgrade
where water, that has either seeped into the drainage ( Drainage, Drainage assessment). ( Further Investigation).
pavement or is present due to a high water table,
Further information on edge details is The subgrade of a pavement is the native material
freezes and expands causing the pavement to
available from: of the location, upon which the pavement
heave. In the UK it is recommended that no frost
susceptible material should be within 450 mm of • HA39/98 Edge of pavement details (86) construction is founded. Hence the top of the
the pavement surface unless the regional frost • A
pplication Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway subgrade, termed the formation, is the level from
index is less than 50, in which case the depth and Cycle Route Design Construction and which the pavement construction is built up. As
can be reduced to 350mm. Where the natural Maintenance Guide (2) the role of the pavement is both to enable the
subgrade is frost susceptible this minimum subgrade to support the anticipated loading and
• Cycling by design
thickness requirement is usually addressed to protect it from environmental effects, the
through the provision of an appropriate thickness PAVEMENT MATERIALS properties of the subgrade govern the pavement
of non-frost susceptible subbase in combination construction that is required. ( Subgrade
Factors for consideration when selecting the
with the bound construction layers. assessment).
materials for construction or maintenance of a
Footways and cycle routes not subject to vehicle footway or cycle route include: For new construction the existing ground will
loading are generally low risk applications in require:
• Safety; typically slip/skid resistance
terms of pavement materials and performance. • R
emoval of the top layer (topsoil) in order
• S tructural adequacy; ability to support the
It may be, therefore, that where the likelihood to reduce the organic content in the sub-
anticipated loading and use
and/or consequence of frost heave are deemed grade which will decay and create voids,
to be low the option of reducing this minimum • Lifecycle performance:
compromising its strength. An acceptable
thickness and/or utilising lower specification -- Initial cost
subgrade must be free of organic material,
materials could be considered if these offer -- Expected service life soft spots and it must be parallel to the plane
benefits in terms of cost or sustainability. -- M
aintenance requirements, frequency and of construction.
costs

Volume 1
• T he subgrade will also be required to be Unbound subbase • Type 2
24 trimmed or filled to the required level to
accommodate the finished levels of the new
Unbound subbase in the UK can be classified as A material similar to Type 1 but with a less
one of 5 types. These materials most commonly tightly controlled grading, which generally
pavement. compromise of crushed stone, crushed slag or, leads to a finer material than Type 1. The
The existing subgrade may need to be improved crushed concrete. degree of aggregate interlock tends to be
by the use of a capping layer which essentially lower than Type 1 due to the wider range on
• Type 1, Type 4 and Category B
reduces the susceptibility of moisture of the grading limits, and as a result Type 2 generally
subgrade and enhances its CBR. Capping layers A well graded material produced from has a lower stiffness than Type 1.
are selected fill material, often comprising aggregate complying to BS EN 13242:2013
Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically • Type 3
compacted crushed rock, as specified in Table
6/1 of Volume 1 of Series 600 of the Manual for bound materials for use in civil engineering A gap graded material with fines below 5%
Contracts for Highway Works (MCHW; Volume 1; work and road construction (88) which allowing for voiding to be created within
provides, inter alia, specification of the mixture. It is used for Sustainable Urban
Series 600; Table 6/1) (87). Capping layers should
requirements for Drainage Systems (SuDS) ( SuDS) as it
only be considered in areas of very high load
allows water percolation into the sub-grade.
and are generally not needed for footways and -- particle shape
Due to its open skeleton it tends to not be
cycleways. -- resistance to fragmentation suitable to sustain heavy loads.
Subbase -- resistance to freeze / thaw deterioration
Compaction of unbound sub-base materials is
The subbase acts as a key structural layer for The aggregate grading has a nominal dependent on optimum moisture content.
transferring applied loading to the subgrade maximum size of 32mm. Type 1 allows for 25%
Specifications for these subbase materials are
in the completed pavement and also as a oversize to a limit of 63mm and must have a
available from:
construction platform for the placing and fines content of less than 9%. The material is
compaction of the overlying layers. There are two designed to enhance aggregate interlocking • S pecification for Highway Works. Series 800
principal types of subbase: and therefore create a relatively high stiffness (Clauses 803-806) (89)
material without the need for binding (with • B
S EN 13285: 2010. Unbound mixtures.
• Unbound granular material
bitumen or cement). If the material has more Specifications (90)
• Cement or hydraulically bound material than 50% asphalt arisings then the material
Bitumen, typically in the form bitumen emulsion, is described as Type 4. Category B material Further information is available from:
may also be used to produce a bound subbase. is effectively a Type 1 with a more defined • Notes for Guidance on the Specification for
grading allowing for only 20% oversize. Highway Works. Series 800 (Clauses NG803-
806 ) (91)

Volume 1
Hydraulically bound subbase • Q
uality protocols: converting waste into non-
25
Specifications for hydraulically bound
Hydraulically Bound Materials (HBMs) are soils materials are available from: waste products (95)
or aggregates that have a binder such as cement, • A
pplication Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway
• S pecification for Highway Works. Series 800
lime-based binders, gypsum or fly ash added, and Cycle Route Design Construction and
(Clauses 821 - 840) (89)
which then cure through hydration when mixed Maintenance Guide (2)
with water. • B
S EN 14227 (Parts 1-5) Hydraulically Bound
Mixtures. Specifications. (92) Bitumen bound subbase
Due to the relatively quick curing time of cement,
Lean mix concretes can also be used as sub-base Bitumen bound subbases are soils and aggregates
most HBMs used in carriageway, footway or cycle
and should: that have a bituminous binder, typically bitumen
route construction are made using aggregates,
or bitumen emulsion, and may be laid as hot
often recycled, and cement to produce a Cement e designed in line with BS 8500:2-2015
• b mixes or cold mixes. Bituminous materials are
Bound Granular Material (CBGM). Depending on “Concrete – Complementary British Standard further described in the Monolithic pavements
the cement content used, CBGMs have equivalent to BS EN 206 Part 2: Specification for section of this document, below.
or greater strength than a traditional unbound constituent materials and concrete” (93)
subbase with a consequent potential for overall • a nd have a slump class of S1 as specified in MONOLITHIC PAVEMENTS
thickness reduction. This, together with the
facility to make use of recycled and/or secondary
BS8500:1-2015 – “Concrete – Complementary Asphalt materials
British Standard to BS EN 206 Part 1: Method of
materials – particularly for the lower risk specifying and guidance for the specifier” (94) Surface Course
applications presented by the majority of footway The principal functions of the surface course are to
The loading on footways and cycle routes that are
and cycle route construction - can present both provide a safe and comfortable surface for the user
not subject to overrun or occasional vehicle use
a cost effective and sustainable option for the and, depending on the environment, contribute
is very light. This offers the opportunity to adopt
subbase or base. to the overall streetscene. Asphalt surfaces are
lower specification materials, particularly in the
For slower curing HBM appropriate measures underlying layers of the construction such as the generally the preferred option for cycle routes
must be taken to prevent damage by trafficking subbase, with commensurately low risk of failure. since, if well designed, specified and constructed,
and/or weather while exposed during This can lead to benefits in terms of reduced cost they provide a smooth profile and skid resistant
construction. and also sustainability and environmental impact surface. For this reason, asphalt surface courses
where local and/or recycled materials can be for cycle routes should be laid by paving machine
Further guidance is provided in:
utilised. wherever possible as this enables good surface
• S pecification for Highway Works. Series 800 regularity, and hence ride quality, to be achieved.
(Clause 813) (89) Further information on the use of recycled ( Construction tolerances) Access for paving
and secondary materials is available from: equipment is, therefore, an important consideration
• N
otes for Guidance on the Specification for
Highway Works. Series 800 (Clause NG813) (91) in the solution development and design.

Volume 1
Suitable asphalt surface course materials for A 20mm Dense base/binder course asphalt All asphalt materials should be laid in accordance
26 footways and cycle routes include the following
which are detailed in the Specification for
concrete, as specified in Clause 906 of
Specification for Highway Works (94) , is
with BS 594987:2015 Asphalt for roads and other
paved areas. Specification for transport, laying,
Highway Works. 900 Series (96) commonly used, for footways or cycle routes compaction and product-type testing protocols
construction. This material may also be used as a (102)
• 6
mm Dense asphalt surface course: AC 6
base below a bound setts paving layer as detailed
dense surf to Clause 909 Guidance on the specification of asphalt
in BS7533-10: Pavements constructed with clay,
• 1
0mm Close graded asphalt surface course: surface courses and base/binder courses is
natural stone or concrete pavers. Part 10: Guide
AC 10 close surf Clause 912 available from PD 6691 Guidance on the use of
for the structural design of trafficked pavements
BS EN 13108, Bituminous mixtures. Material
• H
ot Rolled Asphalt surface course: HRA 15/10 constructed of natural stone setts and bound
specifications (103).
F surf to Clause 910 construction with concrete paving blocks (82)
Further information on the range of suitable
Mastic Asphalts, specified in accordance with All asphalt materials must be specified in
asphalt surface course and base/binder course
BS EN 13108-6:2006 (99) may provide an accordance with the relevant parts of BS
materials is available from:
aesthetically suitable solution for footways and EN 13108 Bituminous mixtures. Material
cycle routes in conservation areas. specifications. Principally these will be: • C
onstruction and surfacing of footways and
cycleways using asphalt (78)
Base / Binder course • B
S EN 13108-1:2016. Bituminous mixtures.
• HD39/16 Footway and cycleway design (36)
The base and binder course are structural layers Material specifications. Part 1. Asphalt
Concrete (98) • Cycle path surface options (104)
which contribute to the overall strength of the
finished pavement and provide a substrate for • B
S EN 13108-2:2016 Bituminous mixtures. Surface dressing
the placing of the surface course (or the paving Material specifications. Part 2. Asphalt Surface dressing is a cheap and effective way of
layer in elemental pavements). For the majority Concrete for Very Thin Layers (99) sealing the surface, prevent further deterioration
of footway and cycle route pavements, depending • B
S EN 13108-4:2016 Bituminous mixtures. to the surface and enhance skid resistance. For
on the pavement design ( Pavement design), Material specifications. Part 4. Hot Rolled footways and cycletracks this may be an ideal way
a separate base layer will not be required; a single Asphalt (100) to maintain service levels for rural and remote
binder course or base/binder course layer will • B
S EN 13108-5:2016 Bituminous mixtures. sections.
suffice. Material specifications. Part 5. Stone Mastic
Asphalt (101)

Volume 1
Retread is improving significantly and in recent times Hot mix asphalt recycling
27 Retread is a process that recycles in situ microasphalts suitable for heavy loading are
available in the market. For footways and
This is the process by which asphalt planings are
materials recovered from damaged footways and incorporated into a new hot mix material.
cycletracks, maximising use of existing materials cycletracks this is typically a 15mm treatment. BS EN 13108-8:2016. Bituminous mixtures.
and reducing to a minimum the amount of Material specifications. Reclaimed asphalt (105)
Foamed mix asphalts
new materials imported onto site. The existing states that the level of homogeneity of the
surface is planed off, to a depth of 50-75mm, and The basic principle of foamed asphalt mixes is material in practice determines the maximum
scarified. The scarified material is then graded to to expand bitumen by contact with water under amount of reclaimed asphalt that may be used.
the required falls and levels, any excess material carefully controlled conditions, then mix the This opens up opportunities to use increased
removed or any additional material required foamed bitumen with cold, moist aggregates. amounts of recycled asphalt planings (RAP)
imported. The material is sprayed with emulsion Foamed bitumen provides a strong binder that particularly for applications which do not require
and harrowed to thoroughly mix the emulsion enables the use of a wide range of new and high levels of structural pperformance, which is
with the stone. This process is repeated and the recycled aggregates. often the case for footways and cycle routes
material is then rolled and compacted. Cold mixes, under the right conditions, can be Further information on hot mix recycling
as strong after curing as hot mixes and tend to is available from Asphalt the 100% recyclable
Slurry seals & micro asphalt
have very quick curing times. Foamed asphalt construction product (106).
Slurry sealing is a cold-mix paving treatment mixtures will generally be less expensive than
containing specially graded aggregate, asphalt either hot mix or emulsion-based mixtures and Imprinted thermoplastics
emulsion, water and other additives. It is a cost cure sufficiently quickly to be open to traffic on Imprinted thermoplastics provide a robust
effective way of sealing and refreshing the surface the same day as laid. coloured surfacing at relatively low cost and
properties of a footway or cycletrack. It is a
relatively easy to maintain. The process is to use
manual process with a curing time of generally Recycling
hot thermoplastic paint and imprinting a pattern
around 24 hours. For footways and cycletracks Asphalts used on footways and cycle routes into the surface of the thermoplastic. This gives an
this is typically a 6mm treatment. open up the opportunity of recycling. Since the artificial look of block or flag paving without the
Microasphalting is a cold-mix expansion of aggregate properties for use on footways and aggravation of reconstructing asphalt roads. It is
slurry seal with a higher polymer and asphalt cycle routes are not essential as they are not also relatively easy to maintain since thermoplastic
residual content, better quality aggregate and loaded with heavy vehicles that abrade and can be fixed by cutting, re-heating and relaying
fast-setting chemicals. It is a machine process degrade the aggregate; therefore the recycling albeit it may suffer from discolouring and may not
whereby a continuous flow of material is supplied opportunities are maximised. exactly match the repair in tone and intensity.
to the spreader box. Microasphalt technology

Volume 1
ELEMENTAL PAVEMENTS Bound laying course For construction the material should be supplied
28 Laying course Bound laying courses are generally cement and to Slump Class S3 , which is between 100mm and
150, as specified in BS8500-1: 2015, Concrete –
There are two types of laying courses; bound sand mixtures. Bound laying courses can be used
over a base/subbase and are recommended for Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206
and unbound. The bound materials are generally
use with larger flags and for deeper installations, Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for
hydraulically bound fine aggregates, such as
such as setts. These materials have a limited the specifier (111).
cement bound sand mortars, while the unbound
mixtures are loose aggregate, such as sand. working time during construction but provide Proprietary mortars BS7533 compliant
strong and durable bedding to elemental In BS7533 Part 7 “Code of practice for the
Each of the systems has its own advantages and
paving. Bound laying courses are generally more construction of pavements of natural stone
disadvantages.
expensive than unbound materials, particularly paving units and cobbles (setts), and rigid
Unbound laying course the proprietary bedding mortars. construction with concrete block paving” (113)
Unbound laying course is most suitable for use Sand and cement mortars the requirement for cement bound laying course
with small element paving – i.e. units smaller is expressed under two options for “fine bedding
These are relatively weak laying courses and
than 400mm x 400mm, such as clay pavers, concrete”) namely; Type A and Type B. Type
should not be used in areas subject to vehicular
concrete blocks, stone blocks and stone setts – B is the stronger of the two with a minimum
traffic. Sand and cement mortars must comply
placed on an unbound or bound base or subbase. compressive strength of 35MPa and a flexural
with BS EN 998-2:2016 – Specification for
Generally the material used will comply with strength of 4.5MPa. The requirements for Type
mortar for masonry (108). BS 7533-4: Code of
grading designation Gf85 0/4 and Gf85 0/6 of BS A are of a compressive strength of 25MPa and a
practice for the construction of pavements of
EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for concrete (107), flexural strength of 3.5MPa.
precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs
and typically sharp sands or grits should be used
(107) requires that the designation of sand
that are free of deleterious salts or contaminants. Paving Layer
cement mortar for use in highways applications
Other sand products, such as building sand or The paving layer is the surface layer of an
should be Class M12 as specified in Table 1 of
plastering sand, should not be used since the elemental pavement. In the UK these are
BS EN 998-2: 2016 Specification for mortar
particles of these materials are rounded and tend generally clay, natural stone or concrete products;
for masonry. Masonry mortar (110). This
to be fine and, hence, they may be susceptible to the following sections provide further information
generally means a sand to cement ratio of 3:1.
loss of stiffness and mechanical properties in the on each of these.
It is also recommended to add a plasticiser to
presence of moisture, with consequent potential
the mixture to increase its workability in use. Clay products
for movement and pumping of the material.
Lower proportions of cement to sand content
Unbound bedding layers have an unlimited Clay pavers
are allowable for lightly used footways and cycle
working life meaning that they can be routes. It is not recommended to reduce the sand Clay pavers generally come in 2:1 or 3:1 aspect
continuously adjusted even after the work is to cement ratio to less than 6:1 sand:cement. ratio (length:width) and tend to be marked for
finished. They also tend to be inexpensive. use in flexible (ie over an unbound or asphalt

Volume 1
base/subbase) or rigid ( i.e. over a hydraulically bound base/subbase) Mean and minimum bending tensile strength value calculated from the formula given in
d
29 construction, or both.
Clay pavers come are available in four colours, i.e.
D.4.2. may be declared in addition to the class declared.
Reproduced from Table 3, BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and

• Red test methods (114).
• Buff
• Brown and • Slipperiness – Slipperiness for clay pavers is measured using the standard
• Blue pendulum test and a pendulum test value PTV Class is assigned to the
paver as per Table 5 of the standard. For the UK it is recommended that
and two types of edging; Class U1 pavers are not used as Class U2 offers a minimum PTV of ≥ 45.
• chamfered or
It is also recommended that in areas of high vehicular traffic a degree of
• square.
permeability is provided in the bedding mortar to avoid hydrostatic pressure
Properties of clay pavers are specified in accordance with BS EN 1344:2013
and failure of the surface layer.
Clay pavers. Requirements and test methods. (114). The following properties
should be declared: Unpolished slip/skid resistance value (USRV)
• B
reaking strength – This is the transverse breaking load of the clay paver Class
Mean USRV
as specified in Table 3 of the standard. It is recommended that for clay (PTV units)
pavers for highway applications this is set between T2 and T4 U0 No requirement
U1 ≥ 35
Transverse breaking load a,d
U2 ≥ 45
Transverse breaking load
Class N/mm U3 ≥ 55
Mean value Minimum individual value Manufacturers may declare higher values
T0 b
No requirement No requirement Reproduced from Table 5, BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and
T1 ≥ 30 ≥ 15 test methods (114)
T2 ≥ 30 ≥ 24 • D
urability (freeze/thaw) – This states whether the pavers meet the
T3 ≥ 80 ≥ 50 requirements for freeze/thaw. Pavers that meet this requirement have a
T4 ≥ 80 ≥ 64c declaration of FP100 as stated in Table 2 of the standard.
a
This requirement for transverse breaking load does not apply to accessories or to pavers
whose overall length is less than 80mm
b
Class T0 is only suitable for pavers intended for use for rigid laying where the pavers are laid
with cementitious mortar joints on a similar mortar bed itself placed on a rigid base.
c
Mean value and minimum individual value higher than those corresponding to class T4 may
be declared.

Volume 1
Freeze/thaw resistance Well known natural stone products in the UK include “York stones”, Welsh
30 Class Performance
Pennant Stone, Welsh Slate, Sottish Caithness and Granites from Scotland.
Imported products to the UK include Indian Sandstones, Chinese and
FP0 No requirement Portuguese Granites and Italian Porphyry amongst others.
FP100 Freeze/thaw resistant
Flags
Reproduced from Table 2 BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and
All natural stone flags must conform to BS EN 1341:2012 Slabs of natural
test methods (114)
stone for external paving. Requirements and test methods (115).
• Dimensional tolerance – The difference between the largest and the
smallest measurement of any given measured dimension to be found Natural stone flags are available in a number of sizes.
within a sample of 10 pavers. The dimensional tolerance can be found in The requirements for natural stone flags are:
Table 1 of the standard and it is recommended that clay pavers for use on
the highway have a dimensional tolerance of R1 • D
imensional tolerance – Dimensional tolerances must be declared for
plan axis (length and width); diagonals and thickness are declared. The
Range
tolerances; placed in order of precision are classified as Class 0 (where no
Class
Range requirement on tolerance is set), Class 1 and Class 2 as per requirements
mm of Table 1, 2 and 3 of BS EN 1341:2001 Slabs of natural stone for external
R0 No requirement paving. Requirements and test methods (115)
R1 ≤ 0,6 √d
Tolerances on plan dimension
Manufacturers able to supply pavers having a smaller range than indicated by class R1 may
declare a smaller range in mm for each dimension in class Rm Tolerances on plan dimension of slabsa for:
Class 0 Class 1 Class 2
d is the work dimension,(ie length, width or thickness) in mm Marking designation P0 P1 P2
Reproduced from Table 1, BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and Sawn edges No requirement ±4 mm ±2 mm
test methods (114) Hewn and tooled edges ±10 mm ±10 mm
a
For natural stones slabs with regular plan form only
Natural stone products
Reproduced from Table 1, BS EN 1341:2012 Slabs of natural stone for
Natural stone products for paving applications have withstood the test of external paving. Requirements and test methods (115)
time and are both hard wearing and offer an aesthetic appeal. Natural stone
products can be subdivided into Sedimentary and Igneous and Metamorphic
stone types.

Volume 1
Tolerances on diagonals • W
ater absorption – This measure relates to susceptibility to damage
31 Tolerances on diagonals of slabs for:
a under freezing. This number varies between 0.3% for granites to 5% for
sandstone and 12% for a low density limestone. Water absorption also
Marking designation D0 D1 D2 relates to staining so high water absorption would relate to higher levels
Sawn edges No requirement 6 mm 3 mm of staining.
Hewn and tooled edges 15 mm 10 mm • A
pparent density and open porosity – Once again these values can be
a
For natural stones slabs with regular plan form only related to strength and resistance to freezing as well as resistance to
Reproduced from Table 2, BS EN 1341:2012 Slabs of natural stone for staining. High density and low porosity indicates strong stones which are
external paving. Requirements and test methods (115) recommended.
Tolerances on thickness • U
npolished slip resistance value – This measure indicates how slip
resistant a stone is. It is recommended that for the highway a high slip
Tolerances on thickness of slabs for:
resistance is sought (>35 minimum when measured wet).
Marking designation T0 T1 T2 Setts
≤ 30 mm thick No requirement a
±3 mm ±10 % Natural stone setts must conform to BS EN 1342:2012 Setts of natural stone
30 mm < thickness ≤ 80 mm ±4 mm ±3 mm for external paving. Requirements and test methods (116). For footways and
> 80 mm thick ±7 mm ±4 mm cycle routes the breaking (compressive) strength is not very important as the
a
Manufacturers are encouraged to declare deviations measured in accordance with EN loads are minimal.
13373 2003, 5.2.
Reproduced from Table 3. BS EN 1341:2012 Slabs of natural stone for Concrete products
external paving. Requirements and test methods (115) Concrete block pavers
• Breaking strength – This is probably the most important parameter for Concrete block pavers generally follow the same specifications for size and
natural stone flags. The breaking strength determines the ability of the colour as clay pavers ( Clay pavers).
flags to withstand cracking under loading. The test used is a three point Properties of concrete block pavers used on the highway are specified in
flexural test by which the unit is loaded until failure. For natural stones accordance with. BS EN 1338:2003 Concrete paving blocks. Requirements
this varies from 3MPa for a low density limestone to 15MPa for a mid- and test methods (117). The following properties should be declared:
range granite to 20MPa and over for a dense Sandstone.
• S hape and dimensions - When the length of the diagonals exceeds 300
• F reeze/Thaw (Durability of strength) – This test can be done with or mm, the maximum permissible differences between the measurements
without the use of de-icing salts. It is recommended that stone is chosen of the two diagonals of a rectangular block are given in Table 2 of the
based on strength retention and that high strength retention is sought. standard.

Volume 1
Maximum differences Reproduced from Table 4.2, BS EN 1338:2003 of the standard. It is recommended that only
32 Class Marking
Maximum difference
mm
Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test
methods (117)
Class 3 Flags are used on the highway as the
flexural strength of less than 5.0 MPa should
1 J 5 be considered too low for accidental vehicular
• D
urability and strength – BS EN 1338
loading.
2 K 3 Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and
Reproduced from Table 2, BS EN 1338:2003 test methods (117) generally assumes that Bending strength classes
Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test concrete block pavers have enough strength Characteristic Minimum
methods (117) that the tensile splitting strength is not less bending bending
Class Marking
strength strength
than 3.6MPa. None of the individual results
• W
ater absorption and freeze/thaw - MPa MPa
shall be less than 2.9 MPa, nor have a failure
Weathering resistance is required to ensure 1 S 3,5 2,8
load less than 250 N/mm of splitting length. It
durability in wet and cold weather. Water 2 T 4,0 3,2
is also assumed that the durability of strength
absorption Class 2 is recommended for the UK
of said products is satisfactory. 3 U 5,0 4,0
as shown in Table 4.1 of the standard. Where
Concrete flags Reproduced from Table 5, BS EN 1339:2003
specific requirements for de-icing salts are
Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test
needed then Class 3 for resistance to freeze/ Concrete Flags are a staple of the UK paving
methods. (118).
thaw with de-icing salts would be required as industry with the first standard; BS 368
specified in Table 4.2 of the same standard. “Specification for precast concrete flags” • D
imensional tolerances – Dimensional
Water absorption published in 1929. tolerances must be declared for plan axis
(length and width); diagonals and thickness
Water absorption Properties of concrete flags used on the highway
Class Marking are declared. The tolerances; placed in order
% by mass are specified in accordance with BS EN 1339:2003
of precision are classified as Class 0 (where no
1 A No performance measured Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test
requirement on tolerance is set), Class 1 and
2 B 6 methods (118). The performance requirements
Class 2 as per requirements of Table 1, 2 and 3
Reproduced from Table 4.1, BS EN 1338:2003 for concrete flags are:
of BS EN 1339. It is recommended that Class 2
Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test • B
ending strength – This is probably the most or 3 is specified.
methods (117) important parameter for concrete flags. The
Resistance to freeze-thaw with de-icing salts bending strength determines the ability of the
flags to withstand cracking under loading. The
Mass loss after freeze/thaw test
Class Marking test used is a three point flexural test by which
Kg/m2
3 D 1,0
the unit is loaded until failure. For concrete
as a mean with no individual value > 1,5 flags the requirements are as shown in Table 5

Volume 1
Permissible deviations Deviations of flatness and bow
33 Class Marking
Flag work
dimensions
Length Width Thickness Length of gauge
Maximum convex
mm
Maximum concave
mm
mm mm mm
mm 300 1,5 1,0
1 N all ±5 ±5 ±3
400 2,0 1,5
2 P < 600 ±2 ±2 ±3
500 2,5 1,5
>600 ±3 ±3 ±3
3 R all ±2 ±2 ±2 800 4,0 2,5
Reproduced from Table 3, BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags.
The difference between any two measurements of the length, width and thickness of a
single flag shall be ≤ 3 mm Requirements and test methods. (118).
Work dimensions are overall length, overall width and thickness • Weathering resistance – Weathering resistance can be specified in line
Reproduced from Table 1, BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags. with Table 4.2 of the standard. The national annex for the UK in BS EN
Requirements and test methods. (118). 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test methods (118)
states that Class 3 flags must be installed where de-icing salts are used
regularly. Class 2 flags should be used where the footway or cycle route is
Maximum difference between the measured diagonals susceptible to freezing and Class 1 flags should only be used in areas not
subject to frost.
Diagonal Maximum difference
Class Marking • Breaking load – A second measure of strength is the flag’s Breaking Load.
mm mm
Breaking Load is dependent on the size of the flag.
1 J ≤ 850 5 BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test methods
> 850 8 (118) states the flag sizes that are available. The most common sizes in
2 K ≤ 850 3 the UK are listed in Table NA1 of the standard.
> 850 6
3 L ≤ 850 2
> 850 4
Reproduced from Table 2, BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags.
Requirements and test methods. (118).

Volume 1
Designated rectangular flag sizes Breaking loads for the classes of bending tensile strength
34 Flag
designation
Nominal
size
Work size
mm
Thickness
mm
A 600 x 450 598 x 448 50 or 63 Characteristic Minimum Characteristic Minimum Characteristic Minimum
Flag
breaking load breaking load breaking load breaking load breaking load breaking load
B 600 x 600 598 x 598 50 or 63 designation
kN kN kN kN kN kN
C 600 x 750 598 x 748 50 or 63 A50 4.8 3.8 5.5 4.4 6.8 5.5
D 600 x 900 598 x 898 50 or 63
A63 7.6 6.1 8.7 6.9 10.8 8.7
E 450 x 450 448 x 448 50 or 70
B50 6.4 5.1 7.3 5.8 9.1 7.3
F 400 x 400 398 x 398 50 or 65
B63 10.1 8.1 11.6 9.2 14.4 11.6
G 300 x 300 298 x 298 50 or 60
C50 5.0 4.0 5.7 4.6 7.1 5.7
NOTE: This table is taken from BS 7263-1:2001.
C63 7.9 6.4 9.1 7.3 11.3 9.1
Reproduced from Table NA.1, BS EN 1339:2003
D50 4.1 3.3 4.7 3.8 5.9 4.7
Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test
D63 6.5 5.2 7.5 6.0 9.3 7.5
methods (118).
E50 6.6 5.3 7.5 6.0 9.4 7.5
The Breaking load for each of these flag sizes E70 12.9 10.3 14.7 11.8 18.4 14.7
can be declared from Table NA.2 of the same F50 6.7 5.3 7.6 6.1 9.5 7.6
standard. The choice of flag is dependent on both F65 11.3 9.0 12.9 10.3 16.1 12.9
its size and its strength; the larger the flag the G50 7.0 5.6 8.0 6.4 10.0 8.0
higher the breaking load has to be for it not to
G60 10.1 8.1 11.5 9.2 14.4 11.5
crack. This differs for different thicknesses and
Reproduced from Table NA.2, BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test methods
for different classes. It is recommended that in
(118).
terms of breaking load Class 3 flags are used on
UK highways. It is recommended that higher load bearing declared products are used in areas where vehicle overrun
( Vehicle Overrun) is likely. Table NA.3 from the standard indicates the application of particular
products, and this recommends that flags larger than 600mm x 600mm should not be used where
vehicles may mount the footway or cycle route. It also indicates that for footways or cycle routes where
regular overrun is expected flag dimensions should be limited to a maximum of 450mm x 450mm.

Volume 1
Suitability of class 3 flags for various locations • B
S 7533-7:2010 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or
35 Location and use
Flag type and thickness
mm
concrete pavers. Code of practice for the construction of pavements
of natural stone paving units and cobbles, and rigid construction with
No vehicles, e.g. pedestrian precincts and footways protected All concrete block paving (113), or
by street furniture • B
Very occasional use by cars and light mechanical sweepers, e.g. All concrete pavers. Guide for the structural design of trafficked pavements
unprotected footways in no-parking areas or where over-run is
not a problem constructed of natural stone setts and bound construction with concrete
Footway where vehicles cross to reach a house driveway A63, B63, E70, F65, G60
paving block (80), or
Footway where cars and occasional commercial vehicles E70, F65, G60 • B
run over; unprotected pedestrian precincts with about 25 concrete pavers. Guide to the structural design of trafficked pavements
commercial vehicles each day/way for service or fire access constructed on a bound base using concrete paving flags and natural
NOTE The information in this table is taken from Prescast Concrete Paving: A Design stone slab (81)
Handbook, Interpave: The Precast Concrete Paving and Kerb Association
as appropriate.
Reproduced from Table NA.3, BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags.
The application method is either as a slurry jointing product, whereby the
Requirements and test methods (118).
material is either wet poured onto the paving and ‘squeegeed’ into the
Jointing and pointing joints, or it is applied by means of gun injection. These materials have a very
There are several methods for sealing joints between elemental paving. long life and increase the life of the paving itself by sealing the joints from
Generally the laying method or the end use determines the most appropriate the elements.
jointing method. When the construction is flexible and uses small elemental paving such as
Wide joints concrete or clay block pavers then the most common form of jointing is to
use kiln-dried sands or grit.
The most common method of filling joints is using a hand-pointed
sand:cement mortar to create a rigid joint. This method is generally used It is always recommended that rigid mortars are used in rigid construction
with rigid construction and the use of flag units. and flexible joints are used in flexible construction.
Proprietary ‘off the shelf’ rigid mortar products may also be used and these Poured mortars are used where slurry-type products would be difficult to
should comply with the requirements of: clean afterwards such as with cropped setts. Poured mortars come in two
types; polymeric compounds and pitch mastic. Both systems are poured into
• B
the joints and require good technique by the operator as well as reasonably
concrete pavers. Code of practice for the construction of pavements of
wide joints to work with.
precast concrete flags or natural stone slabs (109), or

Volume 1
Buttered joints Type of product and their designations
36 For buttered joints on Flags the preferred method of jointing is a 3:1 or 4:1 Type Designation Reference x-heighta
mm
Ib
mm
yc
mm
sand:cement dry mixture brushed into the joints. This is brushed into the
Kerbs: -
joints at 45 degrees to the joint so that no brushing is parallel to the joint. Bullnosed kerb BN Figure NA.1a) 24 200 000 62.3
45° splayed kerb SP Figure NA.1b) 35 000 000 58.9
Kerbs Half battered kerb HB1 Figure NA.1c) 79 600 000 73.1
Natural Stone Kerbs must comply with the requirements of BS EN 1343:2012 HB2 NA.1d) 37 300 000 60.3
HB3 NA.1e) 19 700 000 58.6
Kerbs of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and test methods Transition kerb TL Figure NA. 2a)
(119). As for natural stone flags, the essential criterion is the breaking (left hand)
strength which is measured as the flexural strength of the material. Durability Transition kerb TR Figure NA. 2a)
is also declared in the same way as natural stone flags explained above (right hand)
Dropper kerb DL Figure NA. 2b)
( Natural stone flags). (left hand) NA.2c)
Dropper kerb DR Figure NA. 2b)
Concrete kerbs must comply with the requirements of BS EN 1340:2003
(right hand) NA. 2c)
Concrete kerb units. Requirements and test methods (120). Concrete kerbs
Channels -
are declared in exactly the same way as concrete flags ( Concrete flags). Channel square CS1 Figure NA.1f) 41 500 000 62.5
Therefore it is recommended that a bending class of Class 3 is used for the CS2 NA.1g) 24 400 000 62.5
UK. The rest of the standard assumes that concrete kerbs are essentially fit Channel dished CD Figure NA.1h) 30 700 000 56.1
for purpose for other criteria such as slip resistance. National Annex Table Edgings 150 or 200
NA.1 from the standard indicates the standard kerbs available in the UK. Round top edging ER Figure NA.3a) or 250 1 560 000 25
Flat top edging EF Figure NA.3b) 2 080 000 25
Bullnosed edging EB Figure NA.3c) 2 600 000 25
Quadrants - - -
Bullnosed quadrant QBN Figure NA.3d)
45° splayed quadrant QSP Figure NA.3d)
Half battered quadrant QHB Figure NA.3d)
Angles - - -
Internal angle IA Figure NA.3e)
External angle XA Figure NA.3f)
NOTE 1 This table is taken from BS 7263-3:2001
NOTE 2 These are the shape designations and are not to be confused with performance classes.
a Shown in Figure NA.3a), Figure NA.3b) and Figure NA.3c).
b I is the second moment of area
c y is the distance from the centroid to the extreme tensile fibre
Reproduced from Table NA.1, BS EN 1340:2003 Concrete kerb units.
Requirements and test methods (120).
Volume 1
MAINTENANCE TREATMENTS AND Surface dressing and surface are generally sound, it may be that
37 OPERATIONS Surface dressing is a cheap and effective way to an appropriate level of service can be restored
and maintained through an enhanced routine
seal the surface, arrest deterioration and enhance
Maintenance of an existing footway or cycle skid resistance. For footways and cycle routes this maintenance regime. Routine maintenance is the
route may be an ideal way to maintain service levels for planned ongoing care and upkeep of an existing
Where the condition of the asset has deteriorated rural and remote sections. asset throughout its service life and encompasses
over time and/or in accordance with use or a those activities undertaken on a regular basis to
defect has occurred due to some other cause, Retread maintain safety and serviceability. For footways
e.g. works by statutory undertakers, then repair Retread is a process that recycles in situ and cycle routes these will typically include:
of the footways or cycle route will be necessary to materials recovered from damaged footways and
restore the required level of service. Information cycletracks, maximising use of existing materials Cleaning
on typical maintenance treatments for footways and reducing to a minimum the amount of Guidance on cleaning to meet the requirements
and/or cycle routes is given below. new materials imported onto site. The existing of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 is given
surface is planed off, to a depth of 50-75mm, and in the Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse (121)
Surface treatments scarified. The scarified material is then graded to
Slurry seals & micro asphalt the required falls and levels, any excess material Vegetation control
Slurry sealing is a cold-mix paving treatment removed or any additional material required Advice on vegetation control and landscape
containing specially graded aggregate, asphalt imported. The material is sprayed with emulsion management in general, is given in:
emulsion, water and other additives. It is a cost and harrowed to thoroughly mix the emulsion • D
MRB HA 108/04 The Landscape
effective way of sealing and refreshing the surface with the stone. This process is repeated and the Management Handbook (122)
properties of a footway or cycle route. It is a material is then rolled and compacted.
manual process with a curing time of generally • S ection 3.13 of the HA Network Management
around 24 hours. For footways and cycle routes Further information on maintenance options Manual (123)
this is typically a 6mm thick treatment. for footways and cycle routes is available from: • Hedge Management (124)
Microasphalting is a cold-mix expansion of slurry • HD39/16 Footway and cycleway design (36) • Grass verge management (125)
seal with a higher polymer and residual asphalt • A
pplication Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway Further information on vegetation control
content, better quality aggregate and fast-setting and Cycle Route Design Construction and is given in Part 3 Section 6.1 Vegetation Control
chemicals. Microasphalt technology is improving Maintenance Guide (2) of Application Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway
significantly and in recent times microasphalts and Cycle Route Design Construction and
Routine maintenance
suitable for heavy loading are available in the Maintenance Guide (2)
market. For footways and cycle routes this is Where the capacity of the footway or cycle
typically a 15mm thick treatment. route is satisfactory and the pavement structure

Volume 1
See also: Fitting landscapes - securing more sustainable landscapes (126)
38 Minor patching
Information on minor patching is available from:
• Potholes and Repair Techniques for Local Roads (127)
• HMEP Pothole Review. Appendix B (128)
• HD31/94. Maintenance of Bituminous Roads. (129)
• Clause 946 of the Specification for Highway Works. 900 Series (96)
• IAN 90/07 Guidance for the use of emergency patching materials (130)

Volume 1
39 STEP 4: DELIVER
This step is about making it happen through the detailed design and Materials specifications should make reference to recognised standards, i.e.
specification of the solution and the execution of the works on site. Not the British implementation of European Standards (BS EN) or, in the absence
every design will be straightforward to deliver and the designer is expected of an appropriate BS EN, simply the relevant British Standard (BS). For
to maintain engagement throughout the process to ensure that the required certain product groups, such as asphalt, the use of ‘harmonised’ European
outcomes are delivered. Standards is effectively mandatory to comply with the EU Construction
Products Regulation.
CLARITY OF REQUIREMENTS Information on harmonised standards and the Construction Products
Once the solution has been developed it is essential that the requirements
Regulation is available from:
are clearly stated by the designer and communicated to the organisation that
will be carrying out he works. The nature of this communication is likely to • Harmonised standards
depend upon the contractual arrangement between the parties and also the • Construction Products Regulation
scale of the works. For significant planned works this would typically entail
the designer preparing: CONSTRUCTION
• d etailed design drawings showing the layout, dimensions and materials The construction process is the point at which the outcome from investment
• a specification detailing the specific requirements for the materials to be planning and works development is realised. It is, therefore, important that
used (as discussed in Step 3) and also requirements for the transportation construction is carefully controlled and executed so that planned service and
and placing of the materials during the construction process performance from the pavement and, hence, value from the investment are
obtained.
Volume 1
In terms of serviceability for the user, one of the to monitor the quality and conformance of the concrete paving blocks and clay pavers for
40 key parameters is surface regularity which affects
smoothness of ride, so it is recommended that
materials through testing either in situ or on
representative samples.
flexible pavements (135);
-- P
art 4: Code of practice for the
this is controlled through specification of surface construction of pavements of precast
Testing of asphalt materials should be undertaken
tolerances. Asphalt is generally the preferred concrete flags or natural stone slabs
in accordance with the appropriate part(s) of BS
surface for cycle routes as it can provide a (107);
EN 12697. Bituminous mixtures. Test methods
smooth, as well as skid resistant surface. For this
for hot mix asphalt (132). Guidance on the use -- P
art 6: Code of practice for laying natural
reason it is recommended that asphalt should be
of these tests is given in PD 6692: 2006 Asphalt. stone, precast concrete and clay kerb units
laid to the tolerances specified in Table 4.3 of
Guidance on the use of BS EN 12697 “Bituminous (136);
HD 39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design (36) i.e.
mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt" -- P
the maximum deviation under a 1m straight edge
(133). construction of pavements of natural
must not exceed 3mm. In practice this means
Further information on testing of materials stone paving units and cobbles, and rigid
that asphalt surface courses for cycle routes
and workmanship for footways and cycle routes is construction with concrete block paving
should be laid by paving machine which, in turn,
available from HD 39/16 Footway and Cycleway (111);
means that access for paving plant should be
considered in the both the solution design and Design (37). -- P
construction planning. construction of rigid pavements of clay
Further information on the construction of
pavers (137)
It will generally be necessary to consider level asphalt pavements is available from:
tolerances for the underlying layers in the Information on repair and reinstatement is
• B
S 594987:2015. Asphalt for roads and other
pavement construction to ensure an adequate available from:
paved areas. Specification for transport,
platform is provided to enable the final surface to laying, compaction and product-type testing • Practical Guide to Street Works (138)
be constructed to the required tolerance. protocols (100) • S pecification for the reinstatement of
Further information on level tolerances is • R
esurfacing of roads and other paved areas openings in highways (18)
available from: using asphalt (134) • B
S7533 Pavements constructed with clay,
• S pecification for Highway Works. Series 700: Information on the construction of elemental natural stone or concrete pavers: Part
Road Pavements – General (131) pavements is available from: 11: Code of practice for the opening,
• H
D 39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design maintenance and reinstatement of pavements
• B
S7533 Pavements constructed with clay,
(36) of concrete, clay and natural stone (139)
natural stone or concrete pavers
For works of significant scale with substantial -- Part 3: Code of practice for laying precast
supply of paving materials it may appropriate

Volume 1
41 REFERENCES
O PE N
TO A
K
CLIC
LIN
Text
K
1 Well-managed highway infrastructure: a code of practice. UK Roads Liaison Group. 9 Guidance on the use of Tactile Paving Surfaces . DETR 1998
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2 Application Guide AG26 (Version 2). Footway and Cycle Route Design Construction 2013.
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11 Manual for Streets. Thomas Telford Publishing. 2007
3 Construction Design and Management (CDM) Regulations. Health and Safety
12 Manual for Streets 2. CIHT. 2010
Executive. 2015.
13 LTN 1/08 Traffic Management and Streetscape. DfT. 2008
4 Highway infrastructure asset management: guidance document”. DfT. Highways
Maintenance Efficiency Programme. 2013 14 Street Design for All, 2014. DfT, Civic Voice, CIHT, PRIAN. 2014.
5 Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plan Guidance 15 TfL Streetscape Guidance Revision 1. TfL 2017.
6 Equality Act 2010 c15. 16 Better Streets Delivered . Tfl 2013
7 Inclusive mobility. Accessible transport and local transport. DfT. 2015.. 17 Better Streets Delivered 2 . Tfl. 2017.
8 Who put that there. The barriers to blind and partially sighted people getting out 18 Specification for the reinstatement of openings in highways (SROH). DfT. 2010.
and about. RNIB 2015

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19 Local road maintenance, repairs, and street works in England . House of Commons 38 Kerbside Loading Guidance. TfL. 2017.
Library December 28. 2106.. www.parliament.co.uk.
39 Pavement and on-street parking in England. House of Commons Library. Briefing
20 The Traffic Management Permit Scheme (England) Regulations (2007) Paper No. SN01170. 2016.
21 LTN 1/11 Shared space . DfT 2011 l 40 Parking on Pavements – Quick Wins for Local Authorities . RNIB Briefing. 2012.
22 LTN 1/12 Shared use routes for pedestrians and cyclists . DfT 2012 41 Waste Acceptance at Landfills. Environment Agency. 2010
23 TA 91/05 Provision for Non-motorised Users . Highways England. Design Manual 42 Managing reclaimed asphalt – highways and pavements. An adept guidance note.
for Roads and Bridges. 5.2.4 2005. ADEPT. 2016.
24 Design Guidance. Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 . Welsh Government. 2013. 43 LTN 2/95 The design of pedestrian crossings. DfT. 1995
25 Traffic free routes: conceptual design . Sustrans. Design Manual Chapter 5. 2014. 44 Road crossings for horses. The British Horse Society. 2016
26 Planning for Walking . CIHT.2015 45 Surface Materials Around Trees In Hard Landscapes. London Tree Officers
Association. 2017
27 Providing for Journeys on Foot . CIHT. 2000.
46 Legible London Yellow Book. A prototype wayfinding system for London. TfL. 2007.
28 LTN 2/08 Cycle Infrastructure Design . DfT. 2008
47 Traffic signs manual. DfT. 2006, updated 2017.
29 Cycling by design. Transport Scotland. 2010.
48 LTN 1/94 Design and use of directional informatory signs. DfT. 1994
30 London cycling design standards. Streets Toolkit. TfL . 2014.
49 The Sign Design Guide. Sign Design Society & RNIB. ISBN-13: 978-1858784120
31 Design manual for bicycle traffic. Centrum voor Regelgeving en Onderzoek
in de Grond-, Water- en Wegenbouw en de Verkeerstechniek (CROW) . ISBN 50 Class and Quality of Street Lighting . Institution of Lighting Professionals. 2012.
9789066286597 . 2017 51 Lighting of cycle paths . Sustrans,. Technical Information Note No, 29. 2012.
32 Handbook for cycle friendly design. Sustrans Design Manual. 2014. 52 BS5489-1:2013. Code of practice for the design of road lighting. Part 1.Lighting of
33 Greater Manchester Cycling Design Guidance. Transport for Greater Manchester. roads and public amenity areas. BSI 2012.
2014. 53 Local Transport Note 2/09 Pedestrian guardrailing. DfT 2009.
34 IAN 195/16 Cycle Traffic And The Strategic Road Network Highways England. 54 Guidance on assessment of pedestrian guardrails. Tfl .2012
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Interim Advice Notes. 2016.
55 TA 57/87 Roadside Features. . Highways England. Design Manual for Roads and
35 Planning for cycling . CIHT. 2014. Bridges. 6.3.3 1995.
36 HMEP Guidance on the management of highway drainage assets . DfT. Highways 56 IAN 73/06 Design Guidance for Road Pavement Foundations. Highways England.
Maintenance Efficiency Programme. 2012 Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Interim Advice Notes, 2006
37 HD 39/16 Footway and Cycleway Design . Highways England. Design Manual for
Roads and Bridges. 7.2.5 2016

Volume 1
43
57 BS 1377-4:1990. Soils for civil engineering purposes — Part 4: Compaction-related 73 Visual Data Collection .UKPMS User Manual. Volume 2, Chapter 1. UK Roads
tests. BSI. 1990. Liaison Group. 2009.
58 HA44/91 Earthworks - Design and Preparation of Contract Documents. Highways 74 Coarse Visual Inspection (CVI) UKPMS User Manual. Volume 2, Chapter 7. UK
England. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. 4.1.1 1995 Roads Liaison Group. 2009
75 Detailed Visual Inspection (DVI) UKPMS User Manual. Volume 2, Chapter 8. UK

59 HD29/08 Data for Pavement Assessment. Highways England. Design Manual for
Roads Liaison Group. 2009
Roads and Bridges. 7.3.2 2008
76 Footway Network Survey (FNS) UKPMS User Manual. Volume 2, Chapter 9. UK
60 BS EN 13286-47:2012 – Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures. Test method
Roads Liaison Group. 2010
for the determination of California bearing ratio, immediate bearing index and
linear swelling. BSI.2012 77 Walking Route Audit Tool
61 ASTM D4318-10E1 – Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and 78 Construction and surfacing of footways and cycleways using asphalt . Mineral
Plasticity Index of Soils. ASTM. 2010 Products Association. 2009.
62 IAN 147/12 Drainage surveys and data. Highways England. Design Manual for 79 BS7533-1:2001 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers
Roads and Bridges. Interim Advice Notes. 2012 Part 1: Guide for the structural design of heavy duty pavements constructed of
clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks . BSI. 2001
63 Rainfall runoff management for developments. Environment Agency. 2013
80 BS7533-2:2001 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers
64 Designing for exceedance in urban areas – good practice. CIRIA C635.2006.
Part 2: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements constructed
65 Managing urban flooding from heavy rainfall. CIRIA Report 738a. 2013 of clay pavers or precast concrete paving blocks . BSI.2001
66 Greenfield runoff rate estimation. HR Wallingford. 81 BS7533-8: 2003. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
pavers Part 8: Guide for the structural design of lightly trafficked pavements of
67 HD 49/16 Highway drainage design principle requirements. Highways England.
precast concrete flags and natural stone flags. BSI.2003
Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. 4.2.1. 2016
82 BS7533-10:2010 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
68 HD33/16 Design of highway drainage systems. Highways England. Design Manual
pavers Part 10: Guide for the structural design of trafficked pavements
for Roads and Bridges. 4.2.3. 2016
constructed of natural stone setts and bound construction with concrete paving
69 The SuDS Manual . CIRIA Report C753. 2015 blocks .BSI 2010.
70 Interim code of practice for sustainable drainage systems. National SUDS Working 83 BS7533 – 12.2006 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
Group. 2004 pavers Part 12: Guide to the structural design of trafficked pavements constructed
on a bound base using concrete paving flags and natural stone slabs. BSI. 2006
71 SuDS in London – a guide . TfL 2016
72 SuDS Advice Note – Brownfield Sites . Scottish Environment Protection Agency.

2003

Volume 1
44
84 BS7533 – 13: 2009. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete 98 BS EN 13108-1:2016. Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 1. Asphalt
pavers Part 13: Guide for the design of permeable pavements constructed with Concrete . BSI.2016
concrete paving blocks and flags, natural stone slabs and setts and clay pavers.
99 BS EN 13108-2:2016 Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 2. Asphalt
BSI. 2009.
Concrete for Very Thin Layers . BSI.2016
85 Traffic free routes: detailed design. Sustrans. Design Manual Chapter 6. 2014.
100 BS EN 13108-4:2016 Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 4. Hot
86 HA39/98 Edge of pavement details. Highways England. Design Manual for Roads Rolled Asphalt. BSI.2016
and Bridges. 4.2.1. 1998
101 BS EN 13108-5:2016 Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 5. Stone
87 Highways England. Manual for Contracts for Highway Works. Volume 1; Series Mastic Asphalt. BSI.2016
600. 2016.
102 BS 594987:2015 Asphalt for roads and other paved areas. Specification for
88 BS EN 13242: 2013 Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for transport, laying, compaction and product-type testing protocols. BSI. 2015
use in civil engineering work and road construction. BSI. 213
103 PD 6691 Guidance on the use of BS EN 13108, Bituminous mixtures. Material
89 Highways England. Manual for Contracts for Highway Works. Volume 1; Series specifications. BSI.2015
800.2016
104 Cycle path surface options. Sustrans. Technical Information Note No. 8. 2012
90 BS EN 13285:2010 Unbound mixtures. Specifications. BSI. 2010
105 BS EN 13108-8:2016. Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Reclaimed
91 Highways England. Manual for Contracts for Highway Works. Volume 2; Series asphalt. BSI. 2016
800. 2016
106 Asphalt the 100% recyclable construction product. EAPA Position Paper. EAPA.
92 BS EN 14227 (Parts 1 – 5). Hydraulically Bound Mixtures. Specifications. BSI. 2013 2014.
93 BS 8500:2-2015 “Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206 Part 2: 107 BS EN 12620:2013 Aggregates for concrete . BSI.2013
Specification for constituent materials and concrete”. BSI.2015
108 BS EN 998-2:2016 – Specification for mortar for masonry. BSI. 2016.
94 BS8500:1-2015 – “Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206 Part
109 BS 7533-4:1998. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier”. BSI.2015
pavers. Code of practice for the construction of pavements of precast concrete
95 Quality protocols: converting waste into non-waste products. Environment flags or natural stone slab. BSI.1998.
Agency. 2014
110 BS EN 998-2: 2016 Specification for mortar for masonry. Masonry mortar. BSI.2016
96 Highways England. Manual for Contracts for Highway Works. Volume 1; Series
111 BS8500-1: 2015, Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206 Part 1:
900. 2008
Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier. BSI. 2015
97 BS EN 13108-6:2006. Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Part 6. Mastic
112 Proprietary BS7533 compliant laying mortar – BS EN 13813 – heavy duty trafficked
Asphalt. BSI.2006
footways in elemental paving

Volume 1
45
113 BS 7533-7:2010 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete 129 HD31/94. Maintenance of Bituminous Roads. Highways England. Design Manual
pavers. Code of practice for the construction of pavements of natural stone paving for Roads and Bridges 7.4.1. 1994.
units and cobbles, and rigid construction with concrete block paving. BSI. 2010
130 IAN 90/07 Guidance for the use of emergency patching materials Highways
114 BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and test methods, BSI. 2013 England. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. Interim Advice Notes. 2007.
115 BS EN 1341:2012 Slabs of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and test 131 Highways England. Manual for Contracts for Highway Works. Volume 1; Series
methods. BSI. 2012 700. Road Pavements – General 2016.
116 BS EN 1342:2012 Setts of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and test 132 BS EN 12697. Bituminous mixtures. Test methods for hot mix asphalt. Various
methods. BSI. 2012. parts. Published by BSI.
117 BS EN 1338:2003 Concrete paving blocks. Requirements and test methods. BSI. 133 PD 6692 Asphalt. Guidance on the use of BS EN 12697 Bituminous mixtures. Test
2003. methods for hot mix asphalt. BSI. 2006
118 BS EN 1339:2003 Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test methods. BSI. 134 Resurfacing of roads and other paved areas using asphalt. Mineral Products
2003 Association. 2009
119 BS EN 1343:2012 Kerbs of natural stone for external paving. Requirements and 135 BS7533-3: 2005 Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
test methods. BSI. 2012 pavers. Part 3: Code of practice for laying precast concrete paving blocks and clay
pavers for flexible pavements BSI. 2005
120 BS EN 1340:2003 Concrete kerb units. Requirements and test methods. BSI. 2003
136 BS7533-6:1999. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
121 Guidance on cleaning to meet the requirements of the Environmental Protection
pavers. Part 6: Code of practice for laying natural stone, precast concrete and clay
Act 1990 is given in the Code of Practice on Litter and Refuse. DEFRA.2006.
kerb units. BSI. 1999
122 HA 108/04 Landscape Management Handbook. Highways England. Design
137 BS7533 - 9: 2010. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
Manual for Roads and Bridges 10.3.2. 2004.
pavers Part 9: Code of practice for the construction of rigid pavements of clay
123 Network Management Manual. Part 3. Routine Service. Highways Agency. 2009. pavers. BSI. 2010
124 Hedge Management. Sustrans. Ecology Technical Information Note No. 01. 2011. 138 Practical Guide to Street Works. DfT. HAUC(UK). 2006
125 Grass verge management . Sustrans. Ecology Technical Information Note No. 02. 139 BS7533 – 11: 2003. Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete
2011 pavers: Part 11: Code of practice for the opening, maintenance and reinstatement
of pavements of concrete, clay and natural stone. BSI. 2003
126 Fitting landscapes - securing more sustainable landscapes. Transport Scotland
2014. 140 The Geometric Design of Pedestrian, Cycle and Equestrian Routes. Highways
England. Design Manual for Roads and Bridges. 6.3.5 2005.
127 Potholes and Repair Techniques for Local Roads. ADEPT Report CSS79-05. 2010
128 Potholes Review. Prevention and a Better Cure. Appendix B. DfT. Highways
Maintenance Efficiency Programme. 2012.

Volume 1
46 APPENDIX A - GUIDANCE: INITIAL SITE
APPRAISAL
GUIDANCE: INITIAL SITE APPRAISAL at the location. The completeness, quality and currency of the existing
Once the location for investment to provide, improve or restore a footway information will inform the scope and extent of further site investigation.
and/or cycle route has been confirmed, an initial appraisal of the site will
A) Existing footways and/or cycle routes (including change of use)
be required to identify and assess features and characteristics that may
influence the choice of solution and the works design. Existing data to be collated and assimilated is likely to include:
The application of this guidance should be scaled to be commensurate • Inventory data for both the paved and ancillary assets, eg
with the likely nature and scale of the works, i.e. major planned capital -- Paved asset
improvements will require more detailed assessment than, say, a routine or Widths
reactive repair of localised defects. Surface type
1 EXISTING INFORMATION Construction

The first action will generally be to identify and assimilate existing -- Ancillary assets
information. Much of this, and possibly further relevant information, may Drainage/SUDS
be available from the evidence and data used to identify the need for works Lighting

Volume 1
Signs B) Provision of new footway and/or cycle understanding of, and information on, features
47 Guard rails route and factors that may influence the choice or
feasibility of solution options to deliver the
Soft estate Where a new cycle route or footway is being
proposed unless, for example, use is being required outcomes from the works
• Usage data
made of an existing paved area, such as where A) Existing footways and/or cycle routes
-- Flows
a cycle lane is being introduced on an existing (including change of use)
-- User categories carriageway or where a footway or cycle route
Pedestrians For existing footways and cycle routes the
is being developed for shared use, there will
inspection should generally look to identify and
Cyclists evidently be no existing asset information.
assess features and factors relating to:
Equestrian However there may be:
• Safety & asset condition
Vehicles • usage information
• Amenity/user comfort
• Maintenance • topgraphic data
• Environment
• Light/occasional use/access • information on the environment
• Usage drivers
• Overrun available from the studies, forecasts and/or
• Design and construction
• Condition data design proposals prepared to support the original
-- Surveys identification of need. An indication of the features to assess under each
of these categories is given below.
-- Maintenance history
2 PRELIMINARY INSPECTION a) Safety & asset condition
-- Defect reports Once all relevant existing information has been
-- Response/repair records collated and assimilated it is recommended that Overall assessment of condition and
• Utilities data search results a preliminary inspection of the site should be identification of defects and forms of distress
carried out by representatives from: that impact on safety and serviceability, e.g.
• Topographic data
• Environment data: • Sponsor/Promoter 1. Footway and/or cycle route
-- Noise • Designer • Trips
-- Air quality • Asset owner • Potholes
-- User comfort survey • Maintenance service provider • Slip/skid resistance
-- Streetscence/aesthetics as appropriate. • Ponding
The purpose of the inspection is to obtain an • Kerb, channel condition

Volume 1
• Evidence of vehicle overrun bearing on the choice of solution • Cellars, basements, coal chutes etc
48 • Significant defects • Neighbourhood character • Statutory undertakers’ apparatus
2. Ancillary assets • Streetscene
• Missing/faulty lights • Trees and planting
• Missing/damaged signs • Noise
B) Provision of new footway and/or cycle
• Missing/damaged guard rail • Air quality route
• D
amaged street furniture – shelters, d) Usage drivers While a preliminary inspection is primarily
benches, planters, waste bins etc applicable to existing assets it may still be of
Factors affecting the volume and types of users
b) Amenity/user comfort value for new provision to identify, for example,
and, hence, considerations in solution e.g. for
Overall identification and assessment factors persons with restricted mobility environmental factors and usage drivers and
that affect ease of use and user comfort also the likely nature and scope of further
• schools, hospitals etc investigations.
• Shape • parks, sports pitches, leisure facilities
• Roughness • railway, bus stations, transport hubs 3 OUTCOME
• Lighting levels • m
useums, galleries, tourist & cultural The outcome from the initial site appraisal should
• Signage and information attractions be the collation and analysis of information,
most likely presented in a report, that identifies
• Overgrown trees/vegetation • residential development
the nature and scale of the issues to be
• Obstructions, street clutter • commercial development addressed and, hence, informs the selection and
• Pinch points • retail development development of appropriate solution option(s).
• Delivery or parking bays e) Design and Construction Where possible, the inspection should aim
• Transitions to identify the causes of observed defects.
Local factors that may influence the works
• Crossings design and or buildability However, particularly for significant works further
• Ironwork investigation may be justified and the preliminary
• Confirmation of scheme extents inspection should form the basis for determining
c) Environment • Level constraints the nature and extent of those investigations.
Overall identification and assessment factors • Likely traffic management constraints
relating to the local environment that may have a • Drainage – type, condition
• Adjacent land/premises

Volume 1
49 APPENDIX B - DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION
SPECIFICATION
1 PURPOSE 3 GUIDANCE DESCRIPTION

The purpose of this specification is to provide the requirements for Desktop study and site familiarisation visit
undertaking investigations to drainage assets.
A desktop study must be undertaken to interrogate the Authorities’ Flood
Risk Database for the area of the scheme. Additionally, information may
be obtained from the local authorities surface water management plans
2 BACKGROUND / SCOPE with regard to the flood/drainage characteristics within the extents of the
scheme.
The outcomes from the drainage investigation are to:
• Determine and/or verify the types and location of the existing drainage Existing drainage assets details and locations must be obtained from asset
assets management systems and existing records must be used to obtain sewer
records to enable asset investigations to be planned and carried out.
• Establish the condition of the existing drainage assets and identify
problems requiring attention to rectify CCTV drainage investigation
• Determine the need for any further investigations A CCTV survey of the subsurface highway drainage assets shall be carried
• Develop a preliminary scope for drainage works, ensuring that they meet out. The survey must as a minimum include the location of:
the requirements of the proposed works • Gullies

Volume 1
• Manholes Table 1: Drain hydraulic/structural condition - service condition
50 • Laterals Grade Existing Performance Service Condition Action Required
• Highway drainage carrier pipes (Hydraulic/Structural)
As part of the CCTV Investigation work, the 1 80- 100 No defects. Clear None
contractor must: 2 80 Superficial defects. Superficial None but monitoring required
• Ensure camera access is possible e.g. sewer deposits with no loss of performance
cleaning and lifting ‘stuck’ gully and manhole 3 70 Intervention Minor defects. Consider repairs/replacement
covers. This should be carried out prior to the Performance is slightly reduced as part of scheme works.
main investigation. All blockages found during 4* 50 Major defects. Performance Repair/replace
the survey must be cleared by the contractor. severely reduced
• Lift manhole covers to inspect levels of flow 5* 0 Not fit for purpose. Repair/replace
/ silt within the highway drainage system and Blocked or unsafe condition
add to the defects report.
Table 2: Highway drainage intervention levels (Gullies)
• Confirm direction of pipe connectivity
between highway drainage gully and main Location/Type Condition Grade Comment/Action
sewer. Road/Footway Functioning normally 1 None – check suitability if in a cycle superhighway
• Carry out CCTV of highway drainage: gully
Damaged/missing cover 5 Replace
laterals to main sewer and also main sewer (if
owned by authority). Cracked frame/cover 3 Replace
• Provide a structural condition report, along Frame/cover set too low/ 3 If boxes, frames and covers are found to be >
with the CCTV video footage from the survey. high 20mm lower than the surrounding carriageway
In line with IAN 147/12, the drainage structural they should be re-set.
condition must be reported based upon the Settled – too low 3/4 Hazard for cyclists
categories of defects found. No rodding access 3 Include replacement in revenue programme
The following tables (1, 2 and 3) indicate the Blocked with concrete etc. 3/4 Include replacement in revenue programme
grading criteria, example service condition and
the suggested actions required. Poorly located e.g. not at 3 Install additional gullies
low point
Insufficient no. gullies 3 Install additional gullies

Volume 1
Table 3: Gully outfall drain (Highway drain) The following types of activities are anticipated
51 Location/Type Condition Grade Comment/Action
to be undertaken, however, each site should be
assessed individually:
Under Road Functioning normally 1 None • High pressure jetting of sewers and vacuum
Cracked pipe but 2 CCTV Monitoring (Carried out annually at TfL extraction. The Contractor should ensure that
functioning normally Drainage Clients discretion) appropriate plant capable of high volume /
Blocked with silt 3/4 Jet Clean high pressure jetting and vacuum extraction is
used to clear the pipe work of root mass, tap
Blocked with concrete etc. 4/5 Replace pipe
roots and remove loose debris.
Blocked with tree roots 3/4 Use root cutter • Milling activities where required, for cutting
Collapsed 4/5 Investigate cause – replace pipe through tree roots and milling sections of pipe
to remove defects. Milling equipment must be
Adverse gradient 2/3 Investigate cause – Has settlement occurred?
capable of navigating 90 degree bends at short
No rodding access 3 Include replacement in revenue programme radius. Following any milling activities, the
pipe must be left smooth for lining activities.
Not connected with 4/5 Investigate cause – highway collapse /utility
outfall service works e.g. new cable/duct route. Identify Reporting
alternative route/outfall if possible Investigation reporting shall include:
Outfall location not known 1/2 Trace pipe route using sond/electro locating
• Structural condition reporting of the CCTV
equipment
surveyed drainage assets.
Condition/status/ 1/2 Likely TWUL or private drain
• Plans of surveyed assets clearly showing
ownership of receiving
defects found. Plans shall show location of
drain not known
surveyed assets including invert levels of
Damaged/repaired by 3rd 1/2 Recharge cost of reinstating drain. gullies and manholes. Approximate line/
party e.g. utility direction of laterals must also be shown.
• Recommendations for further investigations to
be carried out.

Volume 1
52 APPENDIX C - TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
SPECIFICATION
1 PURPOSE • Establish the geometry of the existing site:

-- Horizontal alignment of carriageway, footway and any cycle tracks
The purpose of this specification is to define the requirements of a
Topographic Survey. -- Vertical alignment of carriageway, footway and any cycle tracks
• Identify and record the pavement construction
• Identify and record the drainage runs and falls including location of
2 BACKGROUND / SCOPE channels and gullies etc

• Identify and record principle highway assets including:
The outcomes of carrying out a Topographic survey are to:
-- Lighting
• Identify and record all highway features within the proposed site of the
-- Signs and bollards (both illuminated and non-illuminated)
scheme.
-- Vehicle restraint systems
• Compliment a LiDAR survey where LiDAR is carried out.

Volume 1
3 GUIDANCE Features and details to be recorded additional longititudinal line of levels must be
53 The designer must determine all of the features taken along the centre line of the footway or
cycletrack or on the drainage channel.
which lie within the site boundaries that must be
DESCRIPTION recorded in the Topographic Survey. • I f a drainage channel is present on a footway
of a width less than 4m, then intermediate
Existing information Levels levels must be taken on the drainage channel.
Prior to undertaking any survey works the Level information shall be collected at 5.0m • I f the footway or cycletrack is greater than
designer must, in consultation with the intervals. This spacing shall be decreased to 2.0m 12m in width, levels should be provided on a
authority, determine whether any existing chainage intervals within 20m of a junction. All 4m grid basis.
survey information is available and, if so, assess levels shall be recorded in metres, relative to
The designer shall take further levels as required:
its suitability for the scheme in terms of the Ordanance Datum (Newlyn) to 2 decimal places
objectives stated above, including consideration at: • To ensure the nature of the highway layout
of: and topography within the highway where
• Back of the footway
there are unsual changes in profile is
• Scope • Top of the kerb accurately reflected.
• Coverage • Bottom of the kerb • At central reserves and Islands.
• Currency (age of information) • Channels • At road humps or where there is a large area
• Accuracy • Gullies of carriageway or paved area.
Information provided to the designer • Man-hole covers Accuracy
Information provided to the designer in advance • Changes in directions of falls • 3D information is to be given to a tolerance of
of the survey will include: • C
arriageway crown (if it is not along centre (to be set by designer)
• Base plan(s) showing the scheme extents and line road markings) • 2D information is to be given to tolerance of
boundaries for the survey • C
arriageway centre line within area shown by (to be set by designer)
• Details of any site access and/or working attached drawings • If the topographical survey undertaken is an
restrictions Additionally, the following situations need to be extension of a previous survey, the new survey
In advance of the survey, information provided to considered: must be linked with the existing survey.
the contactor may also include: • For footways and cycletracks over 4m in width Photographs, in JPG format, of the faces of
or footways which incorporate a drainage existing traffic signs must be provided and the
• Specific features and details to be recorded
channel as part of the construction, an picture reference numbers placed in a separate
• Levels layer of the drawing.
• Presentation of collected data
Volume 1
54 APPENDIX D - CARRIAGEWAY CORING
SPECIFICATION
1 PURPOSE • Identify delamination between construction layers;

• Determine depth of cracking;
The purpose of this specification is to provide the requirements for
undertaking and reporting coring activities. • I nvestigate condition of joints and/or cracks in underlying hydraulically
bound material;
• D
etermine propagation of major rutting to structural layers of the
2 BACKGROUND / SCOPE
carriageway;
• Optionally, provide materials samples for further testing and analysis.
The objectives of carrying out carriageway coring activities are to:
Number and location of cores
• Determine the presence of Road Tar bound materials in the existing
construction to enable appropriate actions to be taken where necessary; The designer must make use of the conducted visual condition survey
information in order to determine location of cores. Additionally Ground
• Identify the layer thicknesses and material types in the existing
Penetrating Radar (GPR) survey may be used to plan the number and
construction;
location of cores in advance of works taking place in accordance with the
• Provide visual indication of material condition; following requirements:

Volume 1
• Cores shall be taken either side of construction to be 30% of total cores undertaken. The core • The Designer/Contractor shall advise the TAA
55 changes as identified from the GPR and/or
visual surveys.
logs and the location plan to clearly identify
the location and the defect type where the
in advance with regard to the proposed Road
Tar indicator test which will be employed.
• A minimum of 1 core per 500m2 shall be core was taken. This shall be in accordance with the options
extracted within sections of consistent presented in Appendix C of ADEPT Guidance
Requirements of coring activities and cores
construction Note ‘Managing Reclaimed Asphalt – Highways
• The procedure shall be in accordance and Pavements’
• Unless the site is less than 30m2, a minimum with Clause 4.7 of BS EN 12697-27:2001
total of 3 cores shall be taken. • Any positive indication of the presence of
Bituminous Mixtures – Test methods for hot
Road Tar shall be immediately notified to the
Additional cores shall be taken at a representative mix asphalt – Part 27: Sampling
TAA.
number of locations, dependent on the size • Cores shall be of nominal 100mm diameter
of the site and frequency of the features and/
• Cores shall be drilled through the full depth of
Reporting
or defects, to investigate defects or features • Location referencing shall be:
bound construction
including:
• Reinstatement of core holes shall be in -- Locations of cores must be represented on
• Cracks: Cores shall only be taken on minor/ accordance with Clause 9.4.1.2 of BS an Ordinance Survey Map with attached
moderate cracks to enable core extraction and 594987:2015 Asphalt for roads and other core logs, the test logs will be individually
retention; paved areas – Specification for transport, represented as well as core images aligned
• Ruts or surface deformations: At major rutting laying, compaction and type testing protocols to show the varying asphalt depth along
locations where the extent of propagation to the site.
• Core samples shall be retained for two months
structural layers is required, straddled cores from the date of extraction for reference -- Core locations must additionally be
must be taken; where required. summarised schematically in terms of
• Locations where GPR indicates the presence chainage, lane location, and layer thickness
Indication of presence of road tar for each cores aligned for comparison. See
of moisture and/or where there is evidence of
migration of fines to the surface (pumping) at The presence of Road Tar in the carriageway attached examples in figure 1 and 2:
joints or cracks (unless there will be the option may be a hazard to health and safety. Road Tar
to investigate this more fully by trial pitting at is proven to contain carcinogens and therefore
a later stage); appropriate investigation and resultant actions
where necessary need to be employed.
• Selected joints (in underlying rigid
construction); • Cores shall be tested for the indication of any
• Minimum number of cores at defect location presence of Road Tar.

Volume 1
Figure 1: Schematic plan showing aligned cores (Option 1) Figure 2: Schematic plan showing aligned cores (Option 2)
56
• The information reported and its presentation (e.g. Transverse/longitudinal crack, rut, failed
shall be in accordance with Clauses 7.7, 7.8 patch, and trench);
and 7.9 of Highways Agency standard HD29/08 • Any changes to the location of the cores from
‘Data for Pavement Assessment’; the initial plan must be remarked and shown
• Where pavement material has disintegrated on core location drawings.
during coring and there is only partial
recovery of material, layer thicknesses will
be determined from examination of the core
hole. This must be noted on the core log and
must include the type of the disintegrated
material;
• The cores taken at defects must be clearly
indicated in the remarks section. This must
describe type and magnitude of the defect

Volume 1

Pavement Design and Maintenance: Asset Management Guidance For Footways and Cycle Routes

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FOOTWAY AND CYCLETRACK

UK ROADS LIAISON GROUP MANAGEMENT GROUP

ASSET MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE FOR FOOTWAYS AND CYCLE ROUTES:

This document has been developed under a commission from

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

INTRODUCTION 1 STEP 2: DEFINE 9 REFERENCES 41

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Figure 1 Identification of need

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Unlike vehicle restraint systems (VRS), guardrails

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Reproduced from Table 3, BS EN 1344:2013 Clay pavers. Requirements and

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

75 Detailed Visual Inspection (DVI) UKPMS User Manual. Volume 2, Chapter 8. UK

72 SuDS Advice Note – Brownfield Sites . Scottish Environment Protection Agency.

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

1 EXISTING INFORMATION  Construction

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

Asset Management Guidance for Footways and Cycle Routes:

1 EXISTING INFORMATION Construction