NNHDC
NNHDC
NNHDC
Official definition:
1) WHAT? – a branch of linguistics (that is a BIG thing) – same as morphology, lexicology, psycho-
linguistics (how we process sentences, cognitive processes when speaking English, or a
different language): Only by comparison can one distinguish, process involves contrast and
comparison
- Practical need: new theories/hypothesis being tested to be reconfirmed confirm or deny. Can’t
simply look at differences only to teach/understand another language.
Example: Covid vaccine: do you need it? Is it effective?
Factors affecting how effectively a person learn a language? – Gender? Age? Background?
How much exposure to the language? Brain functions, or psychological? Beliefs? all the
skills are interconnected, extensive training, practice = can make it
- History: Developed in the US duing WW2, when flows of immigrants come to the US
Immigrants had a language barrier, but they need to make money for themselves and their
children’s survival. Teachers hypothesized: a need for a better ways to study English
pointing similarities and differences to predict common errors
(?) Do we encounter a lot of Behaviorism throughout the day? – Kinda? A lot? Stimulus = need,
Response = way to respond to that need. Ex: Hungry (S) Say sth to someone (R): “Hey, I’m hungry”
In language behavior: S = Communicative need, R = Utterance in 2nd language. The need for
quick and effective SLA + The popularity of Behaviorist Psychology and Structural Linguistics =
birth of C.A 1940s-1950s
Basically, there are quick and slow learners just theory won’t improve everyone’s English
proficiency
- Main difficulties: interference from mother’s tongue (L1) affects students’ English (L2) learning
abilities.
- C.A predicts the difficulties L2 learners are aware of the differences between L1 & L2. Example:
Vietnamese is analytic, English is in inflectional
- Interference – Transfer
(?) How accurately are C.A’s predictions regarding the learning problems encountered by L2 learners?
Inter-lingual: He come. (Vietnamese is analytic, predicted common mistakes) C.A can only
predict this type, approx. 1/3 errors possibly made by natives
COMPOUNDING
Compounding in Vietnamese: Subordinate and Coordinate Compounds
Subordinate Compounds Coordinate Compounds
mướp đắng, hàng nhái, chợ đen, bố mẹ, bát đĩa, làng xã, nhà cửa
Common patterns:
Native + Native: quần áo, cầu cống
Sino (Hán-Nôm) + Native or Native + Sino: Ca (S) hát, thì (S) giờ, danh (S) tiếng
Sino + Sino (a lot): bán nguyệt, trường giang, song hỉ, tổ quốc, phu thê, nhân ái, …
CONVERSION
Trông thế mà Hoạn Thư lắm!:
Chân vịt: paddle of the boat extended meaning: từ nhiều nghĩa, giống nghĩa gốc, cùng từ loại
Ốc: screw extended meaning: looks like the snail
Conversion:
Muối: salt & pickle
Thịt (con) gà: meat & butcher
SHORTENING
Clipping: (môn Vật) Lý
Blending: quan (tâm lo) ngại, tuyên (huấn) giáo (dục), ban văn (hóa) xã (hội), văn (hóa) nghệ (thuật)
REDUPLICATION
Exact reduplication in English: Pretty pretty, blah blah, night night
Full reduplication in Vietnamese: khăng khăng, lù lù; đo đỏ, ra rả: full + only tonal change
[LEXICAL SEMANTICS]
boy laughed
Horizontal relations: how words are syntactically
The (determiner) + man (n.) + cried (v.)
related
Noun phrase = S Verb = predicate Vertical relations: how the context influence choice
Syntagmatic semantic relationship = COLLOCATION: dictates how words are ordered in a sentence,
which words that goes together in terms of chain
Pragmatic semantic relationship = SYNONYMY, ANTONYM, HYPONYMY
d. Shift of meaning
Hand – worker: extended meaning
e. Word formation
Laugh – laughter
Đẹp – đẹp đẽ
III. Sources of synonyms in Vietnamese, that doesn’t exist in English
a. Affixation
Máu – máu me, nhà – nhà cửa, chia – chia rẽ
b. Sound alteration
Mặc dầu – mặc dù, tránh – lánh, nhanh nhẹn – lanh lẹn
c. Phraseology
Chạy – chạy như cờ long công, chạy như ngựa
Nhanh – nhanh như cắt, nhanh như gió
Giống – giống như in
d. Word order alternation and affixation
Quét dọn nhà cửa – quét nhà dọn cửa; quần áo – quần với áo, quần quần áo áo; thuốc
lá – thuốc lá thuốc lẩu
Poly-semantic words: many meanings words
Ex.: Lành – người lành tính; món ăn lành; cái áo lành; vết thường đã lành – meaning in E = good
Mở - mở cửa, mở màn (>< hạ màn),…
Collations gives more ideas to the word
I. Patterns of metaphor
a. Appearance: eye of the storm – mắt bão
b. Position: back of the chair – lưng ghế; head of the bed (headboard) – đầu giường
c. Function: answer key/key to success
d. Quality, characteristics: big question mark – dấu chấm hỏi lớn; sour – cng chua chát;
heavy smoker – nghiện thuốc lá nặng
e. Size: pool of love, sea of trouble; bể khổ, núi việc
II. Patterns of metonymy
a. Container of contained
Ex.: The Oval Office was busy.
Lớp NNHĐC sáng thứ tư có thể về sớm.
b. Possessor for possessed/attribute
The red dress is killing it on the dance floor
Cô ấy là một cây bút trẻ tài năng.
c. Geographical names for products
Wall Street claimed the decision as a victory
(Thuốc lá) Thăng Long
d. Names of inventors for inventions
Denise played Mozart.
Suốt 10 năm tôi không đọc Nguyễn Du.
e. Materials for products
Glass of water
Đồng (bronze/copper)
f. Represented entity for representative
The Times hasn’t arrived at the Press Conference yet.
No one is sure what Switzerland will say.
Báo Nhân dân đến rồi nhưng Lao động chưa đến.
Không ai dự đoán đc động thái của Bắc Kinh.
g. Whole for part
Fill the car w/ gas / Bơm xe
Use the bathroom
Một đêm văn nghệ
h. Part for whole
Get your ass over here; set of wheels = car
Có vai vế trong làng
i. Place for institution
The White House decided to normalize the relations with Cu-ba
Nhà Trắng quyết định bình thường hóa mqh với Cu-ba