Global and Regional

Lumpy skin disease (LSD)

Situation and its
Preparedness

Karma Rinzin
Regional Animal Health Coordinator
OIE Sub-Regional-Representation for
South East Asia
Email: [email protected]
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Presentation Roadmap
▪ Introduction
• Etiology, transmission and spread,
clinical signs, diagnosis & impact
▪ LSD Epidemiology
▪ LSD situation
• Global/ Regional
▪ Risk Assessment
▪ LSD Prevention and Control
▪ Activities implemented by OIE in response
to LSD
▪ OIE Tools and resources
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Introduction
▪ LSD is vector borne pox disease of domestic cattle and Asian
water buffalo
• Etiology: Capripoxvirus (CaPV) within the family Poxviridae.
• Stable virus, survives well in the environment such as
winter and drought
▪ Transmission
– Mechanical by blood-feeding and biting vectors
– Direct and indirect contact
– Intrauterine transmission and via contaminated semen
– Iatrogenic
▪ Spread: mainly by blood-feeding arthropod vectors
(mosquitoes, biting flies and ticks), Long distance spread is
mainly by movement of animals
▪ Incubation period - 4 to 14 days in the experimental
settings and up to 5 weeks in field condition.
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Introduction
▪ Clinical signs
• Nasal and ocular discharge, pyrexia, drop in milk
production and characteristic skin lesions.
• Number of nodules varies from few in mild cases
to many covering the entire body in severe cases.
• Silent or subclinical infection can occur

▪ Diagnosis
• Severely affected cases are easy to recognize
• Early stages of infection and mild cases may be
difficult to distinguish
• Samples should be collected from all suspected
cases to rule out or confirm LSD by lab diagnosis
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LSD Epidemiology
▪ Morbidity rate varies between 5 to 45% and mortality rate
usually remains below 10%
▪ Morbidity and severity of the clinical disease are much lower
in buffalos than in cattle.
▪ Local cattle breeds less susceptible than European dairy
breeds and cows in high production are usually more
severely affected
▪ The first (index) case is usually associated with cattle
movements
▪ Seasonal - more common (but not limited to) warm and wet
seasons with abundance of blood-feeding arthropods
• Immunity - both humoral and cell-mediated - all
vaccinated animals may not show detectable antibody
levels although they would be fully protected
• No carriers but some animals can be infected without
showing clinical signs
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Impact of LSD

Veterinary treatment and

death
Fertility problems and
Damaged hides
abortions

Decreased in milk Loss of draught power

production and mastitis Economic
losses
Emaciation and damaged
Trade restrictions
carcasses

Cost of prevention and

control measures
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Global Report of LSD from 2005 onwards (based on report by OIE Members)
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Global Report of LSD from 2005 onwards (based on report by OIE Members)
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LSD Status (based on country report)
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Chronology of reported LSD outbreaks (based on country report)

Russia 2015

Kazakhstan 2016

2014
Israel in Aug1989 2013
Aug 2019
2000’s July 2020 Sep 2020
Egypt in May1988 July 2019
Aug 2019
Oct 2020
Nov 2020
April 2021

June 2021
1940’s

LSD has spread from its

origin in Central Africa,
1929
Middle East and Asia
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LSD outbreak situation (based on country report)
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LSD Outbreaks in South-East Asia

343 outbreaks in 2590 vaccinated

Includes 46 cases
six countries from including 311
in buffaloes in
September 2020 buffaloes
Thailand
till date

Animals culled
- 1177 in Vietnam
- 20 in Thailand
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TADs Outbreak Process

Control disease
endemic freedom

Elimination preparedness

Risk Risk Risk

management communication assessment

Response introduction
& containment

Establish &
spread
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Risk assessment
• Trade, grazing, nomadic and transhumance farming
• Legal and unauthorised transboundary animal movements
• Lack of testing regimen for imported animals

Cattle
movements • Contacts with neighbouring
• Lack of veterinarians, from affected
to disease- herds
paraveterinarians, means of free regions • Purchace of new animals
transport, awareness
from untrusted sources
• Labs: Diagnostic tests, Insufficient Farming
veterinary • Use of a local breeding bull
competent staff, funding, kits, capacities practices
• Cattle are not monitored on
reagents, materials, equipment
regular basis
• Under-reporting and no
• Shared veterinary or other
compensation system for Hightened equipments
farmers risk

Low/No
Season immunity • Fully susceptible cattle
against LSDV
population
• Temperature and humidity favorable • Cattle are vaccinated but not
for vectors yet protected
• High cattle movement activities Environment • Vaccination has ceased
• Poor vaccination coverage
• No vaccination records kept

• High numbers vector

• Presence of suitable breeding sites for
vectors (standing water and dunghills
• Grasslands suitable for ticks
• Cattle transport routes
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LSD Prevention and Control
▪ LSD Preparedness ▪ LSD Control
• Laboratory Capacity • Rapid detection and reporting
• Awareness • Movement control
• Surveillance • Biosecurity
• Risk assessment • Vector Control
• Contingency Plan • Stamping out
▪ Rapid Response Team ▪ Partial
▪ Communication Plan ▪ Full
▪ Compensation Plan • Vaccination
▪ Vaccination Plan ▪ Preventive
• Simulation exercise ▪ Responsive
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Vaccination of Animals
Vaccination of cattle plays a fundamental role for the control and eradication of
LSD. To date, no country has been able to eradicate LSD without vaccination.

Calves from
Only live attenuated Adults - annual unvaccinated dams -
can be vaccinated at
vaccines are currently vaccination
any age
available for LSD
Calves from Cattle to be
vaccinated or moved - Vaccinate
naturally infected
Both homologous and mothers - at the
28 days before the
heterologous vaccines are used transport
age of 3 to 4 months
against LSD
Newly purchased
Domestic buffaloes animals – Vaccinate
No ‘Differentiating Infected - same dosage and 28 days before
from Vaccinated Animals’ protocol as for introduction to the
(DIVA) vaccine bovines herd
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Activities implemented by OIE in response to LSD in the region

LSD Coordination
Webinars
Meeting for SEA
Emergency Response Updates on LSD
situation and
Laboratory Diagnostics Preparedness
Practical Prevention
General Consultation and Control of LSD
Training on LSD Preparedness for Asia
and Pacific by the VLC for Asia and Updates and FAO/
Regional Situation Update Pacific and EuFMD under the regional OIE Tools and
FAO/ OIE GF-TADs umbrella resources

Advice through emails on Do’s and Don’ts to LSD infected and neighboring countries
Facilitate other support – lab, expert and resources
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LSD Communication Materials

Process of developing “Frequently asked questions on LSD Vaccination”

OIE Tools and Resources for LSD Prevention
and Control
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OIE international standards

• Terrestrial Code: Standards for disease

control and safe international trade

• Terrestrial Manual: Standards for

laboratory diagnostic methods and for
the production and control of vaccines

Horizontal chapters =
General concepts
Vertical chapters =
disease-specific
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OIE standards and LSD
▪ General Standards (non-disease specific)
Chapter 1.1. Notification of diseases, infections and infestations,
and provision of epidemiological information
Chapter 1.4. Animal health surveillance
Chapter 1.5. Surveillance for arthropod vectors of animal diseases
Chapter 2.1. Import risk analysis
Chapter 4.1. Introduction to recommendations for the prevention
and control of transmissible animal diseases
Chapter 4.4. Zoning and compartmentalisation

▪ Dedicated chapter in LSD in the Terrestrial Code:

Chapter 11.9. Infection with lumpy skin disease virus
▪ Dedicated Chapter in Terrestrial Manual:
Chapter 3.3.12: Lumpy skin disease
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Reporting through WAHIS

▪ As per Chapter 1.1. OIE Members shall make available, through the OIE, whatever
information is necessary to minimise the spread of important animal diseases, and
their pathogenic agents, and to assist in achieving better worldwide control of these
diseases.

Immediate Notifications
Follow-up Notification
Six Monthly Report
Annual Report
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OIE Reference Laboratories for LSD
Dr David Wallace
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Agricultural Research Council
Private Bag X05
Onderstepoort 0110
SOUTH AFRICA
Tel: +27-12 529 94.42
Fax: +27-12 529 92.49
Email: [email protected]

Dr Pip Beard
The Pirbright Institute
Ash Road, Pirbright
Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: +44-1483 23.24.41
Fax: +44-1483 23.24.48
Email: [email protected]
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Main Roles of OIE Reference Laboratories for ASF

To provide OIE Members with

• Biological reference products and facilities for diagnostic
tests
• Technical and scientific advices on the diagnostic methods
and disease control measures
• Scientific and technical training for personnel of OIE Member
Countries
• To organise inter-lab proficiency tests
For more information: www.oie.int/en/scientific-expertise/reference-laboratories/terms-of-reference
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OIE Collaborating Centres
Validation, Quality Assessment and Quality Control of Diagnosis and Control of Animal Diseases and
Diagnostic Assays and Vaccine for Vesicular Diseases Related Veterinary Product Assessment in Asia
in Europe •National Institute of Animal Health
Sciensano Department of Planning and General Administration
Department of Infectious Diseases in Animals 3-1-5, Kannondai, Tsukuba
Unit Exotic and Particular Diseases Groeselenberg Ibaraki 305-0856
Section Epizootic Diseases JAPAN
Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Ukkel Tel: +81 29 838 7704
BELGIUM Fax: +81 29 838 7907
Tel: +32-2 642.51.11 - Tel2: +32-2 37.90.512 Email: [email protected]
Fax: +32- 2 379.06.66
Email: [email protected] •National Veterinary Assay Laboratory
1-15-1 Tokura, Kokubunji
Tokyo 185-8511
JAPAN
Tel: +81-42 321 1841
Fax: +81-42 321 1769
Email: [email protected]
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Other relevant information
▪ OIE Lumpy disease card:
https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2021/03/lumpy-skin-disease.pdf

▪ OIE Asia-Pacific regional webpage on LSD:

https://rr-asia.oie.int/en/projects/lumpy-skin-disease-lsd/

▪ LSD webpage of OIE Europe:

https://rr-europe.oie.int/en/Projects/gf-tads-europe/

▪ Check the latest information on the evolution of LSD in the region:

Consult the WAHIS platform: https://wahis.oie.int/#/home
Subscribe to WAHIS alert:
https://www.oie.int/en/what-we-do/animal-health-and-welfare/disease-data-collection/info-list/
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Other Resources
FAO Resources on LSD
Technical
resources
(manuals, templates, tools)
 Thank you for your attention

Dr Karma Rinzin
Regional Animal Health Coordinator
[email protected]

OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia

c/o Department of Livestock Development
69/1 Phaya Thai Road
Ratchathewi 10400, Bangkok, THAILAND
Tel. +66 2 653 48 64
E-mail: [email protected]
Web site: www.rr-asia.oie.int - www.oie.int

Photo credit: OIE Atlas