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    Conversational Transaction

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    Sella Ananda Giovany
    The document discusses various aspects of conversational structure, including turn-taking, back-channel signals, adjacency pairs, insertion sequences, and preferred/dis-preferred second parts. Adjacency pairs refer to two-part exchanges where the second utterance depends on the first, like questions/answers. Insertion sequences involve one adjacency pair occurring within another pair. Pre-sequences are structures used to avoid potential face loss by checking preconditions before requests, offers, or invitations.

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    Conversational Transaction

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    Sella Ananda Giovany
    26 views3 pages
    The document discusses various aspects of conversational structure, including turn-taking, back-channel signals, adjacency pairs, insertion sequences, and preferred/dis-preferred second parts. Adjacency pairs refer to two-part exchanges where the second utterance depends on the first, like questions/answers. Insertion sequences involve one adjacency pair occurring within another pair. Pre-sequences are structures used to avoid potential face loss by checking preconditions before requests, offers, or invitations.

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    The document discusses various aspects of conversational structure, including turn-taking, back-channel signals, adjacency pairs, insertion sequences, and preferred/dis-preferred second parts. Adjacency pairs refer to two-part exchanges where the second utterance depends on the first, like questions/answers. Insertion sequences involve one adjacency pair occurring within another pair. Pre-sequences are structures used to avoid potential face loss by checking preconditions before requests, offers, or invitations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    26 views3 pages

    Conversational Transaction

    Uploaded by

    Sella Ananda Giovany
    The document discusses various aspects of conversational structure, including turn-taking, back-channel signals, adjacency pairs, insertion sequences, and preferred/dis-preferred second parts. Adjacency pairs refer to two-part exchanges where the second utterance depends on the first, like questions/answers. Insertion sequences involve one adjacency pair occurring within another pair. Pre-sequences are structures used to avoid potential face loss by checking preconditions before requests, offers, or invitations.

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    Sella Ananda Giovany

    Summary Sociopragmatics
    Conversational Structure:
    A conversation is not simply a string of grammatically well-formed utterances, in random
    disposition from different speakers.
    Classification:
    1. Turn taking Back-channel signals
    2. Back- channel signals
    3. Adjacency pairs Insertion sequences
    4. Insertion sequences
    5. Pre-sequences Preferred second parts.
    6. Preffered second parts.
    Having Turn-taking
    The control of the floor at any time in a conversation is called a turn.
    (1). Paralinguistic signals: nodding, gestures, smile
    (2). Facial expressions: vocal signals yeah
    The Wolf: You're Jimmie, right? This is your house?
    Jimmie: Sure is.
    The Wolf: I'm Winston Wolfe. I solve problems.
    Jimmie: Good, we got one.
    The Wolf: So I heard. May I come in?
    Jimmie: Uh, yeah, please do.
    (Pulp Fiction, 1994)
    Back-channel Signals:
    In conversation, a noise, gesture, expression, or word used by a listener to indicate that he or she
    is paying attention to a speaker.
    According to H.M. Rosenfeld (1978), the most common back-channel signals are head
    movements, brief vocalizations, glances, and facial expressions, often in combination.
    Fabienne: I was looking at myself in the mirror.
    Butch Coolidge: Uh-huh?
    Fabienne: I wish I had a pot.
    Butch Coolidge: You were lookin' in the mirror and you wish you had some pot?
    Fabienne: A pot. A pot belly. Pot bellies are sexy.
    (Pulp Fiction, 1994)
    Adjacency Pairs Definition:
    In conversation analysis, a two-part exchange in which the second utterance is functionally
    dependent on the first, as exhibited in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests. An
    adjacency pair is a type of turn-taking. It is the smallest unit of conversational exchange. Sacks
    isolates a class of sequences of closely related turns in a conversation and labels them as
    adjacency pairs. Such as offers requiring acceptance or rejections, questions requiring answers,
    greetings requiring greetings, etc.
    Features:
    (1). They are two utterances long.
    (2).Two utterances are ordered as a first part and second part.(3).The sequences of two
    utterances as the result of turn-taking.(4).A particular first part requires a particular
    second part
    Adjacency pairs include such exchanges as:
    Question/answer; complaint/denial; offer/accept; request/grant; compliment/rejection;
    challenge/rejection; instruct/receipt.
    Biggles: Miss Bladder, take a letter.
    Miss Bladder: Yes, Biggles.(Monty Python's Flying Circus)Mitchell Pritchett: Hey Cam,
    does the gardener usually work on Saturdays? Cameron Tucker: I don't know, he comes
    when we need him. He's like Batman, but straight.(Modern Family)
    Elaine: Ugh, I hate people.
    Jerry: Yeah, they're the worst.(Seinfeld)
    Preferred and Dis-preferred Second Parts:
    Eg.
    A: What does John do for a living?
    B: (a) Do you need to know? (b) Oh, this and that.(c) I’ve no idea.
    As we can see, some first parts allow for alternative seconds which are not of equal status. Some
    are preferred and some dis-preferred---a distinction which may have a psychological basis and
    explanation, but also has linguistic realization: “preferred seconds are unmarked---they occur as
    structurally simpler terms; in contrast dis-preferred seconds are marked by various kinds of
    structural complexity.” (Levinson)
    Insertion sequence
    Conversation can take a linear structure, one pair followed by another; there are also cases of
    embedding, of one pair occurring inside another an adjacency pair is not adjacent, but separated
    by another adjacency pair.
    Schegloff (1972) calls these embedded pairs insertion sequences. Then sequence will then
    become Q1-Q2-A2-A1. The middle pair (Q2-A2) is called an insertion sequence.
    Customer: My daughter was coughing quite a bit last night
    Customer: My daughter was coughing quite a bit last night. Can you suggest anything?
    (Q1)Pharmacist: How old is your daughter?
    (Q2)Customer: She is four.
    (A2)Pharmacist: This is a good children’s cough syrup. Give her two teaspoons before she goes
    to bed. If her cough doesn’t clear up in a day or two, you should take her to the doctor.
    (A1)Customer: I will. Thanks.
    Pre-sequences Offers, requests and invitations naturally prefer acceptance, thus we have pre-
    sequences (pre-request, pre-invitation and pre-arrangement ), which are psychologically
    motivated structures to avoid loss of face for one or both participants resulting from a dis-
    preferred second having to be performed. Pre-sequences are the kind of sequences that are used
    to prefigured some specific potential actions.
    Four turns
    Turn 1: a question checking if some precondition exists or the action be performed in Turn 3
    Turn 2: an answer indicating that the precondition exists (or does not exist the case might be)
    Turn 3: the actual action, if the precondition exists; otherwise withholding it
    Turn 4: response to the action in Turn 3

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