Module: Scientific English

Level : L 1
Teacher: Mrs Mokhtar S.

Lesson N°1: The present simple: (stem + ‘s’)

The Present Simple tense (or Simple Present) is one of the most used verb tenses in
English. It describes general facts, states, and habits. At its core, the Present Simple is used
to refer to the general state of affairs in the present.

Examples:

a-A poor diet increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.→ affirmative sentence

b- A poor diet does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.→ negative sentence

c- Does a poor diet increase the risk of cardiovascular disease? → interrogative sentence

A-Uses of the Simple Present

We can use the Simple Present in many ways, including the following:

a- Things that are true

For things that are true, we use is/am/are for the BE verb. For all other verbs, we add “s”
to the end for he/she/it.
EgI am from Korea.
▪ He is my teacher.
▪ I love chocolate.
▪ My roommate also loves chocolate.
▪ She is my roommate.

b-Things that are untrue

For things that are untrue, we use:

subject + is/am/are + not + base verb

Eg: -She is not my teacher.

-She isn’t my teacher. (contraction)
-My roommate is not from Korea.
-My roommate isn’t from Korea. (contraction)

All other verbs:

 I + do + not + base verb
he/she/it + does + not + base verb

Eg:-My Mom does not like chocolate.

-My Mom doesn’t like chocolate. (contraction)
-He does not speak German.
-He doesn’t speak German. (contraction)

c- Ongoing situations

Ongoing situations are usually states of being: things that are true today, will be true
tomorrow, and were probably true yesterday.

Eg: -I live with three people.

-My roommates are all students at IEC@DVC.

d- Things that are happening right now

We use the Simple Present to talk about things that are happening at this moment.

Eg: -Sorry, I am not home right now.

-My teacher isn’t in her office. She is at lunch.
-We aren’t sure of our plans for the weekend.

e- Scientific truths

One of the most interesting ways that we use the Simple Present is to talk about scientific
facts.

Eg: -Water freezes at 0 degrees Celcius.

-The moon controls the ocean’s tides.
-Wind causes waves.
-Pluto is not a planet.
-Coniferous plants do not lose their leaves.
-Most decidious plants lose their leaves in the fall.
-There are volcanoes underwater.

-The following table summarizes the different uses of the present simple
Use Examples Explanations
1. • Water boils at 100˚C. • These are scientific facts that are always true
general • The earth revolves around and cannot be argued with.
truth the sun.
2. fact • Apples are red, yellow, or • These facts are always true, permanent and
green. indisputable.
• The data show an increase
in sales.
3. state • Michelle lives in Paris. • Paris is her permanent place of residence. She
• She works in Versailles. may not be there now, but always returns there.
• She believes in balancing• She works in Versailles. She may not be there
business and pleasure. right now, but that’s her place of work.
• Also for expressing belief and opinion
4. habit • We take a French class • We do these actions repeatedly, as they are
twice a week. habits. We may not be taking a class or reading
• We read a French website now, but generally this happens regularly.
every day.

Advanced Usages of the Present Simple:

Use Examples Explanations

5. future plans and • Don’t be late, the • future plans related to a preset
schedules train leaves tomorrow at 9:00 schedule, which regularly repeats
sharp ! itself.
• All new German
courses begin next week.
6. reporting live • “Owen kicks the ball to • This provides an instantaneous
events, story-telling, Ronaldinio, who passes it to sense of the present, adding
or retelling a plot Beckham. Beckham scores a drama to live sport
(narrative present) goal !” commentaries.
• “A guy walks into a bar • Also used in giving accounts of
and starts talking to…” This is stories, jokes, novels, movies,
how the movie begins. and plays (no matter how old
• In Romeo and Juliet, Juliet’s they are).
father wants her to marry Paris,
but Juliet loves Romeo.

B- The use of the simple present in Scientific Writing

 The present simple is the most common tense in academic writing, and it is usually
considered as the “default” unless there is a certain reason to choose another tense (e.g. a
sentence contains a past time marker). Some specific functions of present simple include:

Functions Example

1) To frame a paper. It is used in Scholars share a common argument that

introductions to state what is already engineering is the most male dominated of all
known about the topic, and in professions.
conclusions to say what is now
known. Timing of college enrollment is associated with
a number of variables.

2) To point out the focus, main This paper analyses the impact of high
argument, or aim of the current temperatures on certain species.
paper.

3) To make general statements, Graduate school is regarded as crucial for

conclusions, and interpretations starting an engineering career because failure at
about findings of current or previous this stage closes the door to professional
research. It focuses on what is known engineering careers, and later career trajectory
now. change is more difficult the longer it is delayed.

4) To refer to findings from previous Children ingest roughly 50-200 mg soil/day

studies without mentioning the [2,3].
author’s name.

5) To refer to tables or figures. Table 1 presents the structural units.

6) To describe the events or plot of a In Mansuji Ibuse’s Black Rain, a

literary work. This usage has the child reaches for a pomegranate in his mother’s
name “Narrative present”. garden, and a moment later he is dead, killed by
the blast of an atomic bomb.
C-The present simple spelling rules
Here are the rules in Present Simple for the third person singular.

Regular spelling Singular The third person singular

-s in most cases Work s/he works

Drive s/he drives

Play s/he plays

Run s/he runs

-es when a verbs ends with: -o Do s/he does

-ss Miss s/he misses

-x Mix s/he mixes

-ch Catch catches

-sh Push pushes

consonant + -y turns into -ies Cry s/he cries

Fly s/he flies

vowel + -y takes –s -s Buy buys

Say says

Obey obeys
D-The pronunciation of the ‘S’ at the end of words in English
The pronunciation of the final S in plural words and verbs in the third person depend on
the final consonant sound before that S.
The ending is pronounced /s/ after a voiceless sound, it is pronounced /z/ after a voiced
sound and is pronounced /ɪz / or /əz/ after a sibilant sound:

• Voiceless: helps /ps/ -- sits /ts/ -- looks /ks/

• Voiced: crabs /bz/ -- words /dz/ -- gloves /vz/,
• Sibilant: buses /sɪz / or /səz /, bridges /dʒɪz / or /dʒəz /, wishes /shɪz / or /shəz /

1. The /ɪz/ sound (or /əz/ sound)

Sometimes this sound is written as /əz/ and uses the symbol "schwa" or "upside down e"
before the z. For ease we will write this sound as /ɪz/ or /iz/
If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound (a hissing or buzzing sound),
the final S is pronounced as /ɪz/. This /ɪz/ sound is pronounced like an extra syllable. (e.g.
the word buses has two syllables)
If the sound has a J sound (/dʒ/ like the letter J at the beginning of the word jacket or /ʒ/
like the S in pleasure), then the final S is also pronounced as /ɪz/.
Examples of words ending in the /ɪz/ sound:

• C: races (sounds like "race-iz")

• S: pauses, nurses, buses, rises
• X: fixes, boxes, hoaxes
 • Z: amazes, freezes, prizes, quizzes
• SS: kisses, misses, passes, bosses
• CH: churches, sandwiches, witches, teaches
• SH: dishes, wishes, pushes, crashes
• GE: garages, changes, ages, judges

Remember: after verbs ending in -sh, -ch, -ss and -x, we add the -es to the end of the verb
(in third person) and the pronunciation is /iz/ as an extra syllable.

2. The /s/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the S is pronounced as /s/. Be careful
not to create an extra syllable.
NOTE: The consonants c, s, sh, ch and x are voiceless though they use the sibilants
ending seen above.
Examples of words ending in the /s/ sound:

• P: cups stops, sleeps

• T: hats, students, hits, writes
• K: cooks, books, drinks, walks
• F: cliffs, sniffs, beliefs, laughs, graphs (the -gh and -ph here are pronounced like a
F)
• TH: myths, tablecloths, months (voiceless th)

3. The /z/ sound

If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the S is
pronounced like a Z /z/(without creating another syllable). This Z sound is similar to the
sound a bee makes zzzz.
We also use this ending when the word ends in a vowel sound (e.g. bees, flies etc.)
Examples of words ending in the /z/ sound:

• B: crabs, rubs
• D: cards, words, rides, ends
• G: rugs, bags, begs
• L: deals calls, falls, hills
• M: plums, dreams
• N: fans, drains, runs, pens
• NG: kings, belongs, sings
• R: wears, cures
• V: gloves, wives, shelves, drives
• Y: plays, boys, says,
• THE: clothes, bathes, breathes
• VOWEL SOUNDS: sees, fleas

Pronunciation of S cheat sheet

 • For more practise, watch the following video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWFb47dhAEQ

Task: Classify the following words according to their final ‘s’ pronunciation

Articles – books – researches – scientists – experiences – specialities – laboratories –

covers – makes – depends – revolves – composes – puts– surrounds –finishes

Answer:

Articles/z/ – books/s/ – researches/iz/ – scientists/s/ – experiences/iz/ – specialities/z/ –

laboratories/z/ – covers/z/ – makes/s/ – depends/z/ – revolves/z/ – composes/iz/ – puts/s/–
surrounds/z/ –finishes/iz/
 Lesson N° 2: The simple past (stem+ ed)

A-Usage:

The simple past is used for actions that occurred in the past and that are over.

Examples

"When I was at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, I worked on

semiconductors," → affirmative sentence

-I was not at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and I didn’t work on
semiconductors.→ Negative sentence

To get the negative form of the verbs in the past, we add ‘not’ to was or were
(was not/were not) or didn’t + stem

In academic writing, the simple past tense is used primarily for the following
purposes:

Purpose Examples
1. Researchers at Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) were
alerted to human rabies deaths and acute distress
to introduce a specific study, usually among families unable to obtain PEP.
completed by a named researcher 2. Subsequent research estimated the burden of
rabies in these communities.

1. Participants completed a 10-item evaluation scale

for each method.
2. We conducted underwater visual fish
to describe the methods and data of consensuses using two methods.
a completed experiment 3. Benthic taxon and fish species diversity were
calculated from the Shannon-Weaver diversity
index.

1. After 10 minutes of training, most users were

able to log on without problems.
to mark time with specific time markers 2. Finally, participants were asked if they noticed
such as in 2010, after the study, at that any errors in the messages they read.
time, and previously 3. On October 12, 2012, we observed pair
spawning of red snapper.
B-How to Formulate the Simple Past

For regular verbs, add -ed to the root form of the verb (or just -d if the root form already
ends in an e):

Play→Played -Type→Typed -Listen→Listened -Push→Pushed -Love→Loved

For irregular verbs, things get more complicated. The simple past tense of some irregular
verbs looks exactly like the root form:

Put→Put -Cut→Cut -Set→Set -Cost→Cost - Hit→Hit

For other irregular verbs, including the verb to be, the simple past forms are more
erratic:

See→Saw - Build→Built -Go→Went - Do→Did -Rise→Rose -Am/Is/Are→Was/Were

The good news is that verbs in the simple past tense (except for the verb to be) don’t
need to agree in number with their subjects.

Wolfgang polished his medal. The other winners polished their medals too.

Common Regular Verbs in the Past Tense

Infinitive Past tense Negative

To ask Asked Did not ask
To work Worked Did not work
To call Called Did not call
To use Used Did not use

Common Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense

Infinitive Past tense Negative

To be Was/were Was not /were not
To have Had Did not (didn’t) have
To do Did Did not do
To say said Did not say
To get got Did not get
 To make made Did not make
To go went Did not go
To take took Did not take
To see saw Did not see

D- Pronunciation of the final ed

Final -ED is Pronounced /id/

Final -ed is pronounced /id/ after verbs ending in /t/ or /d/ sounds, examples:
▪ add – added
▪ lift – lifted
▪ end -ended
▪ rest – rested
▪ defend – defended
▪ wait – waited
▪ pretend – pretended
▪ want – wanted
▪
Final -ED is Pronounced /t/
Final -ed is pronounced /t/ after verbs ending in voiceless sounds except /t/, examples:
▪ /p/ – dropped, shaped, sipped, wrapped, hoped
▪ /k/ – dropped, locked, marked, wrecked, liked
▪ /f/ – coughed, laughed, photographed, puffed
▪ /θ/ – bathed, toothed
▪ /s/ – danced, placed, kissed, missed, faxed
▪ /∫/ – brushed, flashed, rushed, wished, washed
▪ /t∫/ – pinched, reached, touched, watched

Final -ED is Pronounced /d/

Final -ed is pronounced /d/ after verbs ending in voiced sounds except /d/. Voiced
sounds include vowel sounds:
▪ /i: / – keyed, guaranteed
▪ /I/ – pitied, envied, worried, carried, studied
▪ /ɑ:/ – barred, scarred
▪ /ɜ:/ – preferred, referred,
▪ /r/ – answered, bothered, gathered, appeared
▪ /eI/ – stayed, delayed, played, weighed
▪ /b/ – disturbed, robbed, grabbed
▪ /g/ – begged, dragged
▪ /m/ – aimed, seemed, named
▪ /ð/ – clothed, bathed, mouthed
▪ /z/ – dazed, pleased, caused
▪ /l/ – called, killed, rolled, boiled, mailed
▪ /v/_ arrived, survived, loved, revolved
▪ /n/ _ maintained, examined, burned
 General rule:
-ed is pronounced id after the sounds t and d
- ed is pronounced t after the sounds p, t, k, f, θ (th), ∫ (sh) and t∫ (ch)
- ed is pronounced , d after the sounds b, g, l, m, n, r, v, y, z and vowels

Task: Classify the following verbs according to their final ed pronunciation

Founded – examined – classified – attempted – tried – succeeded – derived – helped –

characterized – fixed – called – named – looked – missed – encouraged – studied –
hoped – washed – showed – passed – started

Answer

/t/ /d/ /id/

Helped – fixed – looked – Examined – classified – Founded- attempted –
missed – hoped – washed tried – derived – succeeded – started
- passed characterized – called –
named – encouraged –
studied – showed

Lesson N° 3: The present perfect (has/ have + past participle)

A-Usage:

Most scientific publications are written in the present perfect because you start
your work in the past and continue it into the present and perhaps into the future.

Example:

"At the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, I have worked on the

nanomechanical properties of materials." I started my work some years ago, but
continue it.

There are two more variations on the use of present perfect. One is where
the present perfect refers to an event that just happened. "The Starr report has
appeared on the Internet," is an example. Yes, it is an event in the past, but if I
 were to say "The Starr report appeared on the Internet," it would seem less timely.
The present perfect emphasizes the newness of the event.

Past events that repeatedly occur into the present are also described by the present
perfect. "Scientific American has arrived at our house for many years."

B- Formation of the present perfect

❖ To make the positive present perfect tense, use:

• 'have' / 'has' + the past participle

• Make the past participle by adding 'ed' to regular verbs (for example, 'play'
becomes 'played')
• There are a few verbs that change their spelling when you add 'ed' (for example,
'study' becomes 'studied')

Positive Positive Short Form

I have played I've played
you have worked you've worked
he has written he's written
she has walked she's walked
it has rained it's rained
we have travelled we've travelled
they have studied they've studied

❖ The negative form is really simple too. Just put 'not' after 'have' or 'has':

Negative Negative Short Form

I have not eaten breakfast today I haven't eaten
you have not been to Asia you haven't been
he has not seen the new film he hasn't seen
she has not played tennis she hasn't played
it has not snowed this winter it hasn't snowed
we have not slept all night we haven't slept
they have not tried the food they haven't tried

❖ To make a question, put 'have' or 'has' in front of the subject:

'Yes / No' Questions

have I missed the bus?
have you visited London?
has he worked as a waiter before?
has she met John?
has it been cold this week?
have we arrived too early?
have they studied English grammar before?
As you can imagine, for 'wh' questions, we just put the question word before 'have'
or 'has':

'Wh' Questions
where have I left my umbrella?
what have you done today?
why has he gone already?
where has she been in the UK?
why has it rained so much this summer?
what have we done?
where have they learned English before?

C-The use of the present perfect in scientific writing

Present perfect is usually used when referring to previous research, and

since it is a present tense, it indicates that the findings are relevant today. More
specifically, this tense might have the following functions:
 Functions Examples

1) To introduce a new topic. Could also be There has been a large body of research
used to introduce a new report or paper. regarding the effect of carbon emissions on
climate change.

2) To summarize previous research with Some studies have found that girls have
general subjects (such as “researchers have significantly higher fears than boys after
found…”) trauma (Pfefferbaum et al., 1999; Pine and
Cohen, 2002; Shaw, 2003).

Present perfect places emphasis on what has

been done rather than on what is known to
be true (present simple).

3) To point out a “gap” in existing research: While these measures have proved to be
to make a connection between the past reliable and valid predictors of what they
(what has been found) and the present (how are measuring, there is little data on how
will you add more to the field). they relate to each other.

4) To describe previous findings without It has been shown that biodiversity is not
referring directly to the original paper. evenly distributed throughout the world.

Task 1: Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect simple).

1. I (not / work) today.

2. We (buy) a new lamp.

3. We (not / plan) our holiday yet.

4. Where (be / you) ?

5. He (write) five letters.

6. She (not / see) him for a long time.

7. (be / you) at school?

8. School (not / start) yet.

9. (speak / he) to his boss?

10. No, he (have / not) the time yet.

Task 2:
Fill in the following blanks with the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs given in brackets:
1. Where ………… you ………… your purse? (lose)
2. ………… she not yet ………… her work? (finish)
3. How many sums ………… she ? (solve)
4. My sister ………… from Meerut presently. (return)
5. Raju ………… Saroj since 1980. (know)
6. Asha ………… never ………… the Red Fort. (see)
7. Devanshi ……………………… (get) a new car now.
8. Nidhi ……………………… not (come) back yet.
9. I ……………already(see) this film.
10. The postman ……………………… not (come) so far.
11. She ……………………… (be) a teacher since 2000.
12. They ……………………… (know) us for several years.
13. She ……………………… (join) a college recently.
14. The old man ……………………… (live) here all his life.
15. He ……………………… not (wear) the new shirt yet.
16. Tomy left the school some time ago. He ……………………… not (return) yet.

Answers

Task 1:

Have worked – have bought – have not planned – have you been ? – has written – have
not seen – have you been? – has not started yet – has he spoken ?– have not had

Task 2:

Have you lost? – has she not yet? –has she solved? – has returned - has known – has
never seen – has got – has not come back yet – I have already seen – has not come – has
been – have known – has joined – has lived – has not worn – has not returned

Lesson N° 4: The active / passive form

A) Difference between active and passive form

Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and
"passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak
English.

a- Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

b-Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence
and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You
can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important
or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is
doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing
action]

Examples:
B) Formation of Passive Voice Form:

• Simple Present Tense is /are +past participle (pp)

Active Sentences Passive Sentences

They write different essays Different essays are written by them

Sheena does the housework The housework is done by Sheena

She does not feed the rabbits The rabbits are not fed by her

Does Jacob always plays the guitar? Is the guitar always played by Jacob?

• Simple Past Tense was/were +pp

Active Voice Passive Voice

Ria paid the bills The bills were paid by Ria

The teacher called the student The student was called by the teacher

She did not buy the fruits The fruits were not bought by her

Did the scientists do the experiment? was the experiment done by the scientists?

• Present Perfect Tense has/have been +pp

Active Sentences Passive Sentences

He has not done the work The work has not been done by him

Have they left the apartment? Has the apartment been left by them?

He has created this masterpiece This masterpiece has been created by him

He has read all newspapers All newspapers have been read by him

C) The use of the active/passive voice in scientific writing

 Passive or active voice? Scientists have debated this question for decades. During
the 20th century, researchers focused on writing objectively, divorcing themselves from
their work by describing their actions in the passive voice.

With passive voice, the order of information is reversed: goal-action-character. In

other words, passive voice is when the subject of a sentence receives the action, while
active voice is when the subject does the action.

Let’s look at an example:

Active: The scientist counted the cells.

Passive: The cells were counted by the scientist.

The first example is short and precise. You do not question who did what, and you can
visualize the action because it immediately follows the subject. The second example is
longer and less clear. And to make matters worse, a scientific writer will often omit the
subject to make the sentence more concise: The cells were counted.

Task 1: Choose the correct verb for each sentence.

Eg: In this course, students (teach- are taught) how to generate research questions and make
hypotheses.

Answer: are taught→ simple present passive.

a- A high-impact human physiology experience (offers – is offered) by the Biol 256L

curriculum.

b- This book (designed –was designed) to offer a comprehensive overview of the

monitoring process.

c-This book (is striving - strives) to present an overview of this process.

d- We (makes- have made) an attempt to cover other taxa and habitat types.
e-Each chapter (has been illustrated- illustrated) with a new terms box, key points, and
review questions.

f- In this introductory text, six fundamental nutrients, their structure, digestion, and
metabolism (cover- are covered).

g-Biology (is subdivided- subdivided) into separate branches for convenience of study.

Key answers:

a-is offered→ simple present passive

b- was designed→ simple past passive

c- strives→ simple present active

d- have made→ present perfect active

e- has been illustrated→ present perfect passive

f- are covered→ simple present passive

g- is subdivided→ simple present passive

Lesson N° 5: Compound words

Compound words are words that are made up of 2 words or more. When the
two words are used together, they yield a new meaning and a compound is formed
Eg: class→ word N°1
room → word N° 2
Class + room → classroom (a new word is formed with a new meaning)
A) Spelling of the compound words
Compound words can be written in three ways: as open compounds (spelled as
two words, e.g., ice cream), closed compounds (joined to form a single word, e.g.,
doorknob), or hyphenated compounds (two words joined by a hyphen, e.g., long-
term). Sometimes, more than two words can form a compound (e.g., mother-in-law).

a-Open Compound Words

An open compound word is created in cases when the modifying adjective is

used with its noun to create a new noun. This isn’t quite the same as a noun with a
modifying adjective. We just use a space between the adjective and the noun, so
sometimes it can be hard to identify as a compound; however, if the two words are
commonly used together, it’s considered to be a compound word.

Eg: living room - full moon - real estate - dinner table - coffee mug

❖ When adverbs ending in -ly combine with another word, the resulting
compound is always spelled as two separate words.

Eg: largely irrelevant - newly formed

b- Closed Compound Words

Closed compound words look like one word. At one point, these words weren’t
used together, but they’re now accepted as a “real word” in the English language.
Closed compound words are usually made up of only two words. Here are some
closed compound examples.

Notebook - Superman - waistcoat - bookstore - fireman

c-Hyphenated Compound Words (…… - …….)

There are a great many grammar rules regarding hyphens in compound words.
One important rule of thumb to remember is that in most cases, a compound adjective
is hyphenated if placed before the noun it modifies, but not if placed after the noun.

a long-term solution
an up-to-date user guide

But…

This is not a good solution for the long term.

This user guide is not up to date.

This is just one of many rules concerning hyphens in compound words and it is often
necessary to consult the dictionary to determine whether these terms should be
hyphenated or not.

B-Types of compound words:

There are different types of compound words. They can be:

a- noun + noun- Eg: Development programmes

b- adjective + noun + noun- Eg: A better food production

c- adjective + adjective + noun- Eg: Much more progress

d- noun + (stem+ed) + noun- Eg: Science-based process

e- noun + gerund + noun- Eg: Insect destroying preparations

f- Complex compounds- Eg: High-protein wheat varieties

Task 1: Now that you learned about the different types of compound words, see if you
can find the compound words in the sentences below.

• My grandfather is coming home for the holidays.

• I really want a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
• The real estate agent had to take a test to get her license.
• She is a part-time teacher.
• That is our full-time worker.
• I’m so tired of looking for on-campus housing.
• He was seventy-two years old.
• Let’s go play some basketball
• Has anybody seen my binder?

C- Meaning:
 Compound words are those that are formed by combining two or more words to
create a new word, so examining the parts can support determining the overall meaning
of the compound word.

Examples: Look at the meaning of the following Compound words

-Seed treating chemicals→ chemicals used for treating seeds.

-Science-based process→ a process which is based on science.

- Development programmes→ programmes designed for development.

- High-protein wheat varieties→ a variety of protein with a high quantity of protein

Task 2: Explain the meaning of the following compounds

a-land cleaning equipment d-rice producing plantations

b-fruit processing factories e -winter flowering plants

c-water disinfecting methods f-dam building projects

Remark:

-As you can see, there is nothing between the different parts of the compound words
(you don’t find: in, of, with, to, at ….etc).

-The first word is generally used in the singular form.

Task 3: Try to make compound words with the following definitions

a-machines used for milking cows

b-temperature necessary for germinating seeds

c-season for growing wheat

d-farmers who grow rice

e-irrigation used for weeding plantations

f-a laboratory where samples of soil are tested

Answers:
Task 1:

• grandfather - holidays.
• Peanut - peanut butter -jelly sandwich.
• real estate agent .
• part-time teacher.
• full-time worker.
• on-campus housing.
• seventy-two.
• basketball
• anybody

Task 2: a-Equipment that is used for cleaning land.

b-Factories in which fruits are processed.

c-Methods used for disinfecting water.

d-Plantations in which rice is produced.

e-Plants that flower in winter (not in spring).

f-Projects made for building dams.

Task 3: a-Cow milking machines

b-seed germinating temperature

c-wheat growing season

d-rice growing farmers

e-plantation weeding irrigation

f-soil testing laboratory

Biology Vocabulary

biosphere ecosystem Food chain photosynthesis

Cells Vertebrates

plant cell
sponge worm insect
animal cell

Vertebrates
Spinal cord
skeleton

pollen
anther
stigma filament stamen
muscle
petal
sepal
style
ovule (pistil)

ovary

stem
Biology Vocabulary Exercises
1 Write the translation of the words in french
1 biosphere ……………………….
2 cell ……………………….
3 photosynthesis ……………………….
4 spinal cord ……………………….
5 stamen ……………………….
6 anther ……………………….
7 petal ……………………….
8 ovary ……………………….
9 food chain ……………………….
10 ecosystem ……………………….

2 Match these words to their definitions.

1 biosphere a a vertebrate animal that is born from its mother’s body and
drinks its mother’s milk
2 ecosystem b the process where green plants use the energy from light to
produce their food
3 food chain c the parts of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere where plant
and animal life can exist
4 mammal d all the plants and animals in a particular area considered as a
system that depend on one another
5 muscle e a group of living things that are all connected because each
one is eaten by the next in the series
6 photosynthesis f flesh that connects one bone to another and moves body parts

3 Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box..xx

insects bacteria species reptiles ovary

arachnids omnivore mammals pistil

1 Bees and ants are .................... insects but spiders are ................... .

2 Crocodiles are .................... . They lay eggs and their skin is covered with scales.
3 An animal that eats both plants and meat is called an .................... .
4 With about 925,000 different .................... , insects are the most numerous and widespread
type of living things.
5 The part of the flower that produces pollen is the .................... .
6 Humans, deer and horses are all .................... .
7 The .................... includes the stigma, the style and the ovary.
8 .................... are microscopic unicellular organisms that exist everywhere in the
environment.
 BIOLOGY VOCABULARY
Exercises

ANSWER KEY
SCIENCE

Exercise 1
2j3g 4e 5h 6a 7d 8c 9f 10 b

Exercise 2
2d3e 4a 5f 6b

Exercise 3
1 insects, arachnids 2 reptiles 3 omnivore 4 species 5 ovary

6 mammals 7 pistil 8 bacte

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