Thermodynamics Properties PDF

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qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 927
APPENDIX A
Thermophysical
Properties of Matter 1
Table Page
A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids 929
A.2 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids 933
A.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials 935
Structural Building Materials 935
Insulating Materials and Systems 936
Industrial Insulation 937
Other Materials 939
A.4 Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure 941
A.5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids 946
Saturated Liquids 946
Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atm 948
A.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water 949
A.7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals 951
A.8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere 952
A.9 Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate 953
Pressure
A.10 The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids 953
1
The convention used to present numerical values of the properties is illustrated by this example:
T 107 k 103
(K) (m2/s) (W/m K)
300 0.349 521

where = 0.349 107 m2/s and k 521 103 0.521 W/m K at 300 K.
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928 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter
A.11 Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of 954

Selected Surfaces
Metallic Solids and Their Oxides 954
Nonmetallic Substances 955
A.12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials 956
References 957
TABLE A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solidsa
Properties at Various Temperatures (K)
Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

Melting
6
Point cp k 10
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Aluminum
Pure 933 2702 903 237 97.1 302 237 240 231 218
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482 798 949 1033 1146

Alloy 2024-T6 775 2770 875 177 73.0 65 163 186 186
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 473 787 925 1042
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast 2790 883 168 68.2 174 185
(4.5% Cu) — —
Appendix A

Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 78.7
203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 3227 3519
Bismuth 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04
112 120 127
Boron 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85
128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338
Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 203 99.3 94.7
198 222 242
Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 61.9 57.2 49.4
192 384 484 542 581 616 682 779 937
Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.1 49.3 42.5
236 379 450 503 550 628 733 674
Copper
Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352 339
Thermophysical Properties of Matter
252 356 397 417 433 451 480

Commercial bronze 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59
(90% Cu, 10% Al) 785 460 545
Phosphor gear bronze 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74
(89% Cu, 11% Sn) — — —
Cartridge brass 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 75 95 137 149
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) 360 395 425
Constantan 1493 8920 384 23 6.71 17 19
(55% Cu, 45% Ni) 237 362
Germanium 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 232 96.8 43.2 27.3 19.8 17.4 17.4
190 290 337 348 357 375 395
929
TABLE A.1 Continued
930

Melting
Point cp k 106
Gold 1336 19300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270 255
109 124 131 135 140 145 155
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Iridium 2720 22500 130 147 50.3 172 153 144 138 132 126 120 111
90 122 133 138 144 153 161 172
Iron
Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 134 94.0 69.5 54.7 43.3 32.8 28.3 32.1
Appendix A
216 384 490 574 680 975 609 654

Armco
(99.75% pure) 7870 447 72.7 20.7 95.6 80.6 65.7 53.1 42.2 32.3 28.7 31.4
215 384 490 574 680 975 609 654
Carbon steels
Plain carbon 7854 434 60.5 17.7 56.7 48.0 39.2 30.0
(Mn 1%, 487 559 685 1169
Si 0.1%)
AISI 1010 7832 434 63.9 18.8 58.7 48.8 39.2 31.3
487 559 685 1168
Carbon–silicon 7817 446 51.9 14.9 49.8 44.0 37.4 29.3
(Mn 1%, 501 582 699 971
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Carbon–manganese– 8131 434 41.0 11.6 42.2 39.7 35.0 27.6
silicon 487 559 685 1090
(1% Mn 1.65%,
0.1% Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels
Cr– Mo–Si 7822 444 37.7 10.9 38.2 36.7 33.3 26.9
(0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si)
1 Cr– Mo 7858 442 42.3 12.2 42.0 39.1 34.5 27.4
(0.16% C, 1% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si)
1 Cr–V 7836 443 48.9 14.1 46.8 42.1 36.3 28.2
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.15% V)
Stainless steels
AISI 302 8055 480 15.1 3.91 17.3 20.0 22.8 25.4
512 559 585 606
AISI 304 1670 7900 477 14.9 3.95 9.2 12.6 16.6 19.8 22.6 25.4 28.0 31.7
272 402 515 557 582 611 640 682
AISI 316 8238 468 13.4 3.48 15.2 18.3 21.3 24.2
504 550 576 602
AISI 347 7978 480 14.2 3.71 15.8 18.9 21.9 24.7
513 559 585 606
Lead 601 11340 129 35.3 24.1 39.7 36.7 34.0 31.4
118 125 132 142
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Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 87.6 169 159 153 149 146
649 934 1074 1170 1267
Molybdenum 2894 10240 251 138 53.7 179 143 134 126 118 112 105 98 90 86
141 224 261 275 285 295 308 330 380 459
Nickel
Appendix A
Pure 1728 8900 444 90.7 23.0 164 107 80.2 65.6 67.6 71.8 76.2 82.6

232 383 485 592 530 562 594 616

Nichrome 1672 8400 420 12 3.4 14 16 21
(80% Ni, 20% Cr) 480 525 545
Inconel X-750 1665 8510 439 11.7 3.1 8.7 10.3 13.5 17.0 20.5 24.0 27.6 33.0
(73% Ni, 15% Cr, — 372 473 510 546 626 — —
6.7% Fe)
Niobium 2741 8570 265 53.7 23.6 55.2 52.6 55.2 58.2 61.3 64.4 67.5 72.1 79.1
188 249 274 283 292 301 310 324 347
Palladium 1827 12020 244 71.8 24.5 76.5 71.6 73.6 79.7 86.9 94.2 102 110
168 227 251 261 271 281 291 307
Platinum
Pure 2045 21450 133 71.6 25.1 77.5 72.6 71.8 73.2 75.6 78.7 82.6 89.5 99.4
100 125 136 141 146 152 157 165 179
Alloy 60Pt–40Rh 1800 16630 162 47 17.4 52 59 65 69 73 76
(60% Pt, 40% Rh) — — — — — —

Rhenium 3453 21100 136 47.9 16.7 58.9 51.0 46.1 44.2 44.1 44.6 45.7 47.8 51.9
97 127 139 145 151 156 162 171 186
Rhodium 2236 12450 243 150 49.6 186 154 146 136 127 121 116 110 112
147 220 253 274 293 311 327 349 376
Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 89.2 884 264 98.9 61.9 42.2 31.2 25.7 22.7
259 556 790 867 913 946 967 992
Silver 1235 10500 235 429 174 444 430 425 412 396 379 361
187 225 239 250 262 277 292
Tantalum 3269 16600 140 57.5 24.7 59.2 57.5 57.8 58.6 59.4 60.2 61.0 62.2 64.1 65.6
110 133 144 146 149 152 155 160 172 189
Thorium 2023 11700 118 54.0 39.1 59.8 54.6 54.5 55.8 56.9 56.9 58.7
931
99 112 124 134 145 156 167

Tin 505 7310 227 66.6 40.1 85.2 73.3 62.2
188 215 243
TABLE A.1 Continued
932

Melting
Point cp k 106
Titanium 1953 4500 522 21.9 9.32 30.5 24.5 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7 22.0 24.5
300 465 551 591 633 675 620 686
Tungsten 3660 19300 132 174 68.3 208 186 159 137 125 118 113 107 100 95
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87 122 137 142 145 148 152 157 167 176

Uranium 1406 19070 116 27.6 12.5 21.7 25.1 29.6 34.0 38.8 43.9 49.0
94 108 125 146 176 180 161
Vanadium 2192 6100 489 30.7 10.3 35.8 31.3 31.3 33.3 35.7 38.2 40.8 44.6 50.9
Appendix A
258 430 515 540 563 597 645 714 867

Zinc 693 7140 389 116 41.8 117 118 111 103
297 367 402 436
Zirconium 2125 6570 278 22.7 12.4 33.2 25.2 21.6 20.7 21.6 23.7 26.0 28.8 33.0
205 264 300 322 342 362 344 344 344
a
Adapted from References 1–7.
TABLE A.2 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solidsa

Melting
6
Point cp k 10
Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 46 15.1 450 82 32.4 18.9 13.0 10.5
sapphire — — 940 1110 1180 1225
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Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 36.0 11.9 133 55 26.4 15.8 10.4 7.85 6.55 5.66 6.00
polycrystalline — — 940 1110 1180 1225 — — —
Beryllium oxide 2725 3000 1030 272 88.0 196 111 70 47 33 21.5 15
1350 1690 1865 1975 2055 2145 2750
Boron 2573 2500 1105 27.6 9.99 190 52.5 18.7 11.3 8.1 6.3 5.2
Appendix A
— — 1490 1880 2135 2350 2555

Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080

(30% vol) composite
k, to fibers 2.29 2.10 2.23 2.28
k, to fibers 0.59 0.37 0.49 0.60
cp 1122 364 757 1431
Carbon
Amorphous 1500 1950 — 1.60 — 0.67 1.18 1.89 2.19 2.37 2.53 2.84 3.48
— — — — — — — —
Diamond,
type IIa — 3500 509 2300 — 10,000 4000 1540
insulator 21 194 853
Graphite, pyrolytic 2273 2210
k, to layers 1950 4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 448 357 262
k, to layers 5.70 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 1.34 1.08 0.81
cp 709 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793 1890 1974 2043
Graphite fiber 450 1400

epoxy (25% vol)
composite
k, heat flow
to fibers 11.1 5.7 8.7 13.0
k, heat flow
to fibers 0.87 0.46 0.68 1.1
cp 935 337 642 1216
Pyroceram, 1623 2600 808 3.98 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 2.87 2.79
Corning 9606 — — 908 1038 1122 1197 1264 1498
933
TABLE A.2 Continued
934

Melting
Point cp k 106
Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 — — — 87 58 30

880 1050 1135 1195 1243 1310
Silicon dioxide, 1883 2650
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crystalline
(quartz)
k, to c axis 10.4 39 16.4 7.6 5.0 4.2
k, to c axis 6.21 20.8 9.5 4.70 3.4 3.1
Appendix A
cp 745 — — 885 1075 1250

Silicon dioxide, 1883 2220 745 1.38 0.834 0.69 1.14 1.51 1.75 2.17 2.87 4.00
polycrystalline — — 905 1040 1105 1155 1195
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride 2173 2400 691 16.0 9.65 — — 13.9 11.3 9.88 8.76 8.00 7.16 6.20
— 578 778 937 1063 1155 1226 1306 1377
Sulfur 392 2070 708 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185
403 606
Thorium dioxide 3573 9110 235 13 6.1 10.2 6.6 4.7 3.68 3.12 2.73 2.5
255 274 285 295 303 315 330
Titanium dioxide, 2133 4157 710 8.4 2.8 7.01 5.02 3.94 3.46 3.28
polycrystalline 805 880 910 930 945
a
Adapted from References 1, 2, 3, and 6.
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Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 935
TABLE A.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materialsa

Structural Building Materials
Typical Properties at 300 K
Density, Thermal Specific

Conductivity, k Heat, cp
Description/Composition (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Building Boards
Asbestos–cement board 1920 0.58 —
Gypsum or plaster board 800 0.17 —
Plywood 545 0.12 1215
Sheathing, regular density 290 0.055 1300
Acoustic tile 290 0.058 1340
Hardboard, siding 640 0.094 1170
Hardboard, high density 1010 0.15 1380
Particle board, low density 590 0.078 1300
Particle board, high density 1000 0.170 1300
Woods
Hardwoods (oak, maple) 720 0.16 1255
Softwoods (fir, pine) 510 0.12 1380
Masonry Materials
Cement mortar 1860 0.72 780
Brick, common 1920 0.72 835
Brick, face 2083 1.3 —
Clay tile, hollow
1 cell deep, 10 cm thick — 0.52 —
3 cells deep, 30 cm thick — 0.69 —
Concrete block, 3 oval cores
Sand/gravel, 20 cm thick — 1.0 —
Cinder aggregate, 20 cm thick — 0.67 —
Concrete block, rectangular core
2 cores, 20 cm thick, 16 kg — 1.1 —
Same with filled cores — 0.60 —
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate 1860 0.72 —
Gypsum plaster, sand aggregate 1680 0.22 1085
Gypsum plaster, vermiculite 720 0.25 —
aggregate
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TABLE A.3 Continued

Insulating Materials and Systems
Typical Properties at 300 K

Conductivity, k Heat, cp
Description/Composition (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Blanket and Batt

Glass fiber, paper faced 16 0.046 —
28 0.038 —
40 0.035 —
Glass fiber, coated; duct liner 32 0.038 835
Board and Slab
Cellular glass 145 0.058 1000
Glass fiber, organic bonded 105 0.036 795
Polystyrene, expanded
Extruded (R-12) 55 0.027 1210
Molded beads 16 0.040 1210
Mineral fiberboard; roofing 265 0.049 —
material
Wood, shredded/cemented 350 0.087 1590
Cork 120 0.039 1800
Loose Fill
Cork, granulated 160 0.045 —
Diatomaceous silica, coarse 350 0.069 —
Powder 400 0.091 —
Diatomaceous silica, fine powder 200 0.052 —
275 0.061 —
Glass fiber, poured or blown 16 0.043 835
Vermiculite, flakes 80 0.068 835
160 0.063 1000
Formed/Foamed-in-Place
Mineral wool granules with 190 0.046 —
asbestos/inorganic binders,
sprayed
Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic; — 0.100 —
sprayed or troweled
Urethane, two-part mixture; 70 0.026 1045
rigid foam
Reflective
Aluminum foil separating fluffy 40 0.00016 —
glass mats; 10–12 layers, evacuated;
for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper 120 0.000017 —
laminate; 75–150 layers; evacuated;
for cryogenic application (150 K)
Typical silica powder, evacuated 160 0.0017 —
TABLE A.3 Continued
Industrial Insulation
Maximum Typical Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K), at Various Temperatures (K)
Description/ Service Density
Composition Temperature (K) (kg/m3) 200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750
Blankets
Blanket, mineral fiber, 920 96–192 0.038 0.046 0.056 0.078
metal reinforced 815 40–96 0.035 0.045 0.058 0.088
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Blanket, mineral fiber, 450 10 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.076
glass; fine fiber,
organic bonded 12 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.049 0.069
16 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.062
24 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.053
Appendix A
32 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.038 0.048

48 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.045

Blanket, alumina–
silica fiber 1530 48 0.071 0.105 0.150
64 0.059 0.087 0.125
96 0.052 0.076 0.100
128 0.049 0.068 0.091
Felt, semirigid; 480 50–125 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.039 0.051 0.063
organic bonded 730 50 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.051 0.079
Felt, laminated;
no binder 920 120 0.051 0.065 0.087
Blocks, Boards, and
Pipe Insulations
Asbestos paper,
laminated and
corrugated
4-ply 420 190 0.078 0.082 0.098

6-ply 420 255 0.071 0.074 0.085
8-ply 420 300 0.068 0.071 0.082
Magnesia, 85% 590 185 0.051 0.055 0.061
Calcium silicate 920 190 0.055 0.059 0.063 0.075 0.089 0.104
937
TABLE A.3 Continued
938
Industrial Insulation (Continued)

Maximum Typical Typical Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K), at Various Temperatures (K)
Description/ Service Density
Composition Temperature (K) (kg/m3) 200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750
Cellular glass 700 145 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.062 0.069 0.079
Diatomaceous 1145 345 0.092 0.098 0.104
silica 1310 385 0.101 0.100 0.115
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Polystyrene, rigid
Extruded (R-12) 350 56 0.023 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029
Extruded (R-12) 350 35 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029
Molded beads 350 16 0.026 0.029 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.040
Rubber, rigid
Appendix A
foamed 340 70 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033

Insulating Cement
Mineral fiber
(rock, slag or glass)
With clay binder 1255 430 0.071 0.079 0.088 0.105 0.123
With hydraulic
setting binder 922 560 0.108 0.115 0.123 0.137
Loose Fill
Cellulose, wood
or paper pulp — 45 0.038 0.039 0.042
Perlite, expanded — 105 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.043 0.046 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.056
Vermiculite,
expanded — 122 0.056 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.071
80 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.066
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TABLE A.3 Continued

Other Materials
Description/ Temperature Conductivity, k Heat, cp
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Asphalt 300 2115 0.062 920

Bakelite 300 1300 1.4 1465
Brick, refractory
Carborundum 872 — 18.5 —
1672 — 11.0 —
Chrome brick 473 3010 2.3 835
823 2.5
1173 2.0
Diatomaceous 478 — 0.25 —
silica, fired 1145 — 0.30
Fire clay, burnt 1600 K 773 2050 1.0 960
1073 — 1.1
1373 — 1.1
Fire clay, burnt 1725 K 773 2325 1.3 960
1073 1.4
1373 1.4
Fire clay brick 478 2645 1.0 960
922 1.5
1478 1.8
Magnesite 478 — 3.8 1130
922 — 2.8
1478 1.9
Clay 300 1460 1.3 880
Coal, anthracite 300 1350 0.26 1260
Concrete (stone mix) 300 2300 1.4 880
Cotton 300 80 0.06 1300
Foodstuffs
Banana (75.7%
water content) 300 980 0.481 3350
Apple, red (75%
water content) 300 840 0.513 3600
Cake, batter 300 720 0.223 —
Cake, fully baked 300 280 0.121 —
Chicken meat, white 198 — 1.60 —
(74.4% water content) 233 — 1.49
253 1.35
263 1.20
273 0.476
283 0.480
293 0.489
Glass
Plate (soda lime) 300 2500 1.4 750
Pyrex 300 2225 1.4 835
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TABLE A.3 Continued

Other Materials (Continued)
Description/ Temperature Conductivity, k Heat, cp
Composition (K) (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Ice 273 920 1.88 2040

253 — 2.03 1945
Leather (sole) 300 998 0.159 —
Paper 300 930 0.180 1340
Paraffin 300 900 0.240 2890
Rock
Granite, Barre 300 2630 2.79 775
Limestone, Salem 300 2320 2.15 810
Marble, Halston 300 2680 2.80 830
Quartzite, Sioux 300 2640 5.38 1105
Sandstone, Berea 300 2150 2.90 745
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft 300 1100 0.13 2010
Hard 300 1190 0.16 —
Sand 300 1515 0.27 800
Soil 300 2050 0.52 1840
Snow 273 110 0.049 —
500 0.190 —
Teflon 300 2200 0.35 —
400 0.45 —
Tissue, human
Skin 300 — 0.37 —
Fat layer (adipose) 300 — 0.2 —
Muscle 300 — 0.5 —
Wood, cross grain
Balsa 300 140 0.055 —
Cypress 300 465 0.097 —
Fir 300 415 0.11 2720
Oak 300 545 0.17 2385
Yellow pine 300 640 0.15 2805
White pine 300 435 0.11 —
Wood, radial
Oak 300 545 0.19 2385
Fir 300 420 0.14 2720
a
Adapted from References 1 and 8–13.
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TABLE A.4 Thermophysical Properties

of Gases at Atmospheric Pressurea
T cp 107 106 k 103 106
(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Air
100 3.5562 1.032 71.1 2.00 9.34 2.54 0.786
150 2.3364 1.012 103.4 4.426 13.8 5.84 0.758
200 1.7458 1.007 132.5 7.590 18.1 10.3 0.737
250 1.3947 1.006 159.6 11.44 22.3 15.9 0.720
300 1.1614 1.007 184.6 15.89 26.3 22.5 0.707
350 0.9950 1.009 208.2 20.92 30.0 29.9 0.700

400 0.8711 1.014 230.1 26.41 33.8 38.3 0.690
450 0.7740 1.021 250.7 32.39 37.3 47.2 0.686
500 0.6964 1.030 270.1 38.79 40.7 56.7 0.684
550 0.6329 1.040 288.4 45.57 43.9 66.7 0.683
600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.9 76.9 0.685

650 0.5356 1.063 322.5 60.21 49.7 87.3 0.690
700 0.4975 1.075 338.8 68.10 52.4 98.0 0.695
750 0.4643 1.087 354.6 76.37 54.9 109 0.702
800 0.4354 1.099 369.8 84.93 57.3 120 0.709
850 0.4097 1.110 384.3 93.80 59.6 131 0.716

900 0.3868 1.121 398.1 102.9 62.0 143 0.720
950 0.3666 1.131 411.3 112.2 64.3 155 0.723
1000 0.3482 1.141 424.4 121.9 66.7 168 0.726
1100 0.3166 1.159 449.0 141.8 71.5 195 0.728
1200 0.2902 1.175 473.0 162.9 76.3 224 0.728

1300 0.2679 1.189 496.0 185.1 82 238 0.719
1400 0.2488 1.207 530 213 91 303 0.703
1500 0.2322 1.230 557 240 100 350 0.685
1600 0.2177 1.248 584 268 106 390 0.688
1700 0.2049 1.267 611 298 113 435 0.685

1800 0.1935 1.286 637 329 120 482 0.683
1900 0.1833 1.307 663 362 128 534 0.677
2000 0.1741 1.337 689 396 137 589 0.672
2100 0.1658 1.372 715 431 147 646 0.667
2200 0.1582 1.417 740 468 160 714 0.655

2300 0.1513 1.478 766 506 175 783 0.647
2400 0.1448 1.558 792 547 196 869 0.630
2500 0.1389 1.665 818 589 222 960 0.613
3000 0.1135 2.726 955 841 486 1570 0.536
Ammonia (NH3)
300 0.6894 2.158 101.5 14.7 24.7 16.6 0.887
320 0.6448 2.170 109 16.9 27.2 19.4 0.870
340 0.6059 2.192 116.5 19.2 29.3 22.1 0.872
360 0.5716 2.221 124 21.7 31.6 24.9 0.872
380 0.5410 2.254 131 24.2 34.0 27.9 0.869
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 942
TABLE A.4 Continued

T cp 107 106 k 103 106
Ammonia (NH3) (continued)

400 0.5136 2.287 138 26.9 37.0 31.5 0.853
420 0.4888 2.322 145 29.7 40.4 35.6 0.833
440 0.4664 2.357 152.5 32.7 43.5 39.6 0.826
460 0.4460 2.393 159 35.7 46.3 43.4 0.822
480 0.4273 2.430 166.5 39.0 49.2 47.4 0.822
500 0.4101 2.467 173 42.2 52.5 51.9 0.813

520 0.3942 2.504 180 45.7 54.5 55.2 0.827
540 0.3795 2.540 186.5 49.1 57.5 59.7 0.824
560 0.3708 2.577 193 52.0 60.6 63.4 0.827
580 0.3533 2.613 199.5 56.5 63.8 69.1 0.817
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

280 1.9022 0.830 140 7.36 15.20 9.63 0.765
300 1.7730 0.851 149 8.40 16.55 11.0 0.766
320 1.6609 0.872 156 9.39 18.05 12.5 0.754
340 1.5618 0.891 165 10.6 19.70 14.2 0.746
360 1.4743 0.908 173 11.7 21.2 15.8 0.741
380 1.3961 0.926 181 13.0 22.75 17.6 0.737

400 1.3257 0.942 190 14.3 24.3 19.5 0.737
450 1.1782 0.981 210 17.8 28.3 24.5 0.728
500 1.0594 1.02 231 21.8 32.5 30.1 0.725
550 0.9625 1.05 251 26.1 36.6 36.2 0.721
600 0.8826 1.08 270 30.6 40.7 42.7 0.717

650 0.8143 1.10 288 35.4 44.5 49.7 0.712
700 0.7564 1.13 305 40.3 48.1 56.3 0.717
750 0.7057 1.15 321 45.5 51.7 63.7 0.714
800 0.6614 1.17 337 51.0 55.1 71.2 0.716
Carbon Monoxide (CO)

200 1.6888 1.045 127 7.52 17.0 9.63 0.781
220 1.5341 1.044 137 8.93 19.0 11.9 0.753
240 1.4055 1.043 147 10.5 20.6 14.1 0.744
260 1.2967 1.043 157 12.1 22.1 16.3 0.741
280 1.2038 1.042 166 13.8 23.6 18.8 0.733
300 1.1233 1.043 175 15.6 25.0 21.3 0.730

320 1.0529 1.043 184 17.5 26.3 23.9 0.730
340 0.9909 1.044 193 19.5 27.8 26.9 0.725
360 0.9357 1.045 202 21.6 29.1 29.8 0.725
380 0.8864 1.047 210 23.7 30.5 32.9 0.729
400 0.8421 1.049 218 25.9 31.8 36.0 0.719

450 0.7483 1.055 237 31.7 35.0 44.3 0.714
500 0.67352 1.065 254 37.7 38.1 53.1 0.710
550 0.61226 1.076 271 44.3 41.1 62.4 0.710
600 0.56126 1.088 286 51.0 44.0 72.1 0.707
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 943
TABLE A.4 Continued

T cp 107 106 k 103 106
Carbon Monoxide (CO) (continued)

650 0.51806 1.101 301 58.1 47.0 82.4 0.705
700 0.48102 1.114 315 65.5 50.0 93.3 0.702
750 0.44899 1.127 329 73.3 52.8 104 0.702
800 0.42095 1.140 343 81.5 55.5 116 0.705
Helium (He)
100 0.4871 5.193 96.3 19.8 73.0 28.9 0.686
120 0.4060 5.193 107 26.4 81.9 38.8 0.679
140 0.3481 5.193 118 33.9 90.7 50.2 0.676
160 — 5.193 129 — 99.2 — —
180 0.2708 5.193 139 51.3 107.2 76.2 0.673
200 — 5.193 150 — 115.1 — —

220 0.2216 5.193 160 72.2 123.1 107 0.675
240 — 5.193 170 — 130 — —
260 0.1875 5.193 180 96.0 137 141 0.682
280 — 5.193 190 — 145 — —
300 0.1625 5.193 199 122 152 180 0.680

350 — 5.193 221 — 170 — —
400 0.1219 5.193 243 199 187 295 0.675
450 — 5.193 263 — 204 — —
500 0.09754 5.193 283 290 220 434 0.668
550 — 5.193 — — — — —
600 — 5.193 320 — 252 — —
650 — 5.193 332 — 264 — —
700 0.06969 5.193 350 502 278 768 0.654
750 — 5.193 364 — 291 — —
800 — 5.193 382 — 304 — —

900 — 5.193 414 — 330 — —
1000 0.04879 5.193 446 914 354 1400 0.654
Hydrogen (H2 )
100 0.24255 11.23 42.1 17.4 67.0 24.6 0.707
150 0.16156 12.60 56.0 34.7 101 49.6 0.699
200 0.12115 13.54 68.1 56.2 131 79.9 0.704
250 0.09693 14.06 78.9 81.4 157 115 0.707
300 0.08078 14.31 89.6 111 183 158 0.701
350 0.06924 14.43 98.8 143 204 204 0.700

400 0.06059 14.48 108.2 179 226 258 0.695
450 0.05386 14.50 117.2 218 247 316 0.689
500 0.04848 14.52 126.4 261 266 378 0.691
550 0.04407 14.53 134.3 305 285 445 0.685
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 944
TABLE A.4 Continued

T cp 107 106 k 103 106
Hydrogen (H2 ) (continued)

600 0.04040 14.55 142.4 352 305 519 0.678
700 0.03463 14.61 157.8 456 342 676 0.675
800 0.03030 14.70 172.4 569 378 849 0.670
900 0.02694 14.83 186.5 692 412 1030 0.671
1000 0.02424 14.99 201.3 830 448 1230 0.673
1100 0.02204 15.17 213.0 966 488 1460 0.662

1200 0.02020 15.37 226.2 1120 528 1700 0.659
1300 0.01865 15.59 238.5 1279 568 1955 0.655
1400 0.01732 15.81 250.7 1447 610 2230 0.650
1500 0.01616 16.02 262.7 1626 655 2530 0.643
1600 0.0152 16.28 273.7 1801 697 2815 0.639

1700 0.0143 16.58 284.9 1992 742 3130 0.637
1800 0.0135 16.96 296.1 2193 786 3435 0.639
1900 0.0128 17.49 307.2 2400 835 3730 0.643
2000 0.0121 18.25 318.2 2630 878 3975 0.661
Nitrogen (N2 )
100 3.4388 1.070 68.8 2.00 9.58 2.60 0.768
150 2.2594 1.050 100.6 4.45 13.9 5.86 0.759
200 1.6883 1.043 129.2 7.65 18.3 10.4 0.736
250 1.3488 1.042 154.9 11.48 22.2 15.8 0.727
300 1.1233 1.041 178.2 15.86 25.9 22.1 0.716
350 0.9625 1.042 200.0 20.78 29.3 29.2 0.711

400 0.8425 1.045 220.4 26.16 32.7 37.1 0.704
450 0.7485 1.050 239.6 32.01 35.8 45.6 0.703
500 0.6739 1.056 257.7 38.24 38.9 54.7 0.700
550 0.6124 1.065 274.7 44.86 41.7 63.9 0.702
600 0.5615 1.075 290.8 51.79 44.6 73.9 0.701

700 0.4812 1.098 321.0 66.71 49.9 94.4 0.706
800 0.4211 1.22 349.1 82.90 54.8 116 0.715
900 0.3743 1.146 375.3 100.3 59.7 139 0.721
1000 0.3368 1.167 399.9 118.7 64.7 165 0.721
1100 0.3062 1.187 423.2 138.2 70.0 193 0.718

1200 0.2807 1.204 445.3 158.6 75.8 224 0.707
1300 0.2591 1.219 466.2 179.9 81.0 256 0.701
Oxygen (O2 )
100 3.945 0.962 76.4 1.94 9.25 2.44 0.796
150 2.585 0.921 114.8 4.44 13.8 5.80 0.766
200 1.930 0.915 147.5 7.64 18.3 10.4 0.737
250 1.542 0.915 178.6 11.58 22.6 16.0 0.723
300 1.284 0.920 207.2 16.14 26.8 22.7 0.711
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 945
TABLE A.4 Continued

T cp 107 106 k 103 106
Oxygen (O2 ) (continued)

350 1.100 0.929 233.5 21.23 29.6 29.0 0.733
400 0.9620 0.942 258.2 26.84 33.0 36.4 0.737
450 0.8554 0.956 281.4 32.90 36.3 44.4 0.741
500 0.7698 0.972 303.3 39.40 41.2 55.1 0.716
550 0.6998 0.988 324.0 46.30 44.1 63.8 0.726
600 0.6414 1.003 343.7 53.59 47.3 73.5 0.729

700 0.5498 1.031 380.8 69.26 52.8 93.1 0.744
800 0.4810 1.054 415.2 86.32 58.9 116 0.743
900 0.4275 1.074 447.2 104.6 64.9 141 0.740
1000 0.3848 1.090 477.0 124.0 71.0 169 0.733
1100 0.3498 1.103 505.5 144.5 75.8 196 0.736

1200 0.3206 1.115 532.5 166.1 81.9 229 0.725
1300 0.2960 1.125 588.4 188.6 87.1 262 0.721
Water Vapor (Steam)

380 0.5863 2.060 127.1 21.68 24.6 20.4 1.06
400 0.5542 2.014 134.4 24.25 26.1 23.4 1.04
450 0.4902 1.980 152.5 31.11 29.9 30.8 1.01
500 0.4405 1.985 170.4 38.68 33.9 38.8 0.998
550 0.4005 1.997 188.4 47.04 37.9 47.4 0.993
600 0.3652 2.026 206.7 56.60 42.2 57.0 0.993

650 0.3380 2.056 224.7 66.48 46.4 66.8 0.996
700 0.3140 2.085 242.6 77.26 50.5 77.1 1.00
750 0.2931 2.119 260.4 88.84 54.9 88.4 1.00
800 0.2739 2.152 278.6 101.7 59.2 100 1.01
850 0.2579 2.186 296.9 115.1 63.7 113 1.02
a
Adapted from References 8, 14, and 15.
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 946
TABLE A.5 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluidsa

Saturated Liquids
T cp 102 106 k 103 107 103
(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr (K1)
Engine Oil (Unused)

273 899.1 1.796 385 4280 147 0.910 47,000 0.70
280 895.3 1.827 217 2430 144 0.880 27,500 0.70
290 890.0 1.868 99.9 1120 145 0.872 12,900 0.70
300 884.1 1.909 48.6 550 145 0.859 6400 0.70
310 877.9 1.951 25.3 288 145 0.847 3400 0.70
320 871.8 1.993 14.1 161 143 0.823 1965 0.70
330 865.8 2.035 8.36 96.6 141 0.800 1205 0.70
340 859.9 2.076 5.31 61.7 139 0.779 793 0.70
350 853.9 2.118 3.56 41.7 138 0.763 546 0.70

360 847.8 2.161 2.52 29.7 138 0.753 395 0.70
370 841.8 2.206 1.86 22.0 137 0.738 300 0.70
380 836.0 2.250 1.41 16.9 136 0.723 233 0.70
390 830.6 2.294 1.10 13.3 135 0.709 187 0.70
400 825.1 2.337 0.874 10.6 134 0.695 152 0.70

410 818.9 2.381 0.698 8.52 133 0.682 125 0.70
420 812.1 2.427 0.564 6.94 133 0.675 103 0.70
430 806.5 2.471 0.470 5.83 132 0.662 88 0.70
Ethylene Glycol [C 2H4(OH)2]

273 1130.8 2.294 6.51 57.6 242 0.933 617 0.65
280 1125.8 2.323 4.20 37.3 244 0.933 400 0.65
290 1118.8 2.368 2.47 22.1 248 0.936 236 0.65
300 1114.4 2.415 1.57 14.1 252 0.939 151 0.65

310 1103.7 2.460 1.07 9.65 255 0.939 103 0.65
320 1096.2 2.505 0.757 6.91 258 0.940 73.5 0.65
330 1089.5 2.549 0.561 5.15 260 0.936 55.0 0.65
340 1083.8 2.592 0.431 3.98 261 0.929 42.8 0.65
350 1079.0 2.637 0.342 3.17 261 0.917 34.6 0.65

360 1074.0 2.682 0.278 2.59 261 0.906 28.6 0.65
370 1066.7 2.728 0.228 2.14 262 0.900 23.7 0.65
373 1058.5 2.742 0.215 2.03 263 0.906 22.4 0.65
Glycerin [C3H5(OH)3]
273 1276.0 2.261 1060 8310 282 0.977 85,000 0.47
280 1271.9 2.298 534 4200 284 0.972 43,200 0.47
290 1265.8 2.367 185 1460 286 0.955 15,300 0.48
300 1259.9 2.427 79.9 634 286 0.935 6780 0.48
310 1253.9 2.490 35.2 281 286 0.916 3060 0.49
320 1247.2 2.564 21.0 168 287 0.897 1870 0.50
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 947
TABLE A.5 Continued

Saturated Liquids (Continued)
T cp 102 106 k 103 107 103
(K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr (K1)
Refrigerant-134a (C2H2F4)
230 1426.8 1.249 0.04912 0.3443 112.1 0.629 5.5 2.02
240 1397.7 1.267 0.04202 0.3006 107.3 0.606 5.0 2.11
250 1367.9 1.287 0.03633 0.2656 102.5 0.583 4.6 2.23
260 1337.1 1.308 0.03166 0.2368 97.9 0.560 4.2 2.36
270 1305.1 1.333 0.02775 0.2127 93.4 0.537 4.0 2.53
280 1271.8 1.361 0.02443 0.1921 89.0 0.514 3.7 2.73
290 1236.8 1.393 0.02156 0.1744 84.6 0.491 3.5 2.98
300 1199.7 1.432 0.01905 0.1588 80.3 0.468 3.4 3.30
310 1159.9 1.481 0.01680 0.1449 76.1 0.443 3.3 3.73
320 1116.8 1.543 0.01478 0.1323 71.8 0.417 3.2 4.33
330 1069.1 1.627 0.01292 0.1209 67.5 0.388 3.1 5.19
340 1015.0 1.751 0.01118 0.1102 63.1 0.355 3.1 6.57
350 951.3 1.961 0.00951 0.1000 58.6 0.314 3.2 9.10
360 870.1 2.437 0.00781 0.0898 54.1 0.255 3.5 15.39
370 740.3 5.105 0.00580 0.0783 51.8 0.137 5.7 55.24
Refrigerant-22 (CHClF2)
230 1416.0 1.087 0.03558 0.2513 114.5 0.744 3.4 2.05
240 1386.6 1.100 0.03145 0.2268 109.8 0.720 3.2 2.16
250 1356.3 1.117 0.02796 0.2062 105.2 0.695 3.0 2.29
260 1324.9 1.137 0.02497 0.1884 100.7 0.668 2.8 2.45
270 1292.1 1.161 0.02235 0.1730 96.2 0.641 2.7 2.63
280 1257.9 1.189 0.02005 0.1594 91.7 0.613 2.6 2.86
290 1221.7 1.223 0.01798 0.1472 87.2 0.583 2.5 3.15
300 1183.4 1.265 0.01610 0.1361 82.6 0.552 2.5 3.51
310 1142.2 1.319 0.01438 0.1259 78.1 0.518 2.4 4.00
320 1097.4 1.391 0.01278 0.1165 73.4 0.481 2.4 4.69
330 1047.5 1.495 0.01127 0.1075 68.6 0.438 2.5 5.75
340 990.1 1.665 0.00980 0.0989 63.6 0.386 2.6 7.56
350 920.1 1.997 0.00831 0.0904 58.3 0.317 2.8 11.35
360 823.4 3.001 0.00668 0.0811 53.1 0.215 3.8 23.88
Mercury (Hg)
273 13,595 0.1404 0.1688 0.1240 8180 42.85 0.0290 0.181
300 13,529 0.1393 0.1523 0.1125 8540 45.30 0.0248 0.181
350 13,407 0.1377 0.1309 0.0976 9180 49.75 0.0196 0.181
400 13,287 0.1365 0.1171 0.0882 9800 54.05 0.0163 0.181
450 13,167 0.1357 0.1075 0.0816 10,400 58.10 0.0140 0.181
500 13,048 0.1353 0.1007 0.0771 10,950 61.90 0.0125 0.182
550 12,929 0.1352 0.0953 0.0737 11,450 65.55 0.0112 0.184
600 12,809 0.1355 0.0911 0.0711 11,950 68.80 0.0103 0.187
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 948
TABLE A.5 Continued

Saturated Liquid–Vapor, 1 atmb
Tsat hƒg ƒ g 103
Fluid (K) (kJ/kg) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (N/m)
Ethanol 351 846 757 1.44 17.7

Ethylene glycol 470 812 1111c — 32.7
Glycerin 563 974 1260c — 63.0c
Mercury 630 301 12,740 3.90 417
Refrigerant R-134a 247 217 1377 5.26 15.4
Refrigerant R-22 232 234 1409 4.70 18.1
a
Adapted from References 15–19.
b
Adapted from References 8, 20, and 21.
c
Property value corresponding to 300 K.
TABLE A.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Watera
Specific Heat of Specific Thermal Expansion
Volume Vapor- Heat Viscosity Conductivity Prandtl Surface Coeffi-
Tempera- (m3/kg) ization, (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (W/m K) Number Tension, cient, Temper-
ture, T Pressure, hƒg ƒ 103 ƒ 106 ature,
(K) p (bars)b vƒ 10 3 vg (kJ/kg) cp,ƒ cp, g ƒ 106 g 106 kƒ 103 kg 103 Prƒ Prg (N/m) (K1) T (K)
273.15 0.00611 1.000 206.3 2502 4.217 1.854 1750 8.02 569 18.2 12.99 0.815 75.5 68.05 273.15
275 0.00697 1.000 181.7 2497 4.211 1.855 1652 8.09 574 18.3 12.22 0.817 75.3 32.74 275
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 949
280 0.00990 1.000 130.4 2485 4.198 1.858 1422 8.29 582 18.6 10.26 0.825 74.8 46.04 280
285 0.01387 1.000 99.4 2473 4.189 1.861 1225 8.49 590 18.9 8.81 0.833 74.3 114.1 285
290 0.01917 1.001 69.7 2461 4.184 1.864 1080 8.69 598 19.3 7.56 0.841 73.7 174.0 290
295 0.02617 1.002 51.94 2449 4.181 1.868 959 8.89 606 19.5 6.62 0.849 72.7 227.5 295
300 0.03531 1.003 39.13 2438 4.179 1.872 855 9.09 613 19.6 5.83 0.857 71.7 276.1 300
Appendix A

305 0.04712 1.005 29.74 2426 4.178 1.877 769 9.29 620 20.1 5.20 0.865 70.9 320.6 305
310 0.06221 1.007 22.93 2414 4.178 1.882 695 9.49 628 20.4 4.62 0.873 70.0 361.9 310
315 0.08132 1.009 17.82 2402 4.179 1.888 631 9.69 634 20.7 4.16 0.883 69.2 400.4 315
320 0.1053 1.011 13.98 2390 4.180 1.895 577 9.89 640 21.0 3.77 0.894 68.3 436.7 320
325 0.1351 1.013 11.06 2378 4.182 1.903 528 10.09 645 21.3 3.42 0.901 67.5 471.2 325
330 0.1719 1.016 8.82 2366 4.184 1.911 489 10.29 650 21.7 3.15 0.908 66.6 504.0 330
335 0.2167 1.018 7.09 2354 4.186 1.920 453 10.49 656 22.0 2.88 0.916 65.8 535.5 335
340 0.2713 1.021 5.74 2342 4.188 1.930 420 10.69 660 22.3 2.66 0.925 64.9 566.0 340
345 0.3372 1.024 4.683 2329 4.191 1.941 389 10.89 668 22.6 2.45 0.933 64.1 595.4 345
350 0.4163 1.027 3.846 2317 4.195 1.954 365 11.09 668 23.0 2.29 0.942 63.2 624.2 350
355 0.5100 1.030 3.180 2304 4.199 1.968 343 11.29 671 23.3 2.14 0.951 62.3 652.3 355
360 0.6209 1.034 2.645 2291 4.203 1.983 324 11.49 674 23.7 2.02 0.960 61.4 697.9 360
365 0.7514 1.038 2.212 2278 4.209 1.999 306 11.69 677 24.1 1.91 0.969 60.5 707.1 365
370 0.9040 1.041 1.861 2265 4.214 2.017 289 11.89 679 24.5 1.80 0.978 59.5 728.7 370
373.15 1.0133 1.044 1.679 2257 4.217 2.029 279 12.02 680 24.8 1.76 0.984 58.9 750.1 373.15
375 1.0815 1.045 1.574 2252 4.220 2.036 274 12.09 681 24.9 1.70 0.987 58.6 761 375
380 1.2869 1.049 1.337 2239 4.226 2.057 260 12.29 683 25.4 1.61 0.999 57.6 788 380
385 1.5233 1.053 1.142 2225 4.232 2.080 248 12.49 685 25.8 1.53 1.004 56.6 814 385
390 1.794 1.058 0.980 2212 4.239 2.104 237 12.69 686 26.3 1.47 1.013 55.6 841 390
400 2.455 1.067 0.731 2183 4.256 2.158 217 13.05 688 27.2 1.34 1.033 53.6 896 400
410 3.302 1.077 0.553 2153 4.278 2.221 200 13.42 688 28.2 1.24 1.054 51.5 952 410
420 4.370 1.088 0.425 2123 4.302 2.291 185 13.79 688 29.8 1.16 1.075 49.4 1010 420
949
430 5.699 1.099 0.331 2091 4.331 2.369 173 14.14 685 30.4 1.09 1.10 47.2 430
TABLE A.6 Continued
950
Specific Heat of Specific Thermal Expansion

Volume Vapor- Heat Viscosity Conductivity Prandtl Surface Coeffi-
Tempera- (m3/kg) ization, (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (W/m K) Number Tension, cient, Temper-
ture, T Pressure, hƒg ƒ 103 ƒ 106 ature,
(K) p (bars)b vƒ 103 vg (kJ/kg) cp,ƒ cp,g ƒ 106 g 106 kƒ 103 kg 103 Prƒ Prg (N/m) (K1) T (K)
440 7.333 1.110 0.261 2059 4.36 2.46 162 14.50 682 31.7 1.04 1.12 45.1 440
450 9.319 1.123 0.208 2024 4.40 2.56 152 14.85 678 33.1 0.99 1.14 42.9 450
460 11.71 1.137 0.167 1989 4.44 2.68 143 15.19 673 34.6 0.95 1.17 40.7 460
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 950
470 14.55 1.152 0.136 1951 4.48 2.79 136 15.54 667 36.3 0.92 1.20 38.5 470
480 17.90 1.167 0.111 1912 4.53 2.94 129 15.88 660 38.1 0.89 1.23 36.2 480
490 21.83 1.184 0.0922 1870 4.59 3.10 124 16.23 651 40.1 0.87 1.25 33.9 — 490
500 26.40 1.203 0.0766 1825 4.66 3.27 118 16.59 642 42.3 0.86 1.28 31.6 — 500
Appendix A

510 31.66 1.222 0.0631 1779 4.74 3.47 113 16.95 631 44.7 0.85 1.31 29.3 — 510
520 37.70 1.244 0.0525 1730 4.84 3.70 108 17.33 621 47.5 0.84 1.35 26.9 — 520
530 44.58 1.268 0.0445 1679 4.95 3.96 104 17.72 608 50.6 0.85 1.39 24.5 — 530
540 52.38 1.294 0.0375 1622 5.08 4.27 101 18.1 594 54.0 0.86 1.43 22.1 — 540
550 61.19 1.323 0.0317 1564 5.24 4.64 97 18.6 580 58.3 0.87 1.47 19.7 — 550
560 71.08 1.355 0.0269 1499 5.43 5.09 94 19.1 563 63.7 0.90 1.52 17.3 — 560
570 82.16 1.392 0.0228 1429 5.68 5.67 91 19.7 548 76.7 0.94 1.59 15.0 — 570
580 94.51 1.433 0.0193 1353 6.00 6.40 88 20.4 528 76.7 0.99 1.68 12.8 — 580
590 108.3 1.482 0.0163 1274 6.41 7.35 84 21.5 513 84.1 1.05 1.84 10.5 — 590
600 123.5 1.541 0.0137 1176 7.00 8.75 81 22.7 497 92.9 1.14 2.15 8.4 — 600
610 137.3 1.612 0.0115 1068 7.85 11.1 77 24.1 467 103 1.30 2.60 6.3 — 610
620 159.1 1.705 0.0094 941 9.35 15.4 72 25.9 444 114 1.52 3.46 4.5 — 620
625 169.1 1.778 0.0085 858 10.6 18.3 70 27.0 430 121 1.65 4.20 3.5 — 625
630 179.7 1.856 0.0075 781 12.6 22.1 67 28.0 412 130 2.0 4.8 2.6 — 630
635 190.9 1.935 0.0066 683 16.4 27.6 64 30.0 392 141 2.7 6.0 1.5 — 635
640 202.7 2.075 0.0057 560 26 42 59 32.0 367 155 4.2 9.6 0.8 — 640
645 215.2 2.351 0.0045 361 90 — 54 37.0 331 178 12 26 0.1 — 645
647.3c 221.2 3.170 0.0032 0 45 45.0 238 238 0.0 — 647.3c
a
Adapted from Reference 22.
b
1 bar 105 N/m2.
c
Critical temperature.
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 951
TABLE A.7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metalsa

Melting
Point T cp 107 k 105
Composition (K) (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Bismuth 544 589 10,011 0.1444 1.617 16.4 0.138 0.0142

811 9739 0.1545 1.133 15.6 1.035 0.0110
1033 9467 0.1645 0.8343 15.6 1.001 0.0083
Lead 600 644 10,540 0.159 2.276 16.1 1.084 0.024
755 10,412 0.155 1.849 15.6 1.223 0.017
977 10,140 — 1.347 14.9 — —
Potassium 337 422 807.3 0.80 4.608 45.0 6.99 0.0066
700 741.7 0.75 2.397 39.5 7.07 0.0034
977 674.4 0.75 1.905 33.1 6.55 0.0029
Sodium 371 366 929.1 1.38 7.516 86.2 6.71 0.011
644 860.2 1.30 3.270 72.3 6.48 0.0051
977 778.5 1.26 2.285 59.7 6.12 0.0037
NaK, 292 366 887.4 1.130 6.522 25.6 2.552 0.026
(45%/55%) 644 821.7 1.055 2.871 27.5 3.17 0.0091
977 740.1 1.043 2.174 28.9 3.74 0.0058
NaK, 262 366 849.0 0.946 5.797 24.4 3.05 0.019
(22%/78%) 672 775.3 0.879 2.666 26.7 3.92 0.0068
1033 690.4 0.883 2.118 — — —
PbBi, 398 422 10,524 0.147 — 9.05 0.586 —
(44.5%/55.5%) 644 10,236 0.147 1.496 11.86 0.790 0.189
922 9835 — 1.171 — — —
Mercury 234 See Table A.5
a
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 952
TABLE A.8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmospherea,b

T DAB
Substance A Substance B (K) (m2/s)
Gases
NH3 Air 298 0.28 104
H2O Air 298 0.26 104
CO2 Air 298 0.16 104
H2 Air 298 0.41 104
O2 Air 298 0.21 104
Acetone Air 273 0.11 104
Benzene Air 298 0.88 105
Naphthalene Air 300 0.62 105
Ar N2 293 0.19 104
H2 O2 273 0.70 104
H2 N2 273 0.68 104
H2 CO2 273 0.55 104
CO2 N2 293 0.16 104
CO2 O2 273 0.14 104
O2 N2 273 0.18 104
Dilute Solutions
Caffeine H2O 298 0.63 109
Ethanol H2O 298 0.12 108
Glucose H2O 298 0.69 109
Glycerol H2O 298 0.94 109
Acetone H2O 298 0.13 108
CO2 H2O 298 0.20 108
O2 H2O 298 0.24 108
H2 H2O 298 0.63 108
N2 H2O 298 0.26 108
Solids
O2 Rubber 298 0.21 109
N2 Rubber 298 0.15 109
CO2 Rubber 298 0.11 109
He SiO2 293 0.4 1013
H2 Fe 293 0.26 1012
Cd Cu 293 0.27 1018
Al Cu 293 0.13 1033
a
Adapted with permission from References 24, 25, and 26.
b
Assuming ideal gas behavior, the pressure and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient for a
binary mixture of gases may be estimated from the relation
DAB p1T 3/2
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 953
TABLE A.9 Henry’s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressurea
H pA,i /xA,i (bars)
T
(K) NH3 Cl2 H2S SO2 CO2 CH4 O2 H2
273 21 265 260 165 710 22,880 25,500 58,000

280 23 365 335 210 960 27,800 30,500 61,500
290 26 480 450 315 1300 35,200 37,600 66,500
300 30 615 570 440 1730 42,800 45,700 71,600
310 — 755 700 600 2175 50,000 52,500 76,000
320 — 860 835 800 2650 56,300 56,800 78,600
323 — 890 870 850 2870 58,000 58,000 79,000
a
Adapted with permission from Reference 27.
TABLE A.10 The Solubility of

Selected Gases and Solidsa
T S CA, i /pA, i
Gas Solid (K) (kmol/m3 bar)
O2 Rubber 298 3.12 103

N2 Rubber 298 1.56 103
CO2 Rubber 298 40.15 103
He SiO2 293 0.45 103
H2 Ni 358 9.01 103
a
TABLE A.11 Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of Selected Surfaces
954
Metallic Solids and Their Oxidesa

Emissivity, n or h, at Various Temperatures (K)
Description/Composition 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Aluminum
Highly polished, film (h) 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Foil, bright (h) 0.06 0.06 0.07
Anodized (h) 0.82 0.76
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 954
Chromium
Polished or plated (n) 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.14
Copper
Highly polished (h) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
Appendix A
Stably oxidized (h) 0.50 0.58 0.80

Gold
Highly polished or film (h) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Foil, bright (h) 0.06 0.07 0.07
Molybdenum
Polished (h) 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.26
Shot-blasted, rough (h) 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.42
Stably oxidized (h) 0.80 0.82
Nickel
Polished (h) 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17
Stably oxidized (h) 0.40 0.49 0.57
Platinum
Polished (h) 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18
Silver
Polished (h) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08
Stainless steels
Typical, polished (n) 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.30
Typical, cleaned (n) 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.35
Typical, lightly oxidized (n) 0.33 0.40
Typical, highly oxidized (n) 0.67 0.70 0.76
AISI 347, stably oxidized (n) 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
Tantalum
Polished (h) 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28
Tungsten
Polished (h) 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.29
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 955
TABLE A.11 Continued

Nonmetallic Substancesb
Temperature Emissivity
Description/Composition (K)
Aluminum oxide (n) 600 0.69

1000 0.55
1500 0.41
Asphalt pavement (h) 300 0.85–0.93
Building materials
Asbestos sheet (h) 300 0.93–0.96
Brick, red (h) 300 0.93–0.96
Gypsum or plaster board (h) 300 0.90–0.92
Wood (h) 300 0.82–0.92
Cloth (h) 300 0.75–0.90
Concrete (h) 300 0.88–0.93
Glass, window (h) 300 0.90–0.95
Ice (h) 273 0.95–0.98
Paints
Black (Parsons) (h) 300 0.98
White, acrylic (h) 300 0.90
White, zinc oxide (h) 300 0.92
Paper, white (h) 300 0.92–0.97
Pyrex (n) 300 0.82
600 0.80
1000 0.71
1200 0.62
Pyroceram (n) 300 0.85
600 0.78
1000 0.69
1500 0.57
Refractories (furnace liners)
Alumina brick (n) 800 0.40
1000 0.33
1400 0.28
1600 0.33
Magnesia brick (n) 800 0.45
1000 0.36
1400 0.31
1600 0.40
Kaolin insulating brick (n) 800 0.70
1200 0.57
1400 0.47
1600 0.53
Sand (h) 300 0.90
Silicon carbide (n) 600 0.87
1000 0.87
1500 0.85
Skin (h) 300 0.95
Snow (h) 273 0.82–0.90
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 956
TABLE A.11 Continued

Nonmetallic Substancesb
Temperature Emissivity
Description/Composition (K)
Soil (h) 300 0.93–0.96
Rocks (h) 300 0.88–0.95
Teflon (h) 300 0.85
400 0.87
500 0.92
Vegetation (h) 300 0.92–0.96
Water (h) 300 0.96
a
b
Adapted from References 1, 9, 28, and 29.
TABLE A.12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materialsa

Description/Composition S b S/ S
Aluminum
Polished 0.09 0.03 3.0
Anodized 0.14 0.84 0.17
Quartz overcoated 0.11 0.37 0.30
Foil 0.15 0.05 3.0
Brick, red (Purdue) 0.63 0.93 0.68
Concrete 0.60 0.88 0.68
Galvanized sheet metal
Clean, new 0.65 0.13 5.0
Oxidized, weathered 0.80 0.28 2.9
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered 0.79
Low iron oxide type 0.88
Metal, plated
Black sulfide 0.92 0.10 9.2
Black cobalt oxide 0.93 0.30 3.1
Black nickel oxide 0.92 0.08 11
Black chrome 0.87 0.09 9.7
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness 0.87
Paints
Black (Parsons) 0.98 0.98 1.0
White, acrylic 0.26 0.90 0.29
White, zinc oxide 0.16 0.93 0.17
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness 0.90
Snow
Fine particles, fresh 0.13 0.82 0.16
Ice granules 0.33 0.89 0.37
Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness 0.92
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness 0.92
a
b
The emissivity values in this table correspond to a surface temperature of approximately 300 K.
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 957
References
1. Touloukian, Y. S., and C. Y. Ho, Eds., Thermophysical 12. Kothandaraman, C. P., and S. Subramanyan, Heat and
Properties of Matter, Vol. 1, Thermal Conductivity of Mass Transfer Data Book, Halsted Press/Wiley, New
Metallic Solids; Vol. 2, Thermal Conductivity of Non- York, 1975.
metallic Solids; Vol. 4, Specific Heat of Metallic Solids; 13. Chapman, A. J., Heat Transfer, 4th ed., Macmillan, New
Vol. 5, Specific Heat of Nonmetallic Solids; Vol. 7, Ther- York, 1984.
mal Radiative Properties of Metallic Solids; Vol. 8, Ther- 14. Vargaftik, N. B., Tables of Thermophysical Properties of
mal Radiative Properties of Nonmetallic Solids; Vol. 9, Liquids and Gases, 2nd ed., Hemisphere Publishing,
Thermal Radiative Properties of Coatings, Plenum Press, New York, 1975.
New York, 1972.
15. Eckert, E. R. G., and R. M. Drake, Analysis of Heat and
2. Touloukian, Y. S., and C. Y. Ho, Eds., Thermophysical Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.
Properties of Selected Aerospace Materials, Part I: Ther-
16. Vukalovich, M. P., A. I. Ivanov, L. R. Fokin, and A. T.
mal Radiative Properties; Part II: Thermophysical Proper-
Yakovelev, Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, State
ties of Seven Materials. Thermophysical and Electronic
Committee on Standards, State Service for Standards and
Properties Information Analysis Center, CINDAS, Purdue
Handbook Data, Monograph Series No. 9, Izd. Standartov,
University, West Lafayette, IN, 1976.
Moscow, 1971.
3. Ho, C. Y., R. W. Powell, and P. E. Liley, J. Phys. Chem. 17. Tillner-Roth, R., and H. D. Baehr, J. Phys. Chem. Ref.
Ref. Data, 3, Supplement 1, 1974. Data, 23, 657, 1994.
4. Desai, P. D., T. K. Chu, R. H. Bogaard, M. W. Acker- 18. Kamei, A., S. W. Beyerlein, and R. T. Jacobsen, Int. J.
mann, and C. Y. Ho, Part I: Thermophysical Properties Thermophysics, 16, 1155, 1995.
of Carbon Steels; Part II: Thermophysical Properties of 19. Lemmon, E. W., M. O. McLinden, and M. L. Huber, NIST
Low Chromium Steels; Part III: Thermophysical Proper- Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Ther-
ties of Nickel Steels; Part IV: Thermophysical Properties modynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version
of Stainless Steels. CINDAS Special Report, Purdue 7.0 National Institute of Standards and Technology, Stan-
University, West Lafayette, IN, September 1976. dard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, 2002.
5. American Society for Metals, Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, 20. Bolz, R. E., and G. L. Tuve, Eds., CRC Handbook of
Properties and Selection of Metals, 8th ed., ASM, Metals Tables for Applied Engineering Science, 2nd ed., CRC
Park, OH, 1961. Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1979.
6. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, 21. Liley, P. E., private communication, School of Mechani-
K. K. Kelley, and D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of the cal Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN,
Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements, American May 1984.
Society of Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1973. 22. Liley, P. E., Steam Tables in SI Units, private communi-
7. Hultgren, R., P. D. Desai, D. T. Hawkins, M. Gleiser, cation, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue Uni-
and K. K. Kelley, Selected Values of the Thermodynamic versity, West Lafayette, IN, March 1984.
Properties of Binary Alloys, American Society of Metals, 23. Liquid Materials Handbook, 23rd ed., The Atomic Energy
Metals Park, OH, 1973. Commission, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC,
8. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air 1952.
Conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE Handbook of Funda- 24. Perry, J. H., Ed., Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 4th
mentals, ASHRAE, New York, 1981. ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.
9. Mallory, J. F., Thermal Insulation, Van Nostrand Rein- 25. Geankoplis, C. J., Mass Transport Phenomena, Holt,
hold, New York, 1969. Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1972.
10. Hanley, E. J., D. P. DeWitt, and R. E. Taylor, “The Ther- 26. Barrer, R. M., Diffusion in and Through Solids, Macmil-
mal Transport Properties at Normal and Elevated Tem- lan, New York, 1941.
perature of Eight Representative Rocks,” Proceedings of 27. Spalding, D. B., Convective Mass Transfer, McGraw-
the Seventh Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, Hill, New York, 1963.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 28. Gubareff, G. G., J. E. Janssen, and R. H. Torborg, Thermal
1977. Radiation Properties Survey, Minneapolis-Honeywell
11. Sweat, V. E., “A Miniature Thermal Conductivity Probe Regulator Company, Minneapolis, MN, 1960.
for Foods,” American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 29. Kreith, F., and J. F. Kreider, Principles of Solar
Paper 76-HT-60, August 1976. Energy, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1978.
bapp01.qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 958
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 959
APPENDIX B
Mathematical Relations
and Functions
Section Page
B.1 Hyperbolic Functions 960
B.2 Gaussian Error Function 961
B.3 The First Four Roots of the Transcendental Equation,
n tan n Bi, for Transient Conduction in a Plane Wall 962
B.4 Bessel Functions of the First Kind 963
B.5 Modified Bessel Functions of the First and Second Kinds 964
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 960
960 Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions
B.1
Hyperbolic Functions1
x sinh x cosh x tanh x x sinh x cosh x tanh x
0.00 0.0000 1.0000 0.00000 2.00 3.6269 3.7622 0.96403

0.10 0.1002 1.0050 0.09967 2.10 4.0219 4.1443 0.97045
0.20 0.2013 1.0201 0.19738 2.20 4.4571 4.5679 0.97574
0.30 0.3045 1.0453 0.29131 2.30 4.9370 5.0372 0.98010
0.40 0.4108 1.0811 0.37995 2.40 5.4662 5.5569 0.98367
0.50 0.5211 1.1276 0.46212 2.50 6.0502 6.1323 0.98661

0.60 0.6367 1.1855 0.53705 2.60 6.6947 6.7690 0.98903
0.70 0.7586 1.2552 0.60437 2.70 7.4063 7.4735 0.99101
0.80 0.8881 1.3374 0.66404 2.80 8.1919 8.2527 0.99263
0.90 1.0265 1.4331 0.71630 2.90 9.0596 9.1146 0.99396
1.00 1.1752 1.5431 0.76159 3.00 10.018 10.068 0.99505

1.10 1.3356 1.6685 0.80050 3.50 16.543 16.573 0.99818
1.20 1.5095 1.8107 0.83365 4.00 27.290 27.308 0.99933
1.30 1.6984 1.9709 0.86172 4.50 45.003 45.014 0.99975
1.40 1.9043 2.1509 0.88535 5.00 74.203 74.210 0.99991
1.50 2.1293 2.3524 0.90515 6.00 201.71 201.72 0.99999

1.60 2.3756 2.5775 0.92167 7.00 548.32 548.32 1.0000
1.70 2.6456 2.8283 0.93541 8.00 1490.5 1490.5 1.0000
1.80 2.9422 3.1075 0.94681 9.00 4051.5 4051.5 1.0000
1.90 3.2682 3.4177 0.95624 10.000 11013 11013 1.0000
1
The hyperbolic functions are defined as
e x ex sinh x
sinh x (e x ex ) cosh x (e x ex ) tanh x
1 1
2 2
e x ex cosh x
The derivatives of the hyperbolic functions of the variable u are given as
d
dx
(sinh u) (cosh u)
du
dx
d
dx
(cosh u) (sinh u)
du
dx
d
dx
(tanh u)
1
du
cosh 2 u dx
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 961
Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions 961
B.2
Gaussian Error Function1
w erf w w erf w w erf w
0.00 0.00000 0.36 0.38933 1.04 0.85865

0.02 0.02256 0.38 0.40901 1.08 0.87333
0.04 0.04511 0.40 0.42839 1.12 0.88679
0.06 0.06762 0.44 0.46622 1.16 0.89910
0.08 0.09008 0.48 0.50275 1.20 0.91031
0.10 0.11246 0.52 0.53790 1.30 0.93401
0.12 0.13476 0.56 0.57162 1.40 0.95228
0.14 0.15695 0.60 0.60386 1.50 0.96611
0.16 0.17901 0.64 0.63459 1.60 0.97635
0.18 0.20094 0.68 0.66378 1.70 0.98379
0.20 0.22270 0.72 0.69143 1.80 0.98909
0.22 0.24430 0.76 0.71754 1.90 0.99279
0.24 0.26570 0.80 0.74210 2.00 0.99532
0.26 0.28690 0.84 0.76514 2.20 0.99814
0.28 0.30788 0.88 0.78669 2.40 0.99931
0.30 0.32863 0.92 0.80677 2.60 0.99976
0.32 0.34913 0.96 0.82542 2.80 0.99992
0.34 0.36936 1.00 0.84270 3.00 0.99998
1
The Gaussian error function is defined as
erf w
2

0
w
ev dv
2
The complementary error function is defined as

erfc w 1 erf w
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 962
B.3
The First Four Roots of the Transcendental
Equation, n tan n Bi, for Transient
Conduction in a Plane Wall
hL
Bi 1 2 3 4
k
0 0 3.1416 6.2832 9.4248

0.001 0.0316 3.1419 6.2833 9.4249
0.002 0.0447 3.1422 6.2835 9.4250
0.004 0.0632 3.1429 6.2838 9.4252
0.006 0.0774 3.1435 6.2841 9.4254
0.008 0.0893 3.1441 6.2845 9.4256
0.01 0.0998 3.1448 6.2848 9.4258
0.02 0.1410 3.1479 6.2864 9.4269
0.04 0.1987 3.1543 6.2895 9.4290
0.06 0.2425 3.1606 6.2927 9.4311
0.08 0.2791 3.1668 6.2959 9.4333
0.1 0.3111 3.1731 6.2991 9.4354
0.2 0.4328 3.2039 6.3148 9.4459
0.3 0.5218 3.2341 6.3305 9.4565
0.4 0.5932 3.2636 6.3461 9.4670
0.5 0.6533 3.2923 6.3616 9.4775
0.6 0.7051 3.3204 6.3770 9.4879
0.7 0.7506 3.3477 6.3923 9.4983
0.8 0.7910 3.3744 6.4074 9.5087
0.9 0.8274 3.4003 6.4224 9.5190
1.0 0.8603 3.4256 6.4373 9.5293
1.5 0.9882 3.5422 6.5097 9.5801
2.0 1.0769 3.6436 6.5783 9.6296
3.0 1.1925 3.8088 6.7040 9.7240
4.0 1.2646 3.9352 6.8140 9.8119
5.0 1.3138 4.0336 6.9096 9.8928
6.0 1.3496 4.1116 6.9924 9.9667
7.0 1.3766 4.1746 7.0640 10.0339
8.0 1.3978 4.2264 7.1263 10.0949
9.0 1.4149 4.2694 7.1806 10.1502
10.0 1.4289 4.3058 7.2281 10.2003
15.0 1.4729 4.4255 7.3959 10.3898
20.0 1.4961 4.4915 7.4954 10.5117
30.0 1.5202 4.5615 7.6057 10.6543
40.0 1.5325 4.5979 7.6647 10.7334
50.0 1.5400 4.6202 7.7012 10.7832
60.0 1.5451 4.6353 7.7259 10.8172
80.0 1.5514 4.6543 7.7573 10.8606
100.0 1.5552 4.6658 7.7764 10.8871
1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 963
Appendix B Mathematical Relations and Functions 963
B.4
Bessel Functions of the First Kind
x J0(x) J1(x)
0.0 1.0000 0.0000

0.1 0.9975 0.0499
0.2 0.9900 0.0995
0.3 0.9776 0.1483
0.4 0.9604 0.1960
0.5 0.9385 0.2423

0.6 0.9120 0.2867
0.7 0.8812 0.3290
0.8 0.8463 0.3688
0.9 0.8075 0.4059
1.0 0.7652 0.4400

1.1 0.7196 0.4709
1.2 0.6711 0.4983
1.3 0.6201 0.5220
1.4 0.5669 0.5419
1.5 0.5118 0.5579

1.6 0.4554 0.5699
1.7 0.3980 0.5778
1.8 0.3400 0.5815
1.9 0.2818 0.5812
2.0 0.2239 0.5767

2.1 0.1666 0.5683
2.2 0.1104 0.5560
2.3 0.0555 0.5399
2.4 0.0025 0.5202
bapp02.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 964
B.5
Modified Bessel Functions1 of
the First and Second Kinds
x exI0(x) exI1(x) exK0(x) exK1(x)
0.0 1.0000 0.0000

0.2 0.8269 0.0823 2.1407 5.8334
0.4 0.6974 0.1368 1.6627 3.2587
0.6 0.5993 0.1722 1.4167 2.3739
0.8 0.5241 0.1945 1.2582 1.9179
1.0 0.4657 0.2079 1.1445 1.6361
1.2 0.4198 0.2152 1.0575 1.4429
1.4 0.3831 0.2185 0.9881 1.3010
1.6 0.3533 0.2190 0.9309 1.1919
1.8 0.3289 0.2177 0.8828 1.1048
2.0 0.3085 0.2153 0.8416 1.0335
2.2 0.2913 0.2121 0.8056 0.9738
2.4 0.2766 0.2085 0.7740 0.9229
2.6 0.2639 0.2046 0.7459 0.8790
2.8 0.2528 0.2007 0.7206 0.8405
3.0 0.2430 0.1968 0.6978 0.8066
3.2 0.2343 0.1930 0.6770 0.7763
3.4 0.2264 0.1892 0.6579 0.7491
3.6 0.2193 0.1856 0.6404 0.7245
3.8 0.2129 0.1821 0.6243 0.7021
4.0 0.2070 0.1787 0.6093 0.6816
4.2 0.2016 0.1755 0.5953 0.6627
4.4 0.1966 0.1724 0.5823 0.6453
4.6 0.1919 0.1695 0.5701 0.6292
4.8 0.1876 0.1667 0.5586 0.6142
5.0 0.1835 0.1640 0.5478 0.6003
5.2 0.1797 0.1614 0.5376 0.5872
5.4 0.1762 0.1589 0.5279 0.5749
5.6 0.1728 0.1565 0.5188 0.5633
5.8 0.1696 0.1542 0.5101 0.5525
6.0 0.1666 0.1520 0.5019 0.5422
6.4 0.1611 0.1479 0.4865 0.5232
6.8 0.1561 0.1441 0.4724 0.5060
7.2 0.1515 0.1405 0.4595 0.4905
7.6 0.1473 0.1372 0.4476 0.4762
8.0 0.1434 0.1341 0.4366 0.4631
8.4 0.1398 0.1312 0.4264 0.4511
8.8 0.1365 0.1285 0.4168 0.4399
9.2 0.1334 0.1260 0.4079 0.4295
9.6 0.1305 0.1235 0.3995 0.4198
10.0 0.1278 0.1213 0.3916 0.4108
1
In1(x) In1(x) (2n/x)In(x)
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 965
APPENDIX C
Thermal Conditions
Associated with Uniform
Energy Generation
in One-Dimensional,
Steady-State Systems
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 966
966 Appendix C One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with Generation
In Section 3.5 the problem of conduction with thermal energy generation is consid-
ered for one-dimensional, steady-state conditions. The form of the heat equation
differs, according to whether the system is a plane wall, a cylindrical shell, or a
spherical shell (Figure C.1). In each case, there are several options for the boundary
condition at each surface, and hence a greater number of possibilities for specific
forms of the temperature distribution and heat rate (or heat flux).
An alternative to solving the heat equation for each possible combination of
boundary conditions involves obtaining a solution by prescribing boundary condi-
tions of the first kind, Equation 2.24, at both surfaces and then applying an
energy balance to each surface at which the temperature is unknown. For the geome-
tries of Figure C.1, with uniform temperatures Ts,1 and Ts,2 prescribed at each surface,
solutions to appropriate forms of the heat equation are readily obtained and are sum-
marized in Table C.1. The temperature distributions may be used with Fourier’s law
to obtain corresponding distributions for the heat flux and heat rate. If Ts,1 and Ts,2 are
both known for a particular problem, the expressions of Table C.1 provide all that is
needed to completely determine related thermal conditions. If Ts,1 and/or Ts,2 are not
known, the results may still be used with surface energy balances to determine the
desired thermal conditions.
Plane Wall
x
–L +L
Ts,1
q• Ts,2
Cylindrical Wall
r1 q•
Ts,1
L
Ts,2
r2
Spherical Wall
FIGURE C.1
Ts,1 q• r2 One-dimensional conduction
systems with uniform thermal
energy generation: a plane wall
Ts,2
with asymmetric surface conditions,
a cylindrical shell, and a spherical
r1 shell.
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 967
Appendix C One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction with Generation 967
TABLE C.1 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Solutions to the

Heat Equation for Plane, Cylindrical, and Spherical Walls
with Uniform Generation and Asymmetrical Surface Conditions
Temperature Distribution
Ts,2 Ts,1 x Ts,1 Ts,2

Plane Wall T(x)
2k
q̇L2 x2
1 2
L 2 L

2
(C.1)
q̇r 22
1 rr q̇r4k 1 rr (T ln(r
2 2
2
2 1 ln(r /r)
2
Cylindrical Wall T(r) Ts,2 s,2 Ts,1) (C.2)
4k 2
2
2
2 2/r )
1
Spherical Wall T(r) Ts,2

q̇r 22
6k
r2
1 2
r2
q̇r 22
6k
r 21
1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
(1/r) (1/r2)
(1/r1) (1/r2) (C.3)
Heat Flux
k
Plane Wall q(x) q̇x (T Ts,1) (C.4)
2L s,2
q̇r
k q̇r 22
4k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
Cylindrical Wall q(r) (C.5)
2 r ln (r2/r1)
q̇r6k 1 rr (T
2 2
2 1
k 2 s,2 Ts,1)
q̇r 2
Spherical Wall q(r) (C.6)
3 r 2[(1/r1) (1/r2)]
Heat Rate
Plane Wall
q(x) q̇x
k
(T Ts,1) Ax
2L s,2 (C.7)
Cylindrical Wall q(r) q̇Lr 2

2Lk
ln(r2/r1)

q̇r 22
4k
r 21
1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2 (C.8)
q̇4r3
4k
q̇r 22
6k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
Spherical Wall q(r) (C.9)
3 (1/r1) (1/r2)
Alternative surface conditions could involve specification of a uniform surface

heat flux (boundary condition of the second kind, Equation 2.25 or 2.26) or a con-
vection condition (boundary condition of the third kind, Equation 2.27). In each
case, the surface temperature would not be known but could be determined by
applying a surface energy balance. The forms that such balances may take are sum-
marized in Table C.2. Note that, to accommodate situations for which a surface of
interest may adjoin a composite wall in which there is no generation, the boundary
condition of the third kind has been applied by using the overall heat transfer coeffi-
cient U in lieu of the convection coefficient h.
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 968
TABLE C.2 Alternative Surface Conditions and Energy Balances for

One-Dimensional, Steady-State Solutions to the Heat Equation for
Plane, Cylindrical, and Spherical Walls with Uniform Generation
Plane Wall
Uniform Surface Heat Flux
k
x L: qs,1 q̇L (T Ts,1) (C.10)
2L s,2
k
x L: qs,2 q̇L (T Ts,1) (C.11)
2L s,2
Prescribed Transport Coefficient and Ambient Temperature
k
x L: U1(T,1 Ts,1) q̇L (T Ts,1) (C.12)
2L s,2
k
x L: U2(Ts,2 T,2) q̇L (T Ts,1) (C.13)
2L s,2
Cylindrical Wall
q̇r1
k
q̇r 22
4k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
r r1: qs,1 (C.14)
2 r1 ln(r2/r1)
q̇r4k 1 rr (T
2 2
2 1
k 2 s,2 Ts,1)
q̇r2
qs,2
2
r r2: (C.15)
2 r2 ln(r2/r1)
q̇r1
k q̇r 22
4k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
r r1: U1(T,1 Ts,1) (C.16)
2 r1 ln(r2/r1)
q̇r4k 1 rr (T
2 2
2 1
k 2 s,2 Ts,1)
q̇r2 2
r r2: U2(Ts,2 T,2) (C.17)
2 r2 ln(r2 /r1)
Spherical Wall
q̇r1
k
q̇r 22
6k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
r r1: qs,1 (C.18)
3 r 21[(1/r1) (1/r2)]
q̇r2
k
q̇r 22
6k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
r r2: qs,2 (C.19)
3 r 22[(1/r1) (1/r2)]
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 969
TABLE C.2 Continued

q̇r1
k q̇r 22
6k
r 21

1 2 (Ts,2 Ts,1)
r2
r r1: U1(T,1 Ts,1) (C.20)
3 r 21[(1/r1) (1/r2)]
q̇r6k 1 rr (T
2 2
2 1
k 2 s,2 Ts,1)
q̇r2 2
r r2: U2(Ts,2 T,2) (C.21)
3 r 22[(1/r1) (1/r2)]
As an example, consider a plane wall for which a uniform (known) surface tem-
perature Ts,1 is prescribed at x L and a uniform heat flux qs,2 is prescribed at
x L. Equation C.11 may be used to evaluate Ts,2, and Equations C.1, C.4, and
C.7 may then be used to determine the temperature, heat flux, and heat rate distribu-
tions, respectively.
Special cases of the foregoing configurations involve a plane wall with one adia-
batic surface, a solid cylinder (a circular rod), and a sphere (Figure C.2). Subject to
the requirements that dT/dxx0 0 and dT/drr0 0, the corresponding forms of
the heat equation may be solved to obtain Equations C.22 through C.24 of Table C.3.
Plane Wall x L
q•
Ts
Solid cylinder
ro
q•
Ts
ro
Solid sphere
q• FIGURE C.2
One-dimensional conduction sys-
tems with uniform thermal energy
Ts generation: a plane wall with one
adiabatic surface, a cylindrical rod,
and a sphere.
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 970
TABLE C.3 One-Dimensional, Steady-State Solutions to the Heat

Equation for Uniform Generation in a Plane Wall with One
Adiabatic Surface, a Solid Cylinder, and a Solid Sphere
Temperature Distribution
Plane Wall T(x)

q̇L2
2k x2

1 2 Ts
L
(C.22)
Circular Rod T(r)

q̇r 2o
4k r2

1 2 Ts
ro
(C.23)
Sphere T(r)
q̇r 2o
6k r2

1 2 Ts
ro
(C.24)
Heat Flux
Plane Wall q(x) q̇x (C.25)
q̇r
Circular Rod q(r) (C.26)
2
q̇r
Sphere q(r) (C.27)
3
Heat Rate
Plane Wall q(x) q̇xAx (C.28)
Circular Rod q(r) q̇Lr 2
(C.29)
3
q̇4r
Sphere q(r) (C.30)
3
TABLE C.4 Alternative Surface Conditions and

Energy Balances for One-Dimensional,
Steady-State Solutions to the Heat Equation
for Uniform Generation in a Plane Wall
with One Adiabatic Surface, a Solid
Cylinder, and a Solid Sphere
Plane Wall
x L: q̇L U(Ts T) (C.31)
Circular Rod
q̇ro
r ro: U(Ts T) (C.32)
2
Sphere
q̇ro
r ro: U(Ts T) (C.33)
3
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 971
The solutions are based on prescribing a uniform temperature Ts at x L and r ro.

Using Fourier’s law with the temperature distributions, the heat flux (Equations
C.25 through C.27) and heat rate (Equations C.28 through C.30) distributions may
also be obtained. If Ts is not known, it may be determined by applying a surface
energy balance, appropriate forms of which are summarized in Table C.4.
bapp03.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 972
bapp04.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 973
APPENDIX D
The Convection
Transfer Equations
bapp04.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 974
974 Appendix D The Convection Transfer Equations
In Chapter 2 we considered a stationary substance in which heat is transferred by

conduction and developed means for determining the temperature distribution
within the substance. We did so by applying conservation of energy to a differential
control volume (Figure 2.11) and deriving a differential equation that was termed
the heat equation. For a prescribed geometry and boundary conditions, the equation
may be solved to determine the corresponding temperature distribution.
If the substance is not stationary, conditions become more complex. For example,
if conservation of energy is applied to a differential control volume in a moving fluid,
the effects of fluid motion (advection) on energy transfer across the surfaces of the
control volume must be considered, along with those of conduction. The resulting dif-
ferential equation, which provides the basis for predicting the temperature distribution,
now requires knowledge of the velocity equations derived by applying conservation of
mass and Newton’s second law of motion to a differential control volume.
In this appendix we consider conditions involving flow of a viscous fluid in
which there is concurrent heat and mass transfer. We restrict our attention to the
steady, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid with constant properties in
the x and y directions of a Cartesian coordinate system, and present the differential
equations that may be used to predict velocity, temperature, and species concentra-
tion fields within the fluid. These equations can be derived by applying Newton’s
These equations are second law of motion and conservation of mass, energy, and species to a differential
derived in Section 6S.1. control volume in the fluid.
D.1
Conservation of Mass
One conservation law that is pertinent to the flow of a viscous fluid is that matter
can be neither created nor destroyed. For steady flow, this law requires that the net
rate at which mass enters a control volume (inflow outflow) must equal zero.
Applying this law to a differential control volume in the flow yields
u v
0 (D.1)
x y
where u and v are the x and y components of the mass average velocity.
Equation D.1, the continuity equation, is a general expression of the overall
mass conservation requirement, and it must be satisfied at every point in the fluid.
The equation applies for a single species fluid, as well as for mixtures in which
species diffusion and chemical reactions may be occurring, provided that the fluid
can be approximated as incompressible, that is, constant density.
D.2
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The second fundamental law that is pertinent to the flow of a viscous fluid is
Newton’s second law of motion. For a differential control volume in the fluid, under
steady conditions, this requirement states that the sum of all forces acting on the
bapp04.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 975
Appendix D The Convection Transfer Equations 975
control volume must equal the net rate at which momentum leaves the control vol-
ume (outflow inflow).
Two kinds of forces may act on the fluid: body forces, which are proportional
to the volume, and surface forces, which are proportional to area. Gravitational,
centrifugal, magnetic, and/or electric fields may contribute to the total body force,
and we designate the x and y components of this force per unit volume of fluid as X
and Y, respectively. The surface forces are due to the fluid static pressure as well as
to viscous stresses.
Applying Newton’s second law of motion (in the x- and y-directions) to a dif-
ferential control volume in the fluid, accounting for body and surface forces, yields
ux v uy px x u yu X

2 2
u 2 2
(D.2)
u v
y
v v p v v2 2
Y (D.3)
x y y x 2 2
where p is the pressure and is the fluid viscosity.

We should not lose sight of the physics represented by Equations D.2 and D.3.
The two terms on the left-hand side of each equation represent the net rate of
momentum flow from the control volume. The terms on the right-hand side, taken
in order, account for the net pressure force, the net viscous forces, and the body
force. These equations must be satisfied at each point in the fluid, and with Equation
D.1 they may be solved for the velocity field.
D.3
Conservation of Energy
As mentioned at the beginning of this Appendix, in Chapter 2 we considered a sta-

tionary substance in which heat is transferred by conduction and applied conserva-
tion of energy to a differential control volume (Figure 2.11) to derive the heat
equation. When conservation of energy is applied to a differential control volume in
a moving fluid under steady conditions, it expresses that the net rate at which energy
enters the control volume, plus the rate at which heat is added, minus the rate at
which work is done by the fluid in the control volume, is equal to zero. After much
manipulation, the result can be rewritten as a thermal energy equation. For steady,
two-dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid with constant properties, the
resulting differential equation is
Tx vTy k xT yT q̇

2 2
cp u 2 2
(D.4)
where T is the temperature, cp is the specific heat at constant pressure, k is the ther-
mal conductivity, q̇ is the volumetric rate of thermal energy generation, and , the
viscous dissipation, is defined as
u v
u v
2 2 2
2 (D.5)
y x x y
bapp04.qxd 3/6/06 10:08 AM Page 976
976 Appendix D The Convection Transfer Equations
The same form of the thermal energy equation, Equation D.4, also applies to an
ideal gas with negligible pressure variation.
In Equation D.4, the terms on the left-hand side account for the net rate at
which thermal energy leaves the control volume due to bulk fluid motion (advec-
tion), while the terms on the right-hand side account for net inflow of energy due to
conduction, viscous dissipation, and generation. Viscous dissipation represents the
net rate at which mechanical work is irreversibly converted to thermal energy due to
viscous effects in the fluid. The generation term characterizes conversion from other
forms of energy (such as chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, or nuclear) to ther-
mal energy.
D.4
Conservation of Species
If the viscous fluid consists of a binary mixture in which there are species concen-
tration gradients, there will be relative transport of the species, and species conser-
vation must be satisfied at each point in the fluid. For steady flow, this law requires
that the net rate at which species A enters a control volume (inflow outflow) plus
the rate at which species A is produced in the control volume (by chemical reac-
tions) must equal zero. Applying this law to a differential control volume in the
flow yields the following differential equation, which has been expressed on a
molar basis:
u
CA
x
C
v A DAB
y
2CA 2CA
x 2

y2
ṄA (D.6)
An example problem where CA is the molar concentration of species A, DAB is the binary diffusion coeffi-
involving the solution cient, and ṄA is the molar rate of production of species A per unit volume. Again,
of the convection this equation has been derived assuming an incompressible fluid with constant
transfer equations properties. Terms on the left-hand side account for net transport of species A due to
is included in bulk fluid motion (advection), while terms on the right-hand side account for net
Section 6S.1. inflow due to diffusion and production due to chemical reactions.
bapp05.qxd 3/6/06 10:09 AM Page 977
APPENDIX E
Boundary Layer
Equations for
Turbulent Flow
bapp05.qxd 3/6/06 10:09 AM Page 978
978 Appendix E Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow
It has been noted in Section 6.3 that turbulent flow is inherently unsteady. This
behavior is shown in Figure E.1, where the variation of an arbitrary flow property P
is plotted as a function of time at some location in a turbulent boundary layer. The
property P could be a velocity component, the fluid temperature, or a species con-
centration, and at any instant it may be represented as the sum of a time-mean value
P and a fluctuating component P. The average is taken over a time that is large
compared with the period of a typical fluctuation, and if P is independent of time,
the time-mean flow is said to be steady.
Since engineers are typically concerned with the time-mean properties, P, the
difficulty of solving the time-dependent governing equations is often eliminated by
averaging the equations over time. For steady (in the mean), incompressible, con-
stant property, boundary layer flow with negligible viscous dissipation, using well-
established time-averaging procedures [1], the following forms of the continuity,
x-momentum, energy, and species conservation equations may be obtained:
u v
0 (E.1)
x y
u
u
x
u
v 1
y
dp 1
dx

u
uv
y y (E.2)
u
T
x
v
T
1
T
k cp vT
y cp y y (E.3)
D vC
C C C
v
A A A
u (E.4)
x y y AB
y A
The equations are like those for the laminar boundary layer, Equations 6.27 through
6.30 (after neglecting viscous dissipation), except for the presence of additional
terms of the form ab. These terms account for the effect of the turbulent fluctua-
tions on momentum, energy, and species transport.
On the basis of the foregoing results, it is customary to speak of a total shear
stress and total heat and species fluxes, which are defined as
uy uv
tot (E.5)
q k c vT
T
(E.6)
tot
y p
N D vC
C A
(E.7)
A, tot
y AB A
P'
P
FIGURE E.1
Property variation with time
at some point in a turbulent
Time, t boundary layer.
bapp05.qxd 3/6/06 10:09 AM Page 979
Appendix E Boundary Layer Equations for Turbulent Flow 979
and consist of contributions due to molecular diffusion and turbulent mixing. From
the form of these equations we see how momentum, energy, and species transfer
rates are enhanced by the existence of turbulence. The term uv appearing in
Equation E.5 represents the momentum flux due to the turbulent fluctuations, and it
is often termed the Reynolds stress. The terms cpvT and vCA in Equations E.6
and E.7, respectively, represent the heat and species fluxes due to the turbulent
fluctuations. Unfortunately, these new terms introduced by the time-averaging
process are additional unknowns, so that the number of unknowns exceeds the num-
ber of equations. Resolving this problem is the subject of the field of turbulence
modeling [2].
References
1. Hinze, J. O. Turbulence, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New 2. Wilcox, D. C., Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 2nd ed.,
York, 1975. DCW Industries, La Cañada, 1998.
bapp05.qxd 3/6/06 10:09 AM Page 980
bapp06.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 981
APPENDIX F
An Integral Laminar
Boundary Layer Solution
for Parallel Flow over
a Flat Plate
bapp06.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 982
982 Appendix F Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution
An alternative approach to solving the boundary layer equations involves the use of
an approximate integral method. The approach was originally proposed by von
Kárman [1] in 1921 and first applied by Pohlhausen [2]. It is without the mathemati-
cal complications inherent in the exact (similarity) method of Section 7.2.1; yet it can
be used to obtain reasonably accurate results for the key boundary layer parameters
(, t, c, Cƒ, h, and hm). Although the method has been used with some success for a
variety of flow conditions, we restrict our attention to parallel flow over a flat plate,
subject to the same restrictions enumerated in Section 7.2.1, that is, incompressible
laminar flow with constant fluid properties and negligible viscous dissipation.
To use the method, the boundary layer equations, Equations 7.4 through 7.7, must
be cast in integral form. These forms are obtained by integrating the equations in the y
direction across the boundary layer. For example, integrating Equation 7.4, we obtain
ux dy vy dy 0
0

0
(F.1)
or, since v 0 at y 0,
v(y ) ux dy

0
(F.2)
Similarly, from Equation 7.5, we obtain
u ux dy v uy dy y uy dy

0

0

or, integrating the second term on the left-hand side by parts,
u ux dy uv u vy dy uy

0

0

0

Substituting from Equations 7.4 and F.2, we obtain
u ux dy u ux dy u ux dy uy

0

0

0 y0
or
u ux dy 2u ux dy uy

0

0

y0
Therefore
x (u

0
u u u) dy
u
y y0
Rearranging, we then obtain

d
dx (u
0

u)u dy u
y y0
(F.3)
Equation F.3 is the integral form of the boundary layer momentum equation. In a
similar fashion, the following integral forms of the boundary layer energy and
species continuity equations may be obtained:
d
dx 0
t
(T T )u dy T
y y0
(F.4)
bapp06.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 983
Appendix F Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution 983
d
dx 0
c
(A, A)u dy DAB A
y y0
(F.5)
Equations F.3 through F.5 satisfy the x momentum, the energy, and the species
conservation requirements in an integral (or average) fashion over the entire bound-
ary layer. In contrast, the original conservation equations, (7.5) through (7.7), satisfy
the conservation requirements locally, that is, at each point in the boundary layer.
The integral equations can be used to obtain approximate boundary layer solu-
tions. The procedure involves first assuming reasonable functional forms for the
unknowns u, T, and A in terms of the corresponding (unknown) boundary layer
thicknesses. The assumed forms must satisfy appropriate boundary conditions. Sub-
stituting these forms into the integral equations, expressions for the boundary layer
thicknesses may be determined and the assumed functional forms may then be com-
pletely specified. Although this method is approximate, it frequently leads to accu-
rate results for the surface parameters.
Consider the hydrodynamic boundary layer, for which appropriate boundary
conditions are
u(y 0)
u
y y
0 and u(y ) u
From Equation 7.5 it also follows that, since u v 0 at y 0,
2u
y2
y0
0
With the foregoing conditions, we could approximate the velocity profile as a third-
degree polynomial of the form

y y 2 y 3
u
u a1 a2 a3 a4

and apply the conditions to determine the coefficients a1 to a4. It is easily verified
that a1 a3 0, a2 and a4 , in which case

3
u 3y 1 y
u 2 2 (F.6)
The velocity profile is then specified in terms of the unknown boundary layer thick-
ness . This unknown may be determined by substituting Equation F.6 into F.3 and
integrating over y to obtain

d 39 2
u
dx 280
3 u
2
Separating variables and integrating over x, we obtain
2 140 x
constant
2 13 u
bapp06.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 984
984 Appendix F Integral Laminar Boundary Layer Solution
However, since 0 at the leading edge of the plate (x 0), the integration con-
stant must be zero and

x 1/2
4.64x
4.64 u (F.7)
Re1/2
x
Substituting Equation F.7 into Equation F.6 and evaluating s (u/y)s, we also
obtain
s 0.646
Cf,x 2 1/2 (F.8)
u/2 Rex
Despite the approximate nature of the foregoing procedure, Equations F.7 and F.8
compare quite well with results obtained from the exact solution, Equations 7.19
and 7.20.
In a similar fashion one could assume a temperature profile of the form
T Ts
b y
y y 2 3
T* b1 b2 b3
T Ts t t 4
t
and determine the coefficients from the conditions
T*(y 0)
T*
y
yt
0
T * (y t) 1
as well as
2T *
y2 y0

0
which is inferred from the energy equation (7.6). We then obtain

3
3y 1 y
T* (F.9)
2 t 2 t
Substituting Equations F.6 and F.9 into Equation F.4, we obtain, after some manip-
ulation and assuming Pr 1,
t Pr1/3
(F.10)
1.026
This result is in good agreement with that obtained from the exact solution, Equa-
tion 7.24. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient may be then computed from
k T/yy0 3 k
h
Ts T 2 t
Substituting from Equations F.7 and F.10, we obtain

hx
Nux 0.332Re1/2
x Pr
1/3
(F.11)
k
This result agrees precisely with that obtained from the exact solution, Equation 7.23.
Using the same procedures, analogous results may be obtained for the concentration
boundary layer.
References
1. von Kárman, T., Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 1, 232, 1921. 2. Pohlhausen, K., Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 1, 252, 1921.
Index
NOTE: Page references preceded by a “W” refer to those pages that can be located on the
Web site www.wiley.com/college/incropera.
A Binary diffusion coefficients, 883
Absolute species flux, 886, 893 for one atmosphere (table), 952
Absolute temperature, 9 Bioheat equation, 162–166
Absorption, 777 Biot number, 260–261, 376
gaseous, 843–847 Blackbodies, 9, 10, 777
volumetric, 843 Blackbody radiation, 736–752
Absorptivity, 10, 754–755, 777 and band emission, 739–752
Adiabats, 202, W1 and emissivity, 744–752
Adiabatic surfaces, 78 exchange, blackbody radiation,
Advection, 6, 14, 886, 974, W26 830–831
American Society of and Planck distribution, 737
Mechanical Engineers and Stefan–Boltzmann law, 738–739
(ASME), 36 and Wien’s displacement law,
Analogy: 737–738
conduction and diffusive mass Body forces, 975, W22
transfer, 893 Boiling, 7, 8, 16, 620–640.
heat and mass transfer, to boundary See also Condensation
layers, 377–381 definition of, 621
Reynolds, 384–385 dimensionless parameters in, 620–621
Anemometer, hot-wire, 43 forced convection, 636–640
Annular fins, 140, 150–151 defined, 636
ASME (American Society of Mechanical external flow, 637
Engineers), 36 in microchannels, 640
Azimuth angle, 728 two-phase flow, 637–640
pool, 622–636
B and boiling curve, 622–626
Band emission, 739–744 defined, 622
Base units, 35 film boiling, 626–626, 630–631
Beds, external flow through packed, free convection boiling, 624–625
452– 453 minimum heat flux for, 629–630
Beer’s law, 843 nucleate boiling, 625, 627–629
Bessel equations, modified, 151 parametric effects on, 631–632
Bessel functions: transition boiling, 625, 629–630
of the first kind (table), 963 process of, 621
modified, of the first and second kinds subcooled vs. saturated, 622
(table), 964 Bond number, 376
bindex.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 986
986 Index
Boundary conditions, 77–78 Chemical component of internal

discontinuous, 900 energy, 14
mass diffusion, 900–907 Chemical reactions, 905–910
catalytic surface reactions, 905–907 heterogeneous, 905–907
evaporation, 901 homogeneous, 908–910
solubility of gases in liquids, 901–905 first order, 908
solubility of gases in solids, 901–905 zero order, 908
sublimation, 901 Chilton–Colburn analogies, 385
of the second kind, 134 Circular fins, 152
of the third kind, 134 Circular tubes, see Tubes
Boundary layer(s), 348–374 Closed systems, 13
approximations, boundary layer, 365 Coefficient matrix, 222
concentration boundary layer, 350–352 Coefficient of friction, 349, 376
dimensionless parameters, physical Coherent structures, 360
significance of, 374–377 Coiled tubes, 521–524
equations, 364–367, 977–979 Colburn factor, 376, 385
and evaporative cooling, 381–384 Cold plates, 80
external flow Column, evaporation in, 888–893
cylinder in cross flow, 423–425 Column vectors, 223
mixed boundary layer conditions, Compact heat exchangers, 671–672,
411–412 683–686, 700–705
heat and mass transfer analogy to, Complementary error function, 286
377–381 Composite walls, conduction with, 99–101
hydrodynamic, 6 Concentration boundary layer, 350–352
laminar boundary layers, 359–364 Concentration gradient, 880
mixed boundary layer conditions, Concentric cylinders, free convection with,
external flow with, 411–412 590–591
normalized equations, 367–374 Concentric spheres, free convection with,
similarity parameters, boundary layer, 591–592
368–372 Concentric tube annulus, 518–521
solutions, function form of, 368–372 Concentric tube heat exchangers, 670
and Reynolds number, 360–361 Condensation, 7, 8, 16, 642–655. See also
significance of, 352 Boiling
thermal, 6, 349–350 dimensionless parameters in, 620–621
transition, laminar–turbulent flow, dropwise, 641–642, 655
359–361 film
turbulence, effects of, 361–364, defined, 641
978–979 in horizontal tubes, 654
turbulent boundary layers, 359 laminar, 643–646
velocity boundary layer, 348–349 on radial systems, 651–654
Boussinesq approximation, 564 turbulent, 646–651
British thermal unit (Btu), 36 Conduction, 2–5, 58–82
Bubble diameter, 627 and boundary/initial conditions, 77, 78
Bulk (macroscopic) motion, 3, 6 and Fourier’s law, 58–60
Bulk temperature, 492 with generation of thermal energy, see
Buoyancy forces, 8, 560–562 Thermal energy generation,
Buoyant jets, 561 conduction with
and heat diffusion equation, 70–77
C microscale effects, 77
Carbon nanotube, 109 mechanisms of, 3–5
Catalytic surface reactions, 905–907 one-dimensional steady-state, see One-
Celsius, 37 dimensional steady-state
Characteristic length, 208, 261, 290, 368 conduction
Index 987
shape factors, conduction, 207–212, turbulent boundary layers, 359

W3–W5 velocity boundary layer, 348–349
and thermal properties of matter, 60–69 coefficients, convection, 352–355, 385
transient, see Transient conduction forced, 7–8, 402
two-dimensional steady-state, see Two- free, see Free convection
dimensional steady-state mass transfer by, 528–530
conduction mechanisms of, 6–9
Conduction rate equation (Fourier’s law), mixed, 7, 8, 593–594
58–60 problem of, 355
Conservation of energy, 13–29, 975–976, Reynolds analogy to, 384–385
W26–W28 Confinement number, 629, 640
for control volume, 13–25 Convection coefficients, 352–355, 385
internal flow, 497–504 Convection heat transfer coefficient, 8
general considerations related to, Convection mass transfer coefficient,
497–498 353–354
surface heat flux, constant, 498–501 Cooling:
surface temperature, constant, evaporative, 381–384
501–504 Newton’s law of, 8, 350
and methodology for application of Cooling curve, 623
conservation laws, 29 Counterflow heat exchangers, 679
and surface energy balance, 25–28 Creeping flow, 433
Conservation of mass, 974, W21–W22 Critical film thickness for conduction, 63
Conservation of species, 894–897, 976, Critical heat flux, 625, 629
W28–W29 Cross-flow heat exchangers, 671, 680, 692,
for control volume, 894, W28 W38–W39
and mass diffusion equation, 895–897, Curvilinear squares, W1–W2
W29 Cylinder(s):
Contact resistance, thermal, 101–103 in cross flow, 423–433
Continuity equation, W22 flow considerations, 423–425
Control surface, 14 and heat and mass transfer, 425–433
Control volumes: free convection with
conservation of energy for, 13–25 concentric cylinders, 590–591
differential, 29, 70 long horizontal cylinder, 579–582
Convection, 2, 6–9, 348–387. See also graphical representation of transient
External flow; Internal flow conduction in, W10–W11
boundary layers. one-dimensional steady-state conduction
approximations, boundary in, 116–121
layer, 365
concentration boundary layer, D
350–352 Darcy friction factor, 490
dimensionless parameters, physical Density gradients, 560
significance of, 374–377 Derived units, 37–38
equations, 364–367, 977–979 Differential control volumes, 29, 70
and evaporative cooling, 381–384 Diffuse emitters, 730
heat and mass transfer analogy to, Diffusion:
377–381 of energy, 3, 4
laminar boundary layers, 359–364 mass, see Mass diffusion
normalized equations, 367–374 Diffusion-limited processes, 907
and Reynolds number, 360–361 Diffusive species flux, 886–888, 893
significance of, 352 Dilute gas or liquid, 893
thermal boundary layer, 349–350 Dimensions, 35
turbulence, effects of, 361–364, Dimensionless conduction heat rate,
978–979 207–212
988 Index
Dimensionless parameters, 376–377 Evaporation, 16

boiling, 620–621 in column, 888–893
boundary layers, 374–377 process of, 901
condensation, 620–621h Excess temperature, 621
free convection, 565 Extended surfaces, heat transfer from:
Direct radiation, 772 and fin effectiveness, 147–149
Dirichlet conditions, 78 general conduction analysis for,
Discontinuous boundary conditions, 900 139–141
Discretization of heat equation: nonuniform cross-sectional area, fins of,
explicit method of, 302–310 150–153
implicit method of, 310–317 and overall surface efficiency, 153–158
Dittus–Boelter equation, 514 uniform cross-sectional area, fins of,
Double-pipe heat exchangers, 670 141–147
Drag coefficient, 425 External flow, 402–457
Dropwise condensation, 641–642, 655 across banks of tubes, 436–447
cylinder in cross flow, 423–433
E flow considerations, 423–425
Eckert number, 376–377 and heat and mass transfer, 425–433
Effectiveness–NTU method, 686–699 empirical approach to, 403–404,
Electrical energy, conversion to thermal 415–420
energy from, 126 flat plate in parallel flow, 405–414
Electromagnetic spectrum, 725, 726 laminar flow, 405–410
Electromagnetic waves, 725 with mixed boundary layer
Elements (of coefficient matrix), 222 conditions, 411–412
Emission: applied heat flux conditions, 413–414
band, 739–744 unheated starting length, 412–413
definition of, 777 turbulent flow, 410–411
gaseous, 843–847 forced convection boiling, 636–640
and radiation intensity, 728–733 free convection, 571–584
Emissive power, 9, 729, 777 cylinder, long horizontal, 579–582
Emissivity, 10, 744–752 inclined/horizontal plates, 574–579
of selected solids (table), 954–956 spheres, 583–584
Empirical correlations, 404 methodology for calculation of,
Enclosed fluids, free convection with, 414–415
587–593 over a sphere, 433–436
cylinders, concentric, 590–591 parallel flow, flat plate in, see subhead:
rectangular cavities, 587–590 flat plate in parallel flow
spheres, concentric, 591–592 through impinging jets, 447–452
Energy, diffusion of, 3, 4 considerations with, 447–449
Energy balance method, 215–222 and heat and mass transfer, 449–452
Energy carriers, 61 through packed beds, 452–453
Energy changes, 14
Energy generation, 15 F
Energy sinks, 71 Fanning friction factor, 490
Energy sources, 71 Fiber-type insulations, 66
Energy storage, 71 Fick’s law, 882–883
English system of units, 35–38 Film boiling, 625–626, 630–631
Enhancement surfaces, 632 Film condensation:
Enhancement devices, 521–524 defined, 641
Entry region, 512–513 in horizontal tubes, 654
Environmental radiation, 770–776 laminar, 643–646
Equilibrium states, 12–13 on radial systems, 651–654
Error function, 961 turbulent, 646–651
Index 989
Film temperature, 404 Forced convection, 7–8, 402

Finite control volumes, 29 combined free and, 593–594
Finite-difference methods: Forced convection boiling, 636–640
transient conduction, 302–317 defined, 636
explicit method of discretization of external flow, 637
heat equation, 302–310 two-phase flow phenomena, 637–640
implicit method of discretization of Form drag, 424
heat equation, 310–317 Fourier number, 376
two-dimensional steady-state Fourier’s law, 4, 58–60
conduction, 212–234 Free convection, 7–8, 560–597
and energy balance method, 215–222 boiling, free convection, 624–625
and Gauss–Seidel iteration, 223–229 buoyancy forces in, 560–562
heat equation, finite-difference form combined forced and free, 593–594
of, 214–215 dimensionless parameters governing,
and matrix inversion method, 565
222–223 with enclosed fluids, 587–593
nodal points, selection of, 214 cylinders, concentric, 590–591
temperature distribution, rectangular cavities, 587–590
determination of, 222 spheres, concentric, 591–592
verification of numerical solutions, equations governing, 563–564
229–230 external flows, 571–584
Fins, 137–139 cylinder, long horizontal, 579–582
annular, 140, 150–151 inclined/horizontal plates, 574–579
circular, 152 spheres, 583–584
evaluating performance of, laminar free convection on vertical
147–150 surface, 566–568
of nonuniform cross-sectional area, and mass transfer, 594–595
150–153 with parallel plate channels, 584–587
overall surface efficiency of, 150–158 inclined channels, 587
parabolic, 152–153 vertical channels, 585–587
pin, 140, 152 physical considerations with, 560–562
straight, 140, 152 turbulence, effects of, 568–570
triangular, 140, 152 vertical surface, laminar free convection
of uniform cross-sectional area, on, 566–568
141–147 Free convection boiling, 624–625
First law of thermodynamics, 13 Free jets, 448
First order chemical reaction, 908 Freezing, 16
Flake-type insulations, 66 Friction coefficient, 349, 376, 490
Flat plate, parallel flow over, 405–414 Friction drag, 424
integral laminar boundary layer, Froude number, 639
solution for, 982–984 Fully developed regions, 488–491
laminar flow, 405–410
with mixed boundary layer conditions, G
411–412 Gas(es):
applied heat flux conditions, 413–414 conduction in, 3–4
unheated starting length, 412–413 solubility of (table), 953
turbulent flow, 410–411 thermophysical properties of, at
Flow, see External flow; Internal flow atmospheric pressure, 941–945
Flow work, 16 Gaseous radiation, 842–847
Fluids, thermal conductivity of, 64–65 emission and absorption, gaseous,
Fluidized beds, 453 843–847
Flux plots, 203, W1–W2 volumetric absorption, 843
Foamed systems, 66 Gaussian error function (table), 961
990 Index
Gauss–Seidel iteration, 223–229 shell-and-tube, 670–672

Generation of thermal energy, conduction types of, 670–672
with, see Thermal energy Heat flow lines, 202
generation, conduction with Heat flux, 4–5, 8, 59, 353
Graphical method (two-dimensional critical, 625, 629
steady-state conduction), W1–W6 pool boiling, 627–634
and conduction shape factors, W3–W5 Heating curve, 622–623
flux plot, construction of, W1–W2 Heat rate, 5, 59
heat transfer rate, determination of, Heat sinks, 33
W2–W3 Heat transfer:
Grashof number, 376, 565 and convection heat transfer
Gray surfaces, 10 coefficient, 8
radiation exchange between diffuse, in definition of, 2
enclosure, 822–839 determining rate of (two dimensional
black surfaces, 830–831 steady-state conduction), W2–W3
reradiating surfaces, 835–839 enhancement of, with internal flows,
shields, radiation, 832–835 521–524
at surface, net radiation exchange, from extended surfaces
823–824 and fin effectiveness, 147–149
between surfaces, net radiation general conduction analysis for,
exchange, 824–830 139–141
two-surface enclosures, 831–832 nonuniform cross-sectional area, fins
radiation from, 764–770 of, 150–153
and overall surface efficiency,
H 153–158
Heat capacity, volumetric, 67 uniform cross-sectional area, fins of,
Heat diffusion equation (heat equation), 141–147
70–77 multimode, 839–841
discretization of physical mechanisms of, 3–11
explicit method of, 302–310 practical relevance of, 32–35
implicit method of, 310–317 problems, methodology for analysis of,
finite-difference form of, 214–215 29–30
microscale effects, 77 and radiation heat transfer
Heat exchangers, 670–706 coefficient, 10
compact, 671–672, 683–686, 700–705 thermodynamics vs., 12–13
concentric tube, 670 Hemispherical emissive power, 729
design problems, 694–695 Henry’s constant, 902
effectiveness–NTU method for for selected gases in water at moderate
analysis of, 680–699 pressure (table), 953
effectiveness of, 687 Heterogeneous chemical reactions,
log mean temperature difference for 905–907
analysis of, 675–686 Homogeneous chemical reactions,
counterflow heat 908–910
exchangers, 679 Host medium, 893
multipass and cross-flow heat Hot-wire anemometer, 43
exchangers, W37–W41 Hydraulic diameter, 518
parallel-flow heat exchangers, Hydrodynamic boundary layer, 6
676–678 Hydrodynamic factors:
special conditions, operation under, with impinging jets, 447–449
679–680 with internal flow, 486–491
overall heat transfer coefficient for, flow conditions, 486–487
673–675 friction factor, 490–491
performance problems, 694–695 in fully developed regions, 488–491
Index 991
mean velocity, 487–488 J

velocity profile, 488–490 Jakob number, 376
Hyperbolic functions (table), 960 Jets:
buoyant, 561
I impinging, see Impinging jets
Ideal gas, 17 Joule heating, 126
Impingement zone, 448
Impinging jets, 447–452 K
convection heat and mass transfer with, Kelvin, 37
449–452 Kilogram-mol, 37
hydrodynamic/geometric considerations Kirchhoff’s law, 762–763, 777
with, 447–449
Incident radiation, 10 L
Incompressible liquids, 18 Laminar boundary layers, 359–364
Initial conditions, 77–78 Laminar film condensation, 636–646
Insulation systems, thermal conductivity Laminar flow:
of, 66–67 in circular tubes, 505–513
Integral laminar boundary layer solution, entry region, 511–513
981–984 fully developed region, 505–511
Intensity, 777 flat plate, parallel flow over,
Internal energy, 14 405–410
Internal flow, 486–534 Latent component of internal energy, 15
circular tubes Latent heat, 620
laminar flow in, 505–513 Latent heat exchange, 8
turbulent flow in, 514–518 Latent heat of fusion, 24
coiled tubes, 521–524 Lattice waves, 4
energy balance in, 497–504 Leidenfrost point, 625
general considerations related to, Length, 35
497–498 Lewis number, 375–376
surface heat flux, constant, 498–501 Liquids:
surface temperature, constant, conduction in, 4
501–504 incompressible, 18
heat transfer enhancement in, 521–524 Liquid metals, 410
hydrodynamic considerations with, thermophysical properties of, 951
486–491 LMTD method, see Log mean temperature
flow conditions, 486–487 difference method
friction factor, 490–491 Local heat flux, 350
in fully developed regions, 488–491 Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
mean velocity, 487–488 method, 675–686
velocity profile, 488–490 counterflow heat exchangers, 679
mass transfer by convection in, 528–530 multipass and cross-flow heat
microscale effects in, 524–528 exchangers, W37–W41
hydrodynamic conditions, 524 parallel-flow heat exchangers,
thermal conditions, 525 676–678
thermal considerations in, 491–497 special conditions, operation under,
with fully developed conditions, 679–680
493–497 Longitudinal pitch, 437
mean temperature, 492–493 Lumped capacitance method, 256–270
Newton’s law of cooling, 493 assumption of, 256–257
Irradiation, 10, 733–735, 752–753, 777 and general lumped capacitance
Isotherms, 59, 202 analysis, 263–270
Isothermal surfaces, 59 theoretical basis of, 256–257
Isotropic media, 60 validity of, 259–263
992 Index
M Micro- and nanoscale effects in

Macroscopic (bulk) motion, 3, 6 conduction, 62–67
Mass, 35 fluid state thermal conductivity, 65–66
Mass diffusion, 880–917 heat diffusion equation, 77
boundary conditions and discontinuous insulation, 67
concentrations, 900–907 solid state thermal conductivity, 62–64
catalytic surface reactions, 905–907 Microscale effects in convection, 524–528
evaporation, 901 hydrodynamic conditions, 524
solubility of gases in liquids, 901–905 thermal conditions, 525
solubility of gases in solids, 901–905 Mie scattering, 772
sublimation, 901 Mixed boundary layer conditions,
homogenous chemical reactions, 908–910 external flow with, 411–412
in nonstationary media, 885–893 Mixed convection, 7, 8, 593–594
absolute species flux, 886 Mixtures, composition of, 881–882
diffusive species flux, 886 Mode(s) of heat transfer, 2
evaporation in a column, 888–893 Modified Bessel equations, 151
mass-average velocity, 887 Molar concentration, 881
molar-average velocity, 887 Mole, 37
in stationary media Molecular weight, 37
conservation of species, 894–897 Moody diagrams, 491
for control volume, 894 Moody friction factor, 490
mass diffusion equation, Multipass heat exchangers, 680, 689–691,
894–897 W37–W38
with specified surface concentrations,
897–900 N
physical mechanisms of, 880–881 Nano- and microscale effects in
Fick’s law, 882–883 conduction, 62–67
mass diffusivity, 883 fluid state thermal conductivity, 65–66
mixture composition, 881–882 heat diffusion equation, 77
stationary medium approximation, 893 insulation, 67
transient diffusion, 911–916 solid state thermal conductivity, 62–64
analogy to heat transfer, 911 Nanoshell, 293
Mass diffusion equation, 894–897 Nanospring, 193
Mass diffusivity, 883 Nanostructured materials, 63
Mass flow rate, 17 Nanotube, carbon, 109
Mass transfer, 860. See also Nanowire, 190
Mass diffusion Natural convection, see Free convection
and boundary layers, 350–352 Neumann conditions, 78
by convection, 528–530, 594–595 Newton’s law of cooling, 8, 493
with external flow Newton’s second law of motion, 974,
cylinder in cross flow, 425–433 W22–W26
through impinging jets, 449–452 Nodal networks, 213–214
Matrix inversion method, 222–223 Nodal points (nodes), 213–214
Mean free path, 61 Noncircular tubes, 518–519
Mean temperature, 492–493 Nonmetallic solids:
Mean velocity (internal flow), 487–488 emissivity of, 955–956
Melting, 16 thermophysical properties of,
Metabolic heat generation, 162 933–934
Metals, thermophysical properties of Nonparticipating medium, 842
liquid, 951 Nonstationary media, 885–893
Metallic solids: absolute species flux, 886
emissivity of, 959 diffusive species flux, 886
thermophysical properties of, 929–932 evaporation in a column, 888–893
Index 993
mass-average velocity, 887 Parabolic fins, 152–153

molar-average velocity, 887 Parallel-flow heat exchangers, 676–678
Nuclear component of internal energy, 15 Parallel flow over flat plate, see Flat plate,
Nucleate boiling, 625, 627–629 parallel flow over
Nusselt numbers, 371, 376 Parallel plate channels, free convection
with, 584–587
O inclined channels, 587
Ohmic heating, 126 vertical channels, 585–587
One-dimensional steady-state conduction, Parameter sensitivity study, 28
96–168 Partition coefficient, 913
alternative approach, 112–116 Peclet number, 237, 376
bioheat equation, 162–168 Penetration depth, thermal, 299
extended surfaces, heat transfer from, Pennes equation, 162
137–162 Perfusion, 162
applicability, 137 Phase changes, 15–16
and fin effectiveness, 147–149 Phonons, 61
general conduction analysis for, Photons, 725
139–141 Physical mechanisms of heat transfer, 3–12
nonuniform cross-sectional area, fins Pin fins, 140–152
of, 150–153 Pitch, 437, 523
and overall surface efficiency, Planck distribution, 737
153–158 Planck’s law, 777
uniform cross-sectional area, fins of, Plane wall systems:
141–147 one-dimensional steady-state conduction
in plane wall systems, 96–116 in, 96–116
composite walls, 99–101 composite walls, 99–101
and contact resistance, 101–103 and contact resistance, 101–103
standard approach, 96–112 standard approach, 96–112
temperature distribution, temperature distribution,
determination of, 96–99 determination of, 96–99
thermal energy generation, thermal energy generation,
conduction with, 126–132 conduction with, 126–132
thermal resistance, determination of, thermal resistance, determination of,
98–99 98–99
in radial systems, 116–125 transient conduction in, 272–275
cylinder, 116–121 approximate solution, 273–274
sphere, 121–125 exact solution, 272–273
thermal energy generation, graphical representation of, W8–W9
conduction with, 132–137 roots of transcendental equation for
thermal energy generation, conduction (table), 962
with, 126–137 and total energy transfer, 274–275
plane wall systems, 126–132 Plumes, 561
in radial systems, 132–137 Pool boiling, 622–636
uniform energy generation, thermal and boiling curve, 622–636
conditions associated with, defined, 622
966–971 film boiling, 625–626, 630–631
Opaque surfaces, 10 free convection boiling, 624–625
Open systems, 14–18 minimum heat flux for, 629–630
Ordinary diffusion, 883 nucleate boiling, 625, 627–629
parametric effects on, 631–632
P transition boiling, 625, 629–630
Packed beds, external flow through, Porosity, 453
452–453 Powder-type insulations, 66
994 Index
Power-controlled heating, 622 thermal, see Thermal radiation

Prandtl number, 368, 369, 371, 376 and transmissivity, 756–757
Pressure drag, 424 Radiation exchange, 812–849
Problems, methodology for analysis Beer’s law, 843
of, 29–30 between diffuse gray surfaces in
enclosure, 822–839
Q blackbody, 830–831
Quality of fluid, 638 reradiating surfaces, 835–839
Quanta, 61, 701 shields, radiation, 832–835
Quenching, 256 at surface, net radiation exchange,
Quiescent fluid, 561 823–824
between surfaces, net radiation
R exchange, 824–830
Radial systems: two-surface enclosures, 831–832
film condensation in, 651–654 gaseous radiation, 842–847
one-dimensional steady-state conduction emission and absorption, gaseous,
in, 116–125 843–847
cylinder, 116–121 volumetric absorption, 843
sphere, 121–125 and multimode heat transfer, 839–842
thermal energy generation, and view factor, 812–822
conduction with, 132–137 integral, view factor, 812–813
transient conduction in, 276–283 relations, view factor, 813–822
approximate solutions, 277–278 Radiation heat transfer coefficient, 10
exact solutions, 276 Radiosity, 735, 777
and total energy transfer, 277–278 Random motion, 4
Radiation, 724–780. See also Radiation Raoult’s law, 901
exchange Rate basis, 13
and absorptivity, 754–755 Rate equations, 4
blackbody, 736–752 Rayleigh number, 569
and band emission, 739–744 Rayleigh scattering, 772
and emissivity, 744–752 Reaction-limited processes, 907
and Planck distribution, 737 Reciprocity relation, 813
and Stefan–Boltzmann law, 738–739 Rectangular cavities, 587–590
and Wien’s displacement law, Reflection, 10, 777
737–738 Reflective insulations, 66
concepts related to, 724–726 Reflectivity, 755–756, 777
direct, 772 Relative species flux, 886
environmental, 770–776 Reradiating surfaces, 832–835
gaseous, 842–847 Resistance:
emission and absorption, gaseous, contact, 101–103
843–847 thermal, 98–99
volumetric absorption, 843 Resistance heating, 126
with gray surfaces, 764–770 Reynolds analogy, 384–385
incident, 10 Reynolds number, 360–361, 368, 377
intensity of, 727–735 Reynolds stress, 979
defined, 728–729 Right-hand side vectors, 223
and emission, 728–733
and irradiation, 733–735 S
and radiosity, 735 Saturated boiling, 622
and Kirchhoff’s law, 762–763 Schmidt number, 368, 369, 372, 377
and reflectivity, 755–756 Semi-infinite solid, transient conduction in,
surfaces, special consideration with, 283–290, 292
757–758 Semitransparent media, 55
Index 995
Semitransparent surfaces, 10 Stagnation zone, 448

Sensible energy, 8 Stanton number, 377, 384–385
Sensitivity study, parameter, 28 Stationary media
Separation of variables, method of, conservation of species, 894–897
203–207 for control volume, 894
Shape factors, conduction, 207–212, mass diffusion equation, 894–897
W3–W5 with specified surface concentrations,
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers, 670–672, 897–900
W37–W38 Stationary medium approximation, 893
Sherwood number, 371–372, 377 Steady-state conditions, 4, 15
Shields, radiation, 832–835 Stefan–Boltzmann law, 9, 738–739, 778
Similarity solutions, 406 Stefan–Boltzmann constant, 9
Similarity variables, 406 Straight fins, 140
Sinks, energy, 71 Streaks, 360
SI system, 36–37 Stress(es):
Solar radiation, 812–814 Reynolds, 979
Solar radiative properties of selected tensile, W23
materials (table), 956 viscous, W22
Solids: Subcooled boiling, 622
emissivity of selected, 954–955 Sublimation, 901
solubility of (table), 953 Summation rule, 814
thermal conductivity of, 60–64 Surface(s):
thermophysical properties of metallic, conservation of energy at, 25–26
929–932 enhancement, 632
thermophysical properties of net radiation exchange at, 823–824
nonmetallic, 933–934 opaque, 10
Solidification, 16 radiation exchange between,
Solubility, 901–905 824–830
Solution vectors, 223 reradiating, 835–839
Sources, energy, 71 semitransparent, 10
Species, 880 Surface forces, W22
Species flux, absolute, 886, 893 Surface phenomena, 16
Species flux, diffusive, 886 Surface tension, 620
Species flux, relative, 886 Surroundings, 10
Specific heat, 17
Spectral absorptivity, 754–755 T
Spectral distribution, 778 Temperature, 35, 37
Spectral emissive power, 730 and conduction, 3–4
Spectral irradiation, 733, 752 excess, 621
Spectral radiosity, 735 film, 404
Sphere(s): mean, 492–493
external flow over a Temperature distribution, 70
forced convection, 433–436 one-dimensional steady-state
free convection, 583–584 conduction, 96–98
free convection with two-dimensional steady-state
concentric spheres, 591–592 conduction, 207, 212
external flows, 583–584 Temperature field, 70
graphical representation of transient Temperature gradient, 4, 59
conduction in, W11–W12 Tensile stresses, W23
one-dimensional steady-state conduction Thermal boundary layer, 6, 349–350
in, 121–125 Thermal capacitance, 258
Spines, 139 Thermal component of internal energy,
Stagnation point, 450 14–15
996 Index
Thermal conductivity, 4, 60–67 assumption of, 256, 257

bulk, 62 general lumped capacitance analysis,
definition of, 60 263–270
effective, 66 theoretical basis of, 256–257
of fluids, 64–66 validity, method, 259–263
micro- and nanoscale effects, 65–66 multidimensional effects with,
of insulation systems, 66–67 W13–W18
of isotropic materials, 60 plane wall approximation with,
of solids, 60–64 272–275
micro- and nanoscale effects, 62–64 approximate solution, 273–274
and state of matter, 60 exact solution, 272–273
Thermal contact resistance, 101–103 roots of transcendental equation for
Thermal diffusivity, 68, 72 (table), 962
Thermal energy generation, conduction objects with constant surface heat flux,
with, 126–137 292–294
plane wall systems, 126–132 approximate solutions, 293–294
in radial systems, 132–137 exterior heat transfer, 293
Thermal expansion (volumetric) interior heat transfer, 292–293
coefficient, 563 semi-infinite solid, 292
Thermal penetration depth, 299 objects with constant surface
Thermal radiation, 3, 726, 778 temperature, 290–292, 293, 295
mechanisms of, 9 approximate solutions, 293, 295
Thermal resistance for conduction (plane exterior heat transfer, 291–292
wall), 98–99 interior heat transfer, 291
Thermodynamics, 2 semi-infinite solid, 290–291
heat transfer vs., 12–13 periodic heating, 299–301
Thermodynamic properties, 67 and total energy transfer, 274–275
Thermophysical properties, 67 with radial systems, 276–283
of common materials, 935–940 approximate solutions, 277–278
of gases at atmospheric pressure, exact solutions, 276
941–945 and total energy transfer, 277–278
of liquid metals, 951 with semi-infinite solid, 283–292
of metallic solids, 929–932 spatial effects with, W13–W18
of nonmetallic solids, 933–934 Transient diffusion, 911–916
of saturated fluids, 946–948 analogy to heat transfer, 911
of saturated water, 949–950 Transition boiling, 625, 629–630
Thermoregulation, 26 Transition, laminar–turbulent flow,
Thin film, 63 359–361
Time, 35 Transmission, 10, 778
Time instant, 14 Transmissivity, 756–757, 778
Time interval, 14 Transport properties, 67
Total emissive power, 730 Transverse pitch, 437
Total irradiation, 733, 752 Triangular fins, 152–153
Transient conduction, 256–319 Tubes:
finite-difference methods with, 302–317 aligned vs. staggered arrangement of,
explicit method of discretization of 437
heat equation, 302–310 coiled, 522–524
implicit method of discretization of concentric, 519–521
heat equation, 310–314 external flow across banks of, 436–447
graphical representation of one- film condensation in horizontal, 654
dimensional, W8–W12 heat exchangers, shell-and-tube,
lumped capacitance method with, 670–672, W37–W38
256–270 laminar flow in circular, 505–513
Index 997
entry region, 511–513 Two-phase flow, 637–640

fully developed region, 505–511 in microchannels, 640
noncircular, 518–519
turbulent flow in circular, 511–518 U
Turbulence: Unheated starting length, 412–413
effects of, on boundary layers, 359–364 Units, 35–38
and free convection, 568–570 derived, 37, 38
modeling, 979 English system of, 35–38
Turbulent boundary layers, 359 SI system, 35–38
Turbulent film condensation, 646–651 Unit mass, 17
Turbulent flow:
in circular tubes, 511–518 V
flat plate, parallel flow over, 410–411 Vapor blanket, 625
Two-dimensional steady-state conduction, Vaporization, 16
202–235 Velocity boundary layer, 348–349
alternative approaches with, 202–203 Velocity profile (internal flow),
conduction shape factor, 207–212 488–490
dimensionless conduction heat rate, View factor (radiation exchange),
207–212 812–822
finite-difference, method with, 212–235 integral, view factor, 812–813
and energy balance method, 215–222 relations, view factor, 813–822
and Gauss–Seidel iteration, 223–229 Viscous dissipation, 18
heat equation, finite-difference form Viscous stresses, W22
of, 214–215 Void fraction, 453
and matrix inversion method, 222–223 Volumetric absorption, 843
nodal points, selection of, 214 Volumetric flow rate, 18
temperature distribution, Volumetric heat capacity, 67
determination of, 207, 212 Volumetric phenomena, 16
verification of numerical solutions, Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient,
229–230 563
graphical method with, W1–W6
and conduction shape factors, W
W3–W5 Weber number, 377
flux plot, construction of, W1–W2 Wien’s displacement law, 737–738, 778
heat transfer rate, determination of,
W2–W3 Z
separation of variables method with, Zenith angle, 728, 771
203–207 Zero order chemical reaction, 908
bm.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 2
Conversion Factors
Acceleration 1 m/s2 4.2520 107 ft/h2
Area 1 m2 1550.0 in.2
10.764 ft2
Density 1 kg/m3 0.06243 lbm/ft3
Energy 1 J (0.2388 cal) 9.4782 104 Btu
Force 1N 0.22481 lbf
Heat transfer rate 1W 3.4121 Btu/h
Heat flux 1 W/m2 0.3170 Btu/h • ft2
Heat generation rate 1 W/m3 0.09662 Btu/h • ft3
Heat transfer 1 W/m2 • K 0.17611 Btu/h • ft2 • °F
coefficient
Kinematic viscosity 1 m2/s 3.875 104 ft2/h
and diffusivities
Latent heat 1 J/kg 4.2992 104 Btu/lbm
Length 1m 39.370 in.
3.2808 ft
1 km 0.62137 mile
Mass 1 kg 2.2046 lbm
Mass density 1 kg/m3 0.06243 lbm/ft3
Mass flow rate 1 kg/s 7936.6 lbm/h
Mass transfer 1 m/s 1.1811 104 ft/h
coefficient
Power 1 kW 3412.1 Btu/h
1.341 hp
Pressure and stress1 1 N/m2 (1 Pa) 0.020885 lbf /ft2
1.4504 104 lbf /in.2
4.015 103 in. water
2.953 104 in. Hg
1.0133 105 N/m2 1 standard atmosphere
1 105 N/m2 1 bar
Specific heat 1 kJ/kg • K 0.2388 Btu/lbm • °F
Temperature K (5/9)°R
(5/9)(°F 459.67)
°C 273.15
Temperature difference 1K 1°C
(9/5)°R (9/5)°F
Thermal conductivity 1 W/m • K 0.57779 Btu/h • ft • °F
Thermal resistance 1 K/W 0.52753 °F/h • Btu
Viscosity (dynamic)2 1 N • s/m2 2419.1 lbm/ft • h
5.8015 106 lbf • h/ft2
Volume 1 m3 6.1023 104 in.3
35.315 ft3
264.17 gal (U.S.)
Volume flow rate 1 m3/s 1.2713 105 ft3/h
2.1189 103 ft3/min
1.5850 104 gal/min
1
The SI name for the quantity pressure is pascal (Pa) having units N/m2 or kg/m • s2.
2
Also expressed in equivalent units of kg/s • m.
bm.qxd 3/6/06 10:20 AM Page 3
Physical Constants
Universal Gas Constant:
8.205 102 m3 • atm/kmol • K
8.314 102 m3 • bar/kmol • K
8.315 kJ/kmol • K
1545 ft • lbf /lbmole • °R
1.986 Btu/lbmole • °R
Avogadro’s Number:
6.024 1023 molecules/mol
Planck’s Constant:
h 6.626 1034 J • s
Boltzmann’s Constant:
k 1.381 1023 J/K
Speed of Light in Vacuum:
co 2.998 108 m/s
Stefan-Boltzmann Constant:
5.670 108 W/m2 • K4
Blackbody Radiation Constants:
C1 3.742 108 W • m4/m2
C2 1.439 104 m • K
C3 2898 m • K
Gravitational Acceleration (Sea Level):
g 9.807 m/s2 32.174 ft/s2
Standard Atmospheric Pressure:
p 101,325 N/m2 101.3 kPa
Heat of Fusion of Water at Atmospheric Pressure:
hsf 333.7 kJ/kg
Heat of Vaporization of Water at Atmospheric Pressure:
hfg 2257 kJ/kg

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bapp01.

qxd 3/6/06 10:07 AM Page 927

300 0.349 521

928 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter

A.11 Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of 954

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

482 798 949 1033 1146

252 356 397 417 433 451 480

Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

216 384 490 574 680 975 609 654

232 383 485 592 530 562 594 616

(60% Pt, 40% Rh) — — — — — —

99 112 124 134 145 156 167

Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

87 122 137 142 145 148 152 157 167 176

258 430 515 540 563 597 645 714 867

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

— — 1490 1880 2135 2350 2555

Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080

Graphite fiber 450 1400

Properties at Various Temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)

Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 — — — 87 58 30

cp 745 — — 885 1075 1250

Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 935

TABLE A.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materialsa

Density, Thermal Specific

936 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.3 Continued

Density, Thermal Specific

Blanket and Batt

32 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.038 0.048

48 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.045

4-ply 420 190 0.078 0.082 0.098

Industrial Insulation (Continued)

foamed 340 70 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033

Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 939

TABLE A.3 Continued

Asphalt 300 2115 0.062 920

940 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.3 Continued

Ice 273 920 1.88 2040

Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 941

TABLE A.4 Thermophysical Properties

350 0.9950 1.009 208.2 20.92 30.0 29.9 0.700

600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.9 76.9 0.685

850 0.4097 1.110 384.3 93.80 59.6 131 0.716

1200 0.2902 1.175 473.0 162.9 76.3 224 0.728

1700 0.2049 1.267 611 298 113 435 0.685

2200 0.1582 1.417 740 468 160 714 0.655

942 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter

TABLE A.4 Continued

Ammonia (NH3) (continued)

500 0.4101 2.467 173 42.2 52.5 51.9 0.813

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

380 1.3961 0.926 181 13.0 22.75 17.6 0.737

600 0.8826 1.08 270 30.6 40.7 42.7 0.717