3rd Year

Geography
Higher Level

Rivers

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DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 2 20/02/2017 13:25

 Timetable
An extensive range of course options are
available over a two-week period to cater for
students’ timetable needs. Courses are held over
the following weeks:
»» Monday 10th – Friday 14th April 2017
»» Monday 17th – Friday 21st April 2017
All Easter Revision Courses take place in The Talbot Hotel, Stillorgan
(formerly known as The Stillorgan Park Hotel).

6th Year Easter Revision Courses 5th Year Easter Revision Courses
SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME
Accounting H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm English H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm
Agricultural Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am
Applied Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Note: 4th Year students are welcome to attend any of the 5th Year courses
Art History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm listed above.

Biology Course A* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am

3rd Year Easter Revision Courses
Biology Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am
SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME
Biology Course B* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am
Business H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 2:00pm - 3:30pm
Biology Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Studies
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Chemistry Course A* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm
Chemistry Course B* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Geography H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am
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Economics H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am History H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am
Economics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am Irish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm
English Paper 1* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am
English Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Maths H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am
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French H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Science H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 12:00pm - 1:30pm
French H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am Science H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 8:00am - 9:30am
Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 8:00am - 9:30am Spanish H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm
Geography H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 2:00pm - 3:30pm Note: 2nd Year students are welcome to attend any of the 3rd Year courses
German H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm above.
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Irish H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm
maximise their performance in the State Examinations.
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Maths Paper 2* H Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am SUBJECT LEVEL DATES TIME
Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am French H Sunday 12th March 9:00am - 1:00pm
Maths Paper 2* H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 12:00pm - 1:30pm German H Saturday 11th March 9:00am - 1:00pm
Maths O Monday 10th - Friday 14th April 10:00am - 11:30am Irish H Sunday 19th March 9:00am - 1:00pm
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Physics H Monday 17th - Friday 21st April 10:00am - 11:30am
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DSOG Easter 2017 8pg A4 FINAL PRINT.indd 3 20/02/2017 13:25

 Contents:  
River  Features  and  Landscape  ……………………………………………………………………….3  
Stages  of  a  River  ……………………………………………………………………………………………4  
Types  of  Erosion  …………………………………………………………………………………………...5  
Exam  Question  on  Water  Fall  Formation  ………………………..………………………………6  
V-­‐Shaped  Valleys  …………………………………………………………………………………………..7  
What  is  Deposition  ………………………………………………………………………………………..8  
Exam  Question  on  Levee  Formation  ……………………………………………………………….9  
How  People  Use  Rivers  ………………………………………………………………………………..10  
How  People  Pollute  Rivers  ……………………………………………………………….…………..11  
Hydroelectric  Dams  ……………………………………………………………………………………..12  
Benefits  and  Disadvantages  of  Flooding………………………………………………………...13  
Short  Exam  Questions  ………………………………………………………………………………….14  

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 River  Features  and  the  Landscape:  

Features  of  Rivers:  

Source:   The  area  where  a  river  begins.  

Tributary:   Where  a  smaller  river  joins  a  larger  river.  
Confluence:     A  point  where  two  rivers  meet.  
Estuary:     The  part  of  the  river  that  is  tidal.  
Mouth:   It  is  the  part  of  the  river  that  meets  the  sea.    
Watershed:     It  is  high  ground  which  separates  different  river  basins.  
Course:   The  route  the  river  takes  as  it  passes  from  the  upland  areas  at  its  
source  to  the  sea.  

What  are  the  stages  of  a  river?  

• Youthful  stage

• Middle  or  mature  stage

• Old  age  stage

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 Features  of  each  stage:  

Youthful  stage:  

• Occurs  in  the  upland  areas  where  the  land  is  quite  steep.

• A  large  amount  of  vertical  erosion  occurs  at  this  stage  as  the  water  is
moving  very  fast.

Examples  of  features:  Waterfalls,  V-­‐Shaped  valleys  and  Interlocking  spurs  

Mature  stage:  

• Occurs  in  areas  where  there  is  a  gentle  slope  or  gradient.

• A  large  amount  of  water  erodes  the  river  sides  (laterally  erosion)

Examples  of  features:  Meanders  and  valley  troughs.  

Old  age  stage:  

• Occurs  in  lowland  areas  where  the  land  is  almost  flat.

• Water  is  moving  very  slowly  so  a  large  amount  of  deposition  takes  place.

Examples  of  features:  Ox-­‐  bow  lakes,  Levees,  flood  plains  and  deltas.  

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 Types  of  erosion:  

Hydraulic  action:   Moving  water  erodes  rock  along  the  river  bank  and  bed  
creating  its  load.    

Solution:   River  water  can  contain  (carbonic  acid)  chemicals  which  

dissolve  certain  rocks.    

Abrasions:   Occurs  when  small  pieces  of  rock  and  sand  (river  load)  in
the  river  erodes  the  larger  rock  along  the  river  bed  and    
banks.    

Attrition:   When  rocks  are  carried  along  the  river  bed,  they  become  
smooth  and  rounded  as  they  are  continuously  rubbing  of  
each  other.    

Features  of  River  Erosion:  

• Waterfall
• V-­‐Shaped  valley
• Interlocking  spurs

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 Exam  paper  2007,  Question  2a:  

Name  one  feature  of  river  erosion  and  with  the  aid  of  a  diagram  explain  
how  it  was  formed:  

Formation  of  a  waterfall:  

• A  waterfall  can  be  found  in  the  youthful  stage  of  a  river.  The  water  is
moving  extremely  fast  in  this  stage  which  causes  a  large  amount  of
erosion.

• Waterfalls  are  formed  from  different  types  of  erosion  which  include
hydraulic  action,  abrasion  and  attrition.

• A  waterfall  forms  when  a  layer  of  hard  rock  lies  on  an  area  of  soft  rock.

• The  soft  rock  erodes  faster  than  the  soft  rock  by  hydraulic  action  and
abrasion.

• A  vertical  drop  or  overhang  forms.  The  falling  water  now  forms  a  plunge
pool  due  to  hydraulic  action  and  abrasion.

Example:   Torc  water  in  Killarney.  

Powers  court  waterfall  in  Co.  Wicklow.  

Marking  scheme  to  question:  

Name  the  feature  =  2  marks  

Two  explanations  @  4  marks  (St:  2marks  +  Dev  1  mk  +  ref.  to  diagram  1  mark)  

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 Other  features  of  river  erosion:  

V-­‐  Shaped  valley:    

• A  V-­‐shaped  valley  can  be  found  in  the  youthful  stage  of  a  river.  The  water
is  moving  extremely  fast  in  this  stage  which  causes  a  large  amount  of
erosion.

• V-­‐shaped  valleys  are  formed  from  different  types  of  erosion  which
include  hydraulic  action,  abrasion  and  attrition.

• Vertical  erosion  occurs  which  creates  steep  sides  to  the  river.

• The  sides  of  the  river  are  weathered  away  and  mass  movement  carries
the  material  down  the  slope  and  into  the  river.

• This  material  is  now  transported  downstream  in  the  rivers  load.

• A  V-­‐shaped  valley  is  formed.

Example:  Youthful  stage  of  the  River  Liffey  

Interlocking  spurs:  

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 What  is  deposition?  

• Deposition  occurs  when  a  river  drops  its  load.

When  does  deposition  normally  take  place:  

• When  a  river  slows  down  in  the  old  age  stage  of  a  river.
• When  the  land  is  quite  flat.
• When  a  river  enters  the  sea  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.

Features  of  river  deposition:  

• Ox-­‐  bow  lakes

• Levees
• Flood  plains
• Meanders
• Deltas

Exam  paper  2007,  Question  2b:  

Name  one  feature  of  river  deposition  and  with  the  aid  of  a  diagram,  explain  
how  it  was  formed:  

Formation  of  a  levee:  

• A  levee  can  be  found  in  the  old  age  stage  of  a  river  which  is  on  land  that  is
nearly  flat.  Levee’s  form  the  river  banks  along  the  side  of  a  river.

• A  river  carries  its  load  in  suspension  or  as  dissolved  minerals  in  a
solution.

• In  times  of  flood,  the  water  flows  over  the  river  banks  and  onto  the  flood
plain  depositing  rich  alluvial  materials.

• The  larger  and  coarser  materials  are  deposited  close  to  the  river  banks.

• The  smaller  and  finer  materials  are  carried  and  deposited  further  away
from  the  river  banks  over  the  flood  plain.

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 Examples:  Old  age  stage  of  River  Liffey.  

Marking  scheme  to  question:  

Name  the  feature  =  2  marks  

Two  explanations  @  4  marks  (St:  2marks  +  Dev  1  mk  +  ref.  to  diagram  1  mark)  

Other  features  of  river  deposition:  

Ox-­‐bow  lake:  

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 Flood  plains:  

Deltas:  

Delta  

Exam  Paper  2007,  Question  2c:  

Name and briefly explain one way that people use rivers.

Name @ 2 marks
One  explanation  @  3  marks(  St  2mks  +  Dev  1  mk)  

How  do  people  use  rivers?  

• Tourism:  people  use  rivers  for  fishing  and  cruising  (Example:  River
Shannon)

• Hydroelectric  Power  (HEP):  people  create  dams  across  a  river  to  produce
energy  for  the  surrounding  areas  (Three  Gorge  dam  in  China  and  Inniscarra
in  Cork).

• Transport:  people  use  rivers  to  transport  heavy  goods  and  people  (River
Rhine  is  used  to  transport  different  materials  throughout  Europe).

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 Exam  Paper  2007,  Question  2c:  

Name and briefly explain one way that people pollute rivers.

Name @ 2 marks
One  explanation  @  3  marks  

How  do  people  pollute  rivers?  

• Factories  and  industry  dump  waste  products  and  chemicals  into  rivers
which  can  kill  plants  and  animals.

• Farmers  spread  slurry  on  the  land  which  can  be  washed  into  the  rivers  by
rain  water  which  can  kill  plants  and  animals.

• Domestic  houses  have  septic  tanks  which  can  leak  causing  pollution  in
local  rivers  and  streams.

What  impact  does  dams  and  HEP  stations  have  on  a  river?  

Negative  impacts   Positive  impact  

Dams  cause  some  land  upstream  to   Dams  create  reservoirs  that  are  used  
flood.  This  can  destroy  farm  land  and   for  fishing,  water  skiing  and  other  
some  homes.     water  sports.    
Reservoirs  also  supply  drinking  
water  to  the  surrounding  areas.    

Fish  populations  such  as  salmon  and   HEP  stations  produce  large  amounts  of  
trout  can  decrease  as  their  path  up   renewable  energy.  
river  is  blocked.    

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 Exam  Paper  2007,  Question  2c:  

Explain  ONE  way  in  which  flooding  damages  an  area  and  ONE  way  in  which  
flooding  can  benefit  an  area:  

Damage:

Flooding of land can cause damage to property and homes. Farm land and crops can
become destroyed and there may even be loss of life.

Example: The River Mississippi floods frequently.

Benefit:

When flooding occurs in lowland areas, rich alluvial deposits provide fertile soil
which produces good agricultural land.

Example: The River Nile  

Exam  paper  2006:  

Question  2B:  

Answers:  
i) An  economic  benefit  of  hydroelectricity  is  that  it  produces  large
amounts  of  this  renewable  energy  which  is  cheaper  than  other  forms

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 of  energy.    These  hydroelectric  dams  create  reservoirs  that  are  used  
for  fishing,  water  skiing  and  other  water  sports.  This  may  attract  
tourists  to  the  area  which  would  improve  the  local  economy.  These  
reservoirs  also  supply  drinking  water  to  the  surrounding  areas.    

An  environmental  benefit  of  hydroelectric  is  that  the  energy  is  

renewable.  This  means  that  it  will  never  run  out  and  people  will  
always  have  access  to  this  type  of  energy.  It  is  also  a  very  clean  form  of  
renewable  energy  as  no  air  pollution  is  produced  in  the  process.  This  
allows  the  surrounding  environment  to  be  air  pollution  free.    

Short  Exam  Questions:  

1)

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3)

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6)

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8)

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