Heating and cooling coils - Water coils for heating and cooling

consist of a matrix of copper tubes through which water flows. The
tubes run back and forth between two end-plates in an arrangement that
lets the air flow perpendicularly to the tubes.

Self-contained heating or cooling unit - The

condenser, compressor and evaporator are “packaged” into one unit..
Usually this is located on the roof of buildings (also known Roof Top Units).
Some self-contained air conditioners can include electric heating coils or a
natural gas furnace.

Cooling tower- cooling tower is a peripheral equipment

that removes heat from the hot water that is pumped from the
condenser to the tower. It is done by using the air from the
surrounding to reduce the temperature of the water. The air can be
natural or forced by the use of fan. The capacity to cool the water
depends on the evaporation of the water when air comes in contact
with the water.

This depends on the humidity of the surrounding air. Usually the tower
should be able to cool the water by about 6°F to 7°F of the air wet
bulb temperature. For example, if the wet bulb temperature of the air
is 78°F and the hot water coming to the tower from the condenser is
95°F, then the cooled water that leaves the tower can be 85°F, about
7°F lower than the air wet bulb temperature.

Principles Of Operation

An example of the application is the use of this equipment to cool the

water-cooled condenser from a chiller system. The hot water from the
chiller condenser which could be located in the building is piped to the
cooling tower. Pumps are used to circulate the water from the
condenser to the tower and back.

The hot water is sprayed through nozzle onto the thin films materials
(also known as fill) which can be made of plastic, wood slats or metal
fins. Their surfaces can be in the shape of honeycomb, corrugated
sheet or flat sheet.
As the water flows through these materials, air from the surrounding
which can be natural-draft or forced-draft rushed through it and in the
process evaporates some of it. This cools the water which is then
collected at the lower sump and through a filter to get rid of leaves
and other materials before being circulated back to the condenser.

A drain is used to remove the hard water minerals from the system. As
the amount of water will reduce due to evaporation and draining, a
float valve is used to add the water to the system.

The tower should be located in an area where the ventilation is good

and not located too close to the building. This is critical for the natural-
draft tower where the cooling is done naturally.

Boiler - A boiler is a component of a home’s radiant heating system. It’s just

one of the ways to put the “H” into a home’s HVAC system — the heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning system. It is essentially an appliance that heats up
water and sends the heated water or steam throughout pipes and radiators to keep a
space warm.

Boilers are usually located in the basement. They’re especially common in historic
properties and colder climates. A boiler’s central location and ability to evenly spread
heat throughout a home mean it can be a key part of a central heating system — but
not every home has a boiler. Only properties with hot water radiators or steam
radiators will be heated by boilers. If your home has air registers on the floors, walls
or ceilings, you probably have a furnace instead.

Larger, more powerful boilers are also used in industrial settings — not only as a
source of heat but also as steam generators to power machinery.

We’ve already established that boilers heat homes using hot water or steam. But how
exactly do they do this?

Depending on the type of boiler you have, a fuel source such as propane, oil or natural
gas will burn inside an insulated chamber, heating up coils of the heat exchanger.
Cold water passes through these coils and warms up. What happens next depends on
whether your home has steam radiators or hot water radiators.

For hot water heaters, the circulator pump near the side of the boiler will turn on when
the thermostat setting requires it, pushing the heated water through pipes and out to
the radiators throughout your home. The heat will transfer from the water to the metal
components of the radiator and will radiate throughout each room. Modern systems
will be zoned so different spaces can be controlled independently. The water will cool
off as it moves through the system, and will return to the boiler where it will get
reheated.

Steam radiator systems are simpler because they don’t require a circulating pump.
Instead, they rely on the “hot air rises” principle. The water steam simply rises
through the system to radiators located on the upper floors and cooled-off
condensation drips back down through the pipes to get reheated.

As boilers rely on radiant heat instead of blowing hot air into rooms, the result is
typically a more consistent and cozy heat.

Gas-fired boilers run on natural gas or propane, while oil-fired boilers serve as an

alternative in areas where homeowners have limited access to natural gas. Electric
boilers can be more efficient than both options, but operating costs are often much
higher.

In a traditional non-condensing boiler, an exhaust flue will help regulate the high
pressure that builds up within the system. But for increased energy efficiency, a
condensing boiler has a second heat exchanger. This highly efficient boiler design
recycles condensation and flue gases back into the system, wasting less heat in the
process. It also preheats cold water as it enters the boiler, allowing the appliance to
operate at a lower temperature.
Cast iron boilers are known for their durability and longevity but may not be as
efficient as high-efficiency boilers.

In a water-tube boiler, the water is pushed through tubes that are exposed to the fuel
source, whereas in a fire-tube boiler, water flows around tubes filled with heated gas.

A sealed-combustion boiler will direct exhaust gases outside rather than through the
chimney, which is also much more efficient than non-sealed versions and doesn’t
expose your home’s interior spaces to exhaust.

Control - The definition of HVAC control systems can range depending on whether it is applied
to a very basic residential application or potentially to an extremely complex large-scale application, but
in short, HVAC controls consist of devices that control the operations of Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning equipment.

In residences, you’ll typically find a thermostat that is connected to some kind of self-contained A/C
unit. By adjusting the temperature (or setpoint), you are controlling the functions of that self-contained
unit. For example:

When you set your thermostat to 75 degrees in the summer, you are dictating that your A/C unit should
run until your indoor temperature reaches 75 degrees, at which point, it should shut off.

In this simple example, your thermostat is considered an HVAC controller, however, it is also a sensor
because it is sensing your indoor temperature. We’ll talk more about sensors as we delve deeper into
more complex systems.

When it comes to applying HVAC control systems to larger facilities, the HVAC controls are sometimes a
part of a larger system known as a building automation or energy management system.\

Water Chiller- The purpose of chillers, whether they’re industrial or HVAC, is to

move heat from one location and transport it to another place to chill.

Chillers tend to use either water or another type of liquid to process it through the piece
of equipment they’re trying to chill.

The pumping mechanism in chillers process the water or glycol solution and transfers it
to a pumping system to cool the area desired.

Chillers serve to cool a variety of products, not just HVAC units. They’re used to chill
products, machinery, water chillers, injection molding, food and beverage industry, and
many others.
You probably don’t think much about how dry or how moist your air is until it’s
at one extreme or the other.

Is your skin cracking and bleeding for no reason? It could be dry air. Just
hopped out of the shower and can’t seem to get the moisture off your body?
It’s probably really humid in the house.

The moisture in the air is measured by relative humidity (RH). This refers to
how much water vapor is in the air in relation to how hot or cool it is. The most
comfortable RH level is thought to be between 30-50%. Any more than 50%
can cause bacterial growth.

Normally, our climate does most of the work of controlling RH.

But in extreme cases, air that’s too humid or too dry can result in symptoms
like coughing, shortness of breath, and fatigue. It can even make conditions
like allergies and asthma worse by drying out your airways.

So here are two possible answers to your problems with air that’s too dry or
too humid:

 Humidifier: Adds extra moisture to the air.

 Dehumidifier: Removes excess moisture from the air.

Humidifiers

There are two main types of humidifiers: cool-mist humidifiers and warm-mist
humidifiers, also sometimes called steam vaporizers.

They both add moisture to the air equally well. There’s not necessarily an
advantage to one or the other besides your personal preference.
That said, how they create moisture might make a difference in your choice
between the two.

Here’s how some common types of cool-mist humidifiers work:

 Impeller: A plate made of ceramic or metal called a diaphragm vibrates

at extremely high speeds to stir up water into tiny droplets that exit the
humidifier through an opening to go out into your air.
 Ultrasonic: A disc immersed in water spins at high speeds and
generates tiny water droplets in the form of steam that exit the
humidifier into the air.
 Evaporators: Cool air is blown by a fan through a wet object that
moisturizes the air, such as a belt or filter.

In short, cool-mist humidifiers break up water into tiny particles that then enter
your air as water vapor. The water starts cold and stays cold, so they can help
cool your air, too.

Here’s a general idea of how most steam vaporizers work:

1. The humidifier uses a power source, like a plug into an electrical outlet.
2. The energy from the electricity heats a container filled with water until
it’s boiling.
3. The boiling water produces steam that’s cooled down before it exits the
humidifier through an opening or a tube through which you can breathe
the steam.

Steam vaporizers can also be used with inhalants or essential oils that may be
helpful for people with allergies or asthma.

Dehumidifiers
Dehumidifiers do the opposite of humidifiers. These devices take moisture out
of the air and help keep your indoor air dry. A typical dehumidifier can reduce
your indoor air’s RH to a more comfortable 30 to 50 percent.

Here’s how the typical dehumidifier works:

1. The dehumidifier takes in warm air through a fan that sucks air into
metal coils that are cooled down by a refrigerant that uses chemicals to
reduce the temperature of the coils.
2. Warm air essentially “shrinks.” Remember thermal expansion from
science class? Hot things are bigger than cold things — and tiny water
droplets fall out of the air as it shrinks.
3. Water droplets leave the warm air as condensation that’s stored in a
tank on the outside of the dehumidifier.
4. The cooler air that’s had its moisture removed is blown back out into
your indoor environment through a tube powered by a fan.

Humidifiers can help add moisture to the air when your air is too dry. Dry air
can exacerbate allergy and asthma symptoms and make you more
susceptible to airway infections and other issues, including:

 sore throat
 nosebleeds
 bronchitis
 sinus inflammation (sinusitis)
 cold
 influenza