2 - Diesel Engine Training

DIESEL ENGINE TRAINING
TRAINING DEPARTMENT
2016 Ihsan Yavuz ERMIS
Diesel Engine Description :
• Diesel engine is type of internal cumbustion

egine. Diesel engine is mechanics system
integral for converting from chemical energy
(intake fuel) to thermo energy, from thermo
energy to mechanical energy.
• More specifically, it is a compression ignition

engine, in which the fuel is ignited solely by
the high temperature created by compression
of the air-fuel mixture.
• After all, the gasoline liquid is ignited by an

outside source (a spark plug).
Diesel Engine History :

The engine is named after
German engineer Rudolf Diesel,
who invented it in 1892 based on
the hot bulb engine and received
the patent on February 23, 1893.
Diesel intended the engine to use
a variety of fuels including coal
dust. He demonstrated it at the
1900 Exposition Universelle
(World's Fair) using peanut oil A Diesel engine built by
(biodiesel). MAN AG in 1906
Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :


Engine Terms :
 Top Dead Center (TDC) : Point of uppermost travel of the

piston and crankshaft.
 Bottom Dead Center (BDC) : Point of lowermost travel of
the piston and crankshaft.
 Bore : Diameter of the cylinder.
 Stroke : Distance the piston travels on a stroke, or the
distance from TDC to BDC. The stroke is twice the distance
of the throw.
 Throw : The distance from the center of the main journal of
the crankshaft to its rod journal. The throw is one half the
distance of the stroke.
1. Intake Stroke
Rotation of the crankshaft pulls the

piston down. At this time, the intake
valve is opened, allowing the piston
to draw an air charge into the
combustion chamber. As the piston
nears the bottom of the stroke, the
intake valve closes, sealing the
charge in the combustion chamber.
2. Compression Stroke
 The piston moves up to TDC

during the compression stroke
raising the pressure by as much as
20:1.
 As the crankshaft rotation
continuoues, the piston is pushed
up towards the top of the cylinder,
compressing the air.
3. POWER STROKE
 Typically, just before the piston reaches

its top most position (Top Dead Center or
TDC) , fuel is forced into the cylinder by
an injector. The temperature of the air
has been raised far above the ignition
point for the fuel by the compression
process, and the fuel ignites when it is
injected
 The pressure inside the cylinder
increases dramatically because of the
combustion taking place and this pressure
forces the piston down, which causes the
crankshaft to rotate providing usable
power output.
4. EXHAUST STROKE
By the time the piston is forced most of
the way down the cylinder, nearly all of
the usable energy created from the
burning fuel has been used. At this
point, the exhaust valve begins to open
and as the crankshaft rotation
continues, the rising piston forces the
spent gases out of the cylinder and into
the exhaust system. Just prior to the
piston reaching TDC, the exhaust valve
closes and shortly thereafter, the intake
valve reopens to start the process over.
Firing Order In Diesel Engine :
If diesel engine has got 4 cylinder :

1-3-4-2
If diesel engine has got 6 cylinder :

1-5-3-6-2-4
Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Animation :

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Animation :

Four Stroke Cycle Engine Operation Animation :

Engines That We Use in AKSA :

General Engine Overview :

Cylinder Block :
Cylinder block supports the
cylinder liners and the cylinder
head or heads..
Flywhell :
• Flywheel is a significant mass at

the end of the crankshaft that
stores energy during a power
stroke and release energy during
the rest of the cycle.
• It helps to stabilize the shaft
rotation.
Crank Shaft :
Crank case serves as the housing for the crankshaft; may be
an integral part of the cylinder block with an oil pan, sump, or
base to complete the housing, or it may be a separate section
bolted to the block.
Camshaft :
 Camshaft has eccentric projections called cams.
Controls the operation of valves..
 The camshaft uses lobes (called cams) that push against

the valves to open them as the camshaft rotates; springs on
the valves return them to their closed position.
Piston :
 Piston serves as the unit that

transmits the force of the combustion
of the diesel fuel. May act as a valve
(e.g., in 2 stroke engines).
 Piston Pin (and bearing) transmits the

force on the piston to the connecting
rod. Must be especially strong. The
pin is the pivot point where the
straight-line or reciprocating motion
changes to the reciprocating and
rotating motion of the connecting rod.
Piston Rings :
There are three functions of

piston rings :
1) Seal the cylinder

(compression rings)
2) Distribute and control

lubricating oil on the cylinder
wall (oil rings)
3) Transfer heat from the

piston to the cylinder wall (all
rings)
Connection Roads :
• It provides the connecting link between the

piston and the crankshaft..
• Transmits the reciprocating motion of the
piston to the rotating motion of the crankshaft.
Intake and Exhaust Valves :
 Intake and exhaust valves allow air

into the cylinder and allow exhaust
gases to flow out. Depending on the
design they may be integral parts of
the cylinder liner (essentially just
holes).
 Actuating mechanism the cams
engage cam rollers that push on push
rods to move the rocker arms that are
attached to the valves and injectors.
The cams are designed such that hold
the valves open as long as necessary
for a particular portion of the cycle.
Injector :
• Diesel engines use direct fuel injection. The diesel fuel
is injected directly into the cylinder by injector.
• Fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it
through a small nozzle under high pressure.
Radiator :
 Radiator is base part of engine
cooling system.
 Coming hot water from
cylinder block sends again
engine after cooling.
 It adjusts requested rating the
cooling water
Mechanical Governor :
• Type of mechanical governor

provides to adjust engine speed
by manually.
• Mechanical governor uses gears
and flyweights inside the
crankcase to sense speed and
detect changes in the load, John Deere Standyne Type of
adjusting the throttle to Mechanical Govarnor
compensate.
• Engine speed has to adjust 1560
rpm (52 Hz) on zero load because
of engine speed will be 1500 rpm
(50 Hz) on full load (droop 4%).
Electronics Governor :
• Calculating engine speed,
adjusting requested engine speed by
opening and closing the quantity of
fuel.
• It has got 3 parts: electronic unit,
magnetic pick-up (MPU) and
actuator.
Electronic Governor - Magnetic Pick-Up (MPU) :
• MPU calculates the flywhell

gears, senses engine speed (rpm)
as frequence and sends it to the
electronic control unit.
Electronic Governor - Actuator :
 According to coming
signals from electronic
control unit; opening or
closing the quantity of
fuel.
GCS (Generator-Drive Control System) :

 For Cummins “Q” series engine.
Diagnostic LEDs
Overspeed
Low Oil Pressure
High Engine Temp
Shutdown
Warning
Starter :
 It gives first movement to the engine.

 It takes supply from battery (DC supply). It produces mechanical
energy and forwards it to the flywhell. Thus Engine will be cranked.
Charging Alternator :
• It is a dynamo to generate DC current as mechanical energy.

• It provides to supply battery in the operation.
Fuel Transfer Pump and Fuel Filter :
•Fuel transfer pump adsorbs fuel

from fuel tank and it sends fuel
pump.
• Fuel filter separates fuel and water or

impurity by centrifugal power. It keeps
them from fuel system.
• Fuel filter should place beetwen fuel
transfer pump and fuel tank.
Fuel Pump :
• Fuel pump increases fuel pressure and measures fuel level.

• It sends fuel to the injection according to firing order and timing.
• It pro-rates the fuel to the cylinders.
Stanadyne Type Bosch Type of Order Lucas Type of Turnable

Cooling Water Pump :
• This pump takes movement from crank case by

disangaging gear. It provides to run around cooling
water in the cylinder block.
Thermostat :
• Thermostat is used in diesel engine to regulate the flow of coolant. When
the thermostat is open, coolant passes through the cylinder head where it
gets hot. It is then led from the engine into the radiator where it loses the
heat to the air flowing through it. A “water pump” driven from the engine
propels the coolant around the system. When the thermostat is closed the
flow is prevented and so the engine is allowed to heat up to its optimum
operating temperature.
• The operating temperature is fixed, typically in the range of 76,5 to 82 °C.
But, for cold places it can be range of 88ºC.
Oil Pan :
 Oil pan covers engine’s bottom side, protects moving parts of

engine from out side.Generally oil pan is made from steel sheet
 At the same time, oil pan covers bottom of krankshaft case,
contains lubrication oil, provides resting and cooling lubrication oil.
Exhaust Silencer and Suspention :

Exhaust silencers are 3 types depends
on reducing sound level :
• Industrial type (Non-Critical) (12-18 dBA)
• Residential (18-25 dBA)
• Critical (Critical) (25-35 dBA)
Exhaust suspentions are

used for prevent harming to
exhaust pipe system that
caused by engine’s vibration.
Oil Pump :
• Oil pump sends oil to engine’s other sides such as oil

inlet from oil pan.
• Oil pump takes ıt’s transaction from cam shaft
Oil Filter :
• It’s a filter that prevents mixing

dust and filth with lubrication system
by filtering engine oil.
• It protects oil characteristic by

filtering soot, carbon, metal particles,
other chemical items which caused
by friction surfaces.
Fuel System :
It contains fuel that is required for runing engine and
cleans fuel. It increases fuel’s pressure and sends fuel to
cylinders as depending on ignition time and returning.
Fuel System :
 Fuel system’s parts :
• Low pressure pipes

• Feeding pump
• Fuel tank
• Filters
• Fuel pumps
• Regulators
• İnjectors
Lubrication System :
• Lubrication system prevents

direct friction between diesel
engine’s moving parts. It provides
oil circulation in engine’s moving
parts for easing moving.
• It reduces friction for decreasing
power looses.
• It prevents frictions and warming.
• It helps engine’s cooling and
provides cleaning of runing parts.
Lubrication System :
Parts of lubrication
system:
• Oil pump
• Filter
• Indicator
• Level bar
• Oil canal
• Oil pan
Cooling System :
It adjusts heat gap for the most efficiant of engine’s

runing on the all conditions and all engine cycle.
Cooling System :
 Parts of cooling
system:
• Circulation water pump

• Radiator
• Water canal
• Thermostat
• Temperature sensor
• Fan engine
• Ventilator
• Heater
Cooling System :
1. Water inlet to pump
2. Water inlet to engine
3. Water transition
around the oil
coolant.
4. Water flowing to
cylinder jacket.
5. Water flowing
around the cylinders.
6. Water flowing from
cylinder head.
7. Water flowing from
water manifold to
thermostat body.
8. Water return from
turbocharge.
9. Water way to
turbocharge.
Air Intake Systems :

Intake system provides air (oxygen) that is required for
combustion of fuel in cylinder.


Naturally Aspirated System; It directly intakes air that is
required by diesel engine.

Turbocharged system; provides more power from engine by giving
air, that is above atmospheric pressure (more oxygen), to cylinders. This
is a pump system and it takes it’s motion from outlate pressure of
exhaust gas.
• It has got 2 fans; turbine and compressor. Turbine is in exhaust side
and compressor is in intake side.
Turbocharged System :
Air Intake
Exhaust Gas
 Naturally Aspirated  Turbocharged

System System
 Air intake temperature to cylinder;

 Cummins Air Intake (Bottom of Air Filter) + 25°C
 J. Deere Air Intake (Bottom of Air Filter) + 35°C
Turbocharged-Aftercooled Charge Air-Cooled
Heat Exchanger Cooled
Heat exchanger cooling systems flow
engine coolant in a closed circuit system
and provides a passage for raw water
through the heat exchanger tubes to
remove heat from that closed circuit. The
system requires a cool water supply to
remove heat as it passes through the
heat exchanger, then dumped as waste
water. The raw water can come from city
water supply, sea water, a well, or any
unlimited freshwater supply.
Check engine data sheets for Raw Water
Flow, System Restriction, and Heat
Rejection Value requirements and
maximum limits.
Exhaust System :
 Exhaust system throws exhaust gas from
engine cylinder to atmosphere with minimum
resistivty.
 Exhaust system
functions :
• Reducing noise of exhaust
gas.
• Absorbing sparks in
exhaust.
Engine Assembly Animation :

Diesel Engine Preferences :
Diesel engines are using in many industrial

places. Because of following that ;
• Fuel economy.
• Diesel fuel is cheaper than the others.
• More efficiency (~% 37).
• Less exhaust gas impressiveness (CO2 in diesel
engine, CO in gasoline engine).
• Less fire dangerous (ignition point at 65°C).
Efficiency In Diesel Engine :
% 100
%2
% 32
% 20
% 37
Ambient Heat Rejection Energy

2035 btu/min % 9
Efficiently Operation In Diesel Engine :
Air Intake Temperature 0°C (32°F)

Exhaust Temperature 177°C (350°F)
Cooling Water Temperature 60°C (140°F)
Fuel Recommendation :
• Fuel should be suitable according to

EN 590 and ASTM D975 standard
which we’ll use.
• Sulphur rate in fuel should be less

than rate of 0,5%. Or Carbon
damages metal surface which is
become chemical reaction with liquid
sulhur.
• Minumun cetane number of fuel

should be 40. Cetane number of fuel
should be upper than 50 in place of
over 1500 meters altitude or under -
20°C temperature. Cetane number is
ignition temperature.
Fuel Storage :
 Fuel tank should be cleanly.

 Don’t use galvanized material in fuel tank.
 Zinc coats cause peeling by chemical reaction between
zinc and diesel fuel in galvanized tank. It causes jelling
If fuel has got water. This jelling is damaged fuel
system, fuel filters, fuel pump, fuel injectors and other
materials of fuel system.
 Don’t use brass material in fuel system (brass has got
zinc and copper).
 Don’t use less ciculation and storaged more than 1
month fuel .
Requested Features Of Engine Oils :
 Viscosity :
• Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform
under shear stress. It is commonly perceived as
"thickness", or resistance to pouring.
 SAE Viscosity :
• Engine oil is decided according to viscosity of “Society Of
Automotive Engineers”.
 Adhesion and Cohesion :
• Adhesion is the molecular attraction exerted between
bodies in contact. Cohesion or cohesive attraction or
cohesive force is the intermolecular attraction between like-
molecules. Cohesion explains phenomena such as surface
tension. Adhesion and cohesion is decided viscosity of oil.
Recommended SAE Oil Viscosity Grades & Ambient Temperatures :

Over Oil Combustion Causes In Engine :
• Using incorrect oil.

• No operation engine as long
time.
• Operation engine by low load.
• Operation engine at over speed.
• External creepage.
• Low compression pressure of
combustion chamber (Piston
rings and cylinder block is
damaged).
• Over warming of valves.
• Bearing of connecting rod is
damaged.
Damaging Causes In Engine Oil :
• Carbon goes to crank case after each combustion (oil is dirtied,

thickened, more density).
• Metal dusts from friction parts.
• Water vapour (after exhaust stroke) is mixed oil system by
concentration. It causes to become corrosion and sedimentation
(more than 1 liter water becomes after 1 liter diesel fuel
combustion).
• Acids (by combustion) cause to become oil acid.
• Oil and water vapour can not eject by air-condition system, it
collects by concentration in carter case, it is mixed oil and thin
down oil, when the engine operation by chilly. Thus it becomes filth.
Those filths plug the oil filter. Oil system doesn’t work by stability.
Harms Of Damaged Oil :
Acids damage which is mixed oil.
Carbon dusts cause to reduce

engine oil quantity, to increase oil
density, to block oil lines, to
damage cylinder and bearings
which is collected in crank case.
Unsuitable (thick or thin density)

oil damages oil system.
Effects Of Engine Temperature :
If over temperature :
 Reducing mechanical endurance

 Causing to change obligatory spaces
between piston, bearing, piston ring.
 Oil density is reduced by
temperature, losed adhesion and
cohesion features and con not work
by stability.
 It is damaged because of over
temperature of cylinder block and
cylinder head .
 Damaging movement parts and out
of order.
Effects Of Engine Temperature :
If low temperature :
 Reduceing thermic efficiency of engine.

 Increasing fuel consumption.
 Engine oil is dirty. So ;
 Incorrect oil lubrication
 Causing corrosion
 Changing spaces on movement parts.
 Cylinders is rusted and CO density in water is
increased If cooling water lower than normal value.
Coolant Water :
 Protection liquids is suggested via manufactoring

companies to reduce damaging effects to cylinder block
(Cummins is suggested DCA4 protection liquid).
 Effecting To Cylinder Block Of Water In Cooling

System ;
• Corrosion (Rusting)
• Cavitation
Cavitation :
Cavitation is description that to become voids and bubbles

in a liquid (cooling water) by reducing pressure when the
pistons move. These voids and bubbles will be exploded at
10.000 bar. So this exploding is damaged cylinder block.
Cooling Water
Cylinder Cylinder
Block Block
Cylinder Bubbles
and Piston
Anti-freeze Using Rate According To

Ambient Conditions :
 0 – (-15) °C % 30
 (-15) – (-25) °C % 40
 (-25) – (-40) °C % 50
Anti-Freeze Rate – Freezing Point Diagram :
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-10
-20
Freezing Point °C
-30
-40 Boiling
DonmaPoint
Noktası
-50
-60
-70
-80
% Anti-freeze Rate
Noise Sources In Generator :
Exhaust Noise
 Causing diffusion of exhaust gases by vibration.
Mechanical Noise
 Causing parts of engine, alternator and cabin.
Radiator Noise
 Causing air cooling flow via radiator fins by fan.
Cunstructional Noise
 Vibration, flabby assembly.
Noise Effect In Generator :
 90 dB noise more than 8 hours per 1 day is

damaged human health according to Europen
standards.
 Therefore ;
 Using silencer for exhaust.
 Using silencer for radiator and mechanical parts.
 Using anti-vibration dowel to reduce constructional
noise.
Carefully read all safety

messages in your
engines manual and on
your machine safety
signs .
Don’t start engine by

shorting across starter
terminal.
Handle fuel with care;

it’s highly flammable.
Do not refuel the
machine while smoking
or when near open
flame or sparks.
Keep a first aid kit

and fire extingisher
handy.
Keep all sparks and flame

away when using it. Keep
starting fluid away from
batteries and cables.
Wear close fitting

clothing and safety
aquipment appropriate
to the job.
Keep area clean and dry.

Never lubricate, service or
adjust machine while it is
moving.
Entanglement in rotation
driveline can couse serious
injury or death. Keep master
shields and driveline shields in
place at all times. Make sure
rotation shields turn freely.
Avoid heating near

pressurized fluid
lines.
Work in vantilated area.
Engine exhaust fumes can
cause sickness or death.
Avoid high-pressure fluids.

Escaping fluid under pressure
can penetrate the skin causing
serious injury.
Follow the suggestions below for troubleshooting :
• Study the problem thoroughly before acting.

• Refer to the engine system diagrams.
• Do the easiest and most logical things first.
• Find and correct the cause of the problem.
Causing of Stop The Engine By Instantly :
 Suddenly oil pressure reduction

 Abnormal engine warmness
 Abnormal noise and vibration
 Suddenly power losing
 More black exhaust fumes
 More fuel spending
 More oil spending
 Oil - water - fuel creepage
Engine does not crank or cranks slowly ? :
• External or internal conditions affecting

engine crankshaft rotation
• Battery connections broken, loose or
corroded
• Incorrect oil
• Oil temperature low
• Battery rating too low
• Battery temperature too low
• Battery charge low
• Starting circuit component malfunction
Battery Charge Condition :
Terminal Voltage (Vdc) % Charge Condition Application
V < 11.6 0
Battery must
11.6 < V < 11.9 0 - 25 be charged.
11.9 < V < 12.2 25 - 50
12.2 < V < 12.4 50 - 75
Battery charge
12.4 < V < 12.7 75 - 100 is enough.
Warning:
V > 12.8 100 Battery is
unbalanced
or damaged.
Engine hard to start or does not start

(exhaust fumes present) ?:
• Engine cranking speed low (below 150 rpm)

• Engine driven units engaged
• Cold start aid needed or not working correctly
• Fuel filter plugged
• Air in the fuel system
• Fuel sucting line restricted
• Intake air system restricted
• Fuel contaminated
Engine cranks but does not start

(no exhaust fumes)? :
• No fuel in tank
• Shut off valve closed
• No fuel to injectors
• Fuel connections loose on
suction side of fuel pump
• Fuel filter plugged or suction
line restricted
• No fuel in pump
• Intake or exhaust system
restricted
Engine starts but does not keep running ? :
• Air in the fuel system

• Engine driven units engaged
• Fuel filter plugged or fuel waxing
due to cold weather
• Fuel suction line restricted
• Fuel contaminated
• Intake or exhaust system
restricted
Lubrication oil pressure low? :
• Incorrect oil level

• Oil pressure gauge
malfunctioning
• Oil diluted with fuel
• Incorrect oil specifications
• Oil temperature above normal
(>120°C)
Coolant temperature below normal ? :
• Radiator shutters stuck in open position

or opening early
• Temperature gauge malfunctioning
Coolant temperature above normal ? :
 Low coolant level

 Radiator fins damaged or obstructed with
debris
 Collapsed or restricted radiator hose
 Loose fan drive belt
 Incorrect oil level
 Cooling fan shroud damaged or missing
 Incorrect or mulfunctioning radiator cap
 Temperature gauge malfunctioning
 Thermostats are not opening completely
or cold weather radiator cover closed
Exhaust fumes excessive under load ? :
• Intake air system restricted

• Intake air leaks between
turbocharger and cylinder head
• Fuel specifications wrong
• Valves or injections adjusted wrong
• Fuel drain line restricted
Engine power output low ? :

• Excessive load for engine horsepower rating
• Low power due to altitude
• Fuel suction line or fuel filter restricted
• Lubrication oil level too high
• Throttle linkage adjustment wrong
• Intake or exhaust systems restricted
• Air in fuel-spongy throttle is symptom
• Fuel drain line restricted or fuel tank vents plugged
• Valves or injectors adjusted wrong
• Fuel quality poor
• High intake air temperature (above 38°C)
• Low intake air temperature (below 0°C)
• High fuel temperatures (above 70°C)
Engine will not reach rated speed when loaded ? :
• Excessive load for engine

horsepower rating
• Tachometer has a malfunction
• Throttle linlage adjustment wrong
• Fuel suction line restricted
White smoke or rough running at idle

(After warmup period) ? :
• Low coolant temperature

• Fuel quality poor
DIESEL ENGINE TRAINING FINISHED
THANKS
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS

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What is the difference between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine?

What is the difference between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine?

Who invented the diesel engine and when?

Who invented the diesel engine and when?

DIESEL ENGINE TRAINING

Diesel Engine Description :

• Diesel engine is type of internal cumbustion

• More specifically, it is a compression ignition

• After all, the gasoline liquid is ignited by an

Diesel Engine History :

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

 Top Dead Center (TDC) : Point of uppermost travel of the

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

Rotation of the crankshaft pulls the

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

 The piston moves up to TDC

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

 Typically, just before the piston reaches

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Principle :

Firing Order In Diesel Engine :

If diesel engine has got 4 cylinder :

If diesel engine has got 6 cylinder :

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Animation :

Four Stroke Cycle Diesel Engine Operation Animation :

Four Stroke Cycle Engine Operation Animation :

Engines That We Use in AKSA :

General Engine Overview :

• Flywheel is a significant mass at

 The camshaft uses lobes (called cams) that push against

 Piston serves as the unit that

 Piston Pin (and bearing) transmits the

There are three functions of

1) Seal the cylinder

2) Distribute and control

3) Transfer heat from the

• It provides the connecting link between the

Intake and Exhaust Valves :

 Intake and exhaust valves allow air

• Type of mechanical governor

Electronic Governor - Magnetic Pick-Up (MPU) :

• MPU calculates the flywhell

Electronic Governor - Actuator :

GCS (Generator-Drive Control System) :

 It gives first movement to the engine.

• It is a dynamo to generate DC current as mechanical energy.

Fuel Transfer Pump and Fuel Filter :

•Fuel transfer pump adsorbs fuel

• Fuel filter separates fuel and water or

• Fuel pump increases fuel pressure and measures fuel level.

Stanadyne Type Bosch Type of Order Lucas Type of Turnable

Cooling Water Pump :

• This pump takes movement from crank case by

 Oil pan covers engine’s bottom side, protects moving parts of

Exhaust Silencer and Suspention :

Exhaust suspentions are

• Oil pump sends oil to engine’s other sides such as oil

• It’s a filter that prevents mixing

• It protects oil characteristic by

 Fuel system’s parts :