Computer Packages Training Manual PDF

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Computer Packages Training Manual
Bsc. Medical Laboratory Sciences (Murang'a University of Technology)
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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER

PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL
ICT DEPARTMENT
NSPSI KERICHO

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS ............................................................................................................ 4
Computer Generations ........................................................................................................................... 5
Basic Terms ........................................................................................................................................... 5
First Generation Computers ................................................................................................................... 8
Second Generation of Computers .......................................................................................................... 8
The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s) ..................................... 8
Third Generation of Computers .............................................................................................................. 9
The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s) .................................. 9
Fourth Generation of Computers ........................................................................................................... 9
The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present) ............................. 9
Fifth Generation of Computers ............................................................................................................. 10
The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future) ......... 10
HARDWARE BASICS ............................................................................................................................... 15
Quick Access Toolbar , the ribbon and Contextual command tabs ....................................... 36
The ribbon showing active command tab ..................................................................................... 36
Viewing a Presentation ......................................................................................................................... 81
Creating a New Presentation ................................................................................................................ 82
Entering Text on a Slide ........................................................................................................................ 83
Adding New Slides................................................................................................................................. 85
Applying Slide Transitions ..................................................................................................................... 86
Printing .................................................................................................................................................. 86
Publisher 2016 Welcome Page ............................................................................................................. 88
Publisher 2016 Interface ....................................................................................................................... 88
The Ribbon........................................................................................................................................ 88
Quick Access Toolbar ....................................................................................................................... 89
File Menu .......................................................................................................................................... 90
Title Bar, Help Menu, Window Display Options ............................................................................. 90
Publisher Organization Tools............................................................................................................ 91
Save Your Work ............................................................................................................................... 93
Working With a Publication .................................................................................................................. 94
Page Layout ...................................................................................................................................... 94
Add pictures to Slides ....................................................................................................................... 95
Editing An Existing Publication ....................................................................................................... 96
Create a Publication from a Template............................................................................................... 98

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What Is Social Media Management? .................................................................................................. 101

Why is social media management important? ................................................................................ 101
What platforms does social media management cover?Here are some of the most common
platforms for social media management: ........................................................................................ 102
Social Platforms .......................................................................................................................... 102
Best social media management tools .............................................................................................. 106
What does social media management include?............................................................................... 107
How to get started with social media management for businesses ................................................. 108
How much does social media management cost? ........................................................................... 116
Why invest in social media management services? ........................................................................ 116
Local printer Vs. Shared Printer Vs. Network printer ................................................................ 117
Add Local Printer in Windows 10 .............................................................................................. 117
Windows Fails To Detect Your Printer....................................................................................... 118
Printing Documents in Word 2010 ..................................................................................................... 120
Printing Documents ........................................................................................................................ 120
How to scan a document ................................................................................................................. 124
Saving the document ....................................................................................................................... 126
Computer Ethics .................................................................................................................................. 127
What are Ethics? ............................................................................................................................. 127
Computer Ethics.............................................................................................................................. 127
Privacy Concerns ........................................................................................................................ 127
Intellectual Property Rights ........................................................................................................ 128
Effects on Society ....................................................................................................................... 128
TOOLS............................................................................................................................................ 131
PANELS ......................................................................................................................................... 132
PAGES ............................................................................................................................................ 132
SETTING UP YOUR DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 133
NEW DOCUMENT DIALOG BOX .............................................................................................. 133
CHANGING SETTINGS LATER.................................................................................................. 134
WORKING WITH TEXT ......................................................................................................................... 134
CREATING A NEW TEXT FRAME ............................................................................................ 134
PLACING (INSERTING) EXISTING TEXT ................................................................................ 135
THREADING FRAMES ................................................................................................................ 136
TYPING INSIDE AND ALONG THE EDGE OF SHAPES ......................................................... 136
ALIGNING THE TEXT AROUND THE SHAPE ..................................................................... 137
FORMATTING TEXT ............................................................................................................................. 137

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A SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FONTS ............................................................................................ 138

CONTROLLING YOUR TEXT WITH STYLES .......................................................................... 138
ADDING DROP CAPS TO YOUR DOCUMENT ........................................................................ 139
CHANGING COLOR FOR TEXT AND GRAPHICS .................................................................................... 140
CHANGING THE STROKE .......................................................................................................... 141
WORKING WITH GRAPHICS................................................................................................................. 141
IMAGES ......................................................................................................................................... 141
SHAPES.......................................................................................................................................... 142
ARRANGING OBJECTS AND TEXT .......................................................................................... 142
ALIGNING OBJECTS ................................................................................................................... 143
ADDING EFFECTS ....................................................................................................................... 143
EMBEDDING IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 144
WRAPPING TEXT AROUND A GRAPHIC ............................................................................................... 144
WORKING WITH THE MASTER PAGE................................................................................................... 145
INSERTING PAGE NUMBERS .................................................................................................... 146
INSERTING RUNNING HEADER/FOOTERS ............................................................................ 147
OVERRIDING THE MASTER ...................................................................................................... 147
MULTIPLE MASTERS ................................................................................................................. 148
PRINTING BOOKLETS ........................................................................................................................... 148
PRINTING YOUR DOCUMENT AS A BOOKLET .................................................................... 148

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Basic Definitions
1. Computer: It is an electronic device (machine) that performs Arithmetic and logical

operations under the influence of programmed instructions to produce desired outputs.
2. Data – These are raw facts relating to a certain activity or certain environment
. 3. Instructions – These are commands issued to the computer to perform logic and
Arithmetic operations as the computer readily accept these commands and performs them.
4. Arithmetic Operations – These are calculations done by the computer.
5. Logic Operations – This is the arrangement and rearrangement of data.
6. Program – It is a set of instructions or procedure which the computer follows to perform

arithmetic and Logic operations
7. Information – This is the processed data or facts which can convey some meaningful
ideas.
8. Hardware- This refers to any part/component of the computer that you can physically
touch.
9. Software – This refers to the programs that you work with in the computer.
HOW COMPUTER OPERATES
INPUT CPU OUTPUT
4
MEMORY/
STORAGE
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Computer Generations
Basic Terms
Vacuum tube – an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. It used
as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers,
etc.
Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is

used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc.

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Integrated circuit (IC) – a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of
silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.).
Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a

computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits.
CPU (central processing unit) – It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer
where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor).
Magnetic drum – a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can
be stored.
Magnetic core – uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store
information.

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Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary

digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand.
Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that
assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s
and 1s).
Memory – a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a
computer.
Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and
creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work,
and react like humans).
Computers development has been classified into the following generations:

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First Generation Computers
They used vacuum tubes. Magnetic tape drive and magnetic core memories were developed
during this period.
Characteristic of the first generation computers.
1. Large in size
2. Slow operating speed
3. Restricted computing capacity
4. Limited programming capabilities
5. Complex maintenance schedules
Second Generation of Computers
The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s)
 Main electronic component – transistor
 Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk
 Programming language – assembly language
 Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in
comparison with the first generation computers).

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 Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation
computers).
 Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.
Third Generation of Computers
The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s)
 Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)
 Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
 Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)
 Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were
called minicomputers).
 Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation
computers).
 Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc
Fourth Generation of Computers
The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present)
 Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.
 VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
 Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)

o RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers
that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer
is turned off).
o ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores
data and programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned
off).
 Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin,
etc.).

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o A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages
 Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
 Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third
generation computers).
 Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
 Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.
 Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.
Fifth Generation of Computers
The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future)
 Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale
Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method.
o ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
o Parallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors to run tasks simultaneously.
 Language – understand natural language (human language).
 Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
 Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the
fourth generation computers).
 Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
 Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen,
speech input (recognize voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.
 Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.
Uses of computers
1. Educational – Giving lessons to students like in computer Aided-learning (C.A.L.)

system.
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2. Medicine test - Performing medical test and researches. For it is very accurate and hold
large volumes of data.
3. Communication-sending messages from one person to another.
4. Administration-They keep Records, letters, Memos, Reports and financial, Management

all aspects of Administration
5. Security-Controlling data access in Banking Financial Management Departments and

Defense
6. Research- Baseline surveys, Demographic details.
7. Entertainment- Video Games, Watch movies listen to musical CD.
Advantages of a computer
1. Fast and accurate
2. Minimizes labor cost
3. Easy file Handling
4. Can combine task unlike other machines.
5. Can do the same thing over and over without getting tired
Disadvantages
1. Expensive. 2. Maintenance required.
3. Needs trained personnel.
4. Creates Unemployment.
5. Creates eye problems.
Types of computers
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1. Super Computers-are sophisticated computers that are used to perform complex math
very quickly. Mostly used for scientific research, e.g. Health institution
2. Mainframe Computers-Are large, costly computers designed to facilitate a large

company’s computation. This can be used to for storage bases for company data
3. Minicomputers/personal computers-meet the need of an individual. e.g. office and

school homework 4. Microcomputers/notebook/laptop-helps in personal computer’s
capabilities in a small, portable package such as to store personal information as the
telephone numbers, store appointments dates. Basic components of a computer
1. Input Devices- are that component that enables the user to enter data. e.g. keyboard,
mouse, scanner and Joysticks.
2. Processing Devices- e.g. Central Processing unit (C.P.U)
3. Output devices-they are for bringing out result. Visually, listening or printing. e.g.
monitor, and Printer
4. Storage Devices- e.g. Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CD ROM, Zip Disk, Magnetic Tape Disks
C.P.U
This is the main component responsible for processing data to produce meaningful result. It is
the ‘Brain’ of the computer.
The memory unit-(immediate access storage) Data and Information are stored here before
and after any processing takes place. The content stored here disappears only when the
computer is switched off. There are two types of computer memories:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) This is where the information being processed is stored
temporary. It is designed for the processor to quickly and easily access and manipulate the
information stored in it. Information is lost when the computer is switched off. Data is loaded
from the disk into the RAM to be used of from the floppy disk to hard disk and then to RAM
and floppy disk to RAM.
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2. ROM (Read Only Memory) – Special for keeping information needed by the computer
permanently (Special information). There are three types of ROM.
a. Programmable read only memory (PROM)
b. Erasable PROM (EPROM)
c. Electrically Erasable PROM (EEPROM)
N.B.: Cannot loose information even if the power is lost.
Storage Devices:
(External or Secondary Memory) These are not volatile like the RAM and it includes the
hard disk, CDs, flash disks, backup tapes and floppy disk. The contents are permanently fixed
for future reference. They are divided into three categories: -
a) Magnetic Media (Tape, cartridges, disks and films,)
b) Optical like C.D.
c) Flash Disk Computer Software They are the programs or set of instructions that can be run
on hardware to produce meaningful results. Types of software:-
1. System software:- They are programs written especially to run and control the computer
and manage all the general functions that take place on the computer.
They includes: Ms Dos, Ms Windows Unix, Zenix, Novell & VMS.
2. Application Software: - They are programs or sets of instructions designed to help a user
perform a specific tasks. They are divided into two:-
a) General Application Software
b) Customized Application Software. Generalized Applications: They are packages made to

process some kind of work like processing, database management, spreadsheet, and
publishing
 Word processor: Ms Word, Word perfect, Word pro, Word
 Spreadsheet: Ms excel, Supercalc, Syphony, Quattro pro lotus 1, 2, 3 e.t.c.
 Database: Ms Access, Paradox, Fox Pro, Dbase e.t.c.
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 Desktop Publishing: Pagemaker, Ms publisher, Ventura e.t.c.
 Presentation graphics: Power Point, Corel Draw, Harvard graphics e.t.c
.  Computer aided designs: Generic CAD, Auto CAD, Total CAD e.t.c.
Customized Applications: These are computerized systems designed for companies,

institutes, government departments e.t.c to enable them perform their kind of work on
computers: Example includes:-
Banking systems, Reservation systems, Management systems, and payroll systems.
Programming languages:
They are codes and words that are designed to be understood by the computer in a particular
environment. They are used for making programs for systems development and creation of
packages. The language that the computer understand is called the machine language
although one to its complexity; it is not commonly used. Their examples are:
a) Machine Language
b) Low Level Language (Assembly language).
c) High Level Language
d) Fourth Generation Language.
Protecting Computers Protect
Physical Premises
 Install uninterruptible power supplies for all key hardware. Use dedicated power lines for
important hardware.
 Provide lockable containers for disks.
 Provide adequate air conditioning for computer systems.
 Use low static carpet, antistatic mats and antistatic sprays.
 Protect hardware from electrical interface, room elevators and other heavy machinery.
 Protect against fires with smoke alarms, sprinkling systems, fire alarms and fire
extinguishers.
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 Develop contingency plans for earthquakes, fire, floods, vandalism e.t.c
. Guard Against Viruses
 Viruses are programs that alter computer’s operations. Some are harmless but many are
deadly and corrupt or delete data. Virus – usually are hidden in other programs.
 Precautions: - Purchase anti-virus software and configure it to check the PC network for
viruses at regular intervals. Establish strict policies about introducing new software to the
system.
Passwords.
 A password is a code known only to a particular user or group of users to control access of
data in the computer.. It is obvious to mention but not to uncommon for system to have no
password at all.
 Several departments in a building might require access to common files, to simplify tasks,
these files are kept on the same server and on password is required.
 But in most cases you will require a password to limit access to some important files.
 In using password, the following precautions are important: -
a. Do not record passwords
b. Do not use obvious passwords
c. Do not use patterns
d. Change password occasionally
e. Require unique passwords
f. Limit login attempts.
HARDWARE BASICS
The Hardware Components of a Basic Computer System System Unit A computer system
unit contains many parts.
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Motherboard - The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. It is also

known as the main board or system board. CPU - The CPU is the central electronic chip that
determines the processing power of the computer.
Memory - Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores applications,
documents, and stem operating information.
Bus - A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move from one place to another.
Expansion Slots - Expansions slots appear on the motherboard. They are sockets into which
adapters are connected.
Ports and Connectors - A port is a connector located on the motherboard or on a separate

adapter.
Bays - A bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy drive or CD-
ROM drive sits Power Supply - A power supply changes normal household electricity into
electricity that a computer can use.
Sound Components - A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
CPUs have three basic parts
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The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 does all of the mathematics in a computer
 does all of the logic comparisons of values
 some common logic comparison symbols are;
= equal to , < less than , > greater than , <= less than or equal to , >= greater than or equal to
<> not equal
The Control Unit
 directs the flow of information into the CPU and/or memory or storage
 controls which instructions the CPU will do next
Registers
 Used to store data and instructions inside the processor

 Size of the registers can affect the speed and performance of the
processor Speed of CPUs The speed of CPUs is measured in hertz.
 A hertz is on cycle per second.
 Need to measure time to determine cycles per second
 All computers have a clock built into them for timing the cycles
 The clock is usually located in a small metal box on the motherboard.
 Today, many CPUs can complete over six (6) instructions per second.
Speeds of modern CPUs
 Most computers have a CPU that can do more than 400 MHz.
 MHz stands for megahertz
 A MHz is 1,000,000 cycles per second.
 Computers will soon be at speeds of over a gigahertz, 1,000,000,000
Hertzs. Memory Primary memory can be used directly by the CPU
1. Consists of silicon chips, usually either VLS or VLSI technology is used to create the chips
2. Two forms of Primary Memory
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Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random Access Memory (RAM)
3. Primary memory is also called primary storage Read Only Memory (ROM)
1. Stores instructions that are used by the CPU o Tells the CPU how to be the kind of
computer it is, for example a Windows, Macintosh, or Play Station computers. o Tells the
CPU how to work with the different parts of the computer o ROM can also hold programs
that are directly accessed by the CPU. One such program is the self-test when the computer is
first turned on. The self-test tests to seem if all the parts on the main circuit board (mother
board) are working correctly.
2. The instructions in ROM cannot usually be changed o The instructions are built into the
electronic circuits of the chips o These instructions in ROM are called firmware o To change
the instructions in ROM you need to usually change the chips or do some other special
process that is normally not available to an average user.
3. The instructions in ROM are nonvolatile. They stay in ROM even when the computer is
turned off.
4. Access to information is random access. o Random access means that any piece of
information in ROM can be accessed at any given time without access other information first.
It is a lot like the tracks on a music CD. You can access any track at any time and in any
order.
The other kind of access is sequential access. You must access the information in the order
that they are located. This is a lot like a music tape. You must play the songs in order, or you
have to fast forward past songs to get to the one you want. Random Access Memory (RAM)
Secondary Storage Devices
Hard Drive
The hard drive is the primary device that a computer uses to store information. The hard drive
stores programs, data files, saves files, and organizes files. The hard drive is located inside
the computer case. The hard drive, magnetically stores data on stacks of rotating disks called
platters.
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Floppy Drive The floppy drive stores and retrieves information on a floppy disk.
CD -ROM Drive CD-ROM is a device that reads information stored on a compact disc. CD-
ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. One CD is equal to the space in over 40
floppy disc.
Removable Disk Flash Disk
A Flash disk is a removable disk that holds a large amount of information. A flash are very
common nowadays, can be used to achieve, protect and transfer large amounts of data. They
connect through a USB port of computer.
Communications Devices
Specific equipment and programs are needed to connect to the Internet or to communicate
with other computers. You can use any type of computer such as IBM compatible or
Macintosh to connect to the Internet or communicate with other computers. You need special
programs to use the Internet. Most companies that connect you to the Internet provide the
programs you need free of charge. You also need a modem to connect to the Internet. A
modem translates computer information into a form that can be transmitted over telephone
lines. Modems can be used to connect you to the Internet, exchange information, and to send
and receive faxes.
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Peripheral Devices
A peripheral devices is any piece of hardware attached to a computer. A few examples of

peripheral devices are printers, scanners, digital cameras.
Input Devices
An input device lets you communicate with a computer. You can use input devices to enter
information and issue commands. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads
and joystick are examples of input devices.
Some Common Computer Input Devices:
Keyboard
 Used to type data into the computer
 Most common input device today
 Has special keys for giving the computer commands
 Commands tell the computer to do something, like save the fil
Maintaining Your Computer System
General Dos and Don't
DO:
 Always shut down your computer properly.
 Do regular Scandisk to check the hard disk surface for damage
.  Defragment the hard drive periodically.
 Delete all files and programs you no longer need from your computer.
 Use a anti-virus program to prevent a virus on you computer.
 Back up data to floppy disks or zip disks to ensure you have a copy.
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Don't:
 Do not eat around the computer.
 Do not drink around the computer.
 Do not use magnets around a computer.
Taking Care of disks
Do:
 Delete all files you no longer need from your disk.
 Use a anti-virus program to scan for viruses on a disk
.  Do prevent erasing and recording information on a disk by write-protecting it
. Don’t
:  Do not use magnets around a disk.
 Do not take a disk apart.
 Do not remove the disk while it is in use.
 Do not store in extremely hot or cold locations.
 Do not spill liquids on the disk.
Cleaning Hardware
o Follow instructions in the manual or in help files that came with the computer
or other hardware devices.
o Before cleaning anything, unplug it from the electrical wall socket.
When to clean a computer
Computers do not need to be cleaned too often if they are kept in a clean environment Clean
the computer when it looks dirty or when a device (like a mouse) does not work right. The
two things that need the most cleaning are the screen and mouse.
Materials needed for cleaning a computer
1. Most cleaning materials can be found in a home or any store
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 soft lint-free cloths

 soapy water - a drop or two of dishwashing detergent in a gallon of
water
 cotton swabs
 eraser
 water spray bottle to hold the soapy water
 used fabric softener cloth
2. You may have to buy the following at a computer or office supply store
 floppy disk drive cleaner kit
 CD-ROM drive cleaner kit
 compressed air
KEYBOARDING
The keyboarding lesson is meant to enhance the user’s typing skills and use of computer
keyboard.
~ Efficiency in keyboarding demands a sustainable chair and desk, each at the correct height
for the operator.
 The keyboard should be in level with the front edge of the desk.
 Locate the home keys ASDG for the left hand and: LKJ for the right hand. Your
fingers always on the home keys, your forearms are sloping slightly upwards.
 Your arms should hang naturally at your sides with the elbows well in.
 Your wrists should be straight (not humped) and your fingers curved.
 Sit well back in your chair, back erect and shoulders down and back. Avoid any
stiffness and tension.  Have both your feet flat on the floor, preferably with one
slightly in front of the other to give balance. Never cross your legs or wind them
round the chair: the aim is to achieve a comfortable position, which will avoid fatigue.
Eyes on Copy
Unless you require to hyphenate a word at the end of the line, avoid temptation to look at
your work in the machine. The more you keep your eyes on the copy (or on your book),
the faster and more accurate you will be.
Striking the Keys
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 Curve your fingers and strike each key lightly but firmly and evenly with the
finger-tips.
 Make sure that only one key is struck at a time and allowed to return to the type
basket before the next key is struck.
 Strike the space bar smartly with the right hand thumb to obtain a space.
Correct Fingering
 The keyboard is divided into two parts. Each hand must be used for its
own side of the keyboard only.
 Each finger must be used only for the keys allocated to it.
All fingers are used in operating the typewriter keys and the right thumb is used
for striking the spacebar
 The second row contains the guide keys “a” and “;”
 The little fingers are known as guide fingers  Home keys (ASDF) and (;LKJ)
Exercise 1
Type the following keys:
Asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf ;lkj asdf
;lkj
;lkj
;lkj
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A ad add adds; asdk lad all falls

Exercise 2
The objective is to strengthen the use of the 3rd and 4th fingers and to
introduce the letters g and h Remember to move only the f finger when
striking the g and immediately bring it back to f. Move only the j finger to
type h. Try not to move any other finger.
Fg dg kh ag as ;h ;l fg dg jh kh ag ad jh ;l
A sag hag shag flag flags sash dash lash slash;
A sag hag shag flag flags sash dash lash slash;
A sag hag shag flag flags sash dash lash slash
Exercise 3
These word s contain g and h. Be sure you return to f and j respectively,
immediately the g and h have been struck. Move only the fingers necessary to
strike the keys. All add ask ash; sad sag dad fag; had has gas had; jag lag; fa;;
half ;
ass; flag alas dash; hall glad asks; hash gash lash; glass shall flash
; flask hals slash; falls flags galas; shall; had lads glass flask halls
slash had gala flags hal had gals flags; flask; lads had falls galas;
The Shift Keys
On most machines each key produces two letters or signs: either a small letter
and its corresponding capital, or a figure and some other characters. The
expression lower case refers to those characters that may be typed without first
operating the shift key, and includes small letters, figures and other common
characters. Upper case refers to those characters typed whilst the shift key is
down, and includes the capital letters and other characters not so frequently
used.
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Using the Shift Key

 Hold down the left shift key with the little finger of the left hand
 Strike the letter j
 Release the shift key
 Return all fingers of the left hand to the home keys.
The shift key must be fully depressed and geld firmly until the capital letter
has been struck. Once the letter has been typed, the fingers must return
immediately to the home keys.
As Ss Dd Ff Gg Hh Jj Kk Ll :;
A; L: Dk Jf Gh :a Si Kd Fj Hg
Da Fi Sa Jk Lf Kd Sh Al Ha
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating systems: They are programs that control the functions and tasks of hardware and
other software. Programs are sets of instructions that tell the computer what to do and when
to do or how to do. Example Ms Dos, Novell, UNIX, and windows. An operating system is
usually loaded automatically when a computer is switched on, except when there are more
than one operating systems, (OS) installed, in which case the user chooses which one to load.
Introduction to Windows
Today people find it difficult to understand the Different Between a windows and a window
What is Windows: Windows is an operating that help the smooth running of your computer
system.
What is Window: Window is the Rectangular portion on your screen that enable you to carry
out a specific Task.
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Version of Windows
Below are some of the various version of windows.
Windows 2.1,Windows 2.5,Windows 2005,Windows XP, Windows Network Station,

Windows Vista,Windows7, Windows 8
BOOTING
Booting is the process of switching ON your computer system. There are two type of booting
which are cold booting and the warm booting. Cold booting is the process of switching on
your computer by pressing the Power Button, while warm booting is the process of restarting
the computer. Warm booting most time are usually done by pressing two keys Ctrl + Alt +
Delete on your keyboard.
Tasks performed by Windows:
1. File organization: This includes copying files, deleting, renaming files and creating files
and folders.
2. Folder organization: This involves the creating, renaming, deleting and moving of files and
folders.
3. Preparation of Diskettes: Windows enables us to format our diskettes by formatting we

prepare the tracks and sectors so that the diskettes can be usable.
4. Control of peripheral devices: Windows controls all the hardware and peripherals attached
to the computer. It is of necessity that windows detect all hardware during installation of the
hardware and during the use of such hardware.
5. Multitasking: Windows can perform many tasks simultaneously. Every task is represented
as a window e.g. If you are connected to the internet you may able to watch news /listen to
music while you do some other work with windows such as typing a report or drawing a
graphic.
6. Running other applications: This is a platform on which other applications run.
Terminologies used in Windows:
o Desktop: The background screen displays of windows.
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o Icon: A pictorial representation of an item in the computer e.g. My Computer

o Pointing: Moving a mouse on a flat surface until the pointer on the screen
reaches desired place.
o Dragging: Holding down the left button of the mouse on Icon and moving to a
different location on the screen
 . Clicking: Pressing the left button of the mouse once to perform a task as to select an
icon.
o Double clicking: Pressing the left button of the mouse twice in quick succession
to perform a task such as opening an icon.
o Right Clicking: Clicking using the right button to display a menu.
o Windows: A rectangular on the screen where we perform our various works
like typing and creation of text.
o Program: Set of instructions installed in a computer to perform specific tasks.
o Menu: This is where we get a list of commands that we use.
o Folder: A section of a disk where similar or related files are kept together.
o File: The information stored in disk e.g. a document.
WINDOWS DESKTOP ENVIRONMENT
Desktop Is the First environment that appear when you load your computer system. This
environment consists of the following,
1. Wallpaper
2. Icon
3. Task Bar
1. Wallpaper: This is also known as the background of the windows desktop
environment.
2. Icon: are graphical representation uses to represent a program
3. Taskbar: This is the long horizontal bar at the button of your screen that you uses to
start a program and switch in between program.
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Windows Desktop Environment
Icons
Wallpaper
Windows Button Task Bar
The Desktop Icons
1. My Computer: Displays the contents of your computer and manages the files.
2. My Documents: contains files and folders created by users
3. My Network Places: Displays the available resources on the networking if your computer
is or can be connected to another.
4. Recycle Bin: This is a temporal storage place for deleted files. You can use it to retrieve
files deleted in error.
5. Internet Explorer: for accessing information from the web pages
SHUTDOWN
Shutdown is the process of turning off your computer.
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How to shut down your Computer.
1. Click on your Windows Start Icon on your Task Bar.
Windows Button
2. Click on Shut Down.

PARTS OF THE WINDOW:
A window is rectangular box that opens when an application or program is opened. A
window is made of various parts which include the control menu box, insertion point,
horizontal scroll bar, maximize button /minimize button, vertical; scroll buttons and the
title bar.
N.B.: Different windows may have a different layout when it comes to the menu bar
commands, because they perform different works.
PARTS:
Title bar: This is found at the top of the screen. It shows the name of the current program in
use.
Menu bar: It contains commands to work with in windows
Tool bar: It’s a shortcut to commands at the menu bar.
Control menu bar: This is found at the top left corner of the window. Contains commands to
work with windows e.g. Maximize, minimize, close, restore, move & size.
Maximize button: This enlarges a window to occupy the whole screen.
Minimize button: This command reduces a window to the size of an icon, which can be seen
on the task bar.
Close command: Closes a window after use. (x)
Restore: Restores /returns a window to its previous size.
Move: Transfers a window from one position /location to another.
Size: Changes the size of a windows i.e. increases or reduces the size of a window.
Task bar: This is the area at the button of the screen where we get start button, a clock and
shows the window(s) currently open.
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WINDOWS EXPLORER:
Opening Windows Explorer Click on to Start button, Point onto Programs, Click onto
Windows Explorer.
Formatting a disk using My Computer:
 Double click on My Computer

 Choose the drive (to be formatted)
 Click on File
 Choose Format
 Choose full (or quick erase)
 Click on Start to start
Creating Files and Folders:
Windows explorer is a powerful tool that can help you to organize your files and create
folders, delete files, move files and change their names (rename).
You can also create a folder by:-
 Double clicking on “My Computer” Icon, then choosing a drive by double clicking
the drive letter e.g. C: o Go to File o Click new folder
 Change the name of new folders by typing the folder name
 Click beside the folder to register it or press the enter key.
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To copy a file or folder:
 Click on file name, drag it to the destination folder while holding down the CTRL key
and release.
 You can also click on File.
 Click Copy under Edit menu. o Click the destination folder
 .Click Paste under Edit.
To delete a file or folder:-

 Click on file then press delete key.
 Click file icon then go to the File menu.
 Click delete and answer ‘Yes’
PAINT BRUSH:
This is an application that comes with windows and is used to create graphics and drawings.
It has tools for drawing and colors. It can also support word processing. To start paintbrush:
 Point on Programs
 Point on Accessories
 Click on Paint.
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Other Windows Accessories:-
The applications found in this group are used for doing different types of small tasks that are
provided by windows tasks like:
 Calculator ~ For performing Mathematical Operations

 Clock ~ Shows time.
SYSTEM TOOLS
These are things that show how the system is working. Examples are:-
 Disk defragmenter
 Scandisk
 Compressor
 Disk space (Drive Space.)
SCANDISK:
This checks the storage devices for physical damages. Scandisk checks the tracks and sectors
if there is some information lying on a bad sector, then the bad sector is marked to avoid
future recording. To go to scandisk:
 Click on start
 Point to programs
 Point to Accessories
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 Point to system tools

 Select scandisk
 Select the drive letter A or C then ok.
DEFRAGMENTER
This tool helps you to squeeze information, so that it occupies the first tracks continuously
without leaving gaps. To go to Disk Defragmenter:-
 Click on start
 Point to programs
 Point to Accessories
 Point to system tools
CONTROL PANEL
This is an application in Windows that helps us to change the system settings. To load the
control panel program:
 Click on the start button

 Select settings, click on control panel
 The control panel program starts
Some Control Panel programs include:
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1. Accessibility Options For adjusting computer settings for vision, hearing and
mobility
2. Add Hardware Installing and troubleshooting hardware
3. Administrative Tools Configuring administrative settings for the computer
4. Keyboard For customizing keyboard settings
5. Mouse For customizing mouse settings e.g. buttons
6. System Accessing information about e.g. hardware
7. User Accounts Changing user account settings
8. Printers and faxes Showing installed printers and faxes.
9. Date and Time Setting computer date and time
Introduction to Microsoft Word
This is a full-featured word processing program that allows you to create many types of
personal and business communications document: e.g. Letters, memos, announcement,
business documents, academic reports, and other forms of written documents.
Advantages of Ms Word:
 Saves time
 Saves work for future use.
 Can spell and Grammar –check work before printing
 On- screen editing is possible
 Formatting is easier
 Printing
 Use of graphics.
Starting Word: Use any of the two methods below:
Double-click Microsoft Word Icon on the desktop Or
1. Click Start menu on the taskbar
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2. All programs  Microsoft Office  Microsoft Word
When you lunch Microsoft Word, it open with a blank document containing one page, the
position of the insertion pointer indicates where text appears. You can press the enter key to
move to the next line. When text fills the page it automatically inserts another page.
Parts of the Ms-Word Screen:
Title bar ~ shows the name of the application including the name of the active file.
Menu bar ~ Shows or rather contains the commands one works with in Ms-Word.
Standard Toolbar ~ contains shortcut for commands to file menu.
Drawing tool bar: ~ Located at the bottom of the screen contains the necessary drawing tools.
Status Bar ~ Shows a windows status like how many pages there is, the current page or the
margin sizes. Document Window ~ this is the area where text is entered.
Formatting tool bar ~ Contains shortcuts commands to text options.
Insertion point ~ it is a blinking point at the screen that shows us where we are going to insert
our next character.
Scroll bars ~ moving within the word screen, Top, Bottom, Left, Right. Ruler bars ~ for setting
or making the margin of typing region of the page set up.
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Quick Access Toolbar , the ribbon and Contextual command tabs
The ribbon showing active command tab
Fig 2: Active command tab
Lab Exercise: Setting Up your Document (Document formatting)
Before you create your document, you should carry out the following settings to avoid
reformatting:
 Set Margins
 Paper orientation
 Paper Size
 Font/Font size
Page Margins
1. Click Page layout tab
Observation: …………………………………………………………..
How many group of command are there

…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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2. What are the default margins for Normal …………………………
3. What is the default orientation? ……………………………………
4. Click Size button and select A4.
Setting Font/Font Size
The default font for Microsoft Word is Times New Roman, however you can change if you
desire.
There are two ways to that:
1. Formatting toolbar and
2. Font Dialog box.
Setting Font on the home tab
1. Click the drop down arrow beside Font list box

2. Scroll to the desire font and Click.
Using the Font Dialog box
1. Click the arrow at the right hand corner of Font tab
Observation: …………………………………………….
List the basic features of your observation:
……………………………………………………………………
2. Select a font and font size e.g. Verdana and 14 respectively.
Note: You can also change your font and size after typing.
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PRACTICAL
Word Art, Clip Art and Drawing
Creating a Simple Letter Head and Flowchart
start
Lab Exercise 2
Instruction: sum = 0
1. You must start a new document

i=1
2. Change the name of the school to your own desire business name to 3
3. Insert any clip art of your choice

Read a(i)
4. Apply any other design you wish.
sum = sum + a(i)
Display a(i)
Adding WordArt: Word Art is use to insert decorative text
i
1. Click on Insert Tab , from Text group,
Click the arrow under WordArt
Ave = sum
2. Click the WordArt effect you want, 3
Type your text and click Ok.
Display sum, ave
Adding Clip Art
1 Click on Insert Tab, from Illustrations stop

Click Clip Art
2 In ClipArt task pane, type the category of clip art

you want to search in the Search for text box
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e.g. computers and Click go.
3 The image will display, click to add.
Lab Exercise 3: Draw the flowchart above.
PRACTICAL
Creating Table
Table: A table is made up of columns and rows. Microsoft Word offers a number of ways to
make a table.
 Select the number of columns are row you want from tables
 Use the insert table command from tables
 Use Draw table for a more Complex table
Steps
1. Click where you want to create a table.
2. Click insert tab, then click table button ,
3. Click and drag to select the number of columns and
rows you want.
Using the insert table… method
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1. Click where you want to create a table.

2. Click insert tab, then click table button ,
3. Click Insert table …
4. Specify the number of columns and rows and click
Ok.
Lab Exercises: create the table below
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Student score sheet
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Word Excel PowerPoint
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2 Mary Linus 75 60 82
Total
A 5x6 table
IIRIS Cooperation offers classes in Word Classes cost N2000.00 per credit
Processing, Spreadsheet, Databases, hour, and parking N20.00 per semester. We
Presentation graphics, the Internet, Web offer a variety of payment plans for both
Publishing, Computer Programming and full-time and part-time students.
much more!
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Registration is Monday through available from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. during
Friday, July 20 to 24. Classes begin on Registration.
Monday August 27, 2009. Advisors are
Fig 5 Newsletter, Drop cap and 3. Click Page Layout, and Click
multicolumn Column in Page Setup, select two.
4. To apply line between, click More
Step
columns… command and check
1. Start a new document Line between check box
2. Type the document above Drop Cap
1. Click the first Paragraph, click H2O

Insert tab
Double Strikethrough
2. Click Drop cap from Text group
Superscript N20,000.00
e.g. 39x3 + 48x2 – x = 0 Using equation editor to insert special

equations
Subscript
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SPREADSHEETS – MS EXCEL
They are electronic ledger books, which are powerful tools for organizing,
analyzing and presenting data i.e. they are part of an electronic accounting. Electronic
accounting is the management of financial data on a computer. That program that enables
you to perform electronic accounting on your computer is called a spreadsheet program
and the data it manages form part of it. They are also powerful and have built-I n
graphics, which make them easy when presenting information. Examples of spreadsheet
in the market includes:-
a. Lotus 1-2-3
b. Ms –Excel
c. SuperCalc
d. VisiCalc
e. Quattro Pro.
FEATURES OF SPREADSHEET:
1. They have rows and columns
2. Have single unit of rows and columns is called a cell and is identified with cell
address.
3. An entry is made into a cell
4. cell entry can be moved or copied into other cells
5. It is menu driven
6. Sorting is possible
7. Allows various modes of formatting
8. Windows can be created
9. Graphs can be created and printed.
Advantages of spreadsheet:-
a) Faster to use
b) Files can be saved for further use (Ref.)
c) Cell entries can be copied hence it is faster
d) Large database can be created.
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e) Complex arithmetical functions are available to make calculations.
Disadvantages of spreadsheet:-
a) Some databases are too long to view the whole worksheet at a time.
b) A work cell entry can give wrong information to the entire worksheet.
c) A wrong formula brings wrong results, which can be accepted.
Uses of Spreadsheet:-
 Preparing budgets
 Preparing cheque book registers.
 Loans and mortgages payment calculations
 Calculating the value of an investment
 Stock price tracking
 Loss and profit statements can be prepared
 Income tax preparations
STARTING MS-EXCEL:
This depends on the installment and version of computer you are using. Major ways of
starting excel includes:-
 Clicking start button, program, and then Ms-Excel

 Start button, run, and then type the command line.
 Using explorer, right clicking my computer icon, drive c: program files, Ms-office
then Ms-Excel.
 Double clicking Ms-Excel shortcut on the desktop.
Exploring the Parts of the Excel program window
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The Ribbon: - Ribbon contains commands organized in three components −
– Tabs − They appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related
commands. Home, Insert, Page Layout are the examples of ribbon tabs.
– Groups − They organize related commands; each group name appears below the
group on the Ribbon. For example, group of commands related to fonts or group
of commands related to alignment etc.
– Commands − Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.
• Title Bar: - lies in the middle-top of the window and it shows the program and the sheet
titles.
• Help: The Help Icon can be used to get excel related help anytime you like. This
provides nice tutorial on various subjects related to excel.
Status Bar
• This displays the current status of the active cell in the worksheet. A cell can be in either
of the fours states (a) Ready mode which indicates that the worksheet is ready to accept
user inpu (b) Edit mode indicates that cell is editing mode, if it is not activated the you
can activate editing mode by double-clicking on a cell (c) A cell enters into Enter mode
when a user types data into a cell (d) Point mode triggers when a formula is being
entered using a cell reference by mouse pointing or the arrow keys on the keyboard.
Sheet/working Area
– The area where you enter data. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion
point and it represents the location where text will appear when you type.
View Buttons
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• The group of three buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the
screen, lets you switch among excel's various sheet views.
i. Normal Layout view − This displays the page in normal view.
ii. Page Layout view − This displays pages exactly as they will appear when
printed. This gives a full screen look of the document.
iii. Page Break view − This shows a preview of where pages will break when
printed.
Zoom Control
• Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists
of a slider that you can slide left or right to zoom in or out. The + buttons can be clicked
to increase or decrease the zoom factor.
Exploring the Parts of the Workbook
• Each workbook contains three worksheets by default. The worksheet displayed in the
work area is the active worksheet.
• Columns appear vertically and are identified by letters. Rows appear horizontally and are
identified by numbers.
• A cell is the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell is identified by a unique cell
reference.
• The cell in the worksheet in which you can type data is called the active cell.
• The Name Box, or cell reference area, displays the cell reference of the active cell.
• The Formula Bar displays a formula when a worksheet cell contains a calculated value.
A formula is an equation that calculates a new value from values currently in a worksheet
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Opening an Existing Workbook
Opening a workbook means loading an existing workbook file from a drive into the program
window.
To open an existing workbook;
i. click the File tab on the Ribbon to display Backstage view,
ii. click Open in the navigation bar.
iii. In the Open dialog box that appears, Browse the directory and find the file you
need to open.
iv. Click the desired workbook file and it will be opened
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Excel Basics
Entering Data in a Cell Often referred to as a text string
Worksheet cells can contain three data i. Number data

types;
Numerical value to be used in a
i. Text data mathematical calculation
Combination of letters, numbers, and i. Date and time data

symbols
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Commonly recognized formats for date and

time values
NB: You enter data in the active cell.
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Changing the Cell content
• You can edit, replace, or clear data.
• You can edit cell data in the Formula Bar or in the cell. The contents of the active cell always appear in
the Formula Bar.
• To replace cell data;
i. select the cell
ii. type new data
iii. press the Enter key on the keyboard (or the Tab key on the keyboard )
• To clear the active cell, you can use the keyboard Delete key ( or the Ribbon, or the mouse. How?)
Saving a Workbook
Once you are done with typing-in your new excel sheet, it is time to save your sheet/workbook to avoid losing
work you have done.
Following are the steps to save an edited excel sheet −
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select Save (OR Save As) option.
 The Save command saves an existing workbook, using its current name and save location.
 The Save As command lets you save a workbook with a new name and/or to a new location.
Step 2 − Select a folder where you would like to save the sheet, Enter file name, which you want to give to your
sheet and Select a Save as type, by default it is .xlsx format.
Step 3 − Finally, click on Save button and your sheet will be saved with the entered name in the selected folder.
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Moving the
Active Cell in a Worksheet
 Excel provides a number of ways to move around a sheet using the mouse and the keyboard.
 You can easily move the insertion point by clicking in your text anywhere on the screen. Sometime if
the sheet is big then you cannot see a place where you want to move. In such situations, you would have
to use the scroll bars
 The easiest way to change the active cell in a worksheet is to move the pointer to the cell you want to
make active and click.
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 You can display different parts of the worksheet by using the mouse to drag the scroll box in the scroll
bar to another position.
 You can also move the active cell to different parts of the worksheet using the keyboard or the Go To
command.
Keys for moving/navigating the cursor(active cell) in a worksheet
Selecting a Group of Cells
• A group of selected cells is called a range. The range is identified by its range reference, for example,
A3:C5.
• In an adjacent range, all cells touch each other and form a rectangle.
– To select an adjacent range, click the cell in a corner of the range, drag the pointer to the cell in
the opposite corner of the range, and release the mouse button.
• A nonadjacent range includes two or more adjacent ranges and selected cells.
– To select a nonadjacent range, select the first adjacent range or cell, press the Ctrl key as you
select the other cells or ranges you want to include, and then release the Ctrl key and the mouse
button.
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Zooming a Worksheet
• You can change the magnification of a worksheet using the Zoom controls on the status bar.
• The default magnification for a workbook is 100%.
• For a closer view of a worksheet, click the Zoom In button or drag the Zoom slider to the right to
increase the zoom percentage.
• Zoom dialog box and controls are shown below
• Adjusting Common Page Setup Settings
• You can adjust the print settings available in the Page setup dialogue in different ways as discussed
below.
• Page setup options include Page orientation, Page Size, Page Margins, etc.
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• The Print tab also allows you to preview your pages before printing.
CHOOSING YOUR PRINTER
• To switch to a different printer, choose File » Print and use the drop-down control in the Printer
section to select any other installed printer.
Specifying What You Want to Print
• Sometimes you may want to print only a part of the worksheet rather than the entire active area. Choose
File » Print and use the controls in the Settings section to specify what to print.
• Active Sheets − Prints the active sheet or sheets that you selected.
• Entire Workbook − Prints the entire workbook, including chart sheets.
• Selection − Prints only the range that you selected before choosing File » Print.
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Formulas and Functions
• Formulas are equations that perform calculations in your spreadsheet. Formulas always begin with an
equals sign (=). When you enter an equals sign into a cell, you are basically telling Excel to “calculate
this.”
• Functions are inbuilt pre-defined formulas. They take data you select and enter, perform calculations
on them, and return value(s).
• All functions have a common format – the equals sign followed by the function name followed by the
input in parentheses.
• The input for a function can be either:
– A set of numbers (e.g., “=AVERAGE(2, 3, 4, 5)”)
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• This tells Excel to calculate the average of these numbers.
– A reference to cell(s) (e.g., “=AVERAGE(B1:B18) or “=AVERAGE (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6,
B7, B8)”
• This tells Excel to calculate the average of the data that appear in all the cells from B1 to
B8.
You can either type these cell references in by hand or by clicking and dragging with your mouse to
select the cells
• Entering a formula
i. Click cell where you want formula results to appear
ii. Type = and an expression that calculates a value using cell references and arithmetic operators
• Cell references allow you to change values used in the calculation without having to
modify the formula itself
iii. Press Enter or Tab to complete the formula
• Order of precedence of operators
i. Set of predefined rules used to determine sequence in which operators are applied in a
calculation
• Viewing a formula
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– Select cell and review expression displayed in the formula bar
– Each cell reference is color coded in the formula and corresponding cell in the worksheet
Introducing Functions
• Function
– Named operation that returns a value
– Simplifies a formula, reducing a long formula into a compact statement; for example, to add
values in the range A1:A10:
• Enter the long formula:

=A1+A2+A3+A4+A5+A6+A7+A8+A9+A10
- or -
• Use the SUM function to accomplish the same thing:

=SUM(A1:A10)
Entering a Function
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Entering Functions with AutoSum
Functions for Descriptive Statistics
Below are several functions you will need to learn for this class. Try them out with the practice data set.
=AVERAGE(first cell:last cell): calculates the mean

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=MEDIAN(first cell:last cell): calculates the median
=MODE(first cell:last cell): calculates the mode
=VARP(first cell:last cell): calculates the variance
=STDEVP(first cell:last cell): calculates the standard deviation
 You may directly write the functions for these statistics into cells or the formula bar, OR
 You may use the function wizard ( FX in the toolbar)
Function Arguments
• In the above examples, you may have noticed that all the functions used parentheses. The information
inside the parentheses is the list of arguments.
• Functions vary in how they use arguments. Depending on what it has to do, a function may use.
• No arguments − Examples − Now(), Date(), etc.
• One argument − UPPER(), LOWER(), etc.
• A fixed number of arguments − IF(), MAX(), MIN(), AVERGAGE(), etc.
• Infinite number of arguments
• Optional arguments
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Charts
A chart is a visual representation of data in a graph(ic) form. Charts are usually used to analyze trends and
patterns in data sets.
The importance of charts
• Allows you to visualize data graphically
• It’s easier to analyze trends and patterns using charts in MS Excel
• Easy to interpret compared to data in cells
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2D PIE CHART FOR SENSUS DATA
3D PIE CHART
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Step by step example of creating charts in Excel
• Enter the data shown in the sample worksheet shown below and follow the steps shown at the lower part
of the sheet in red and depicted by the numbers within red circles in the Excel window
(including the column titles and row labels)
Adding/Editing Chart Elements

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• Excel allows you to add chart elements —such as chart titles, legends, and data labels—to make your
chart easier to read. To add a chart element, click the Add Chart Element command on the Design tab,
then choose the desired element from the drop-down menu.
Sorting & Filtering Data
• Sorting allow the user to arrange data in an order of priority which is either ascending order (A → Z, a
→ z, 0 → 9) or descending order (Z→ A, z →a, 9 →0)
• Sorted data is arranged so it’s easy to analyze it
• You can rearrange, or sort, the records in a table or range based on the data in one or more fields
• The fields you use to order the data are called sort fields
• Filtering is a quick and easy way to find and isolate data that meet some set condition/criteria.
• Filtering allow you to select just the data you need, and to hide any data that is not
relevant to your search
• Unlike sorting, filtering does not rearrange your data, it simply hides the rows you don’t want. This will
allow you to then edit, format, chart and print your filtered data as you wish.
DATABASES - MS ACCESS
Data Base Management System (DBMS) : These are computerized applications which deal with an
organized collection of data in one place. Databases are found in most administrative duties like:-
 Maintaining students records
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 Patient’s records
 Billing Systems
 Reservation Systems.
 Banking Systems.
Planning for a database:
Careful planning of databases is very important to avoid redesigning it later and saves time.
Database management systems (DBMS):
These are computerized systems or group of programs which make it easier to manage and even share
information through networks a concept that is crucial for most systems, like Reservation, Billing Systems, and
Banking Systems e.t.c.
Some of the database management systems found in the market include Database, Ms –Access, Paradox e.t.c.
corporate systems include Oracle, Informix, Progress, Ingress, SQL Server e.t.c.
P.C. based software are usually designed for individual users or small business and hence do not have stringent
security features and elaborate backup procedures while corporate data entry audit trials and backup and
recovery are crucial.
Basic characteristics of DBMS:
1. DBMS is complex software that constructs, expands and maintains databases. It also provide interface
between the user and database.
2. Database allocates storage of data. It maintains indices so that any required data could be retrieved and so
that separate items of data in the data base can be cross-referenced.
3. The DBMS maintains the data in the database by deleting records, amending records.
4. DBMS provides interface with other user programs. They can be written in numbers of programming
languages.
5. DBMS provides different facilities for data processing. Pro0cess a complete file (sequentially, or serially,)
process required records (selectively, sequent, or randomly), retrieve individual records.
6. DBMS also has the function of providing data security for the data in a database i.e. protect data against
unauthorized access, safeguarding data against corruption. Providing recovery and restart facilities after
hardware or software failure.
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7. The DBMS make use of description of data items provided by the DDL (Data Dictionary Language.)
Advantages of DBMS:
1. Provides comprehensive collection of data instead of files which contains only the data needed for one
application.
2. You can create reports to meet particular requirement.
3. There is an obvious economic advantage of not duplicating data (reduce data redundancy) in addition errors
to discrepancies between two files are eliminated.
4. Great deal of programming is eliminated because DBMS handles the construction and processing of files and
retrieval of data.
5. Data search is easier.
6. The use of integrated systems is greatly facilitated.
Disadvantages of DBMS:
1. They are complex software to use and maintain.
2. They are rigid (Inflexible.)
3. They are expensive.
Database is an organized collection of information /data in one place. Example include customer address book,
telephone book e.t.c.
Database store data you can classify. It can also be used to organize data into multiple tables that can be linked
or related to each other. Databases are useful in handling large volumes of data into discrete objects in real life.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN DATABASES:
1. FIELDS: This is a category of information that particularly describes an object /record e.g. number in a
simple customer table each contribute or characteristics about the item described in database forms a field in a
table. A field occupies one column.
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2. RECORD: This is a category of information that fully describes an object /record contains data about object
in a database this could be an individual, a place or an item in the customer table. All the data about one
customer in a database makes a record.
3. LINKING OF TABLES: To link tables they must have a common field such as customers number field.
Linked tables assist you access data from other tables, queries, forms, reports or other databases. Remember that
tables primarily store and classify data and other files.
4. A PRIMARY KEY: It is good to plan for a relationship before you build your tables for tables to be linked
they must share a common field.
5. A FIELD or combination of field that uniquely identify each record in a table. The main index is a table used
for associate data between tables, the primary key speed up the data retrieval and enables you to define default
relationships between tables. It also speed up indexing of tables or data. Field selected as primary key must
contain a unique data for each record. It is therefore advisable to use a unique property in selecting e.g. Account
No., Meter No., Student No., Patient No. e.t.c.
Access Is Rational Database because you can relate or link table to another table, database of other objects i.e a
database contains a single table or multiple tables that are related to each other. Each table is a distinct file.
STARTING ACCESS:
When you first start access the database windows is displayed this window is used to open a database and do
other functions.
WINDOWS COMPONENTS:
1. TITLE BAR: Shows that you are in access.
2. ACCESS CONTROL BOX: Located at the top left corner of the window and it contains the Design vied
icon /shortcut.
3. CONTROL MENU BOX: For maximizing, Minimizing, Closing and restarting your window.
4. MAIN MENU: Contains several pull down menu for the database manipulation.
5. STATUS BAR: At the bottom of the screen shows system status.
6. TOOLBAR: Contains menu shortcuts for database manipulation.
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WHAT IS ACCESS DATABASE? Access is a DBMS and provides a mean of storing and managing data or
information. Access is a relation database because it allows you to relate data, from several different sets of
tables. It stores data in tables organized in rows and columns the basis condition of a database. At least you
should have one table.
COLUMNS: Separates fields of information or attributes that can be stored for each entity in the table
ROWS: Contains records. Records contains one set of data that defines objects in the database a table
represents each major set of information in database.
CREATING A DATABASE: Database is organized collection of data in one place. There are two ways of
creating databases:-
Using the database wizard:
This is where you follows series of steps in order to create a database all database objects e.g. tables, queries,
forms, reports, pages, macros and modules in one place.
When Microsoft Access starts up a dialog box is automatically displayed with options to create a new database
or open an existing database. If this dialog box is displayed click database wizard and then click ok.
If you have already opened a database or closed the dialog box that displays when Microsoft Access start up,
click New Database on the toolbar. On the Database tab click the icon for the kind of database you want to
create. Specify a name and locations for the database then click create to start defining your new Database.
DATABASE OBJECTS: TABLES:
This is a database object that stores data as a database file.
STARTING TABLES: There are five major ways of creating tables

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. o Datasheet view: This creates a new table using datasheet view.
o Linking Tables o Importing Tables
o Using Table Wizard
o Using Design View
CREATING A TABLE BY ENTERING A DATASHEET:-
Click table under objects and then click new on the Database window toolbar. Double-click Datasheet view. A
blank datasheet is displayed. This default columns names are fields.
 Rename each column you will use.
 Double click the column name type a name for the column following Microsoft Access object. Naming
rules and then press enter. Naming rules and then press enter.
 You can insert additional columns at any time.

 Click in the column to the right of where you want to insert new column and then on the insert
menu, click column.
 Rename the column as described in Step 4. Enter your data in its own column.
 Each column is called a field in Ms-Access). For example if you are entering names enter the First
Name in its own column and the last name in a separate column.
If you are entering data, time or numbers enter them in a consistent format so that Microsoft Access can create
an appropriate data type and display format for the column. Any column you leave empty will be deleted when
you save the datasheet. When you have added data all the columns you want to use, click save on the tool bar to
save your datasheet.
Ms-Access asks you if you want to create a primary key.
 If you haven’t entered data that can be used to uniquely identify each row in your table, such as part numbers
or ID numbers it is recommended that you click yes.
 If you have entered data that can uniquely identify each row, you can specify this field as your primary key.
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Microsoft Access will assign data type to each field (column) based on the kind of data you entered.
If you want to customize a field’s definition further for example to change its data type of define a validation
rule, use design view
STEPS (TABLE TAB > NEW > DATASHEET VIEW > OK.)
 To enter data double click on the field you want then type the field name e.g. Name, Address, Town,
Tel e.t.c.
 Then enter the record in specified filed.
 Save your data by clicking on save icon on the toolbar or file then save. When you are asked to
define a primary key say no otherwise, Access will define the primary key for you by use of auto
number.
USING TABLE WIZARD:
 Click table under objects and then click new on the database window toolbar. Double click Table
wizard follow the directions in the table wizard box.
NOTE: If you want to modify or extend the resulting table, you can do so in design view when
you have finished using the table wizard.
IMPORTING DATA:
 Importing data creates a copy of its information in a new table in your access database or Access project. The
source table or file is not altered in the process.
 When importing data, you can’t append data to existing tables (except when importing spreadsheet or text
files.)
 However, once you have imported a table, in Access database you can perform an append query or an Access
project you can use a stored procedure to add in tables data to another table.
 You can also import database objects other than tables such as forms or reports, from another Access
database or Access object
LINKING DATA:
In Access linking data enables you to read and in major cases update in the external data source without
importing.
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The external data source format is not altered so that you can continue to use the file with the program that
originally created it, but you can add, delete or edit its data by using MS –Access as well.
NOTE: You can link a table only in an Access Database not in an Access Object.
WAYS TO IMPORT AND LINK DATA:
1. Open or create Access database, then use the import or link tables command on the cut external submenu of
the file menu.
2. In an access database open the external database. Including Database, Paradox, Exchange, and any DBC data
source, including Microsoft SQL server and Microsoft Visual Fox Pro.
3. Microsoft Access will automatically create a new Access database in the same folder as the external database
and add links to each table in the external database.
TO CREATE A TABLE FROM SCRATCH IN DESIGN VIEW:
1. Click tables under object and then click new on the database windows toolbar. Double-click Design view.
Define each of the fields in your table. Define a primary key field before saving your table. Note you don’t have
to define a primary key but it is usually a good idea. If you don’t define a primary key Microsoft Access asks if
you want it to create one for you. When you are ready to save your table click save on the toolbar.
2. If you haven’t already done so, switch to the Database window. You can press F11 to switch to the database
window from any other window. Click Table under objects and then click New on the database window toolbar.
3. Double-click Design view
4. Define each of the field and its corresponding data type in your table.
N.B.: A fieldname should not contain some of the special characters. Always try to use short and clear
fieldnames e.g. DOB for date of birth, DOE for Date of employment. DOA is not acceptable filed name.
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DATA TYPES:
This is the kind of values that the user wants to store in a given field. In Access we have several data types:-
1. TEXT: Can store any combination of characters which include Alphabets such as names, address, phone
numbers and postal codes, symbols and signs. A text field can contain up to 255 characters.
2. DATE /TIME: Contains data and time in a variety of display formats available e.g. short date, long date
e.t.c. Note something like 1980 as the date of birth is invalid, as it is not contained in the available format.
3. CURRENCY: Can store numbers which are formatted using commas, and Regional currency settings. Do
not use the number data type for currency value because currency data type maintains fifteen digits to the right
and four to the left of the decimal. Mostly used in fields like Salary, fees, price e.t.c.
4. MEMO: Contain lengthy text and numbers such as comments or explanations. A memo field can contain up
to 64,000 characters. An example of field of this kind is Educational background.
5. AUTO NUMBER: This is the number that automatically entered in a given field name. It automatically
increment itself as you continue entering the records.
6. NUMBER: numerical data on which you intend to perform mathematical calculations, except calculations
involving money.
7. OLE OBJECTS: (Object Link Embedding) objects. This is used when the field is to be got outside Access
e.g. by use of a camera, or a scanner e.g. if you have to enter a photograph then you use a scanner such field is
to be defined as a OLE object.
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8. YES /NO: This is used in fields where the entry is either yes or no. (True or False) e.g. employed, married or
booked. These entries for all those fields should either be true or false.
9. LOOKUP WIZARD: This displays a list of data to choose from e.g. If you have three different departments
in a company you can type them so as to be choosing then from a drop-down list box.
10. HYPERLINK: It links the data from other sources e.g. website.
Define a primary key before saving your table.
NOTE: You don’t have to define a primary key, but it’s usually a good idea as it will help a retrieval
of records. Remember a primary key should never be duplicated. If you don’t define a primary key Microsoft
Access asks you if you want it to create one form you when you save the table.
SETTING & CHANGING A PRIMARY KEY:
1. In the table’s design view select one field you want as a primary key. Click the row selector to select
multiple fields, Hold the control key down and click on the rows selector for each field.
2. Click the primary button on the toolbar, or choose edit. Set a primary key. Access places primary icon in the
row selector column.
3. Access can as well define a primary key for you with the tables, design view close the table without defining
a primary key Access will ask you if you want it to define a primary key for you and save the tables definition.
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FIELD PROPERTIES:
They assist in data entry to set field properties, open the table in the table design view and select the fields
whose properties you want to change or set in the bottom of the window set the properties as follows:-
PROPERTIES DESCRIPTIONS:
FIELD SIZE: Maximum length of the text field or type of numbers.
FORMAT: How data is displayed. Uses predefined or customize your own.
INPUT MASK: This is a data entry pattern that makes your data entry work easier.
DECIMAL PLACES: Number of places to the right of the decimal or numeric fields.
CAPTION: Default field layout in a report e.g. you D.O.E. to appear as Date of Employment in form of
reports.
DEFAULT VALUE: The value that us automatically entered in given field.
VALIDATION RULE: An expression that limits the kind of value to be entered in a given field.
VALIDATION TEXT: An error message displayed if the validation rule is violated or text for invalid data.
REQUIRED: Whether or not an entry can be made if set to true then the field must be input for the record to be
saved.
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ALLOW ZERO: Allows you to store zero length string.
LENGTH: Indicates that the data exist but it is unknown.
INDEXED: An index speeds up searches and sorting of the field but may slow updates. It indicates what can be
implicated and what cannot.
UNICODE CODE COMPRESSION: Allows unified compressor in the field.
FIELD SIZE:
This property set the maximum size of a data to be used in the field. If the data type property is set to text, enter
the number less than 255 characters chosen by considering the length of the longest text data is to be entered
into the field the default setting is 50.
INPUT MASK:
The input mask property is used to make data entry easier and to control the values users can enter in a record.
DATA VALIDATION:
The data entered to tables must be accurate if the database is to be valuable. Validation rule text box allows you
to detect mistakes if the data entered does not confirm to your rules message box will be displayed to inform the
operator the data is not correct.
DEFINING FIELD PROPERTY:
 Open the table you have created in design view.

 From the database click the name of the table and click on the design button.
 Select any fieldname.
 Make the changes you want to have in the field properties.
 Repeat the same procedure for all the other fields.
 Save the changes using file save and close the table using file close.
ENTERING DATA INTO A TABLE:
 To enter data, a table needs to be opened in the datasheet view.

 In the database window, click the table button.
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 Double click the table name or select the table and choose the open button. The table will open in the
datasheet view. Once a table is open it is possible to switch from the database to the design view and
vice versa. There are two buttons on the toolbar for switching between the view:-
a) Design view
b) Datasheet view
SELECTING DATA:
 Various parts of the data can be selected, the selected area appears.
 To select a single record. Move the pointer to the left hand side of a cell, so that it changes shape
into right pointing arrow and click.
 To select a word in a field. Double click on the word.
 To select a record click the selector at the left edge of the record o0r choose edit selected record.
 To select more that one record click and drag in the record selector for the required number of
records.
 To select a field column click on the column heading. The name at the top of the column.
 MOVING AND COPYING FIELDS:
 oTo move a field select edit –cut; click on the cell where the field id to be moved; select edit –paste.
 To copy a field select edit –copy; click on the cell where the copy is required; select edit –
paste.
HIDING AND SHOWING COLUMNS:
 Field in a table is hidden incase where a table has a lot of fields. By using the show command.
 The column may be displayed.
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TO HIDE A COLUMN:
 Click on the column selector at the top of the column choose – Hide column.
TO REDISPLAY THE COLUMN:
 In the dialog box that appears select “column to be shown” and click on show close when finished.
ADJUST RECORDS:
Moving and copying records:
You can copy a complete table or some records of a table to the clipboard. Records are moved or copied
using Edit –cut /copy.
DELETING:
 Select the record or records you wish to delete.
 Press the delete key.
 Click yes when the dialog box appears.
EDITING DATA:
 Open the table you had created. Move to the end of the table.
 Add another record, select the field and copy it.
 Move to a new record and use Edit -paste.
ADJUSTING COLUMN WIDTH:
 Move the pointer to the fieldname row at the top of the table.
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 Move the pointer to the dividing line between the columns you wish to change and the column to the
right. The pointer changes the shape.
ADJUSTING ROW HEIGHTS:
 Move the pointer to the row selector at the edge of the table.
 Move the pointer to the dividing line between the row you wish to change and the row below.
 The pointer changes shape.
 Click and drag the row to the desired height. Note that all the rows take on the new height.
QUERIES: (WHY CREATE QUERIES:)
Queries are created for on-in search and retrieval of specific records, and for creating forms and printing reports
e.g. you may want a list of all the students who have paid fees, Employees who are married, Books already
borrowed or books due on certain date.
Examples of queries:
a) SELECT QUERIES This kind of a query retrieves data from one or more tables displays it in a datasheet
form.
b) PARAMETER QUERIES This query displays data from the database file in specified criteria. It’s a query
that when run displays its own dialog box prompting you for information such as criteria for retrieving records
& values you want to insert in a field. Fox example it can prompt you to enter the date and gives records that
falls between the two dates.
c) CROSS-TAB QUERIES A cross-tab query display summarized values (sum, counts and averages) from one
field in a table and groups then by one set of facts listed down the left side of the datasheet and another set of
facts listed across the top of the datasheet.
d) ACTION QUERIES This query changes the data in a table as a group.
This query changes the data in a table as a group. Types of Action Queries:-
 Delete query: Delete records in one or more tables.
 Make table: Makes a table from the results (dynaset)
 Update query: Updates /changes records in one or more tables.
CREATING A QUERY:
1. Click on query in the object and click new.
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2. Click on simple query wizard.
3. Choose the tables you want to query and select the fields you want in your query.
4. Click next and add any grouping you may want.
5. Click next and type the name for saving the query
6. Click on finish.
CREATING A CROSS-TAB QUERY:
1. Click on query object and click new.
2. Choose cross-tab query wizard in the new query dialog box and click ok.
3. Chose the table or the query you want to query.
4. Choose up to three fields which you want to sort by clicking next.
5. Choose the fields you want to be your column heading and click next.
6. Choose a number you want calculated for in every column and click next.
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7. Type the name to save your query and click on the finish.
CREATING AN UNMATCHED QUERY WIZARD:
It creates a query that finds records (Rows) in one table that have no related records in another table. Steps are
as in the wizard instructions.
CREATING A QUERY USING DUPLICATE QUERY WIZARD:
It creates a query that finds record with duplicate field values in a single table on query.
Steps are same as in the wizard instructions.
DISPLAYING THE QUERY DESIGN VIEW:
 Click on the query in the database windows and click on the new button to create a new query. Click on the
new query button on the new query dialog box.
 The all table dialog box appears in front of the query design windows. This dialog box allows you to select the
needed tables for the query. Select a table and click on ADD to put it on the query window.
 Click close when selection is completed.
TO ADD ALL THE FIELDS IN THE TABLE TO THE QUERY:

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 Double click on the table bar of the field list box of the table in the upper section of the window. This selects
all the fields.
 Click on any other selected fields and drag to the field in the lower section of the query window. The pointer
should look like a set of record cards
.  When you release the mouse button all the fields names will have been added to the query.
 Use horizontal scroll bar to move to the right as all columns will fit on the screen.
ADDING INDIVIDUAL FIELDS TO A QUERY:
 Double click on the name of the field required in the field list box in the upper section of the window. It will
appear in the next available column in the grid.
 Click in the field cell in the lower section of the window. A list box appears at the end of a cell.
 Click on the list box and a drop down list of names will appear. Select the name of the field required. If
necessary scroll through the list. Click on it and it will appear in the field cell.
 Click on the name of all the fields into required field cell in the lower part of the query window while doing
this pointer should look like one record card.
 Drag and drop this field onto column containing a field, then a column will be inserted to contain the new
field.
SAVING A QUERY:
 Choose file –save.
 In the query name box is the save as dialog box enter a name which can be upto 255 characters.
 Click ok.
CLOSING A QUERY IN DESIGN VIEW:
 Double click on the query controls menu button or choose file-close.
TO OPEN A QUERY IN DESIGN VIEW:
 In the database window, click on the query button.
 Select the query you want to open, then click on open button.
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SORTING:
From the design view of the query, click in the sort cell for surname field.
 Open the list box and choose ascending.
 Display the dynaset, by clicking on the run button.
 Return to the design view.
 Change the sort order of the fields to be sorted.
 Choose ascending as the order of that particular field.
 Display the dynaset, return to the design view.
 Choose ascending order from a particular column heading and descending order from other fields.
Respectively.
 Close the query without saving it.
Mathematical operators used in query design.
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Placing a mathematical operation usually performs the data section in a query or text operated condition on a
particular fields, or group of fields by which to perform the section. Some of the operations are: A mathematical
operators:-
< Less than + Addition
> Greater than - Subtraction
<> Not equal to * Multiplication
<= Less than or equal to / Division.
>= Greater than or equal to
= Equal to
USING QUERIES TO PERFORM OPERATIONS:
To create a calculated field in your query in the next empty field, enter the cell an expression to calculate the
new field. The expression takes the form of calculated field expression. The expression is formula for creating
the values of the field. An expression involves other fields and those are written enclosed in square brackets e.g.
Taxable pay: [gross pay]-[free pay] or V.A.T. [cost]*0.175 expression may be used with data type e.g. year ()
returns the year of data /time value enclosed in brackets as an integer number. Now () returns the date and time
to computer’s system clock.
SOME STATISTICAL AVAILABLE FUNCTIONS AVAILABLE INCLUDES:-
Count: Will give the number of records.
Sum: Will give the total of all values in that particular field.
Min, Max: Will give the maximum or minimum value of that particular field respectively.
Grouped by: Group records according to this field producing summary statistics for each group.
Where: Allow criteria to be specified.
WORKING MORE WITH FIELDS:
Counting and average fields:
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 Click on the stigma button to display the total row.

 In the total call for first two fields, select count.
 In the total cell put sum.
 Run the query.
FORMS:
Are used to display data stored in a table on queries.
Forms routinely are used for new data to a table and for editing or displaying data, usually in a one record at a
time format.
PURPOSE OF FORMS:
Create a data entry form to enter into a table.
Create a custom dialog box to accept user input, and they carry out action based on that input.
Most of the information in a form comes from an underlying record source. Other information in the form are
stored in the form design.
1. Descriptive text is stored in the form design.
2. Graphic element such as lines and rectangles are stored in the form design.
3. Data comes from the fields in the underlying record source.
4. A calculation comes from an expression which is stored into form’s design.
You can or modify a form in design view. Viewing a form in design view is like sitting in a working bench by
useful tools.
CREATING FORMS: You can create a form on your own or you can have access create your form for you
using form wizards. A form wizard speeds up the give apprises creating a form because it does all the basic
work for you.
N.B.: A control is a graphical object such as text box, and unbound object frames, a rectangle, or
command button that you can place on a form or report to display data perform an action or make the form
or report easier to read.
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You can switch to design view to customize your form. If you just want to create a simple –column form, you
ca use the new object button.
CREATING A SINGLE COLUMNAR FORM:
 While in the database window, click on the form tab and then new.
 Select the table form: columnar in the “new button” that appears.
 Select the table form which the form will be based on.
 Click ok the computer makes a form with fields from the table you selected
CREATING A FORM BY AUTO FORM TABULAR:
 While in database window, click on the form-tab and then new.
 Select Auto form: Tabular in the new form window that appears.
 Select the table from which the form will be based on.
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 Click ok. The computer makes a form with fields from the table you selected.
CREATING A FORM BY AUTO FORM DATASHEET:
 While in the database window, click on the form-tab and then new.
 Select auto-form Datasheet in the “new form” window that appears.
 Select the table from which the form will be based on.
 Select ok the computer makes a form with fields from the table you selected.
CREATING A FORM WITH WIZARD:
 In database window, click the forms table.
 Click new
 In the form dialog box, click the wizard that you want to use.
 A description of the wizard appears in the left side of the dialog box.
 Click the name of the table or the query that includes the data you want your form too be based on.
N.B.: You don’t need to do this if you click the form wizard option. You can specify the record source for the
form in the wizard.
Click Ok.
If you clicked from wizard chart, wizard or pivot table wizard in step 3, follow the direction in the wizard
dialog boxes. If you clicked on auto form columnar, tabular, or auto form datasheet; Microsoft Access
automatically creates your form.
If the resulting form doesn’t look the way you want it, you can change it in design view.
If you click on of the auto form options. Microsoft Access uses the auto format you last specified either in the
form wizard or use the auto format menu in the design view.
MICROSOFT ACCESS CONTROLS:
There are many controls that you can add to a form, report, or data access page to display and analyze data,
work with graphics, and link to web pages, and so on.
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1. CHECKBOX A checkbox is a stand-alone control to display yes /no value from an underlying table, query,
or SQL server.
 In many cases its quicker and easier to select a value from a list than to remember a value to type. With a
combo box, your ca do wither without using too much space on a form. A combo box is like a text box
combined.
 When you enter text or select a value in a combo box. If combo box is bound, the entered or selected value is
inserted into the field that the combo box is bound.
3. COMMAND BUTTON: A stand-alone control which looks like a button created on a form or data
access page to start an action or a set of actions. You can create a command button that opens another
form. To make a command button or something on a form, you write a macro or event procedure and
attach it to the buttons on click property. On a data access page,
you can attach code written in either script or Microsoft Visual Basic scripting Edition (VB Script) to a
command button by using the Microsoft Script editor. How to create an event procedure for a command button
on a data access page.
3. DROP DOWN LIST BOXES: Is a content that shows only one record until you click to expand the
contents; however, you can’t type new values in a drop-down list box. When you select value in a drop-down
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list box if the drop-down list box is bound, the selected value is inserted into the field that the drop down list is
bound to. The list is a drop down list box consists of rows of data: Roes can have only one column that appears
without heading. You can use an unbound drop-down list box to store a value that you can use with another
control for example; you could use an unbound drop down list to limit the values in another drop down list box.
You could also use an unbound drop down list box to and a record based on the value you select in the drop
down list box.
4. LABEL: A label is a control that is used on a form, report, a data access page to display descriptive text
such as titles, captions, on brief instructions, label don’t display values from fields or expressions; they’re
always unbound and they don’t change as you move from record to record. A label can be attached to another
control. When you create a text box for example, it has an attached label that displays a caption for that text
box. This label appears as a column heading in the datasheet view of a form. When you create a label by using
the label tool, the label stands on it’s own it isn’t attached to any other control. You use stand-alone labels. You
use stand-alone labels for information such as the title o a form, report, or data access page, or for that
descriptive text. Stand-alone labels don’t appear in Datasheet view.
5. LIST BOXES:
Is a control that is used to display a list of values or items to select from. It consists of rows of data that can
have one or more columns, which can appear with or without headings. If a multiple-column list box is bound,
Microsoft Access store the values from one of the columns
IMPORTANCE:
1. It’s quicker and easier to select values from a list that to remember a value to type.
2. A list of choices also helps to ensure that the value that is entered in a field is correct. You can use unbound
list box to store a value that you can use with another control. For example you could use an unbound list box
limits the values in another list box or in a custom dialog box. You could also use an unbound list box in the list
box. On a form, you can use a combo box instead of a list box. It takes up less room, and you can type new
values in it, as well as select values from a list. Learn about combo boxes in forms.
6. COMBO BOX: A combo box is a control that is used to display items or values in a list where on can
select. A combo box is a text box and a list box combined. The list in a combo box consists of rows of data.
Rows can have one or more columns, which can appear with or without headings. If a multiple column combo
box is bound, Microsoft Access stores the value from one of the columns. You can use an unbound combo box
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to store a value that you can use with another control. For example you could use an unbound combo box to
limit the values in another combo box or in a custom dialog box. You could also use an unbound combo box to
find a record based on the value you select in the combo box.
7. OPTION BUTTON: It is a stand-alone control to display a Yes /No value from an underlying record source
on a form or report.
8. OPTION GROUP: Is a control that is used to display a limited set of alternatives on a form or report
whereby only one option in an option group can be selected at a time. It consists of a group frame and a set of
check boxes, option buttons and toggle buttons.
If an option group is bound to a field, only the group frame itself is bound to the field, not the check boxes,
toggle buttons, or option buttons inside the frame. Instead of setting the control source property for each control
in the option group, you set the option value (form or report) or the value (data access page) property for each
check box, toggle button, or option button. In a form or a report, set the control property to a number that is
meaningful for the field the group frame is bound to. In a data access page, set the controls property to either a
number or any text that is meaningful for the field the group frame is bound to. When you select an option in an
option group.
Microsoft Access sets the value of the field to which the option group is bound to the value of the selected
options value or value property.
9. TEXT BOX: A text box is a control that is used to display data from a record source in a report or form and
also to input data in a form. This type of text is called a bound text because it is bound to data in a field. Text
boxes can also be unbound for example, you can calculate or to accept input from a user. Data in an unbound
text box isn’t stored anywhere
10. TOGGLE BUTTON IN FORM AND REPORTS:
A toggle button is a stand-alone control used to display a Yes /No form underlying record source in a form.
As opposed to checkboxes where you click on one of the two checks here you press on just one toggle which
when pressed implies Yes and vice versa.
Toggle buttons are most useful when used in an option group with other buttons. In an option group, you can
easily tell whether a button is pressed in. You can use pictures on toggle buttons instead of text. You can also
use a toggle button in a custom dialog box to accept user input.
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REPORTS:
The desired results of any database are to provide information in the form of reports. You can print reports for
tables or form or queries in vertically or desired format. Reports can contain graphics stored in windows ole
fields are as decorative items stored in bitmaps,
CREATING A REPORT: You can create a report on your own or can have Ms Access create a report for you
using a report wizard. A report wizard speeds up the process of creating a report because you can. It does all
work for you. When you use a report wizard, it prompts you for information and creates a report based on your
answers.
CREATING A REPORT WITH A WIZARD:
 In the database window, click the report tab.
 Click new
 In the new report dialog box, click the wizard that you want to use. A description of the wizard appears in the
left side of the dialog box.
 Click the table or queries that contain the data you want to base your report on.
 Note Ms Access uses the table or query as the default record source for the report. However you can change
the record source in the wizard and select field from other table and queries.
 Click ok.
 If you clicked report wizard. Chart wizard, or label wizard in step 3, follow the direction in the wizard dialog
box. If you clicked, Auto report, Tabular, Ms Access automatically creates your report. If the resulting report
doesn’t look the way you want, you can change it design view
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CREATING A REPORT WITHOUT A WIZARD:
 In the database windows, click the report tab.
 Click new.
 In the dialog box click design view.
 Click the name of the table or query that contains the data you want to base your report on. If you want to
create a report that uses data from more than one table, base your report on a query.
 Click ok. Ms –Access displays the report window in design view.
SUB REPORTS:
A sub report is a report that is inserted in another report. When you combine reports, one of them must serve as
the main report. A main report is either bound or unbound; that is it is or isn’t based on a table, query or SQL
statement. Data from unrelated record source is a main report with sub reports. An unbound main report can
serve as a container for unrelated sub reports that you want to combine.
CREATE MAILING AND OTHER TYPES OF LABEL:
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How to create labels:
 In the database window, click the report tab.
 Click new
 In the new report dialog box, click label wizard.
 Click the table or query that contains the data for the label and then click ok.
 Follow the way you can delete the report and run the label wizard.
ADDING PAGE BREAKS AND PAGE NUMBERS:
 Open the report in design view.
 Click the page breaks tool
 Click the report where you want to place the page break.
 Place the page break above or below to avoid splitting data in that control.
TO ADD PAGE NUMBERS TO A FORM OR REPORT:
 Open the form in design view.
 CLICK PAGE NUMBER OR INSERT MENU
 In the page number dialog box select the format position and align for the page number.
 Top show a number on the first page, select the show number or the first page check box
CREATE A CALCULATED CONTROL:
 Open a form /report in design view.
 Click the tool in the toolbox for the type of control you want to use as the calculated control. A text is most
common type of control to use to display a calculated value, but you can use any control that has a control
source property.
 On the form /report click where you want to place the control.
 If the control is a text box, you can type directly the expression in control e.g. [unit price]*0.75.
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 If the control isn’t a text box, make sure the control is selected.
 Click properties on the toolbox to open the controls property sheet and then type the expression in the control
source property box, click the build button to open the expression builder.
 In the calculated control precede each expression with the (=) builder.
 In the calculated control precede expression with the (=) operator.
CALCULATE A TOTAL FOR ONE RECORD IN A REPORT:
 Open the report in design view. Add a calculated text box to the detail section.
 To display the property, sheet, make sure that the textbox is selected and then click properties on the toolbar.
 In the control source property box, type an appropriate expression.
EXPRESSION:
An expression is a combination of symbols. Identifies operators and values that produce a product. MACROS:
They are groups of instructions that accomplish a specialized task. You run the macro, Access sequentially
carries out the list of instructions. When you create a macro, you enter the action you want to carry out in this
portion of the macro window. Macros are mainly used to:-
 Make global assignment. Take care of simple details such as opening and closing form, showing and hiding
toolbars and running reports.
MODULES:
A module is a collection of Visual Basic for applications declarations and precedes that are stored together as a
unit.
Introduction to
Microsoft PowerPoint 2016
Viewing a Presentation
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When you create a Blank Presentation in PowerPoint, the workspace opens in Normal view. Normal view is
divided into three areas:
1) Slide Pane - shows the full layout of a slide

2) Thumbnails – shows slide thumbnails
3) Notes Pane – used to input text relevant to a specific slide
Other views include Slide Sorter view which shows thumbnails of the entire presentation and Slide Show view
where you preview your presentation as your audience will see it.
Slide Pane
Thumbnails
Notes Pane
Normal Slide Slide

View Sorter Show
View View
1
Creating a New Presentation
To Create a New Presentation:

1) Click on the File tab
2) Click on New
3) Select either a Blank Presentation, a featured theme or search for online templates and themes
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4) Double-click Blank Presentation to create a new presentation
Entering Text on a Slide
When you create a new presentation, the first slide to appear is a Title slide. It contains two placeholders: a
title placeholder and a subtitle placeholder. To add text, click within the placeholder and type.
Placeholders
Formatting
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PowerPoint provides a wide variety of themes that apply a distinctive look to the text, bullets, background
colors, and graphics in a presentation. Using a theme is a big time-saver and immediately adds a professional
touch to your presentation. You can apply a theme when you create a new presentation and you can change the
theme as many times as you want.
To Apply a Theme:
1) Click on the Design tab
2) Select one of the themes in the Themes group
To see more themes, click on the dialog box launcher.
To Format Text:
1) Click within the placeholder
2) Sel ect the text to format
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3) Click on the Home tab

4) Click on the formatting buttons in either the Font or Paragraph groups
5) You can also use the Mini Tool Bar that appears when the text is selected
Adding New Slides
Each slide in PowerPoint has a slide layout. Slide layouts contain formatting, positioning, and placeholders for
all of the content that appears on a slide.
PowerPoint includes nine built-in slide layouts:
To Add New Slides:

1) Click on the Home tab
2) Click on New Slide in the Slides group
3) Choose a slide layout
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Content Slides:
If you choose a slide with content, you will have six types of content to choose from.
Tables Charts Smart Art Pictures Online Video

Graphics Pictures
Click on the type of content you want to create and PowerPoint will provide the tools needed to create it.
Applying Slide Transitions
A transition is a special effect that determines how a slide appears as it enters or leaves the screen.
To Apply Transitions:
1) Click on the Transitions tab
2) Click on the drop down arrow in the Transition to This Slide group to see a listing of all available
transitions
3) Click on the transition you want to apply
4) Click on Apply to All to apply the transition effect to the entire presentation
Printing
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To Print:
1) Click on the File tab
2) Click on Print
Under Settings click on Print All Slides and select one of the options to print:
• Print All Slides – print entire presentation

• Print Selection – only print the selected slides
• Print Current Slide – only print the current slide
• Custom Range – enter specific slides to print
Printing Handouts, Notes and Outline

Click on Full Page Slides and choose from the following:
• Print Layout o Full Page Slides o Notes Pages o Outline

• Handouts
o Choose between 1 – 9 slides per page (horizontal or vertical)
MICROSOFT PUBLISHER
What is Microsoft Publisher?

Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing program. It is used to design, layout, and create text and picture-
rich publications such as:
! Greeting Cards – invitations, Holiday cards or posters
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! Calendars – for family, school, work or hobby
! Books – photo albums, yearbooks, addresses or a brochure
Publisher offers excellent control over certain aspects of your publication. Publisher makes it easy to work
with documents in a variety of sizes and shapes. It also has a large number of tools to help you arrange and
align text, images, and other objects within page margins.
Publisher 2016 Welcome Page
Publisher 2016 Interface
The way the tools and menus are organized in Publisher 2016 is known as the user interface.
You will learn about The Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, File Menu and other key parts of Publisher.
The Ribbon
The Ribbon runs along the top, has all the Publisher tools, and is organized into three parts:
! Tabs – represent a general activity area
! Groups – show related tools (commands) together
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! Commands – a button, expandable menu, or a box for entering related information
Click the various Tabs: observe how the Groups and Commands change based on the selected Tab.
Quick Access Toolbar

The Quick Access Toolbar is above the Tabs and has commands used most often, including
“Save”.
Place the mouse arrow over each icon (do not click) to see the name and use for each icon.
You may customize the commands in the toolbar if you click the black arrow at the end of the
toolbar.
The Undo command “takes back” any changes made to the document. For example, type
“Undo” in the blank document you have open, then click Undo in the Quick Access Toolbar.
Undo keeps track of actions by sequence; if you accidentally erase (change) data in your file,
click Undo right away to get it back. On that note, it is important to “save early and save often.”
(See “Saving Your Work” on page 5.)
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File Menu
The File Menu contains actions at the file level. Click the green “File” tab to the far left of
the tabs. What you’ll see is the “backstage” area. From here, you can create a New document,
Open an existing one, Save changes to the current document, Save As a different file with a
different name, Print the current document, and other options. Click the “back arrow” at the
top to exit the backstage area.
Title Bar, Help Menu, Window Display Options

The Title Bar shows the name of the program and the name (title) of your document.
(Top-most bar in program window.) A new document has a temporary title, Publication1, until
you “Save As” with a different name. To the far right on the Title Bar is the Help Menu and
Ribbon Display options.
The Help Menu has articles on using the software. Not sure how to perform a certain action or
where to find a command? Click the question mark icon to browse Help articles, or search for
specific topics.
Window Display Options include Minimize (docks window in status bar), Restore (makes
window smaller for manual re-sizing or full screen), and Close (closes window and program)
buttons.
Take a moment to locate and explore these features in the Publisher program window.
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Publisher Organization Tools

Publisher offers many tools to help organize and arrange content in
your publication. Here are a few.
Baselines are evenly spaced horizontal lines that can be used to line up
text. To show Baselines:
1.! Click the View Tab
2.! Look in the “Show” group
3.! Check box next to “Baselines”
Baselines will not print. To hide Baselines, uncheck Baselines box.
Boundaries are dark blue dashed borders that appear around objects. Viewing object
boundaries can be useful to align objects or view text.
Rulers are on the left and top of the publication to help line up text, images, and other objects.
When an object is selected, a white space will appear on the rulers to show the object’s
location.
Guides are thin lines that help to align objects. There are two types of guides:
! Margin guides are blue lines that mark the edges, or margins, of a printable area; they
are automatically created when page margins are set.
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! Customizable guides are green lines that can be added anywhere in a publication. To add
them:
1.! Left-click and hold the horizontal or vertical ruler
2.! Drag the mouse to the publication
3.! Release to add the guide to a location
The guide will be placed, and it can be moved at any time by clicking and dragging
it. Page Navigation is a pane to the left that displays an image of each page in the
publication.
Scratch Area is the grey area outside the white page area. It shows objects or portions of
objects located outside page boundaries; anything in the scratch area will not print. You can
think of it as a holding space while you decide what to place and how to place it in your
publication.
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Save Your Work

To make sure you don’t lose your work on a document, you should “save early and save often.”
Let’s start by saving the document you have open in Publisher 2016:
1.! Click the green File Button near the Tabs. Learn more about “File Menu” on page 4.
2.! Click Save As. This option is for saving, or naming, a file for the first time. You may create
different versions of a file by “saving as” a new name. Learn more in “Quick Access
Toolbar” on page 3.
3.! Click “Computer”. See TIP below and “Saving With OneDrive” (page 11) for “cloud”
storage info.
4.! Click “My Documents” folder. On KCLS computers, files saved to “My Documents”
folder are erased at the end of your session. Consider a USB drive, or OneDrive for long-
term storage.
5.! Name file “My Practice Document”. Generally, choose a name that is easy to remember.
6.! Click Save.
(See picture at top of page 6.)
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! TIP: Have a Microsoft account with Outlook.com, Hotmail.com or Live.com? Microsoft

Office 2016 Programs offer “cloud” file storage through OneDrive. Click OneDrive
instead of “Computer” to log in, save the file and access anyplace through the Internet.
Learn more at bit.ly/office2016cloud.
Working With a Publication
Working'with'a'publication,'whether'new'or'preXexisting,'requires'some'planning'before'you'start.
'
Page Layout
Creating a publication from a template takes care of many choices for you, but if you use a
blank template or decide to modify a built-In template, consider important components of page
layout:
Size: Publications like flyers can be large or small. A standard

sheet of paper is 8.5 inches wide by 11 inches tall. Larger sheets
of paper can be expensive and difficult to print, so consider your
paper size. Select paper size on Templates Screen (see page 2 of
this manual), when you click “New” in the File Menu, or under
Page Design Tab.
Orientation: Do you want the publication to have landscape

orientation (wider than tall) or portrait orientation (taller than wide)?'
Margins: Margins are areas of blank space that line the edges of a printed document, so the
width of page margins can affect the look and feel of the publication. Wide margins can look
sophisticated but do not leave much space for images and text. Narrow margins can provide
much more space with which to work. You may also need to consider the following:
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! Paper type – If you need assistance for what type of paper you should use, employees at your
local office supply store may be able to help.
! Paper Color – Usually white or cream-colored paper is the best choice, but if you are
printing in grayscale or black and white, colored paper is attention-grabbing and visually
appealing.
! Delivery – Consider what type of packaging you will use and how you will add an
address. ! Post printing needs - Will your publication need cutting, folding, stapling,
or assembling?
! Printing options and settings – Before you print your publication, review Publisher
printing options and settings by clicking the File menu.
Add pictures to Slides

You can easily insert pictures into your publication from the web and other places.
Here’s how to insert pictures from the web:'
1.! Click Insert Tab.
2.! Click “Online Pictures” in Illustrations Group.
3.! Search for “New York City” in the Office.com Clip

Art box.
4.! Select a picture you like.
5.! Click Insert.
How to move a picture:

1.! Place mouse pointer over picture.
2.! Look for cross-like move arrow tool.
3.! Click and drag your shape to a new spot.
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How to re-size a picture:
1.! Click into the picture.
2.! Look for squares around the frame.
3.! Click and drag a frame square.
a.! Drag a corner out to enlarge proportionally.
b.! Drag a corner in to shrink proportionally.
Add a couple more pictures, and try re-sizing them.
Editing An Existing Publication

To practice using some of the tools in Publisher, you will edit an existing publicat
! TIP: Click the Save button on the Quick Access Toolbar intermittently, as you complete
each of the listed tasks, to ensure you do not lose your work.
Modify Some Text
1.! Right click on the default page and in the Zoom In/Zoom Out menu, change the Zoom
setting from 100% to 150%.
2.! Edit the contact information by clicking inside the text

placeholder in the third section that contains the name “Terry
McQuown”. Modify the name to “Local Librarian”.
Format Publication
1.! Click on the top-left corner of the second section to select that entire section. Then click the
Shape
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Fill command in the Format tab on the Drawing Tools ribbon. Hover over some Scheme
and/or Standard Colors to view some tooltips showing names of Shape Fill colors and
watch the fill color changes in the selected section. Select a color. How about Standard
Color Green (col 6)? Fill color is modified in second section.
2.! Highlight the text inside the text placeholder which starts with ‘There are going to be …’
Click the Text Fill command in the Format tab of the Text Box Tools ribbon. Hover over
some Scheme and/or Standard Colors to see some tooltips showing names of Text Fill
colors and watch the text fill color changes in the selected text. Select a color. How about
Scheme Color Accent 2 Gold (row 1, col 3)? Text fill color is modified in text placeholder.
! TIP: Remember, you can also make a few changes and click the Undo icon on the Quick
Access Toolbar to remove changes.
WordArt
1.! In the first section, click inside the text placeholder

that contains the word ‘Homework’ to see the
Format tab on the WordArt Tools ribbon appear.
Click the tab to view the WordArt Styles group on
the ribbon.
2.! With the cursor in the placeholder, click the dropdown arrow in the lower right hand corner
of the group and select a different style from either the Plain WordArt Styles section or the
WordArt Transform Styles section of the dropdown.
3.! With the Format tab still in focus, change the style of the placeholders for ‘Online Teen
Zone’ and ‘MySpace’.
! TIP: Click the File button and in the Backstage View, click Print to see a preview of how a
printed brochure will look. Click Close to close the publication only.
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Create a Publication from a Template

Publisher allows you to choose from various templates to create professional looking
publications. Each predesigned template has placeholders to guide your design. Once you learn
how to manipulate and change one template, you can apply those skills to other templates.
Create a Business Newsletter
1.! With New selected in the Backstage View, choose the type of publication to be created. For
this exercise, let’s create a business newsletter.
2.! Click the Business Newsletter portrait template ‘Trader News’ in the Featured View
(default).
3.! Click Create to work with the publication; name and save the file as ‘Brain News’ in the
same directory as all downloaded files.
4.! In the Navigation pane, right click and delete page 4, then both pages 2 and 3. Save it!
5.! Change the template to read about a fictional business.
INTERNET AND MAILING
The Internet is a worldwide network, connecting millions of computer users. It is an

interconnection of PC’s throughout the world through ordinary telecommunication lines and
modems.
USES OF THE INTERNET
Considering the facilities and the various tools offered, the internet has attracted various users.
The following are examples:
1. Researchers can get information
2. Individuals use it for their work or to communicate.
3. People with the same interests can share ideas i.e. special internet groups (SIG)
4. Large organizations can communicate with subsidiary companies or their suppliers.
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5. Students and school children can communicate and gather information.
6. Businessmen can advertise, communicate and sell goods.
7. Buyers can shop online.
Connection requirements
 A phone line
 A computer
 A Modem (modulator demodulator)
 Web browser and or e-mail e.g. out look or Eudors
 An Internet Service provider (ISP)
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web also known as the web or www is a massive group of electronic
documents called web pages that are linked together over the internet. Web pages house both
text , graphics and may include sound and video clips as well. The advent of the world wide
web, with it’s relative ease of use , is undoubtedly one reason for the explosion of home
computer use experience at the close 20th century. World Wide Web features
 Server provides WW W access
 Information presented as pages
 Uses html (Hyper text mark-up language) to write pages
 Pages may reference other pages (links)
 Pages may invoke programs (cgi scripts)
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Web Browsers
 Microsoft Internet Explorer
 Netscape Communicator
 Mozilla Firefox
 Opera
 Safari
A WWW server hosts a number of pages. Each page is written using a language called HTML
(Hypertext Mark – up Language). Pages can contain text, graphic images, sound, video and links
to other pages.
An Internet browser is an application. It runs on a user computer, which allows them to view
pages made available by a WWW server.
The browser interprets each HTML page and displays the information in a window. In this way
the user can be a browser each page.
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Each WWW server has a host name, and each page has a location address where it resides on a
server. Each page made available via a WWW server can be accessed using a uniform resource
locator (URL), e.g. http: www.unisa.ac.za as seen the site name is www.unisa.ac.za, which
donates the server the University of South Africa.
What Is Social Media Management?
Social media management is the process of managing your online presence on social media
platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter by creating, publishing, and analyzing content
you post.
Managing social media also includes engaging and interacting with social media users.
You can use tools, services, and social media managers to oversee your social media
management.What is a social media manager?
A social media manager, whether working as a consultant, in-house employee, or team member
at a social media agency, is a skilled professional at social media marketing, advertising, and
management. They help achieve your goals for social media, like growing your following or
social media revenue.
Why is social media management important?
Social media management offers several benefits, including:
 Cost: No matter your marketing budget, social media is a cost-effective initiative. It’s
free to join social media networks, post content, respond to user comments, and more.
Even social media advertising offers a profitable channel for reaching your audience and
building an online following.
 Reach: Social media networks, from Facebook to LinkedIn, can connect you with users
across the world. You can also use social media platforms, like Pinterest, to reach niche
audiences. Traditional marketing and advertising can’t match the reach — or price — or
social. That’s why social media management is a must for businesses.
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 Users: Incorporating social media into your marketing strategy allows you to align your
marketing initiatives with user behavior. For example, 74% of people now use social
media when making purchase decisions. Not to mention, 80% of people get advice about
purchases through social media.
 Performance: Marketers and business owners alike agree on the performance of social
media marketing and advertising. Via social, companies can build their brand and even
generate leads and sales. Almost 45% of business-to-business (B2B) marketers, for
instance, have earned a client through Facebook.With social media’s multiple
advantages, it’s worth considering for your marketing strategy.
What platforms does social media management cover?Here are some of the most common
platforms for social media management:
Social Platforms
1. Facebook 4. LinkedIn
2. Twitter 5. YouTube
3. Instagram 6. Pinterest
Facebook
With nearly two billion daily users, Facebook is a massive social media network. That’s why
agencies that offer social media management services will not only specialize in Facebook but
also recommend it due to its audience variety.
Learn more about Facebook for social media marketing:
 Demographics: Facebook offers access to several different demographics, from seniors

and youth to men and women. Plus, more than 50% of adults in the U.S. use Facebook
multiple times a day, which lets you connect with varying segments of your target
audience.
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 Uses: From a social media management perspective, Facebook is useful for building
relationships with existing and future customers. It can also help build brand loyalty,
which can encourage future purchases.
 Perks: A massive perk about Facebook is that it features a wide variety of ads and
content formats, from photos to videos to text. Even better, for more than 40% of
business-to-business (B2B) marketers, it’s led to new clients.
No matter your industry or goals, expect to use Facebook in your social media strategy.
Twitter
With 330 million monthly users, Twitter doesn’t offer the same reach as Facebook. It does,
however, provide your business access to a group of users that engage with brands daily.
Depending on your target audience, that’s an advantage.
Learn more about Twitter for social media marketing:
 Demographics: Less than 25% of U.S. adults use Twitter, but the social media platform
provides competitive access to users between the ages of 18 to 29 — more than 40% of
Twitter users are from this age group. They’re also more likely to be active on the
platform multiple times a day.
 Uses: Unlike Facebook, Twitter focuses more on news. It also emphasizes two-way
conversations between users, whether they’re a brand or consumer. If you’re looking to
engage with your target audience, Twitter is a good option.
 Perks: One advantage of Twitter is its users — they’re active and happy to engage with
other users. Twitter also features a specific audience, which is helpful if people between
the ages of 18 to 29 are in your target market.
Twitter isn’t for every company, but it does offer value to those in certain sectors.
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Instagram
With around one billion monthly users, Instagram is becoming a new standard for social media
management services. Its focus on images, as well as videos, encourages companies to come up
with creative ways to capture and engage their audiences.
Learn more about Instagram for social media marketing:
 Demographics: Instagram is a prime platform for connecting with users between the
ages of 18 to 29, as well as 30 to 49. Over 70% of Americans between 18 to 29 use
Instagram — for users between 30 to 49, the number is nearly 50%.
 Uses: Like Facebook, Instagram is useful for establishing a relationship with consumers,
as well as engaging them. Depending on your industry, you can also use Instagram to
generate new leads. That’s why retail, entertainment, and beauty businesses often use the
platform.
 Perks: A benefit of Instagram is that users love to use the platform. That’s why nearly
60% check in multiple times a day, which increases the chances that users will not only
see your posts but also interact with them.
For certain markets, Instagram is a must-have platform in your social media strategy.
LinkedIn
As the biggest professional social network in the world, LinkedIn offers access to more than 774
million users. That’s why it’s an ideal platform for businesses looking to recruit candidates, as
well as establish themselves as an industry leader.
Learn more about LinkedIn for social media marketing:
 Demographics: LinkedIn is a popular platform among college graduates — more than

half use the network. Even better, 90% of LinkedIn users are also on Facebook, which is
helpful if your strategy focuses on both platforms.
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 Uses: Like Twitter, LinkedIn is useful for sharing news-related materials, such as
company announcements or industry-specific news. It can also assist in developing
relationships with other companies, plus building your reputation via content marketing.
 Perks: LinkedIn offers a few benefits for businesses, especially B2B operations. For
B2B leads from social media, 80% come from LinkedIn. That’s why more than 60% of
marketers find it’s the most effective platform for their business.
Depending on your goals, market, and operations, LinkedIn could offer several advantages.
YouTube
With more than two billion users, YouTube offers access to more than 80% of adults in the U.S.
In response, businesses are doing more with their YouTube accounts, from creating how-to
videos to showcasing behind-the-scenes material.
Learn more about YouTube for social media marketing:
 Demographics: Like Facebook, YouTube features a wide range of users, from 18 to 65

and older. Even 49% of people 65 and older watch YouTube, while almost 83% of 50-to-
64-year-olds visit the platform.
 Uses: With YouTube, your company can provide users with informational content. A few
examples include how-to videos on your products, as well as explainer videos related to
your industry or services. These can increase user brand awareness, as well as lead to
conversions.
 Perks: A notable benefit of YouTube is that it converts more than any other social media
platform — even Facebook. That can lead to big gains for your company, especially if
you’re offering a high-priced product.
While more time-intensive than other social media outlets, YouTube is worth the investment.
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Pinterest
Pinterest has more than 450 million monthly active users, providing companies with a strong
visual focus, such as cabinet manufacturers, clothing stores, and flower shops, the chance to
connect with people in their target audience.
Learn more about Pinterest for social media marketing:
 Demographics: This social media platform features a strong female audience, with more
than 40% of women — and only 16% of men — using Pinterest. For the age groups from
18 to 64, between thirty and 40% of U.S. adults use the platform, while usage for those
65 and older is 18%.
 Uses: Pinterest is excellent for showcasing your product in a non-promotional way. For
example, you can highlight the uses and features of your goods. You can even connect
with influencers to promote your products further.
 Perks: One perk of Pinterest is that users rely on it to plan for future purchases, with one
study discovering that more than 85% of millennials use it for that purpose. As a result,
you’re connecting with consumers already planning to buy.
Depending on your audience, Pinterest is an asset to your social media management services.
Best social media management tools
If you’re excited about getting started with social media, you can make the experience (and your
productivity) even better with social media management tools. These paid and unpaid tools can
help you schedule content, respond to comments, and more.
A few of the best social media management tools include:
 Buffer: A paid tool, Buffer can help you manage social accounts, establish a posting
schedule, schedule social media posts, and more. Plus, it’s available as a mobile app to
make social media management hassle-free.
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 Hootsuite: Another paid social media management tool, Hootsuite helps you manage all
your social media platforms, reply to user questions and comments across channels, and
monitor your social media strategy’s performance via analytics.
 CoSchedule: A paid tool, CoSchedule focuses on more than managing your social media.
Schedule your social media posts, as well as build content calendars, publish blog posts,
and more.
EXERCISE
For more help finding the perfect toolkit, Check out:
 6 Best Social Media Tools for Scheduling

 4 Best Social Media Tools for Management
 7 Best Social Media Tools for Monitoring
 4 Best Social Media Tools for Automation
What does social media management include?
Due to the broad definition of social media management, it’s natural to wonder what social
media management includes. You want to know where you should focus your efforts, as well as
how much time social media will require.
Generally, social media management focuses on the following:
 Auditing your existing social media  Building your social media content
strategy calendar
 Researching your target audience  Creating platform-specific social
 Choosing your social media media content
platforms  Responding to your social media
 Creating your social media strategy followers
 Designing your social media profiles  Growing your social reach
 Developing your social media ads
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 Monitoring your social media

performance
How to get started with social media management for businesses
You know the definition of social media management and what social media management for
businesses typically focuses on — now, learn how to bring those practices to life in your social
media campaigns with this breakdown of the 11 most critical processes:
1. Auditing your existing social media strategy
Are you already marketing and advertising your business on social media? Then, you’ll want to
set aside some time to audit your existing strategy. With a social media audit, you look at what’s
working and what isn’t within your social media campaigns.
Typical steps within a social media audit include:
 Reviewing your social media goals

 Ensuring your branding across social media networks matches
 Compiling your social media metrics, like followers, engagement rate, and more
 Analyzing your social media metrics to find trends, like content preferences
 Reviewing your competitor’s social media presence
Your audit will provide immediate insight into your social media strategy. Plus, it’ll offer a
foundation for improving your campaigns so you can achieve the results your business wants to
see from social media, from more followers to better client satisfaction.
If you partner with a social media manager, they’ll take care of this step for you.
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2. Researching your target audience
Investigating your audience is a core part of social media management. If your agency — or your
company — doesn’t know who your audience is, it makes developing a social media strategy
challenging.
Know who your audience is, and you’ll know where to find them online.
That’s critical, as you want to maximize your investment in social media management. By
targeting your audience on their preferred platform, you can earn a bigger return on investment
(ROI).
As an example, imagine social media marketing for dentists. While one dentist provides pediatric
care, another offers implant services. They each operate in the health and medical sector, but
they have completely different audiences.
When their social media management services include audience research, these practices ensure
they invest their marketing budget and ad spend creating content and advertisements that target
the right users, versus anyone that needs dental care.
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Invest in social media management services, and you can expect your account manager to ask
about your target audience at the start. In some cases, an agency may take the initiative to ask
about your target audience when you call to discuss their services.
3. Choosing your social media platforms
Next, you’ll decide which social media platforms to use. Time is one of the most valuable
resources when it comes to social media management for businesses, so it’s essential to focus
your efforts on the networks that matter most to your audience.
While you should have a profile on the top social media networks, like Facebook, Twitter, and
LinkedIn, you shouldn’t divide your time between them evenly. Instead, prioritize social media
platforms by how much your audience uses them.
You can find which networks matter most to your target market by reviewing demographic data.
If you conducted a social media audit, you could also reference your engagement rates to see
which networks performed best. Check competitor activity, too.
If you use social media management services, don’t worry. Your account manager will provide
platform recommendations based on their research of your industry, audience, and goals.
4. Creating your social media strategy
Before your account manager (or your internal team) can launch your social media campaign,
they need to develop your strategy. In most cases, they’ll focus on building a strategy for each
platform due to the different roles and uses of Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and other social
media platforms.
In addition to considering your audience, they’ll also look at the following factors:
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 Your goals: What does your business want to accomplish with social media? Do you
want to build more brand awareness among consumers or establish brand loyalty among
existing clients? Or, is there another goal you want to accomplish?
 Your industry: What do audiences in your industry want to know? Are there content
gaps that your company can fill, such as with blog posts or guides that you can then share
on social media? Or, are there industry leaders you can connect with on different
platforms?
 Your brand: What is your brand voice? Do you have a set of standards or processes
when engaging with clients in a public forum? Or, how does your branding influence the
colors and media that you use?
5. Designing your social media profiles
When you create or update your social media profiles, making sure they fit with your brand is
essential.
That’s why social media management services can also include social media design. This service
focuses on creating professional images that capture your brand and make a great first
impression on users.
In most cases, social media design will focus on your account’s static images, such as the
following:
 Your Twitter header and background

 Your Facebook header, icon, and profile picture
 Your Instagram profile picture
Once they’ve designed your social media accounts — and you’ve approved of the designs —
your social media specialist can start working towards your marketing goals, such as increasing
post engagement or driving conversions.
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Depending on your business’ goals and service plan, your social media manager may develop an
advertising strategy for your company. If you want to earn more genuine followers, as well as
encourage user engagement, social media ads are essential.
Platforms, from Snapchat to Facebook, vary in their approach to ads. They feature different ad
types, as well as different goals. Facebook, for example, offers the option to create ads for
increasing brand awareness, generating leads, earning store visits, and more.
Some other ad features that your social media manager will look at include:
 Audience  Content
 Media  Calls-to-action (CTA)
These are all critical factors that influence the success of your advertisements. You may create an
ad with a compelling CTA, but if you target it to the wrong audience, you won’t see the results
you expected.
Before launching an ad campaign, you should have the chance to review and sign off on your
ads.
7. Building your social media content calendar
Another deliverable included in most social media management services is a content calendar for
each of your social media accounts. This calendar serves as a reference point for you and your
professional social media management team.
In your content calendar, which will include the current month, you can view scheduled posts for
your social media accounts. These posts may include company announcements and holiday
tidings, as well as shared content, such as a blog post from your website or an image from a
client.
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Before publishing these posts, your social media manager will likely request that you review and
approve all the content. While this requires some effort on your part, it guarantees that the only
content that goes live is the content you want.
8. Creating platform-specific content
A social media specialist does more than build a content calendar for your company — they also
create the content in it. In some cases, they may oversee every aspect of content creation, from
developing the topic to writing the copy to selecting the media.
To create the best possible content, however, many social media specialists will work with
graphic designers and copywriters. The result is a piece of content that resonates with users and
accomplishes your company’s goals.
If your calendar includes content from a third party — maybe you’re sharing an influencer’s blog
post that mentions your product — your social media manager will ensure they have the
appropriate link and caption to share on your social media accounts.
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9. Responding to your social media followers
A day-to-day responsibility included with many social media management services is interacting
with your followers and commenters. For many businesses, this service is invaluable as it has a
direct impact on brand awareness and brand loyalty.
As a part of this service, your social media manager will adhere to your brand and company
standards when engaging with your followers. They’ll also respond to users that leave negative
comments, such as about a bad experience.
For social media users, your company’s interaction with them demonstrates that you care. In
many industries, that will set your business apart from your competitors. It can even become a
selling point for consumers, especially since more than 65% of people use social media for
customer service.
10. Growing your social reach
Ads are not the only way that your social media specialist will increase your followers and social
media presence. As a part of your social media management services, your provider may reach
out to influencers and trusted organizations in your industry.
That can lead to coverage of your company by those individuals, which can connect you with
their followers. The result is more exposure for your brand, as well as the chance to earn more
followers and clients.
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If you sell kitchen cabinets, for example, an influencer could highlight your product as a
purchase for their renovated kitchen. They’ll create a post highlighting the experience on their
social media account, which you can then share to yours.
It’s a chance for you, as well as another organization, to gain coverage.
11. Monitoring your social media performance
A critical part of social media management is monitoring the performance of your efforts. That’s
why your team of social media specialists will track the performance of your ads, as well as
creative content, and share those results with you.
When you invest in social media management services — or any digital marketing service — it’s
essential that you partner with an agency that not only monitors the performance of your social
media accounts but also reacts when that performance drops.
You want a partner that develops an action plan for improving low performance too — not
someone that excuses it. Adopt this mindset, and you’ll find the best agency for your business.
That kind of partnership leads to better results and a better ROI.
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How much does social media management cost?
On average, companies spend $4000 to $7000 per month on social media management. This
investment includes building and maintaining a social media marketing and advertising strategy,
as well as a monthly ad spend and tool subscriptions.
Depending on your business, you may have higher or lower social media management costs. You
can use this price range, however, to establish a realistic budget for your social media marketing
and advertising strategy.
Why invest in social media management services?
Social media offers your company a tremendous opportunity to grow your brand and your
business. It’s a challenge, though, for many organizations, especially small-to-midsized
businesses (SMBs), to set aside the time and resources for social media management.
That’s why many invest in social media management services, which offer the following
advantages:
 Save yourself time: Time is one the most common reasons companies abandon social
media. When you hire a social media agency, you get a partner that handles all your
social media efforts. You save time without sacrificing a revenue-driving channel.
 Get a social media expert: Professional social media management services also partner
you with an expert. You don’t have to worry about the time or cost of hiring a social
media specialist in-house. Instead, you can immediately access the expertise of one.
 Maintain a quality strategy: A social media agency also ensures your social media
strategy remains active and top-notch. They continuously (and proactively) monitor and
improve your approach to drive the results you want, from brand awareness to follows to
sales.
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 Achieve aggressive goals: Like most companies, your business probably wants
measurable results from social media. You may even have some ambitious goals, like
achieving a certain follower count. A specialized social
How To Install and Configure printer Windows 10
Like its predecessors, Windows 10 also supports different types of printers. You can add a local
printer, shared Printer, add a printer using TCP/IP address, add a Bluetooth, wireless or network
discoverable printer, or add a local/network printer with manual settings. Here How To Install
and Configure Printer in Windows 10.
Local printer Vs. Shared Printer Vs. Network printer
1. A local printer is one that is directly connected to a specific computer via USB cable.
This Printer is only accessible from that particular workstation and, therefore, can only
service one computer at a time.
2. Shared Printer directly connected to PC using LPT or printer port and then PC share it
on the subnet. Shared Printer is suitable for small Office Network where if you have 8-10
computers. You can Share the locally installed Printer and Access it from Other
computers for printing purposes.
3. The network printer has a network interface card, and it is directly connected to LAN
via Ethernet cable. It has its own ip address and accessible throughout the subnet.
Add Local Printer in Windows 10
Looking for manually Add A local Printer on Your windows 10 computer. First Note down the
printer model number, Then visit the printer manufacturer website and download the suitable
driver for your Printer. Otherwise, if you have a new printer then a driver installation You will
find on box pack. Download the driver and save it to a folder or copy the printer driver from
media drive which you receive from the printer box.
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Now First, connect the Printer to your computer using a USB cable, And Turn on
the Printer using its power button. Next, On your computer, click on the Start button ->
choose Settings -> click on Devices -> Printers & Scanners, Then click on Add a Printer or
Scanner options As shown below image.
When you click on ‘Add Printer or Scanner’ Windows 10 will start scanning for connected
printers and should automatically detect your Printer. Once connected Printer will appear in the
scan results, click on the name of the Printer and follow the instructions (On screen) to finish the
installation of the local Printer.
Windows Fails To Detect Your Printer
If In certain cause Windows may not be able to detect the connected Printer, follow the steps
below to find your connected Printer. Click on The Printer that I want isn’t listed link.
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On the next screen, select “Add a local printer or network printer with manual settings” and
click Next.
On Next Screen Select Use an existing port and click next. Now select the printer manufacturer
and printer model number, If your Printer not listed select on Have Disk and select the driver
path which you download before.
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Click next and follow onscreen instructions to complete the installation of the Printer. In the next
few windows, you will be asked to provide a name for the Printer (enter a descriptive name).
You will also be able to choose whether you want to share this Printer with others on the
network. Finally, the printer setup Wizard will let you print a text page (optional) and you can
click on Finish to complete the printer installation.
Printing Documents in Word 2010
Printing Documents
The following steps will help you print your Microsoft Word document.
Step 1 − Open the document for which you want to see the preview. Next click the File tab
followed by the Print option which will display a preview of the document in the right column.
You can scroll up or scroll down your document to walk through the document using given
Scrollbar. The middle column gives various options to be set before you send your document to
the printer.
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Step 2 − You can set various other printing options available. Select from among the following
options, depending on your preferences.
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So Option and Description
Copies
1
Set the number of copies to be printed; by default, you will have one copy of the document.
Print Custom Range
2 This option will be used to print a particular page of the document. Type the number in
Pages option, if you want to print all the pages from 7 till 10 then you would have to specify
this option as 7-10 and Word will print only 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th pages.
Print One Sided
3
By default, you print one side of the page. There is one more option where you will turn up
your page manually in case you want to print your page on both sides of the page.
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Collated
4
By default, multiple copies will print Collated; if you are printing multiple copies and you
want the copies uncollated, select the Uncollated option.
Orientation
5
By default, page orientation is set to Portrait; if you are printing your document in
landscape mode then select the Landscape mode.
A4
6
By default, the page size is A4, but you can select other page sizes available in the dropdown
list.
Custom Margin
7 Click the Custom Margins dropdown list to choose the document margins you want to use.
For instance, if you want to print fewer pages, you can create narrower margins; to print with
more white space, create wider margins.
1 Page Per Sheet
8 By default, the number of pages per sheet is 1 but you can print multiple pages on a single
sheet. Select any option you like from the given dropdown list by clicking over the 1 Page
Per Sheet option.
Step 3 − Once you are done with your setting, click on the Print button which will send your
document to the printer for final printing.
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How to scan a document
1. Turn on the scanner.

2. Locate the software for the scanner on your computer. If you don't have the software that
came with the scanner, most versions of Windows have a Windows Fax and Scan
program installed, which works with most scanners.
3. Count the number of pages you want to scan. If you are working with only one side of the
page, we recommend using the flatbed, shown in the first picture below. If you are using
either multiple pages or one page needing both sides scanned, you need a scanner with a
feeder port, shown in the second picture below.
Example of a flatbed on a scanner
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Example of a feeder on a scanner
1. When using the Windows Fax and Scan software, you need to verify at the bottom left of
the computer screen that Scanner is selected, not Fax.
2. Put the page(s) that needs to be scanned on the flatbed or in the feeder. Most scanners
have directions on how to insert the paper, either face up or face down. Especially when
using the feeder, make sure the paper is seated correctly so it is grabbed correctly.
3. In the scanner software, click the New Scan or similar option.
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1. In the New Scan window, you'll need to change any settings that might apply from the
available options. For example, options may include Profile, Source, Paper size (if not
letter size), Color format, File type, Resolution (DPI), Brightness, and Contrast.
Change each of these depending on the type of document you are scanning.
1. Once those options are changed, click Scan.
Saving the document
1. After all the pages are scanned, a screen pops up showing the scanned pages. Make sure
all pages are showing on the screen. If not, you need to re-scan the document.
2. If using the Windows Fax and Scan program, at the top middle of the screen, click Save
as, or you can click File, then click Save as.
3. In the pop-up window, choose the Save in location, then type in the desired file name.
Then, change the Save as type to .jpg, .bmp, .gif, .tiff, or .png, depending on your
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preference. We recommend saving any photos as .jpg, and any documents as .tiff. Saving
documents as a .tiff reduces their size, making it easier to send by e-mail and similar
programs.
4. Once you've made the selections, click Save.
Computer Ethics
What are Ethics?
Ethics deals with placing a “value” on acts according to whether they are “good” or “bad”.
Every society has its rules about whether certain acts are ethical or not. These rules have been
established as a result of consensus in society and are often written into laws.
Ethics are a structure of standards and practices that influence how people lead their lives. It is
not strictly implemented to follow these ethics, but it is basically for the benefit of everyone that
we do.
Ethics are unlike laws that legally mandate what is right or wrong. Ethics illustrate society’s
views about what is right and what is wrong.
Computer Ethics
Computer ethics are a set of moral standards that govern the use of computers. It is society’s
views about the use of computers, both hardware and software. Privacy concerns, intellectual
property rights and effects on society are some of the common issues of computer ethics.
Privacy Concerns
 Hacking – is unlawful intrusion into a computer or a network. A hacker can intrude

through the security levels of a computer system or network and can acquire unauthorised
access to other computers.
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 Malware – means malicious software which is created to impair a computer system.

Common malware are viruses, spyware, worms and trojan horses. A virus can delete
files from a hard drive while a spyware can collect data from a computer.
 Data Protection – also known as information privacy or data privacy is the process of
safeguarding data which intends to influence a balance between individual privacy rights
while still authorising data to be used for business purposes.
 Anonymity – is a way of keeping a user’s identity masked through various applications.
Intellectual Property Rights
 Copyright – is a form of intellectual property that gives proprietary publication,

distribution and usage rights for the author. This means that whatever idea the author
created cannot be employed or disseminated by anyone else without the permission of the
author.
 Plagiarism – is an act of copying and publishing another person’s work without proper
citation. It’s like stealing someone else’s work and releasing it as your own work.
 Cracking – is a way of breaking into a system by getting past the security features of the
system. It’s a way of skipping the registration and authentication steps when installing a
software.
 Software License – allows the use of digital material by following the license agreement.
Ownership remains with the original copyright owner, users are just granted licenses to
use the material based on the agreement.
Effects on Society
 Jobs – Some jobs have been abolished while some jobs have become simpler as
computers have taken over companies and businesses. Things can now be done in just
one click whereas before it takes multiple steps to perform a task. This change may be
considered unethical as it limits the skills of the employees.
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o There are also ethical concerns on health and safety of employees getting sick
from constant sitting, staring at computer screens and typing on the keyboard or
clicking on the mouse.
 Environmental Impact – Environment has been affected by computers and the internet
since so much time spent using computers increases energy usage which in turn increases
the emission of greenhouse gases.
o There are ways where we can save energy like limiting computer time and turning
off the computer or putting on sleep mode when not in use. Buying energy
efficient computers with Energy Star label can also help save the environment.
 Social Impact – Computers and the internet help people stay in touch with family and
friends. Social media has been very popular nowadays.
o Computer gaming influenced society both positively and negatively. Positive
effects are improved hand-eye coordination, stress relief and improved strategic
thinking. Negative effects are addiction of gamers, isolation from the real world
and exposure to violence.
o Computer technology helps the government in improving services to its
citizens. Advanced database can hold huge data being collected and analysed by
the government.
o Computer technology aids businesses by automating processes, reports and
analysis.
The Ten Commandments of computer ethics have been defined by the Computer Ethics
Institute. Here is our interpretation of them:
1) Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people: If it is unethical to harm people by
making a bomb, for example, it is equally bad to write a program that handles the timing of the
bomb. Or, to put it more simply, if it is bad to steal and destroy other people’s books and
notebooks, it is equally bad to access and destroy their files.
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2) Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work: Computer viruses are small
programs that disrupt other people’s computer work by destroying their files, taking huge
amounts of computer time or memory, or by simply displaying annoying messages. Generating
and consciously spreading computer viruses is unethical.
3) Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's files: Reading other people’s e-mail
messages is as bad as opening and reading their letters: This is invading their privacy. Obtaining
other people’s non-public files should be judged the same way as breaking into their rooms and
stealing their documents. Text documents on the Internet may be protected by encryption.
4) Thou shalt not use a computer to steal: Using a computer to break into the accounts of a
company or a bank and transferring money should be judged the same way as robbery. It is
illegal and there are strict laws against it.
5) Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness: The Internet can spread untruth as fast
as it can spread truth. Putting out false "information" to the world is bad. For instance, spreading
false rumors about a person or false propaganda about historical events is wrong.
6) Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid: Software is an
intellectual product. In that way, it is like a book: Obtaining illegal copies of copyrighted
software is as bad as photocopying a copyrighted book. There are laws against both. Information
about the copyright owner can be embedded by a process called watermarking into pictures in
the digital format.
7) Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization: Multiuser
systems use user id’s and passwords to enforce their memory and time allocations, and to
safeguard information. You should not try to bypass this authorization system. Hacking a
system to break and bypass the authorization is unethical.
8) Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output: For example, the programs
you write for the projects assigned in this course are your own intellectual output. Copying
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somebody else’s program without proper authorization is software piracy and is unethical.
Intellectual property is a form of ownership, and may be protected by copyright laws.
9) Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write: You have to
think about computer issues in a more general social framework: Can the program you write be
used in a way that is harmful to society? For example, if you are working for an animation house,
and are producing animated films for children, you are responsible for their contents. Do the
animations include scenes that can be harmful to children?
10) Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect: Just like public
buses or banks, people using computer communications systems may find themselves in
situations where there is some form of queuing and you have to wait for your turn and generally
be nice to other people in the environment. The fact that you cannot see the people you are
interacting with does not mean that you can be rude to them.
ADOBE INDESIGN
OVERVIEW
InDesign is a document layout program that has extensive typographic controls, page design
capabilities, and customization options. You can add, create, import, and arrange text and
graphics and then place them anywhere on the page. InDesign can be used for single page
documents (such as fliers) or multi-page documents (such as chapters or brochures). In
addition, pages can have single or multiple columns, and text can be threaded throughout a
document (just like a newspaper article that starts on one page and ends on a different page).
TOOLS
The InDesign Toolbox is shown to the right. To find out the name of a particular tool, hold
your mouse over the tool until the yellow tip pops up. If a tool has a small arrow in the lower
right corner, it has more than one option. Click and hold on the tool, slide over to the option
you wish to use, and release the mouse. If you’d like to know more about a particular tool, go
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to the Help menu and choose InDesign Help…. The following is a list of commonly used
tools:
• The Selection Tool ( ) allows you to select entire objects (including text boxes) to
move or resize.
• The Type Tool ( ) lets you create text frames and select text. The Type on a Path
Tool (grouped with the Type Tool) lets you create and edit text that takes the shape of a
certain shape you specify.
• The Fill Tool ( ) and the Stroke Tool ( ) are overlapped ( ) and perform similar
color-selecting options for different areas. Double-clicking on either will prompt the
Color Picker dialog box where you can modify the colors for either the fill or the
stroke. The Stroke Tool will modify the color of the outline of your object or text,
while the Fill Tool will modify the color within your outlines.
PANELS
Panels are a collection of settings for specific element
such as pages, stroke, color and so on. In the example
at the right, the Stroke Panel is selected, and in the
popout window, you can see Weight: (how thick is the
line), Type: (solid, dashed, etc.). There are panel
groups based on the workspace you are using, but you
can always go to the Window menu and choose to show any panel at any time.
PAGES
To add, delete or duplicate pages, go to the Layout menu and then Pages. To view
different pages in your document use the Pages Panel or the navigation at the
bottom left of the screen (see image at right). If you do not see the Pages Panel, go
to the Window menu and select Pages. See page 12 for more information on
working with the Master page.
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SETTING UP YOUR DOCUMENT
By default, InDesign defaults to pica as the unit of measurement, something unfamiliar to most
people. Change this by going to the Edit menu, then Preferences, and then choose Units &
Increments (on the Mac, go to the InDesign menu, choose Preferences, and then Units &
Increments). In the Ruler Units section, change the Horizontal and Vertical pulldown menus
to inches (or centimeters).
If the splash screen shows when you open InDesign, you can choose Document in the New
column, or go to the File menu, choose New, and then select Document…
NEW DOCUMENT DIALOG BOX

When you create a new InDesign document, the New Document dialog box appears.
1. Select a standard page size from the Page Size: pulldown menu – the dimensions will
appear automatically in the dimensions boxes. Or, choose your own by typing in the
Width: and Height: boxes.
2. Set the Orientation: to Tall (Portrait) or Wide (Landscape).
3. Set Number of Pages: - you can always change this

later.
4. If the Facing Pages box is checked, the labels are

changed in the Margins: section. The inside margin
is on the right side of even numbered pages and on
the left side of odd numbered pages. The Outside
margins are correspondingly reversed. When
Facing Pages is deselected, InDesign changes Inside
and Outside to Left and Right margins, respectively.
5. Choose the number of columns you want for your document in the Columns: box (like
everything else here, you can change this later).
6. Click OK when you’ve finished setting up your document.
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CHANGING SETTINGS LATER

If you change your mind about what settings you have applied, you can always modify them
later.
• Deselect Facing Pages: go to the File menu and select Document Setup….
• Change number of columns: go to the Layout menu and selecting Margins and
Columns….
• Change margins: go to the Layout menu and selecting Margins and Columns….
When adjusting the margins, pay attention to whether the linked icon is selected. If it is
linked ( ), making a change for one of the margins will make the others change as
well; if it is not linked ( ), each margin will remain independent of each other.
WORKING WITH TEXT
You can create text directly in InDesign or import it from an existing file. All text in Adobe
InDesign resides inside containers, called text frames. Text frames can be moved, resized,
and otherwise manipulated. Also, text frames can be connected (or threaded) to other text
frames so that if there is too much to fit into one frame, the text automatically flows into
another frame placed elsewhere on that page or another page. Text that flows through one or
more threaded frames is called a story.
CREATING A NEW TEXT FRAME

Select the Type Tool ( ) from the Toolbox. Click on your document where you want your
text, drag a box with your mouse, and begin typing in the box.
TIP: If you can’t read your text as you start typing, go to the View menu and
Zoom In, or change the font size (see the Formatting Text section on page
6).
• To move a text frame, select it by clicking on it once with the Selection
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(Pointer) Tool ( ) (located in the Toolbox). Once it is selected, click and hold, then
move it to the new position and release the mouse button.
• To resize a text frame, select it by clicking once with the Pointer. Click on the “handles”
on the border of the text block and drag until you have the correct new size.
If you see a red plus sign in the lower right of your text box (see below), it means that
there is too much text (or the font is too big) to fit inside the text box. Make sure you’re
on the black Pointer tool and then click and hold on one of the corner handles and drag
the box until it is big enough to fit your text.
PLACING (INSERTING) EXISTING TEXT

Unlike most programs, InDesign doesn’t have an Insert menu. Even so, you can import text
and graphics by going to the File menu and using the Place command. You can place your
text into preset text frames, or you can create a new frame as you place the text.
1. Go to the File menu and select Place.
2. Navigate to your document and click Open. Your cursor turns into the Place icon (
). Click in your document where you’d like the text to be placed – the text box will fill
the spaces between the margins. Remember, you can always move and resize it.
a. If you want the text to automatically flow to the next column or page, hold down
the Shift key on the keyboard as you place your text and a slightly different icon
will appear ( ). Now pages will be automatically created as needed.
b. If you hold down the Alt key instead, you will still get the autoflow icon ( ),
but it will not automatically create new pages. As you click on your document, if
there is
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more text, the icon will remain. Click again somewhere else to place the rest of
the text.
c. You can also designate the size of your text block by clicking and dragging a
square as you place the text.
Note that if you place text from Word, the Word styles will carry over and can be edited as
described in the Formatting Text section below.
THREADING FRAMES
In addition to having independent text frames, you can have text that flows between frames.
Each text frame has an in port (in the upper left of the text frame) and an out port (in the lower
right of the text frame).
1. Create the text frames with the Type Tool ( ) as described above. In Port Box
2. To thread frames together so the text flows between them, click once on
the out port of the first text frame, then click anywhere within the next
frame (you should see a chain icon appear as you roll your mouse over the Out Port Box
box to click it).
3. When you add text to the first frame, if it’s long enough, it will automatically flow to
the second frame. If you resize the first frame, the text in the second will adjust.
TYPING INSIDE AND ALONG THE EDGE OF SHAPES

In addition to rectangle text frames as described in the two previous sections above, you can
also create shapes to contain your text or format text to flow along the path of any shape. If
you want the text inside the shape, use the Rectangle Frame Tool ( ); if you want your text
along the edge of the shape, use the Rectangle Tool ( ) or the Pencil Tool ( ) to create a
line for the text to follow. Remember, you can click and hold on the tool to select an ellipse or
polygon instead.
1. Create a shape as described in the Shapes on page 9. (Be sure to use either the Frame
Tool for text inside the shape and the Rectangle Tool or the Pencil Tool for text along
the edge).
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2. To type inside the shape, select the Text Tool, and begin typing inside
the shape. To fit the shape to the text, select the object with the
Selection (Pointer) Tool ( ) then go to the Object menu, Fitting,
then Fit Frame to Content.
3. To type along the edge of the shape, choose the Type on a Path Tool (
) from the Toolbox (click and hold the Type Tool until it displays
and then choose it) and then click once to create a full path (all the way around the
shape) or click and drag around the shape for a partial path. Once the path is created,
type the text.
Resize, move, change, and adjust the colors of the shape as describe in the Shapes section.
Format your text as described below. When you type on a path (around the shape or on a line),
you can only have one line of text unless you’ve threaded it to another path or text frame.
ALIGNING THE TEXT AROUND THE SHAPE

Where you start and end your text path determines its position on the shape. So, in the
example at the right, even though the Paragraph Panel is set to center, the text is not centered
on the shape. You can reposition the path on the shape by dragging either the start or end
point.
You can also go to the Type menu, then Type on Path, the Options
to change the path from Rainbow to Stair Step, etc.
FORMATTING TEXT
Modifying your text is done in a similar fashion as in Word. Make sure you’re using the Text
Tool, highlight the text you want to change and go to the Type menu or Character Panel. To
open the panel, go to the Window menu, select Types & Tables and then Character.
Again, similar to Microsoft Word, especially for longer documents, you may want to
create/edit styles, rather than change individual pieces of text. Styles define the appearance of
text elements throughout your document and if you change a style, any element identified with
that style will then be changed in the document.
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You can add effects to the text of a frame, such as a drop shadow, by going to the Objects
menu and selecting the desired effect. For more information about effects, see the Adding
Effects section on page 10. The effects work the same for text and graphics, based on what is
selected.
A SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FONTS

Note that with some fonts, you may not have as many formatting options as you would in
Word. For example, in InDesign, you may choose a font that you can’t make bold. You
would need to add that specific font (i.e., Comic Sans MS bold) to your system fonts.
CONTROLLING YOUR TEXT WITH STYLES

Depending on what you are trying to do, you may need both
character styles and paragraph styles. Some attributes such
as bold, italic, and font can be either at the character or
paragraph level. Other settings, such as tabs, alignment, etc.
can only be done at the paragraph level. Decide if you are
trying to effect whole paragraphs or just certain words, and
make the appropriate style choice. To create a paragraph
style, for example,
1. Go to the Window menu, then Styles and then Paragraph Styles.
2. In the Paragraph Styles Panel, click on the new style icon ( ) at the bottom of the
panel.
3. Double-click the new style, and the Paragraph Style Options dialog box appears. Give
the style a name, (rather than just “Paragraph Style 1”) by typing in the Style Name:
box.
4. Use the categories at the left of the dialog box to change tabs, justification, font,
indents, color and so on.
5. Click OK to exit the dialog box.
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Now that you’ve created the style, apply it to your

text by highlighting your text then clicking on the
style.
Note that if you place text from Microsoft Word, the
Word styles will carry over and can be edited as
paragraph styles described above.
Use the same steps as above for character styles in the Character Styles Panel and the
Character Style Options dialog box.
ADDING DROP CAPS TO YOUR DOCUMENT

You can start the first sentence of each of your paragraphs with a
special capital letter by creating a Drop Cap.
1. Select the letter and open the Paragraph Panel.
2. In the Drop Caps field ( ), you can select the number

of lines you would like your dropped cap to span. In this example, the Drop Cap is set
at 2 lines.
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CHANGING COLOR FOR TEXT AND GRAPHICS
You can change the color of text, shapes you make, and
the outline of pictures you place in your document.
When modifying color, you can change either the
stroke (the outline of an object or text) or the fill (the 1 area
enclosed by the stroke). In circle 1 at the right, for
example, the fill is dark blue ( ) and the stroke ( ) is
teal. The icons for each overlap each other, and the icon 2
in front shows which is selected. The two-headed arrow between the two will swap the
colors, so in circle 2 the fill is now green and the stroke is now yellow. The same
principle applies to text as well.
To change colors on an object or text,
1. Select the object or highlight the text.
2. Click the Color Panel Group to open the Color Panel.
3. Double-click on the Fill icon in the Color Panel (or

Stroke icon, as appropriate).
4. In the dialog box that appears, use thin color bar to select the hue, and then click on a
specific color in the large color box.
5. Once you have the color you want, click OK.

You can change the stroke color of a placed image, but not the fill. You can also change the
stroke thickness of the placed image as described below.
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CHANGING THE STROKE

You can change the thickness of the stroke (outline
around the text box or object) as well as change the
type.
• Change the thickness in Weight: field.

• Change the line style in the Type: field.
• Change the style of the beginning or
end in with Start: or End: fields.
WORKING WITH GRAPHICS
IMAGES
To add an image to an InDesign document, you must Place it, just like we placed text.
1. Make sure the Selection Tool is selected and go to the File menu and select Place (if
you have the Text Tool selected, the image will get placed as part of the text instead of
independently).
2. Navigate to the location of your image file.
3. Click OK and the cursor will turn into the Place icon. Click in your document where
you’d like the graphic to be placed.
To move an image, use the Selection Tool to click and drag it to its new location.
To hide part of the image, drag the “handles” with the Selection Tool.
To fit a graphic in a specific frame, go to the Object menu and then select Fitting. Choose the
appropriate option for your needs.
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To resize the entire image by scale, select the image, then

go to the Object menu, select Transform, and finally select
Scale. Here, you have the choice to adjust the image on a
uniform or non-uniform scale. If the Link icon (circled at
right) is on, the image will scale proportionately. If it is
unselected, then you can change either the X or the Y
without affecting the other. You can also use the Scale Tool ( ) in the Toolbox.
SHAPES
In addition to placing image files, you can also create shapes. Once you create the shape, you
can change the fill color, resize it and so on.
1. Create a shape by choosing the Rectangle Tool ( ) – click and hold to select the
Ellipse or Polygon Tool instead.
2. Click and hold on your document to create the shape.
3. If you want a different shape, go to the Object menu, then Convert Shape,
then whichever chose you’d like.
4. To change the look of the shape – for example, to extend one leg of a triangle
– choose the Direct Select Tool (the white pointer) and then click and drag one of the
“handles”.
To move an image, use the Selection Tool to click and drag it to its new location.
To resize the shape, drag the “handles” with the Selection Tool – hold down the Shift key to
keep it proportionate.
To create lines, use either the Line Tool ( ) or the Pencil Tool ( ). The Pencil Tool allows
you to freehand, while the Line Tool is only straight.
ARRANGING OBJECTS AND TEXT

As you add graphics and text to your document, they may start to overlap.
1. Select the object/text box, and then go to the Object menu and choose Arrange.
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2. Choose the appropriate option (in the case at right, the arrow was selected, and then we
chose Send to Back).
ALIGNING OBJECTS
1. Select the object/text box, hold down the Shift key, and then select
the other object(s).
2. In the Options Palette (at the top, below the menus),

choose the icon that represents the alignment you
desire. If you want both vertical and horizontal
alignment, you must first do one, then the other.
3. If the objects don’t do what you expect, verify what

they are set to align to (see picture at right).
ADDING EFFECTS
Just like Photoshop, you can add a feather, a drop shadow,
or other effects to any object, including text boxes.
1. Select the object/text, then go to the Objects menu,

select Effects, and then choose and effect such as
Bevel and Emboss or Drop Shadow.
2. Check the Preview box in the lower left corner so you can see what your change will
look like.
3. Choose what you’d like to apply the effect to in the Settings for: pulldown menu – if
you choose Object, it will apply the effect to both the object and the text inside if you
have any.
4. Make your changes then click OK.
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While you are in the dialog box, you can add more than one effect. If you check the checkbox,
you will get the default settings; if you click directly on the words (for example, on the words
Drop Shadow), then the right side of the dialog box will change to that
effect and you can customize the exact effect.
EMBEDDING IMAGES
When InDesign places images into a document it links to the location of
the file on the computer, it doesn’t embed it. This means that if you don’t
take the image(s) with you, they may not display correctly on a different
computer. To embed the images in the InDesign file,
1. Click on the Links Panel to display all the links in the document.
2. Right-click on the image in the list and choose Embed Link.
3. A new icon will display next to the file name in the Links Panel.
WRAPPING TEXT AROUND A GRAPHIC
Similar to Microsoft Word, InDesign allows you to wrap text around a graphic, or have the
text over/under the graphic.
1. Make sure the object is selected. If you can’t seem to select it, it could be because your
text is on top of it and the graphic is behind your text. Click
once on the text block, go to the Object menu, then to
Arrange, and select Send to Back. This will send the
selected element (in this case, the text block) to the back, so
you can now select the graphic.
2. Go to the Window menu and select Text Wrap. You can

choose different options for wrapping in the dialog box that
appears. (Note: The following descriptions are part of
Adobe InDesign’s online help.) With your image selected, choose one of the following
options:
a. Jump Object ( ) keeps text from appearing in any
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available space to the right or left of the frame (text will only appear above and
below the image).
b. Jump to Next Column ( ) forces the surrounding paragraph to the top of the
next text column or text frame. (Note: You may have to specify threading for this
to work. See the Threading Frames section of this handout on page 5).
c. Wrap Around Bounding Box ( ) creates a rectangular wrap whose width and
height are determined by the box surrounding the selected object.
d. Wrap Around Object Shape ( ) also known as contour wrapping, creates a text
wrap boundary that is the same shape as the frame you have selected (plus or
minus any offset distances you specify).
If you’d like the text to wrap to the edge of the content, choose Detect Edges
from the Contour Options Type pulldown. Once you see little dots around the
edge of the content (middle picture below), click on the Selection Tool in the
Toolbox and click once again on the image. Then go to the Object menu, select
Arrange…, then Send to Back (last picture below).
WORKING WITH THE MASTER PAGE
A master page is a nonprinting page that you can use as the template for the rest of the pages
in your document. Master pages can contain text and graphic elements that will appear on all
pages of a publication (i.e. headers, footers, page numbers, etc.) By default, every InDesign
document you create contains two masters, one for pages on the left and one for those on the
right. If you’re working with a single page document, you don’t need to worry about master
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pages. However, if you’re creating a multi-page document such as a newsletter, book, or

catalog, master pages are one of InDesign’s most powerful features.
To view the default InDesign Master Page:
1. Make sure the Pages Panel is showing by going to the Window menu, then clicking
Pages.
2. Double-click on A-Master in the Pages Panel to display

the Master Page. Remember, there is a left and a right
page to the master, so be sure you are on the page you want to be.
Alternatively, you can use the navigation tool at the bottom left of the screen to choose the
AMaster page.
You are now able to make global edits to your document by inserting text boxes and graphics
the same way you would on the normal pages. You can also add columns that will affect all
pages related to the master.
INSERTING PAGE NUMBERS

A very common use of the master is to add page numbers. To insert a page number place
holder on the master:
1. Draw the text box where you would like the page number to appear on each page.
2. Go to the Type menu, choose Insert Special Character, then Markers, then Current
Page Number.
3. You’ll notice on the master the letter “A” has appeared in the text box. This is just a
text placeholder to show that page numbers will appear on each page.
You may want adjust the margins so that your page number placeholder is below the space
where
the text will flow on the pages.
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INSERTING RUNNING HEADER/FOOTERS

In addition to page numbers, you may want to add a Running Header or Footer that
automatically pulls from styles you’ve used in the document (for example, Heading 1 for
chapter titles).
1. Draw the text box where you would like the header to appear on
each page.
2. Go to the Type menu, choose Text Variables, Insert Variable,

and then Running Header.
3. Go back to the Type menu, Text Variables, Define, and then

click the Edit button.
4. In the Edit Text Variable dialog box, choose Heading 1 from

the Style pulldown menu, then click OK.
5. If you now go to any of your pages, you’ll see the appropriate Heading 1 at the
top of each page.
OVERRIDING THE MASTER
On occasion, you may need to change something about the master just on
one page – for example, you don’t want the page number to display on the
first page of a chapter. You can do this without creating a whole new
master, but rather just override the one you are currently using.
1. In the Pages Panel right-click on the page icon for the page you want
to change.
2. From the options, choose Override All Master Page Items.
3. You can now click on any element on the page and change or delete it.
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MULTIPLE MASTERS
You can create as many masters as you want or need – for example, you
want a colored box down the left margin of just some pages; you could
create a master that has this look, and then apply it to only the pages that
need it.
1. To add a new master, go to the Pages Panel, click on the far right
arrow with three lines (circled at right) and choose New Master….
2. In the subsequent dialog box, give it a name if you want and then
click OK.
3. Select the appropriate master to change by double-clicking it, and

then edit it as you wish.
4. To apply it to a page, drag the master icon onto the page icon in the Pages Panel, or
right-click on the page icon and choose Apply Master to Pages and choose the correct
master for the page.
PRINTING BOOKLETS
InDesign allows you to set up your document to print in several book-like formats or printer
spreads. Printer spreads are used in professional printing and refer to the layout of pages where
two or more pages are printed on the same sheet of paper. For example, in a normal 10-page
document each page 1 through 10 would appear sequentially on separate sheets. However, if
you were to create a printer spread, page one would print on the same sheet as page ten, page
two on the same sheet as page 9, etc. As a result, once the pages are collated and folded, they
end up in the appropriate order. Keep in mind that you need to set your document up
correctly for this to work. For example, two 8.5x11 pages with two columns each is NOT
the same as four 4.25x5.5 pages. For the saddle stitch booklet printing to work, you would
need the second option.
PRINTING YOUR DOCUMENT AS A BOOKLET

To change the layout of your document to a printer spread:
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1. Go to the File menu and select Print Booklet…. The Print Booklet dialog box
appears.
2. To change the layout of your entire document to printer spread, select All next to
Pages:.
If you would only like to change the layout of part of your document, select Range.
(Note: You should separate consecutive page numbers with a hyphen and
nonconsecutive page numbers with a comma, (ex: 1-3, 6, 9)).
3. The process of creating a printer spread in a document with a normal layout is called
imposition. InDesign provides 3 types of imposition:
a. 2-up Saddle Stitch: Creates a 2 page, side by side printer spread.
b. 2-up Perfect Bound: Creates a 2 page, side by side printer spread that specifies the
signature size. Signatures in printing refer to the sections of a book that are made
from the same sheet of paper. Signatures are usually grouped in multiples of four.
c. Consecutive: Creates a 2, 3, or 4 page foldout booklet or brochure.

Choose the appropriate type of imposition for your document under the Booklet Type:
pulldown menu.
4. Adjust margins as needed, and click the Print

Settings button to change any other print
options that you would like to apply to your
document.
5. Select the Summary category on the left side

if you would like to see a list of the options
you have applied.
You can also preview the layout of your imposed
document.
6. Select the Preview category.
7. Verify that the layout setting will work for your document and Click Print.
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Computer Packages Training Manual

Bsc. Medical Laboratory Sciences (Murang'a University of Technology)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

What Is Social Media Management? .................................................................................................. 101

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

A SPECIAL NOTE ABOUT FONTS ............................................................................................ 138

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

1. Computer: It is an electronic device (machine) that performs Arithmetic and logical

4. Arithmetic Operations – These are calculations done by the computer.

5. Logic Operations – This is the arrangement and rearrangement of data.

6. Program – It is a set of instructions or procedure which the computer follows to perform

HOW COMPUTER OPERATES

INPUT CPU OUTPUT

NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. It is

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary

Computers development has been classified into the following generations:

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

First Generation Computers

Characteristic of the first generation computers.

2. Slow operating speed

3. Restricted computing capacity

4. Limited programming capabilities

5. Complex maintenance schedules

Second Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s)

 Main electronic component – transistor

 Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk

 Programming language – assembly language

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

 Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.

Third Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s)

 Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)

 Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk

 Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc

Fourth Generation of Computers

The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present)

 Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.

 VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.

 Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)

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NSPSI BASIC COMPUTER PACKAGES TRAINING MANUAL

o A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages