(SET A) MODEL ANSWERS

AKADEMI LAUT MALAYSIA

MATE & MASTER OF VESSEL MORE THAN 3000 GT
UNLIMITED VOYAGE

FINAL EXAMINATION
SHIPMASTER BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Time: 2 1/2 Hrs Marks: 100

Instructions

i) Answer ALL 5 Questions

ii) DO NOT make any marks on the question paper.
iii) The Question paper is to be returned to the Invigilator prior to leaving
the Examination Room
_________________________________________________________________________

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QUESTION 1

Q.1 (a) What are the main provisions of UNCLOS that concern a ship’s Master and officers?

The main provisions of UNCLOS that concern a ship’s master and officers are :
1. UNCLOS sets the maximum width of a State’s territorial sea at 12 nautical miles, with a
contiguous zone at 24 nautical miles from the baseline.
2. It defines innocent passage through the territorial sea and defines transit passage through
international straits.
3. It defines archipelagic States and allows for passage through archipelagic waters
4. It establishes exclusive economic zones (EEZs) extending to 200 nautical miles from
baselines
5. It defines the continental shelf and extends jurisdiction over the resources of the shelf
beyond 200 miles where appropriate
6. It also defines the legal status of the high seas, defines piracy, and establishes regulations
for control of marine pollution.
(12M)

Q.1 (b) What basic right under UNCLOS does any merchant ship have in a coastal State’s
territorial sea?

The basic right under UNCLOS for any merchant ship in a coastal State’s territorial sea is the
right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. (There is no such right in the State’s
internal waters) (2M)

Q.1 (c) When is a passage considered under UNCLOS to be innocent?

The passage is considered to be innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good
order or security of the coastal State. (2M)

Q.1 (d) What is an exclusive economic zone or EEZ and what rights does the State have in
the zone?

The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea in which
the State has the sovereign rights and duties in relation to the zone’s natural resources eg
fish, oil, gas and minerals. (The State can license fishing, drilling and installation of windfarm
for example). Freedom of navigation in the EEZ is the same as on the high seas but in the
interest of safety near offshore installation, the coastal State may restrict navigation.
(4M)

QUESTION 2

Q.2 (a) What is a bill of lading and what are their functions?

A bill of lading is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper acknowledging that specified

goods have been received on board as cargo for carriage to a stated destination and
incorporating the carriers’s condition of carriage. (2M)

The functions of a B/L are:

1. It is a receipt for the cargo loaded on board the vessel. (2M)
2. It is an evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipper and carrier but it cannot be
considered as an actual contract because it is only signed by the carrier and not by the shipper.
However, once signed by the carrier, the carrier is bound under its terms. (2M)

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3. It is a document of title (ownership) of the cargo as described on the face of the B/L and is
proof that the person holding the signed B/L is the rightful owner of the cargo and as such is
the person entitled to receive them. (2M)

Q.2 (b) Explain briefly the following types of charter parties:

i. Voyage Charter?
ii. Time Charter
iii. Demise or Bareboat Charter

1. Voyage Charter (4M)

In a Voyage Charter, the charterer hires the vessel for a single voyage, while the vessel's
owner (or disponent owner) provides the master, crew, bunkers and supplies.
The charterer provides the cargo to be carried at an agreed freight rate and may pay for the
stevedoring charges but vessel’s operation costs is to be looked after by the owner.
2. Time Charter (4M)
In a Time Charter, the vessel is hired for a specific amount of time. The owner still manages
the vessel but the charterer gives orders for the employment of the vessel, and may sub-
charter the vessel on a time charter or voyage charter basis.
3. Demise or Bareboat Charter (4M)
The Demise or Bareboat Charter is a time charter in which the charter takes responsibility for
the crewing and maintenance of the ship during the time of the charter, assuming the legal
responsibilities of the owner and is known as a disponent owner.

QUESTION 3

Q.3 (a) What are the two main types of marine insurance usually obtained by shipowners?

The two main types of marine insurance are:

1. Hull and Machinery insurance (2M)
2. P&I cover (2M)

Q.3 (b) What are the three principles of marine insurance?

The three principles of marine insurance are:

1.indemnity (2M)
2.insurable interest (2M)
3.utmost good faith (2M)

Q.3 (c) What cover would H&M insurance normally gives a shipowner?

H&M insurance normally cover against: (2M each ttl 10M)

1. actual total loss or constructive total loss of his ship’s hull, machinery, and equipment.
2. accidental (particular average) damage to his ship’s hull, machinery, and equipment.
3. three-fourth of his liability to owners of other vessel or their cargo with which ship collides
(collision liability).
4. liability for general average charges.
5. liability for salvage charges.

QUESTION 4

Q.4 (a) What is a Note of Protest?

A "note of protest" is simply a declaration by the master of circumstances beyond his control
that may give, or may have given, rise to loss or damage. Such declaration must be made
before a notary public, magistrate, British consular officer, or other authority. (4M)

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Q. 4 (b) What is a Pilot’s legal status in relation to the Master?

The law in most countries makes it clear that while a maritime pilot is engaged in pilotage
duties aboard a vessel in compulsory pilotage waters, the pilot has conduct of the vessel and
directs the navigation of the vessel, subject to the Master’s overall command of the ship and
the ultimate responsibility for its safety. In this respect the navigation of a ship in compulsory
pilotage waters is a shared responsibility between the pilot and the Master/bridge team. (4M)

Q. 4 (c) What is the purpose of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by
Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (London Dumping Convention)?

The purpose of the London Dumping Convention is to control all sources of marine pollution
and prevent pollution of the sea through regulation of dumping into the sea of waste materials.
(4M)

Q. 4 (d) What is the purpose of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution
Damage (CLC’92)?

The purpose of CLC’92 is to ensure that adequate compensation is available to persons who
suffer damage caused by pollution resulting from the escape or discharge of oil from ships.
The Convention applies exclusively to pollution damage caused on the territory including the
territorial sea of a Contracting State and to preventive measures taken to prevent or minimize
such damage. (4M)

Q. 4 (e) What is the purpose of a CLC’92 certificate?

The purpose of a CLC9’2 Certificate is to certify that there is in force in respect of the ship a
policy of insurance or other financial security satisfying the requirements of Article VII of the
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992. (4M)

QUESTION 5

Q. 5 MT POLARIS of 23460 tonnes deadweight on a summer draught of 12.24 metres and

TPC 32 is loading at Townsville for Anchorage and is to call at Honolulu for bunkers and water.

Her daily fuel consumption is 36 tonnes and water consumption is 10 tonnes per day. A
reserve of 5 days fuel and water is to be kept on board at all times

Townsville to Honolulu - 10 days (Tropical zone for 8.5 days then seasonal tropical zone in
summer season)
Honolulu to Anchorage - 6 days (Seasonal tropical zone in summer season for one day,
summer zone for 1.5 days then seasonal winter zone in winter season.

If the vessel had 640 tonnes of fuel, 160 tonnes of water and 400 tonnes of stores (negligible
amount used during voyage) on leaving Townsville, how much fuel and water must she
replenish at Honolulu and how much cargo can she load at Townsville?

By Load Line Rules, the tropical and winter deadweight is as follows :

Tropical deadweight = 23460 + (1/48 X 12.24 X 100 X 32) = 24276 T

Winter deadweight = 23460 - (1/48 X 12.24 X 100 X 32) = 22644 T
(2M)

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Fuel onboard at Townsville = 640 T
Consumption Townsville to Honolulu (10 D x 36 T) = 360 T
Fuel on arrival at Honolulu = 280 T
Fuel required to reach Anchorage with 5 days reserve (6+5)X36 = 396 T
Amount of fuel to bunker in Honolulu (396 – 280) = 116 T
(4M)

Water onboard at Townsville = 160 T

Consumption Townsville to Honolulu (10 D x 10 T) = 100 T
Water on arrival at Honolulu = 60 T
Water required to reach Anchorage with 5 days reserve (6+5) X10 = 110 T
Amount of water to replenish in Honolulu (110 – 60) = 50 T
(4M)

Port/Item Assumed Allowed Excess/ Fuel Water

Shortage
Depart Townsville 24276 24276 0 640 160
Consume fuel/water (8.5 days) -391 -306 -85
Arrive summer 23885 334 75
Consume fuel/water (1.5 days) -69 -54 -15
Arrive Honolulu 23816 23460 356 280 60
Replenish fuel/water (116+50) +166 +116 +50
Depart Honolulu 23982 23460 522 396 110
Consume fuel/water (2.5 days) -115 -90 -25
Arrive winter 23867 22644 1223 306 85
Consume fuel/water (3.5 days) -161 -126 -35
Arrive Anchorage 23706 22644 1062 180 50

Assumed deadweight leaving Townsville 24276 T

Maximum excess (or if no excess then minimum shortage) - 1223 T
Maximum permissible deadweight depart Townsville 23053 T
ROB fuel/water/stores depart Townsville (640+160+400) - 1200 T
Therefore maximum cargo to load at Townsville 21853 T

(10M)