WERE THE PEACE A N

N
AL
TREATIES OFSIVA B
R
1919-1923M FAIR ?
 OBJECTIVE
LESSON ONE : N
N
- Students will be able to understand about the motives and aims of the Big Three at Versailles.
A
AL
- Students will be able to describe on the what the Treaty of Versailles say about Germany.
- Students will be able to list down the aims the Big Three manage to achieve after they sign the Treaty of
Versailles.
A B
S I V
M R
 VIDEOS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPXNZkGYJHM
(WWI's Civilians, the Homefront, and an Uneasy Peace)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45Bw9ORJY44 N
(A KID EXPLAINS THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES)
A N
AL
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6diKjG8kFNA&t=94s
(Clemenceau In USA (1921)
A B
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXmlcGWdNs8&t=9sS I V
R
(Mr Lloyd George Speaks To The Nation, 1931)
M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pYKsS0iZmI
(President Wilson - Lots Of American Soldiers Marching,1917)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMu-NQy-DO4
(Experience the Hall of Mirrors at Palace of Versailles)
 WHAT IS THIS ENQUIRY ABOUT ?
-Allied Powers had won the war

ALLIED POWERS ( USA, GB, France, Russia, Japan, Italy )

N
CENTRAL POWERS ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria )
A N
AL
Factors that shaped the Allied Powers thinking and decisions after WW1
- The loss of human life
A B
- The destruction after WW1

S I V
- WW1 cost huge sums of money, some countries went bankrupt ( France and GB borrowed from USA

M R
The peacemakers – The Big Three Nations after WW1 which tried to bring world peace
PURPOSE OF THE PEACEMAKERS
- WW1 created fear that revolutions and war can happen at any time
- To new issues such as the epidemic of Spanish flu
- The Big Three created separate Peace Treaties for all the Central Power nations
WHAT WERE THE MOTIVES AND AIMS OF THE BIG
THREE AT VERSAILLES ?

“ YOU HOLD IN YOUR N

N
A OF THE
HANDS THE FUTURE AL
A B
WORLD
S I V “
R
Paris Peace Conference opening words by Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France
M
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE 1919

Motives

N
- National leaders from 32 countries had the conference to decide what to do next after WW1 ended

A
- It was difficult to have discussion to solve the issues after WW1N
AL
WHY ? Because all the leaders have different views and aims

the Alliance ) was not invited A B

Germany ( lose the war ) and Russia ( had a peace agreement with Germany in 1917 and left

S I V
M R
- The delegations work for 6 months to create the Treaty of Versailles ( only related to Germany )
WHY ? Because Germany was the leader of the Central Powers and was blamed for WW1
 Georges Clemenceau
( France )

David Lloyd George N Woodrow Wilson

( GB )
A N ( USA )

AL
A B
S I V
M R
Each leader had different motives and aims
after WW1
WHY ? According to their countries need,
importance and situation
PRESS DURING PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE

- Press play an important role and became major influence on public opinion
- Hundreds newspaper journalists went to Paris Peace Conference to do coverage of
the conference
N
N
- They found out that few secret treaties and agreements among the Allied and
A
Central Powers secretly during WW1
AL
B
- It lead to arguments among the participant nations when it was revealed in the
A
conference
S I V
M R
WHAT WERE THE BIG THREE MOTIVES AND AIMS ?
N
A N
AL
A B
S I V
M R
GEORGES CLEMENCEAU , PRIME MINISTER OF FRANCE

N
A N
AL
A B
S I V
M R
- He was nicknamed the ‘Tiger’ for his aggressive style in political debates

- He took a harsh approach to peace-making with Germany

WHY ? Because he remembered the German invasion of French in
1870 ( Franco-Prussian War )
and 1914 ( WW1 )
N
A N
- So he wants to punish Germany harshly in order secure the safety of France in the future
( TO AVOID THE THIRD INVASION )
AL
A B
- He also wanted the people of Germany heavily for the post WW1 reconstruction
( REPARATION MONEY )
S I V
CLEMENCEAU’S AIMS :
M R
- Disarmament of Germany’s army, navy and air force
- High reparations for all the damage done to France during WW1
- Alsace, Lorraine and Saarland to be handed to France
- Rhineland to be a buffer zone ( neutral zone )
- Some Germany colonies to be handed to France ( Togoland and Cameroon )
REMEMBER THAT FRENCH JUST WANT
TO PUNISH GERMANY HARSHLY TO
AVOID ‘THE THIRD INVASION’ N
A N
AL
A B
S I V
M R
 DAVID LLOYD GEORGE ,
PRIME MINISTER OF GREAT BRITAIN

N
A N
AL
A B
S I V
M R
-Ordinary people in Britain wants the peacemakers ( THE BIG THREE ) to the war blame on Germany
WHY? So many army from the British Empire sacrificed and had terribly war scar
WW1 cost Britain a huge sum of money – 45, 000 million Euro
N
Europe’s economies changed from making goods to serving military needs ( THEY LOST
OVERSEAS MARKET TO JAPAN AND USA )
A N
AL
So people of Britain wants The Paris Peace Conference to form an international organisation which can prevent
another war and maintain peace in Europe
A B
GEORGE’S AIMS :
S I V
M R
- Create a balance of power in Europe , so that no single Great Power can dominate Europe
- Make Britain to be economically wealthy like how it used to be before WW1
- Strengthen British naval supremacy , so that it could guard the British Empire and its shipping lane
REMEMBER THAT BRITAIN WAS NOT
MOTIVATED BY REVENGE BUT BY
MODERATE PEACENTREATY N
L A
BA
I VA
R S
M
 WOODROW WILSON ,
PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
N
A N
AL
A B
S I V
M R
 - Britain and France were fighting for selfish motives BUT USA was fighting for world peace in WW1
- USA President aimed to remove the cause of war before it breaks

He came out with his own ‘Fourteen Points’ when we went to the Paris Peace Conference

1. No more secret treaties among the nations

N
2.
3.
No restriction for ships to sail during peace and war
A N
No barriers such as quotas and tariffs for trading between countries
4.
AL
Reductions in armaments in all countries, armaments only for defence purpose not for war
5.
6. German troops must leave Russia A B
Issues in colonies must be solved by considering opinions from the people in the colony and the governing country

7. Belgium must be given independence again

S I V
8.
9.
10.
R
Alsace and Loraine must be returned back to France by Germany

M
Border in Italy must be adjusted to match the people’s nationality
Different ethnic groups ( Germans, Hungarians, Poles, Croats, Bosnians, Serbians, Italians, Czechs, Ruthenians,
Slovenes, Slovaks and Romanians ) must be given self-determination in the Austrian-Hungarian Empire ( Austria,
Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bosnia, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Italy, Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia
and Montenegro )
11. Romania, Serbia and Montenegro should be freed, Serbia should have free and secure access to the sea
12. Turkish part of the Ottoman Empire should form a country
13. Poland should get its independent with access to the sea
14. League of Nations ( LON ) should be formed to maintain world peace
REMEMBER THAT USA WANTED WW1 TO BE THE WAR
THAT END ALL THE WARS
AND
N
USA SAID THAT THE KEY FOR LONGNTERM STABILITY
L A
OF EUROPE IS SELF-DETERMINATION
A B
I VA
R S
M
 WHAT DID THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES SAY ABOUT GERMANY ?

- Treaty of Versailles was prepared by the Big Three after six months of negotiations and bargaining
- Germany was presented with a dictated peace treaty ( an agreement imposed to the loser by the winners
without any concern from the loser )

N
- Germany and all the other Central Powers had to accept full responsibility to cause the WW1
- Germany have to pay reparation ( good and money ) Britain, France and other Allied Powers

A N
- The sum of reparation money was not agreed at the Conference, so the amount was fixed by the
L
Reparations Commission later on (132 billion gold marks , US$33 billion)
A
A B
TO AVOID ANOTHER WAR THE TREATY SAID THAT GERMANY
S I V
-
-
Was limited to 100,000 soldiers
Was excluded from the arms trade M R
- Was limited in the type and quality of weapons
- Could not make or stockpile chemical weapons, armoured cars and tanks
- Lost its air force
- Was limited to six battleships
GERMANY WAS PUNISHED IN TERMS OF COLONIES AND LANDS AS WELL

- Kept Rhineland but the area has to be demilitarised , Allied troops will be there for 15 years
- Germany lost other territories as well
- Alsace and Lorraine went to France
- Union nation with Austria known as Anschluss was forbidden N
-
N
Brest-Litovsk taken by Germany from Russia after their secret treaty (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
A
1918) was cancelled
AL
- Brest-Litovsk was divided three newly country : ESTONIA, LATVIA, and LITHUNIA
B
- Some territories were transferred while others the population voted in plebiscites (the people
A
I V
in the country make a popular vote to decide the fate of their nation, usually will be for
S
certain specific issue like deciding to joining a country or not - EXAMPLE : When people of
R
Sabah and Sarawak voted to join Malaya and form Malaysia )
M
 WHY DID THE VICTORS NOT GET EVERYTHING THEY WANTED ?

France and America was not fully satisfied with the

N how manage to
Treaty of Versailles. While Britain some
A N
achieve its aim. A L
A B
S I V
M R
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
( WOODROW WILSON )

The decision’s which pleased Woodrow Wilson after the treaty been signed is as below :

- The League of Nations to be established for a better world. N

- A N
All the Central Power nations which defeated in WW1 should disarm.
- Rhineland was to be demilitarised. AL
A B
-
INDEPENDENT ) S I V
The creation of few successor states ( NATIONS WHICH EARNED IT’S

M R
( Poland, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia )
 FRANCE
( GEORGES CLEMENCEAU )

Clemenceau was reasonably satisfied with the treaty :

- Alsace-Lorraine was regained. N

- Largest portion of the reparation money went to FranceA N
AL
- Rhineland as a buffer zone.
A B
S I V
M R
 BRITAIN
( DAVID LLOYD GEORGE

Lloyd had limited aims and the manage to achieve it :

N
A N
- Britain get reparation money from France which Britain use to recover
it’s economy
A L
A B
- Britain’s empire grew with the addition of some of Germany’s colony
S V
( Ghana, Cameroons, Namibia, ITanzania ) all located in the
AFRICAN continent
M R
- Britain’s naval supremacy boosted.

DAVID LLYOD GEORGE WAS GIVEN THE TITLE ‘ MAN WHO WON THE WAR ‘
Why ? Because Britain was in the Allied which won the war and Lloyd George is the only Big Three who
achieved all of his aims.
 OBJECTIVE
LESSON ONE : N
N
- Students will be able to understand why the people of Germany dislike the Treaty of Versailles.
A
Germany.
AL
- Students will be able to describe about the political and economical impact of Treaty of Versailles on

A B
- Students will be able to list down and describe on other peace treaties been signed alongside with Treaty of
Versailles after WW1.
S I V
M R
GERMAN’S DISLIKE FOUR FEATURES OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES :

1. German been a diktat

( The punishments for Germany was decided without Germans concern )
N
N
2. Germans felt bitter at being held responsible for causing the war
A
L
A to The Allies
3. B
Germany had to pay the reparation money
A
S I V
4. Germans military force was limited to 100,000
( German became defend R
M less and power less )
 WHAT IMPACT DID THE TREATY HAVE ON GERMANY POLITICS ?

-Weimer Politicians signed the Treaty of Versailles

WHO IS WEIMER POLITICIANS ?
( A group of leaders who rules German’s government after WW1 until the rise of Hitler’s Nazi )

N
N
-Treaty of Versailles reduced the number of Germany’s arm force to only 100,000

A
AL
-The soldiers sacked out from their force joined Freikorps
WHO IS FREIKORPS ?
A B
( Ex soldiers team , which fought for German’s freedom from the treaty and from the Weimer Politicians )

S I V
M R
- Freikorps did their first demonstration at Berlin under Wolfgang Kapp
AIM ( To overthrown the Weimer Politicians and elect Right-Wing government )

WHAT IS THE RIGHT-WING GOVERNMENT ?

( a government which is favour of the Germans people who wants to cancel the Treaty of Versailles, they
believe that social inequality is natural )

- Weimer Republic survived

- A lot of other attempts were taken to overthrown the Weimer Politicians
- One of the most drastic was the murder of Mathias Erzberger the finance minister of the Weimer Republic
- Walter Rathenau the foreign minister also was assassinated

- ALL THIS POLITICAL DEMONSTRATION TOOK PLACE BECAUSE OF ?

N
A N
- The people of Germany blame the Weimer Politicians for signing the Treaty of Versailles and made Germans
suffered after WW1
AL
B
- German was banned from join the new League of Nations so they will not get any help from League of Nations
A
S I V
M R
WHAT IMPACT DID THE TREATY HAVE ON GERMANY ECONOMY ?
- Reparation Commission announced that German have to pay a sum of 6.6 billion Euro to The Allies
WHAT IS REPARATION COMMISSION ?
( A commission elected during the Paris Peace Conference to calculate the amount of money German have to pay
for the damage happened during WW1 )

- German also lost all of its colonies, coal deposits, and iron depositsN
A N
- Germans Weimer Republic announce that they cannot pay the reparation money
WHY ?
AL
Because German was in poor condition after end of WW1
A B
I V
- Germans expenditure was high while its income from taxes is very low after WW1
S
WHY ? People of Germany not affordable to pay taxes after WW1

M R
- HOW GERMANY TRIED TO SOLVED ITS ECONOMY ISSUE ?
1. Borrow money from America, Britain, Netherlands and Switzerland
2. Printing more money

- Germans economy was under inflation because of printing more money

WHAT IS INFLATION ? The price of things increase, value of money decrease
 OTHER PEACE TREATIES

N
- All the Central Powers had separate peace treaties after WW1
1. Treaty of Saint-Germain with AustriaA N
2. Treaty of Trianon with Hungary AL
3. Treaty of Neuilly with BulgariaA B
S
4. Treaty of Serves with TurkeyI V
M R
5. Treaty of Lausanne with Turkey
 COULD THE TREATIES BE JUSTIFIED AT THE TIME ?
- The winning nations assemble at Paris to discuss about peace treaties after the end of WW1
- The assembly was held at Paris, France and known as the Paris Peace Conference

- The BIG THREE lead the conference :

1. Woodrow Wilson ( President of America ) N
2. Georges Clemenceau ( Prime Minister of France )
A N
3. David Lloyd Georges ( Prime Minister of Britain )
AL
B
- After six months of discussion they came up with the Treaty of Versailles to punish Germany and blame
A
Germany for causing WW1
S I V
- Woodrow Wilson did not agreed with most of the points in the Treaty of Versailles because he wanted a
better world without any war
M R
AT THE END OF THE DAY HISTORIANS BELIEVE THAT TREATY OF VERSAILLES IS NOT A FAIR TREATY
BECAUSE IT WAS VERY FRANCE AND BRTITAIN CENTRIC AND PUNISHED GERMANY HARSHLY
WITHOUT ANY HUMANITY

WHAT DO YOU GUYS THINK ?