Aptitude and Reasoning Sample 1

Numerical Ability and Logical Reasoning
Numerical Ability
and
Logical Reasoning
HUMAN PERITUS
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HUMAN PERITUS www.humanperitus.com 1

IMPORTANT
You will find a list of Practice Questions, at the end of each chapter. There are two
objectives of these questions:
1. To assess your understanding of the topic.
2. To understand the various types of questions which can be asked from this topic.
Please note that, we also provide a bigger question bank on our Online Test Platform.
Each question on the online test platform includes the answer as well as detailed
explanation. ALL previous years’ questions are covered. ln addition, there are new
questions as well.
After covering the syllabus from booklets, it is EQUALLY IMPORTANT to go through

the questions on the Online Test Platform. This will give you confidence of absolute
coverage and ability to face any possible question on the exam day.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Percentage................................................................................................................................................... 5
Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Solved Questions ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Practice Questions........................................................................................................................................ 7
Answers and Explanations ........................................................................................................................... 9
2. Profit, Loss and Discount ........................................................................................................................ 14
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Solved Questions ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Practice Questions...................................................................................................................................... 17
Answers and Explanations ......................................................................................................................... 19
3. Time and Work ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 24
4. Time Speed and Distance ........................................................................................................................ 38
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 38
5. Simple and Compound Interest .............................................................................................................. 51
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 51
6. Mixtures and Alligation........................................................................................................................... 56
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 56
7. Number System ........................................................................................................................................ 65
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 65
8. Decimal and Fractions ............................................................................................................................. 79
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 79
Solved questions ........................................................................................................................................ 80
9. Calendar and Ages ................................................................................................................................... 85
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 85
10. Ratio and Proportion ............................................................................................................................. 92
Methodology .............................................................................................................................................. 92
11. Averages................................................................................................................................................ 101
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 101
Solved Questions ..................................................................................................................................... 101
Practice Questions.................................................................................................................................... 103
Answers and Explanations ....................................................................................................................... 105
12. Progression ........................................................................................................................................... 108
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 108

13. Probability ............................................................................................................................................ 116

Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 116
14. Mensuration ......................................................................................................................................... 135
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 135
15. Geometry .............................................................................................................................................. 149
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 149
16. Alphabetical Series .............................................................................................................................. 161
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 161
Solves Questions ...................................................................................................................................... 161
17. Number Series ...................................................................................................................................... 170
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 170
18. Coding-Decoding .................................................................................................................................. 185
Letter Coding ........................................................................................................................................... 185
19. Set theory and Venn Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 197
Venn Diagrams ........................................................................................................................................ 197
Answers ................................................................................................................................................... 201
Set Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 201
20. Directions .............................................................................................................................................. 214
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 214
21. Seating Arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 222
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 222
22. Relationships ........................................................................................................................................ 229
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 229

1. Percentage
Methodology
Before understanding the Percentage, we will look at the smallest unit of percentage i.e. percent. A percent is one
part in every 100. So, for example 25 percent (%) would mean, 25 parts per 100 or more commonly written as
25/100.
Percent Change = × 100
Although, for this topic, there are many formulas given in Quants books. But, there is no need to remember any
formula. We advise you to remember only following points for faster calculation.
1. If there is increase of 20% in any data, just multiply it by 1.20, to find final data. Similarly, if there is increase
of 35%, you multiply by 1.35. For increase of 170%, you multiply by 2.70 and so on.
2. If there is decrease of 20% in any data, just multiply it by 0.80, to find final data. Similarly, if there is decrease
of 35%, you multiply by 0.65. For decrease of 5%, you multiply by 0.95 and so on.
3. If first, there is increase of 20% in any data, and then again increase of 5 %, you can multiple it by 1.20 × 1.05,
to get final data.
4. If first, there is increase of 30% in any data, and then decrease of 15 %, you can multiple it by 1.30 × 0.85, to
get find final data.
Let us do some practice questions now. We will learn important tricks while doing questions.
Solved Questions
1. Find the total number of girl students in a class of 500 students if there are 35 percentage girls in the class.
ANS. Total number of students = 500
Percentage of girl students = 35%
Therefore, total number of girl students would be = 35% of 500 = 35/100 × 500 = 175
2. If Nikhil’s Earnings is 70% of Rahul’s. Rahul’s earnings are 50% of Rohit’s. If Rohit’s earnings are Rs
100000, what was Nikhil’s Earnings?
ANS. Rohit’s Earnings = Rs 100000 (Given)
Rahul’s Earnings = 50% of Rs 100000 = 50/100 × 100000 = Rs 50000
Also, Nikhil’s earnings are 70% of Rahul’s Earnings.
Therefore, Nikhil’s Earnings = 70% of Rs 50000 = 70/100 × 50000 = Rs 35000
3. In an exam, Mayuresh scored 40% of the maximum marks in a mathematics exam and yet failed by 20
marks. If Mayuresh would have scored 10% more than what he has right now, he would have just managed
to get the required marks to pass the test. What was the maximum marks in the paper?
ANS. Let the maximum number of marks in the test be x.
Then, Marks scored by Mayuresh = 40% of x = 0.40x
Thus, passing marks according to the given statements = 0.40x + 20
Also, given that if Mayuresh would have scored 10% more than what he did right now, he would have managed
passing marks. Therefore, passing marks are also equal to 40+10= 50%, which is = 0.50x
Equating both equations, 0.40x + 20 = 0.50x

Thus, 0.10x = 20
x = 200
4. What is the value of 10% of 20% of 30% of 1000?

ANS. The value of 10% of 20% of 30% of 1000 can be calculated as = 0.10 × 0.20 × 0.30 × 1000 = 6

5. In a basket full of vegetables, 80% of them are potatoes and rest 20% are tomatoes. 50% of the potatoes
are green and rest 50% are yellow. Of the tomatoes, 80% are green and rest 20% are yellow. What
percentage of green fruits are potatoes.
ANS. Again, we will start approaching the problem by assuming total number of fruits in the basket be x.
Thus, total number of potatoes would be 0.80x and number of tomatoes would be 0.20x.
Now, since 50% of the potatoes are green and rest 50% are yellow. Therefore, total number of green potatoes
would be 0.50 × 0.80x = 0.40x and the number of yellow potatoes would also be 0.40x.
Similarly, the number of green tomatoes would be 0.80 × 0.20x = 0.16x and the number of yellow tomatoes would
be 0.20 × 0.20x = 0.04x
Thus, total number of green fruits = 0.40x + 0.16x = 0.56x
And number of yellow fruits would be = 0.40x + 0.04x = 0.44x
.
Percentage of green fruits that are potatoes = .
× 100 = 71.4%
6. Arun leaves home on his car at a speed which is 33.33% more than his usual speed. Find the percentage
reduction in the travel time for the same distance?
ANS. Let initial speed by S, then revised speed will be 33.33% higher, which is S
Given, that the distance travelled is same.
Let’s assume the initial time T and final time is T .
Given that, T × S = T × S
=
Percentage decrease in time = × 100 = × 100 = 25%
7. Salary of Ramesh and Suresh are 70% and 19% more than that of Mayank’s. What percentage is the
salary of Suresh of the salary of Ramesh?
ANS. As always, we follow the same approach of assuming the salary of Mr. Mayank as Rs. x. But sometimes,
we can also do such questions by assuming it to be 100.
Let Mayank Salary is Rs 100.
Since Salary of Ramesh is 70% higher, we can find Ramesh’s salary by multiplying it by 1.70
Salary of Ramesh = 100 × 1.70 = 170
Since Salary of Suresh is 19% higher, we can find Suresh’s salary by multiplying it by 1.19
Salary of Suresh = 100 × 1.19 = 119
We have to find, what percentage is the salary of Suresh of the salary of Ramesh.
= × 100 = 70%
8. The price of diesel in India increases by 30% and 20% in two successive months. What is the net change
in percentage terms?
ANS. Suppose the price before increase is x.
Two successive increase of 30% and 20% means, final price will be x ×1.30 × 1.20 = 1.56x.
So price increased from x to 1.56x, which is visible increase of 56%.
9. If the side of a square is increased by 20% and then decreased by 25%. What is the net change in Area of
the square?
ANS. Let the initial side of the square be a, then the Area of the square would be = a
Now first there is increase of 20% and then decrease by 25%
Net change in side = a ×1.20 × 0.75 = 0.90a
Area after change of side = 0.90a × 0.90a = 0.81a
Thus, the area changed from a to 0.81a , which is visible decrease of 19%.
10. In a new budget, the price of petrol rose by 25%. By how much percent must a person reduce his
consumption so that his expenditure on it does not increase?
ANS. Let initial price of petrol is P. Then price increased by 25%. The Final Price will be 1.25 P.
Let Initial Consumption is C1 and final consumption is C2
The total expenditure remains same in both cases.

P × C1 = 1.25 P × C2
=
The percent change (it will decrease) in consumption will be

× 100 = × 100 = 20%
11. If 60% of (a-b) = 40% of (a+b), then what percent of a is b?

ANS. 60% of (a-b) = 40% of (a+b)
0.60 × (a-b) = 0.40 × (a+b)
0.60a – 0.60b = 0.40a + 0.40b
0.20a = 1.00b
=
We have to find ×100 = ×100= 20%
12. During one year, the population of a town increased by 5% and during the next year, the population
decreased by 5%. If the total population is 29925 at the end of the second year, then what was the population
size in the beginning of the first year?
ANS. Let initial population is P. The population first increased by 5%, then decreased by 5%.
So final population will be P × 1.05 × 0.95, which is equal to 29925
Thus P × 1.05 × 0.95 = 29925
P = 30000
Practice Questions
1.) The price of a ticket of an IPL match increases by 4.) Mr. Kumar is very fond of travelling. He spends
12%. The number of seats in the ground also 20% if his money on travel. If the total amount
increases by 25%. What is the net effect on revenue available with him is Rs 15000. How many rupees
collected? are left with him after his travel?
(A) 20% (A) 2000
(B) 40% (B) 3000
(C) 25% (C) 12000
(D) 50% (D) 10000
2.) Salaries of Ramesh, Suresh and Mukesh are in the 5.) Age of Manas is 20 years. If Mayuresh’s age is
ratio of 1:2:3. Salary of Suresh and Mukesh together 25% more than that of Manas. Then how much
is Rs 8000. By what percentage is Mukesh’s salary percentage Manas’s age is less than Mayuresh’s age?
more than Ramesh’s? (A) 25%
(A) 80% (B) 30%
(B) 150% (C) 20%
(C) 100% (D) 40%
(D) 200%
6.) In an election between two parties, the candidate
3.) Indian hockey team won a total 50% of their who got a 60% of the total valid votes won by a
matches they played during a year. If it lost 40% of difference of 400 votes. Find the total number of
the matches and a total of 20 matches were drawn, valid voted polled in the election?
then the total number of matches played during a (A) 2000
year was? (B) 3000
(A) 160 (C) 2500
(B) 120 (D) 4000
(C) 100
(D) 200 7.) Find which of the following number is greatest
(A)

(B) (A) 15%

(B) 20%
(C) (C) 25%
(D) (D) 30%
8.) A person purchased a lot of electronic items for 14.) Due to 100% increase in the price of Maggi,
his shop. Of the total electronic items, he purchased Akhil purchased 5 packets less with the same amount
60% Microwave ovens. From the total microwave of Rs 60. What is the new price of Maggi?
ovens, 5% were found to be defective. The (A) 6
percentage of defective electronic items in total are? (B) 8
(A) 4% (C) 10
(B) 5% (D) 12
(C) 6.2%
(D) 3% 15.) Kishore scores 70% marks in physics and 75%
marks in chemistry and the maximum marks in both
9.) The difference of two numbers is 20% of the subjects are 100. Also, he appears in another
larger number. If the smaller number is 20, then the examination of Maths, whose maximum marks are
larger number is: 200. If he scores 80% marks in all the three subjects,
find his score in mathematics?
(A) 25 (A) 150
(B) 45 (B) 160
(C) 50 (C) 175
(D) 80 (D) 185
10.) Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 16.) The population of a country is 10000 and it
5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% increases at the rate of 5% per year. After 3 years, the
of A and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A : B. population will be?
(A) 2 : 3 (A) 15000
(B) 1 : 1 (B) 11576
(C) 3 : 4 (C) 11500
(D) 4 : 3 (D) 11000
11.) The price of a house firstly depreciates in the 17.) Viraj, being at his ignorant best, mistakenly
first year by 25%. Depreciates by 20% in the second multiplied a number by 10 instead of dividing it by
year and again depreciates by 10% in the third year. 10. What is the percentage error in the result?
If the initial cost of the house was Rs 1000000, what (A) 10000%
is the value of the house at the end of the 3 years? (B) 9900%
(A) 540000 (C) 99%
(B) 560000 (D) 100%
(C) 450000
(D) 600000 18.) In Vegan private limited, of the total number of
employees in the firm 60% are men. 50% of the
12.) Age of Kunal is 28 years. If Shrinkhal’s age is employees are engineer and 70% of these are men.
25% more than Kunal’s age. Then how much percent The percentage of women who are not engineers are?
Kunal’s age is less than Shrinkhal’s age? (A) 50%
(A) 15% (B) 62.5%
(B) 20% (C) 75%
(C) 25% (D) 40%
(D) 30%
19.) The cost of an Apple mobile phone is 400%
13.) Due to poor work ethics, the salary of Veenu was greater than that of an Oppo mobile phone. If there is
decreased by 20% but after months of hard work, his an increase in the cost of an Apple mobile phone by
salary was again revised to his original salary. What 10% and that of an Oppo mobile phone by 20%.
is the percentage increase in the salary of Veenu?

Then the total cost of 5 apple phones and 10 oppo 80000, what is the likely population three years
phones would increase by? hence?
(A) 15.00% (A) 90000
(B) 11.50% (B) 91200
(C) 12.85% (C) 92000
(D) 14.58% (D) 92610
20.) If the radius of a circle is reduced by 50%, its 24.) In an examination paper where maximum marks
area will be reduced by are 500, A got 10% marks less than B, B got 25%
(A) 30% marks more than C, and C got 20% marks less than
(B) 50% D. If A got 360 marks, what marks did D get?
(C) 60% (A) 65%
(D) 75% (B) 70%
(C) 75%
21.) Three teams P, Q and R played against each (D) 80%
other equal number of matches.
Between P and Q, P won 6 and Q won 4 25.) In an office, 40% of the employees are men and
Between P and R, P won 5 and R won 5 the rest women. Half of the employees are tall and
Between Q and R, Q won 2 and R won 8 half short. If 10% of the employees are men and
Which one of the following statements is correct? short, and 40 employees are women and tall, the
(A) P lost 55% of the matches number of tall men employees is
(B) Q lost 70% of the matches (A) 60
(C) R won 35% of the matches (B) 50
(D) Q won 20% of the matches (C) 40
(D) 30
22.) In 2004 DG High School had 60% boys and 40%
girls as students. In the next five years number of 26.) 40% of the students in a class are from India and
boys decreased by 10 % and number of girls 50% are girls. If 25% of the Indian students are girls,
increased by 10 %. What is the change in total roll what percentage of non-Indian students are boys?
strength in the five years? (A) 33.33%
(A) 3 % increase (B) 40%
(B) 2 % decrease (C) 25%
(C) No change (D) 20%
(D) 5 % decrease
27.) In a city, 80% population eat rice and 90% of the
23.) In a medium-sized township, the trend of annual rice eaters are non-vegetarians. Then what percent of
migration is an addition of 20% of the population as the population are vegetarian rice eaters?
it was at the beginning; also 15% of the population (A) 7.2
as it was at the beginning is estimated to relocate (B) 8
elsewhere every year. If the current population is (C) 9
(D) 10
Answers and Explanations

1. ANS. B
EXP. Let initial price be P1 & Number of seats in the ground be Y1.
New price, P2 = 1.12 P1
New number of seats Y2 = 1.25 Y1
Initial Revenue = P1 × Y1
Final Revenue = P2 × Y2 = 1.12P1 × 1.25 Y1 = 1.40 P1×Y1
Therefore, Net change in revenue
. .
Therefore, Percent Change = × 100 = × 100 = 40%
2. ANS. D
EXP. Let the salary of Ramesh be x, the Salary of Suresh would be 2x and Salary of Mukesh would be 3x

Salary of Suresh + Salary of Mukesh = 8000

2x + 3x = 8000
5x = 8000
x = 1600
Therefore, Ramesh’s Salary = 1600, Suresh’s Salary = 3200, Mukesh’s Salary = 4800
Percentage difference = × 100 = × 100 = 200%
Alternative approach
Since, we know that Mukesh’s salary is 3x and Ramesh’s salary is 1x. We need not calculate the exact salaries.
Percentage difference = × 100 = × 100 = 200%
3. ANS. D
EXP. Let’s assume that the total number of matches played by Indian hockey team in a year be x.
Total matches won by Indian Team = 0.50x
Total number of matches lost by Indian Team = 0.40x
Therefore, the number of matches drawn by Indian team would be = 0.10x (which is 10% calculated from 100-50-
40)
Given, that 0.10x = 20
Therefore, x = 200
Hence, the number of matches played by Indian Hockey team in a year is 200.
4. ANS. C
EXP. Total money available with Kumar is Rs 15000.
Amount spent on travel = 20% of 15000 = 0.20 × 15000 = Rs. 3000
Remember, we have to find the amount left after travel = Total amount – Amount spent = Rs (15000 – 3000) =
Rs. 12000
Alternative approach
Since, we know that 20% money is spent on travel, the remaining money is 100-20= 80%.
So 80% of total money is = 0.80 × 15000 = Rs 12000
5. ANS. C
EXP. Manas’ age = 20 years
Mayuresh’s age = 25% more than Manash’s age = 1.25 × 20 = 25 years
Now, we have to find how much Manas’s age is less than Mayuresh’s age.
Percentage difference = × 100 = 20%
6. ANS. A
EXP. Let the total number of valid votes polled be x.
Total number of valid votes obtained by the winning candidate = 0.60x
Total number of valid votes obtained by the other candidate = 0.40x
Difference between votes obtained by both candidates = 0.60x – 0.40x = 0.20x
Given that, 0.20x = 400, X = 2000
Therefore, total number of valid votes are 2000.
7. ANS. C
EXP. To deal with such questions, we preferably convert them into percentages. So here,
× 100 = 66.67%
× 100 = 75.00%
× 100 = 84.21%
× 100 = 80.00%
So, 16/19 is the greatest fraction as it yields the highest value in percentage terms.

8. ANS. D
EXP. We will assume that the total number of electronic items purchased be x.
Thus, total number of microwave ovens purchased would be 0.60x
Total number of defective microwave ovens = 0.6x × 0.05 = 0.03x
.
Percentage of defective electronic items out of total items would be = × 100 = 3%
9. ANS. A
EXP. Let the larger number be x, then the difference will be 0.20x.
Thus, the smaller number will be = x - 0.20x = 0.80x
It is given that smaller number is 20
Thus 0.80x = 20
x= 25
Thus, larger number is 25
10. ANS. D
EXP. It is given that 5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A and 8% of B.
0.05 A + 0.04 B = (0.06 A + 0.08 B)
0.15 A + 0.12 B = 0.12 A + 0.16 B
0.03 A = 0.04 B
=
11. ANS. A
EXP. Given, the value of the house initially = Rs 1000000
The given case of depreciation can be considered as a case of three consecutive depreciations.
So, value of the house after three years would be = 1000000 × 0.75 × 0.80 × 0.90 = 540000
12. ANS. B
EXP. Age of Kunal = 28 years
Shrinkhal’s age = 25% more than Kunal’s age
Therefore, Kunal’s age would be 1.25 × 28 = 35 years.
Percent Kunal’s age less than Shrinkhal’s age = × 100 = - 20% i.e. 20% less.
13. ANS. C
EXP. Let us assume that the salary of Veenu be Rs x.
Now, when her salary gets reduced by 20%, the new salary becomes 0.80x. Also, since after some time his salary
becomes equivalent to his original salary. Therefore, his new salary would be x.
. .
So, percentage increase in the salary is = .
× 100 = .
× 100 = 25%
14. ANS. D
EXP. Let us assume that the initial price of Maggi be Rs. P.
New price of Maggi would be Rs. 2P. (increase of 100%)
Also, let’s assume that initial number of packets purchased by Akhil be a
Therefore, new number of Maggi packets purchased by Akhil would be (a-5).
So, from what is given P × a = 60
New price and amount condition, 2P × (a-5) = 60, Simplifying, 2Pa – 10P = 60
Therefore. 2 × 60 – 10P = 60
60 = 10P, P = 6
Thus, new price of Maggi would be 2P = 2 × 6 = Rs. 12
15. ANS. C
EXP. Marks scored in Physics = 70% of 100 = 70 marks

Marks scored in Chemistry = 75% of 100 = 75 marks

Total percentage of marks scored by Kishore in all the 3 subjects = 80% of 400 (100+100+200).
= 0.80 × 400 = 320, Therefore, score obtained in mathematics = 320 – 70 – 75 = 175
16. ANS. B
EXP. This is a case of 3 consecutive increases, where the multiplying factor is same. So,
Population of the country after 3 years would be = 10000 × 1.05 × 1.05 × 1.05 = 10000 × 1.1576 = 11576
17. ANS. B
EXP. Let us assume the number be 100.
Correct number would have been = 100/10 = 10
The number obtained by erroneous calculation = 100 × 10 = 1000
Percentage error = × 100 = × 100 = 9900%
18. ANS. B
EXP. Let us assume that the number of employees in the organization be 100.
Thus, total number of men would be 60 and number of women in the company would be 40.
Total number of engineers in the company = 50
Total number of men engineers = 70% of total engineers = 0.70 × 50 = 35
Now, the remaining number of engineers would be women i.e. 50-35 = 15
Total number of women who are non-engineers = 40 – 15 = 25
Therefore, percentage of women who are non-engineers = × 100 = 62.5%
19. ANS. C
EXP. Let the cost of an Oppo mobile be Rs 100.
Therefore, the cost of an apple mobile phone would be = 400% more than Oppo phone’s cost = Rs. 500.
New cost of Apple mobile phone = 500 × 1.10 = Rs. 550
New cost of Oppo mobile phone = 100 × 1.20 = Rs. 120
Initial cost of 5 apple phones and 10 Oppo phones = 5 × 500 + 10 × 100 = 2500 + 1000 = 3500
Also, Final cost of 5 apple phones and 10 Oppo phones = 5 × 550 + 10 × 120 = 2750 + 1200 = 3950
Therefore, percentage increase in the total cost would be = × 100 = ×100 = 12.85%
20. ANS. D
EXP. Area is directly proportional to square of radius. If original radius, r become 0.5r, then the original area π𝑟
will be reduced to 0.25 π𝑟 which is a reduction of 75%.
21. ANS. D
EXP. Total number of Matches played by all teams = (6 + 4) + (5 + 5) + (2 + 8) = 30
Total Number of Matches won by P = 6 + 5 = 11 ⇒ 36.67% won and 63.33% lost (out of total 30)
Total Number of Matches won by Q = 4 + 2 = 6 ⇒ 20% won and 80% lost (out of total 30)
Total Number of Matches won by R = 5 + 8 = 13 ⇒ 43.33% won and 56.67% lost (out of total 30)
Thus, statement given in option D is correct.
22. ANS. B
EXP. Let the number of students be 100, therefore there are 60 boys in 40 girls in all.
Change after 5 years, Boys 60 – (10% of 60) = 54 and Girls = 40 + (10% of 40) = 44
Total boys and girls after 5 years = 54 + 44 = 98.
Hence, there is a 2% decrease in total roll strength in the five years.
23. ANS. D
EXP. As there is 20% increase in population and 15% reduction, so the total effect will be 5% increase in
population.
Revised population after 3 years = 80000 × 1.05 × 1.05 × 1.05

= 92610
24. ANS. D
EXP. Let D got x marks, then C’s marks = 0.8 x
B’s marks = 1.25 × 0.80 = x
A’s marks = 0.90 × x = 0.9 x
0.9 x = 360
or x = 400
D’s % of marks = × 100 = 80%
25. ANS. A
EXP. Men = 40%, Women = 60%
Number of tall employees = short employees = 50% each
10% are men and short, it means 30% of men will be tall.
It also means that 40% of women are short, which means 20% of women are tall.
Now it is given that 40 employees are women and tall, so total number of employees will be 200.
Hence tall men employees will be 30% of 200 = 60
26. ANS. A
EXP. Let the total students be 100. Out of the 100, 40 % are Indians (40) and 60% are foreigners (60). There are
50% girls in the total population of the class. Thus, there are 50 girls and 50 boys in the class.
25% of Indian students are girls so the number of girls among Indians will be × 40 = 10.
Since total number of girls in the class is 50, and number of girls who are of foreign origin is 50-10=40.
Therefore, the number of boys of foreign origin will be 60 – 40 = 20 which will be 33.33% of the non-Indian
population (60).
27. ANS. B
EXP. Let the total population of city be 100.
90% of the rice eating population (80%) is non vegetarian = × ( × 100) = 72
Therefore, the number of vegetarian rice eaters is ( × 100) – 72 = 8 which is 8% of total population.

2. Profit, Loss and Discount

Methodology
Profit/Loss is the net value obtained from selling the item with respect to the cost price. If the difference is positive,
it is called profit and if negative, it is referred to as loss.
Selling price = Cost Price + Profit (P %)

Selling price = CP + P % of CP = CP (1+ )
Profit/Loss% is calculated by dividing profit/Loss over Cost price.

/
= × 100
Marked Price is the label price which is displayed on the product. Discount is the off that the dealer provides the
customer on the Marked price. Mark-up is the increment on the cost price with respect to marked price displayed
to the customer.
Please note that, there is no need to remember any formulas. We advise you to understand the basics. We have
solved all questions without using any readymade formula.
Important
1. If an item is sold at profit of 15%, then we can obtain Selling Price by multiplying Cost Price with 1.15.
Similarly, if sold at profit of 5%, we multiply with 1.05 and if sold at profit of 130%, we multiply with 2.30.
2. If an item is sold at loss of 25%, then we can obtain Selling Price by multiplying Cost Price with 0.75 (1.00-
0.25). Similarly, if sold at loss of 5%, we multiply with 0.95 and if sold at loss of 60%, we multiply with 0.40, to
get the Selling Price.
3. If an item is Marked Up by 15% over its cost price, we find Marked Price = Cost Price × 1.15
4. If an item is sold at discount of 25% over its Marked Price, then Selling Price = Marked Price × 0.75
Solved Questions
1. What would be the cost price of an item which is sold at a price of Rs. 600 at a profit of 20%.
ANS. Given that, the item was sold for Rs. 600 (Selling Price SP)
Let us assume that Cost Price is x.
Since profit percentage is 20%, we can obtain selling price by multiplying 1.2 with x.
1.2 × x = 600
x= .
, CP = Rs. 500
2. After selling a Radio player at 27000, the dealer of the company suffers a loss of 10%. At what price he
should sell it to earn it at a profit of 10%
ANS. Selling Price SP of Radio Player = Rs. 27000
Since there is loss of 10%, it means it was sold at 90% of Cost Price (CP).
0.90 × CP = 27000, CP = 30000
Selling price at 10% profit, the Selling Price will be = 1.10 × 30000 = Rs 33000
3. A shopkeeper buys 100 apples at the price of Rs 5 per apple. If 10 apples got rotten during transportation
and the shopkeeper sells the remaining one’s at Rs 6 per apple. What would be for this profit/loss percentage
for this transaction?
ANS. The Cost Price (CP) for 100 apples = 5 × 100 = Rs. 500
Since, 10 apples got rotten, they would be non-sellable. Therefore, total number of sellable apples = 90
Also, the price at which these apples would be sold is Rs. 6 per apple.
Selling Price (SP) obtained from selling 90 apples is = 90 × 6 = Rs. 540
Total profit from the transaction = SP – CP = 540 – 500 = Rs. 40
Profit Percentage will be = × 100 = 8%
4. If the cost price of a dress is Rs 500 and the percentage markup on it is 20%. What would be the marked
price?
ANS. The CP of dress = Rs 500
Markup in the dress = 20%
Thus, Markup Price MP = 1.20 × 500 = 600
5. Rudra went to purchase a purse. If the shopkeeper had marked up the article by 50% and but he also
offered a discount of 20% on it, then the percentage profit would be?
ANS. Let the CP of Article be Rs 100
Markup Price, MP = 100 × 1.50 = 150 (we multiplied by 1.50, as Mark up is 50%)
Now there is discount of 20% on this price.
To obtain the selling price, we multiply MP by 0.80 (as discount is 20%)
SP = 150 × 0.80 = 120
Profit Percentage = × 100 = 20%
Note: Although, we could have also assumed CP to be ‘x’ also, but assuming it to be 100, makes our calculation
easier.
6. If the selling price of 10 eggs is equal to the cost of 12 eggs. What would be the profit percentage?
ANS. In this case we have been given that, 12 × CP = 10 × SP for eggs
Thus, 6 × CP = 5 × SP
Therefore, =
Therefore, profit percentage = = × 100 = 20%
7. Shubham bought a motorcycle for Rs 5000 and sold it to Bhuvi at a profit of 20%. Bhuvi then spent Rs
300 on repair of the motorcycle and then sold it to Rishabh for a profit of 10%. What amount did Rishabh
pay for the motorcycle?
ANS. Cost Price at which Shubham bought the motorcycle = Rs 5000
Selling price to Bhuvi = 1.20 × 5000 = 6000 (we multiplied by 1.20, as profit is 20%)
Then, Bhuvi further spent Rs 300 on repair. Therefore, the effective cost price that Bhuvi had to incur is Rs.
6000+300= 6300.
Now, Bhuvi sold the item to Rishabh at 10% profit. Therefore, the price Rishabh would be paying for to purchase
this motorcycle would be = 1.10 × 6300 = Rs. 6930 (we multiplied by 1.10, as profit is 10%)
8. Rony sold one fourth of the stock of Juices available to him at a profit of 80% and the rest at 50% profit.
Find the net percentage profit he made on the transaction?
ANS. Let’s assume the total worth of Juices available with Rony be Rs. 100.
He sold Rs. 25 worth juices at a profit percentage of 80%.
The profit obtained from it would be × 25 = Rs 20
Now, the rest of the stock was sold at a profit of 50%.
The profit obtained from selling the left over Rs 75 worth stock would be = × 75 = 37.5
Thus, Net profit on the transaction = 20 + 37.5 = 57.5

.
Therefore, Net profit percentage = × 100 = 57.5%
9. Kunal bought equal quantities of two varieties of mangoes, one at a rate of Rs 240 for 4 kgs and other
variety at a rate of Rs 500 for 10 kgs. He mixed both varieties on Mangoes and sold them for Rs 70 per kg.
What is the profit/ loss for the whole scenario?
ANS. Since, it is given that Kunal bought equal quantities of both the variety of mangoes, So let’s assume that 10
kg of both the varieties were purchased.
Thus, cost of 10 kgs of first kind of variety is = × 10 = Rs. 600

Similarly, cost of 10 kgs of second kind of variety of mangoes is = Rs 500
Therefore, total cost = 600 + 500 = Rs 1100
Selling price of these total quantity of 20 kgs of mangoes is = 70 × 20 = 1400
Therefore, profit obtained = × 100 = × 100 = 27.27%
10. In the above problem, if instead of purchasing equal quantity Kunal spent equal amount on purchasing
these varieties of mangoes. Then, what would have been the profit percentage obtained from this
transaction?
ANS. Let’s assume that Kunal spent an amount of Rs 600 (we have taken a multiple of price of each variety, for
simpler calculation) on buying each variety of mangoes.
Therefore, quantity purchased of first variety = = 10 kgs (Price of first type is Rs 60 per Kg)
Also, quantity purchased of second variety = = 12 kgs (Price of Second type is Rs 50 per Kg)
Thus, total cost price = 600 +600 = Rs 1200
Also, total Selling Price, SP for the total of 22 kgs of mangoes variety = 70 × 22 = 1540
Therefore, profit percentage from the transaction = × 100 = × 100 = 28.33%
11. Meera has 20 kilos of rice with her. She sells P Kg at a profit of 10% and the remaining at a loss of 10%.
Overall, she makes a loss of 5% in the whole transaction. What is the value of P for the whole selling?
ANS. Let us assume that each kg of rice cost Rs 10.
Then the total cost price of the rice would be Rs 20 × 10 = Rs 200.
Also, overall loss for this transaction would be = × 200 = Rs 10
Therefore, the overall selling price for this transaction would be Rs 200-10= 190.
Now, let’s assume that a total of P kilos of rice was sold at a profit of 10% (means at rate of 11 Rs per Kg).
Therefore, the remaining i.e. 20-P would be sold at 10% loss (means at rate of 9 Rs per Kg).
Therefore, we can equate P × 11 + (20-P) × 9 = 190 since there is a loss of overall 10 Rs in the transaction.
2P = 10
P = 5 kgs
Therefore, 5 kgs of rice would be sold at a profit of 10% and the rest 15 kgs of rice would be sold at a loss of 10%.
12. If the cost price of 20 apples is equal to selling price of 18 apples. Find the profit percentage for the
transaction.
ANS. Given that, 20 × CP = 18 × SP
Therefore, =
Thus, Profit percentage = × 100 = 11.11 %
13. A dishonest seller sells Rice at its cost price but uses a faulty balance which weighs 1 kg for 950 gms.
Find his gain percentage.
ANS. Given that, CP = SP
Thus, cost incurred by seller for 1 kg of rice would be = 950 × CP
Selling price of 1 kg of Rice would be = 1000 × SP = 1000 × CP

Therefore, Profit percentage

= × 100 = × 100
= 5.26%
14. Amar sells a pair of bags, both at the same price of Rs 300. One at a profit of 10% and other at a loss of
10%. What is the overall profit/loss percentage for this transaction?
ANS. Let’s assume that cost price, in the case he makes a 10% profit, is CP
CP × 1.1 = 300
Thus, CP = 272.7
Profit = Rs. 27.3
Let’s assume that cost price, in the case he makes a 10% loss, is CP
CP × 0.9 = 300
Thus, CP = 333.33
Loss = 333.33 – 300 = Rs. 33.33
Therefore, total Loss = 27.3 – 33.33 = -6.03
Total Cost price = 272.7 + 333.33 = 606.03
.
Loss percentage = .
× 100 = 1%
Practice Questions
1.) Riya made a profit of 10% when selling a Shirt at (B) 35%
Rs. 4,400. Find the cost price of the Shirt? (C) 30%
(A) Rs. 4,000 (D) None of these
(B) Rs. 3,650
(C) Rs. 3,200 6.) If the cost of 100 pencils is equal to the selling
(D) Rs. 3,000 price of 80 pencils, the profit/loss percent for this
transaction is?
2.) A man sells photographs at a tourist place for Rs. (A) 15%
450. Find the cost price if he incurred a loss of 10%. (B) 20%
(A) 465 (C) 25%
(B) 410 (D) 30%
(C) 500
(D) 525 7.) If a mobile charger is sold for Rs. 170 at a loss of
15%, what should be its selling price to earn a profit
3.) If the cost price of a laptop is Rs. 70,000 and the of 15%?
percent markup is 7%. What is the marked price? (A) Rs. 350
(A) Rs. 75,000 (B) Rs. 400
(B) Rs. 73,300 (C) Rs. 200
(C) Rs. 74,490 (D) Rs. 230
(D) None of above
8.) Vignesh sells a fan at a profit of 20% to Venkat
4.) After applying a couple of successive discounts and Venkat sells it to Sanjay at a loss of 10%. Find
of 20% and 10% on an article, the item was sold for the resultant profit/loss percentage in the overall
Rs. 500. Find the marked price of the article. transaction
(A) Rs. 594 (A) 25%
(B) Rs. 694 (B) 32%
(C) Rs. 682 (C) 8%
(D) None of these (D) 12%
5.) Vignesh sells a fan at a profit of 20% to Venkat 9.) A vegetable seller sells two different type of
and then Venkat sells it to Sanjay at a profit of 10%. vegetable for Rs. 150 each. On one he gains 20% and
Find the resultant profit percentage in the overall on the other he loses 20 %. What is his loss or gain
transaction percent?
(A) 25% (A) 6.25 % gain

(B) 6.25% loss

(C) 4% loss 16.) A dishonest shopkeeper sells rice using weights
(D) 4% profit which measure 15% less than the actual weights and
marks the good at 20% profit above the cost price.
10.) By selling a Charger for Rs 500 more, Karan Find his total gain percentage.
would have made 10% profit on his sale instead of a (A) 35.76
10% loss. What was his cost price? (B) 37.26
(A) Rs. 3750 (C) 41.17
(B) Rs. 4000 (D) 45.67
(C) Rs. 2500
(D) Rs. 6,000 17.) Meeta bought two motor cycles for Rs. 25000
each. If she sells one at a profit of 10%, then for how
11.) Mahesh makes a profit of 20% by selling a much amount she should sell the other motor cycle
wallet. What would be the profit percent if Mahesh to make an 20% profit overall?
calculates the profit on the selling price instead of the (A) 30000
cost price? (B) 20000
(A) 10 % (C) 35200
(B) 20% (D) 32500
(C) 30%
(D) 16.67% 18.) A shopkeeper allows a discount of 20% on the
marked price and still gains 20% overall. Find at
12.) A tradesman marks his goods 25% above the what percent above the cost price did he mark up his
cost price and allows his customers 12 % reduction goods.
on their bills. What percent profit does he make? (A) 50%
(A) 14 % (B) 30%
(B) 10% (C) 25%
(C) 18% (D) 40%
(D) 12.5%
19.) An article is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been
13.) A fuel pump dealer sells petrol at 80% profit. sold for Rs. 80 more, there would have been a gain
Due to change in government regulation, the cost of of 15% on it. The cost price of the article is:
petrol increases by 20%. Because of competition the (A) Rs. 350
selling price at which fuel is sold remains the same. (B) Rs. 400
What is the decrease in the profit percentage earned? (C) Rs. 250
(A) 20 % (D) Rs. 320
(B) 30%
(C) 25% 20.) A trader who sells wheat, marked up his goods
(D) 40% at 20% and then gave a discount of 20%. What is the
profit or loss percentage?
14.) Arpan bought some toys at the rate of 10 for Rs. (A) 20%
40 and sold them at 7 for Rs. 35. Find his gain or loss (B) 4%
percent for the overall transaction. (C) 40%
(A) 20 % (D) 10%
(B) 30%
(C) 25% 21.) A shopkeeper mixes 10 kg of rice worth Rs. 20
(D) 40% per kg with 20 kg of rice of other variety at Rs. 30
per kg and sells the mixture at Rs. 25 per kg. The
15.) The cost price of 20 pencils is equal to selling overall profit/loss percentage is?
price of n pencils. If there is a loss of 20% on the (A) 3.5% profit
transaction. What would have been the value of n? (B) 3.5% loss
(A) 20 (C) 6.25% profit
(B) 30 (D) 6.25% loss
(C) 25
(D) 40

22.) The amount of profit gained by selling a laptop (A) Rs. 25000
bag at Rs 1770 is equal to the loss incurred by selling (B) Rs. 20000
the bag at Rs 1230. Find the selling price of the item, (C) Rs. 30000
if the dealer if the dealer wants to make an overall (D) Rs. 45000
20% profit?
(A) Rs. 1700 26.) Amar buys two bags, both at the same price of
(B) Rs. 1800 Rs 300. Sells One at a profit of 10% and other at a
(C) Rs. 2000 loss of 10%. What is the overall profit/loss
(D) None of these percentage for this transaction?
(A) 10%
23.) A florist bought 200 flowers at Rs 15 per bud. (B) 5%
Unfortunately, 20 flowers get spoiled. He sells the (C) 20 %
remaining at Rs 20 per bud Find his profit or loss. (D) None of above
(A) Rs. 700
(B) Rs. 600 27.) The cost price of an article is Rs. 100. If the
(C) Rs. 800 article is sold at a discount of 18% and then there is
(D) None of these a tax of 18%, what is the selling price of the article
including tax?
24.) Varun purchases a dozen of chocolates for Rs (A) Rs. 100.00
100 and sells them at Rs 120 for 10 chocolates. Find (B) Rs. 98.46
the gain/loss percentage for this scenario? (C) Rs. 96.76
(A) 40.2% (D) Rs. 90.50
(B) 35.5%
(C) 32.7% 28.) A man buys apples at a certain price per dozen
(D) 44.0% and sells them at 8 times price per hundred. What
percentage does he gain or lose?
25.) If Tarun sells an i-phone to Varun at a profit of (A) 4% profit
10%. Varun sells the item to Karan at a profit of 20% (B) 6% profit
and Karan pays Rs. 26400 for the item. Find the cost (C) 4% loss
incurred by Tarun. (D) 6% loss

1. ANS. A
EXP. SP = 4400, Profit = 10%
SP = CP × 1.10 (we used 1.10, as profit is 10%. If it was loss of 10%, then we would have used 0.90)
4400 = CP × 1.10
CP = Rs 4000
2. ANS. C
EXP. SP = Rs 450, Loss Incurred = 10%
Since there is loss of 10%, SP = 0.90 × CP
CP = .
= Rs 500
3. ANS. D
EXP. Marked Price (MP) can be obtained from Cost Price (CP).
MP = CP × Markup factor
Since markup is 7%, so markup factor will be 1.07. If it would have been 25%, then the factor would have been
1.25
MP = 70000 × 1.07
= Rs. 74,900
Please also note the relation between Markup Price (MP) and Selling Price (SP)
SP = MP × Discount factor

If discount is 15%, then discount factor will be 0.85. If discount is 30%, then the discount factor would have been
0.70
4. ANS. B
EXP. Let the Marked Price (MP) on the item be Rs P.
Successive discount of 20% and 10% would be mean that
SP = 0.80 × 0.90 × MP
500 = 0.80 × 0.90 × P
P = Rs 694.44 (approximated to 694)
5. ANS. D
EXP. Suppose the cost to Vignesh is Rs 100
Two successive percentage increases of 20% and 10% means, we cam multiply with 1.20 × 1.10 to find final
selling price.
Final SP = 100 × 1.20 × 1.10 = Rs 132
6. ANS. C
EXP. Given that, 100 × CP = 80 × SP
5 × CP = 4 × SP
=
Profit % = × 100 = × 100 = 25%
7. ANS. D
EXP. Selling Price, SP of mobile charger = Rs 170.
Since the Loss is 15%
SP = CP × 0.85
170 = CP × 0.85
P = Rs. 200
We want to sell at profit of 15%, So new selling price will be
SP (new) = 200 × 1.15
SP (new) = Rs 230
8. ANS. C
EXP. Suppose the cost to Vignesh is Rs 100
Two successive percentage increases of 20% and decrease of 10% means, we cam multiply with 1.20 × 0.90 to
find final selling price.
Final SP = 100 × 1.20 × 0.90 = Rs 108
9. ANS. C
EXP. SP of vegetable = 150, One item profit = 20%, Second item loss = 20%
First case Profit, 150 = CP × 1.20
CP (first) = Rs 125
Second case loss, 150 = CP × 0.80
CP (first) = Rs 187.5
Total CP (both first and Second) = Rs 125 + 187.5 = Rs 312.5
Total SP (both first and Second) = Rs 150 + 150 = Rs 300
.
Loss % = × 100 = × 100 = 4% (approx)
10. ANS. C
EXP. He sold for 10% loss, this means SP = 0.9 CP
New SP = SP +Rs 500

18. Coding-Decoding
Letter Coding
In letter coding type of questions, the alphabets in a word are replaced by certain other alphabets according to a
specific rule to form its code. Usually, it becomes easier to understand the code, if we replace the alphabets with
the numbers, as given in the table below.
1. If in a certain language, MADRAS is coded as NBESBT, how is BOMBAY coded in that code?
ANS. As shown below, each letter in the word is moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letter of
the code. The Answer is CPNCBZ.
M +1 N B +1 C
A +1 B O +1 P
D +1 E M +1 N
R +1 S B +1 C
A +1 B A +1 B
S +1 T Y +1 Z
2. In a certain code, TRIPPLE is written as SQHOOKD. How is DISPOSE written in that code ?
ANS. As shown below, each letter in the word is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letter of
the code. The Answer is CHRONRD.
T -1 S D -1 C
R -1 Q I -1 H
I -1 H S -1 R
P -1 O P -1 O
P -1 O O -1 N
L -1 K S -1 R
E -1 D E -1 D
3. In a certain code, MONKEY is written as XDJMNL. How is TIGER written in that code ?
ANS. First, the letters of the word are written in a reverse order. Reverse of MONKEY is YEKNOM. Now each
letter of YEKNOM is moved one position backward to get XDJMNL.
TIGER can be written in reverse order as REGIT. Now moving R by one position back we get Q. Moving E by
one position back we get D. Moving G by one position back we get F, and so on. The Answer is QDFHS.
4. In a certain code, COMPUTER is written as RFUVQNPC. How is MEDICINE written in the

same code?
ANS. First COMPUTER is written in reverse order as RETUPMOC. First letter R remains same. Second letter
moves forward by one position from E to F. Third letter also moves forward by one position from T to U.
Similarly all letters except last, moves forward by one position and we get RFUVQNPC.
MEDICINE is written in reverse order as ENICIDEM. All letters are moved forward by one position except first
and last and we get EOJDJEFM as Answer.
5. In a certain code, TOGETHER is written as RQEGRJCT. In the same code, PAROLE will be
written as

ANS. As shown below, the letters at odd positions are each moved two steps backward and those at even
positions are each moved two steps forward. Thus, the Answer is NCPQJG.
T -2 R P -2 N
O +2 Q A +2 C
G -2 E R -2 P
E +2 G O +2 Q
T -2 R L -2 J
H +2 J E +2 G
E -2 C
R +2 T
6. If BOMBAY is written as MYMYMY, how will TAMIL NADU be written in that code ?
ANS. The letters at the third and sixth places are repeated thrice to code BOMBAY as MYMYMY. Similarly,
the letters at the third (M), sixth (N) and ninth (U) places are repeated thrice to code TAMIL NADU as
MNUMNUMNU.
7. If in a certain language, COUNSEL is coded as BITIRAK, how is GUIDANCE written in that code?
ANS. As shown below, the letters at odd positions are each moved one step backward, while the letters at even
positions are respectively moved six, five, four, three, two,... steps backward to obtain the corresponding letters
of the code. The Answer is FOHYZJBB.
C -1 B G -1 F
O -6 I U -6 O
U -1 T I -1 H
N -5 I D -5 Y
S -1 R A -1 Z
E -4 A N -4 J
L -1 K C -1 B
E -3 B
8. If ABODE is coded as ADRHJ, then the code for AGRO will be?
ANS. The letters of ABODE are moved by 0, +2, +3, +4 and +5 to get ADRHJ. As shown below, we have to move
the letters of AGRO by 0, +2, +3, and +4 to get AIUS.
9. In a certain code, LIFE is written as KMHJEGDF. How is WORD written in that code?
ANS. Look at first letter of LIFE, which is L. It comes in between K and M. Similarly second letter of LIFE (I)
comes in between H and J. Similarly, Third letter of LIFE (F) comes between E and G and Fourth letter of LIFE
(E) comes in between D and F. Thus we have KMHJEGDF.
Using same logic. First letter of WORD, which is W, comes in between V and X. The second letter, which is O,
comes in between N and P and so on. The Answer is VXNPQSCE.
10. In a certain code, PLEADING is written as FMHCQMFB. How is SHOULDER written in that code?
ANS. The last four letters of the word are written in the reverse order, followed by the first four letter in the same
order. In the group of letters so obtained, each of the first four letters is moved step backward while each of the
last four letters is moved one step forward to get the code.
PLEADING → PLEA/DING → GNID/PLEA → FMHC/QMFB.
Thus we have: SHOULDER → SHOU/LDER → REDL/SHOU → QDCK/TIPV
So the answer is QDCKTIPV
11. If DICE is coded as FLGJ, then the code for BITE will be:

ANS. The first letter of DICE, which is D, is moved forward by +2. The second letter (I) is moved forward by +3,
third letter (C) is moved forward by +4 and fourth letter (E) is move forward by +5. Similarly, the letters of BITE
are moved forward by +2, +3,+4 and +5 positions and we get answer as DLXJ.
12. If HYDERABAD is coded as DABAREDYH, then BENGALURU will be coded as:

ANS. First 4 letter of HYDERABAD are written in reversed order and then placed as last 4 letters of coded word.
Then last 4 letter of HYDERABAD are written in reversed order and then placed as first 4 letters of coded word.
Similarly First 4 letter of BENGALURU are written in reversed order (GNEB) and then placed as last 4 letters of
coded word. Then last 4 letter of BENGALURU are written in reversed order (URUL) and then placed as first 4
letters of coded word. The Answer is URULAGNEB
13. In a particular code, HOSPITALS is coded as HSOLSAPTI. The code of BIOLOGICALS will be:
ANS. We can see that the letters of same word have been rearranged.
H, which is at 1 place, remains at 1 place. O, which is at 2 place, goes to 3 place. S, which is at 3 place, goes to 5
place. P, which is at 4 place, goes to 7 place. I, which is at 5 place, goes to 9 place.
Now let us start looking at remaining letters from bottom. S, which is at 9 place, goes to 2 place. L, which is at 8
place, goes to 4 place. A, which is at 7 place, goes to 6 place and so on.
H O S P I T A L S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
HOSPITALS HSOLSAPTI Moves by

1 1 +2
2 3 +2
3 5 +2
4 7 +2
5 9 0
6 8 0
7 6 -2
8 4 -2
9 2 -2
B which is at place 1 , will go to the 1 place. I which is at place 2, will go to the 3 place. O which is at place 3,
will go to the 5 place and so on.
Similarly, the last letter S will go to 2 place. Second last letter of L will go to 4 place and so on..
Thus, we get, BSILOALCOIG as answer
14. In certain code, COVALENT is coded as BWPDUOFM. The code of ELEPHANT will be:
ANS. These arrows just indicate the order of coding. Now, we can code ELEPHANT in the same manner:

Thus, the correct code for ELEPHANT is QFMFUOBI.
15. If the word TEACHER is coded as TCJACCV in a certain code language, then how will we represent
the word CONCORD in that language?
ANS.
The answer is FPQAPME.
16. If DELHI is coded as 73541 and CALCUTTA as 82589662, how can CALICUT be coded ?
ANS.
D E L H I C A U T
7 3 5 4 1 8 2 9 6
So, in CALICUT,
C is coded as 8, A as 2, L as 5, I as 1, U as 9 and T as 6.
Thus, the code for CALICUT is 8251896.
17. In as a certain code, 15789 is written as EGKPT and 2346 is written ALUR. How is 23549 written in
that code?
ANS.
1 5 7 8 9 2 3 4 6
E G K P T A L U R
i.e., 2 as A, 3 as L, 5 as G, 4 as U and 9 as T.
So, 23549 is coded as ALGUT.
18. In a certain language TWENTY is written as 863985 and ELEVEN is written as 323039. How is
TWELVE written in that code?
ANS.
Two letters E and N are common and the place value of E and N is 3 and 9, respectively. So the place value of
other letters will be as follows:
T = 8, W = 6, E = 3, N = 9, T = 8, Y = 5, L = 2, V = 0.
Then, TWELVE = 863203.
19. In a certain language ‘tom kun sud’ means ‘dogs are barking’, ‘kun jo mop’, means ‘dogs and horses’
and ‘mut tom ko’ means ‘donkeys are mad’, Which word in that language means ‘barking’?
ANS. In the first and second statements, the common code-word is ‘kun’ and the common word is ‘dogs’. So ‘kun’
means ‘dogs’. In first and third statements, the common code-word is ‘tom’ and the common word is ‘are’. So,
‘tom’ means ‘are’. Thus in the first statement, ‘sud’ means ‘barking’.

22. Relationships
Methodology
Let us first look at basic relationships, which are often asked in the questions. It is not required to remember these
names, but instead make a clear picture in your mind, as you go through each one of them.
Husband of Mother Father

Wife of father Mother
Son of Father or Mother Brother
Daughter of Father or Mother Sister
Brother of Father or Mother Uncle
Sister of Father or Mother Aunt
Father of Father or Mother Grandfather
Father of Grandfather or Grandmother Great Grandfather
Mother of Father or Mother Grandmother
Mother of Grandfather or Grandmother Great Grandmother
Sister of Husband or Wife Sister-in-law
Brother of Husband or Wife Brother-in-law
Wife of Son Daughter-in-law
Son of Brother or Sister Nephew
Daughter of Brother or Sister Niece
Son or Daughter of Aunt or Uncle Cousin
Sister’s Husband Brother-in-Law
Brother’s Wife Sister-in-law
Son of Grandfather or Grandmother Father or Uncle
Uncle’s Wife Aunt
Daughter’s Husband Son-in-Law
Relations from one generation to next are shown below.
You may create your own symbols, while drawing diagrams. For example, Plus sign for Male, Minus sign for
Female, Single Dash for Siblings and Double Dash for Married Couple.
Let us understand this with an example.
Question: A and B are brothers and C and D are sisters. A’s son is D’s brother. How is B related to C?
Solution:
A and B are brothers. So, their diagram would look like this

C and D are sisters. So, their diagram would look like this
A’s son is D’s brother.
With the help of the above diagram it becomes clear that B is Uncle of C.
Question: If A + B means A is the mother of B; A × B means A is the father of B; A $ B means A is the brother
of B and A @ B means A is the sister of B then which of the following means P is the son of Q?
(A) Q + R @ P @ N
(B) Q + R * P @ N
(C) Q × R $ P @ N
(D) Q × R $ P $ N
Solution:
We have to consider each option to find the correct answer.
Q × R = Q is the father of R
R $ P = R is the brother of P
P $ N = P is the brother of N
Therefore P is the son of Q. The Answer is Q × R $ P $ N (Option D).
Question: A has 3 children. B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D, E who is the wife of A is the mother of
D. There is only one daughter of the husband of E. What is the relation between D and B?
Solution: Let us understand this step by step.
B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D. This can be shown as below.
Note that, till now, we are not aware about gender of D.
E is the wife of A.
E is mother of D. So we get following diagram.
It is given that, there is only one daughter of the husband of E (Husband is A). It is also given that A has 3 children.
So that one daughter can is C. Thus, D has to be Male. Accordingly, we revise our diagram.
We can conclude that D and B are Brothers.

Question: Pointing to a photograph, Rekha says to Lalli, "The girl in the photo is the second daughter of the wife
of only son of the grandmother of my younger sister." How this girl of photograph is related to Rekha?
Solution: We have break this sentence into parts.
grandmother of younger sister → Grandmother of Rekha
only son of Grandmother → Father of Rekha

wife of Father → Mother of Rekha

second daughter of Mother → Younger Sister of Rekha.
Thus, the Girl is Younger Sister of Rekha.
Practice Questions
1.) Pointing to a photograph of a boy Suresh said, (D) Q - S % P

"He is the son of the only son of my mother." How is
Suresh related to that boy? 7.) If A is the brother of B; B is the sister of C; and
(A) Brother C is the father of D, how D is related to A?
(B) Uncle (A) Brother
(C) Cousin (B) Sister
(D) Father (C) Nephew
(D) Cannot be determined
2.) Pointing to Ajay, Radha said, “His father is the
only son of my grandfather”. How is Radha Related 8.) Introducing a boy, a girl said, "He is the son of
to Ajay? the daughter of the father of my uncle." How is the
(A) Brother boy related to the girl?
(B) Sister (A) Cousin
(C) Mother (B) Nephew
(D) Daughter (C) Uncle
(D) Son-in-law
3.) Lalita said to Tina, “You are the daughter-in-law
of the grandmother of my father’s only son.” How is 9.) If A + B means A is the father of B; A - B means
Lalita related to Tina? A is the brother B; A % B means A is the wife of B
(A) Aunt and A × B means A is the mother of B, which of the
(B) Sister following shows that M is the maternal grandmother
(C) Mother of T?
(D) Cannot be determined (A) M × N % S + T
(B) M × N - S % T
4.) Looking at the portrait of a man, Ashok said, ‘His (C) M × S - N % T
mother is the wife of my father’s son. Brothers and (D) M × N x S % T
sisters, I have none’. At whose portrait was Ashok
looking? 10.) P is the mother of K; K is the sister of D; D is
(A) His cousin the father of J. How is P related to J?
(B) His nephew (A) Mother
(C) His uncle (B) Grandmother
(D) His son (C) Aunt
(D) Data inadequate
5.) Anil and Meena are married couple. Arjun and
Laksh are brothers. Arjun is the brother of Anil. How 11.) Pointing to a girl, Sandeep said, "She is the
is Laksh related to Meena? daughter of the only sister of my father." How is
(A) Cousin Sandeep related to the girl?
(B) Brother (A) Uncle
(C) Brother in law (B) Cousin
(D) Data inadequate (C) Father
(D) Grandfather
6.) If A + B means A is the mother of B; A - B means
A is the brother B; A % B means A is the father of B 12.) A is the son of C; C and Q are sisters; Z is the
and A × B means A is the sister of B, which of the mother of Q and P is the son of Z. Which of the
following shows that P is the maternal uncle of Q? following statements is true?
(A) Q - N + M × P (A) P and A are cousins
(B) P + S × N - Q (B) P is the maternal uncle of A
(C) P - M + N × Q (C) Q is the maternal grandfather of A

(D) C and P are sisters 19.) C is the son of A. D is the daughter of B . E and
F are the children of C. G and H are the children of
13.) Pointing to a photograph. Bajpai said, "He is the D. F is the husband of G. How is G related to C?
son of the only daughter of the father of my brother." (A) Daughter
How Bajpai is related to the man in the photograph? (B) Daughter-in-law
(A) Nephew (C) Sister
(B) Brother (D) Mother-in-law
(C) Father
(D) Maternal Uncle 20.) Q's mother is the sister of R and daughter of S.
N is the daughter of R and sister of M. How is 'M'
14.) Pointing to a woman, Abhijit said, "Her related to S?
granddaughter is the only daughter of my brother." (A) Grandson
How is the woman related to Abhijit? (B) Brother
(A) Sister (C) Father
(B) Grandmother (D) Data inadequate
(C) Sister-in-law
(D) Mother 21.) In a certain language A x B means A is the wife
of B, B y C means B is the son of C and P z Q means
15.) If A + B means B is the brother of A; A × B P is the sister of Q, then which one of the following
means B is the husband of A; A - B means A is the means that L is the daughter of M?
mother of B and A % B means A is the father of B, (A) MzNyTxL
which of the following relations show that Q is the (B) MxNyTzL
grandmother of T? (C) LyTxNzM
(A) Q - P + R % T (D) LzTyNxM
(B) P × Q % R – T
(C) P ×Q % R + T 22.) Consider the following:
(D) P + Q % R – T P+Q indicates that P and Q are married to each other
P–Q indicates that P and Q are children of the same
16.) Mohan said about a girl in the picture, "This girl parents
is the wife of only grandson of my mother". How is P×Q indicates that Q is a child of P
Mohan related to that girl? If M+S, S×T, L×M and T–N, then which one of the
(A) Grandfather following holds?
(B) Husband (A) L is a parent of S
(C) Father (B) L is a parent of N
(D) Father-in-law (C) L is a grandparent of N
(D) T is a grandchild of S
17.) Hiten introduced Mita as his son's maternal
grandfather's only son's only sister's mother-in-law. 23.) 'M'. is 60 years old. 'R' is 5 years junior to 'M'
How is Mita related to Hiten? and 4 years senior to 'V'. The youngest brother of 'V'
(A) Mother is 'B' and he is 6 years junior to 'V'. What is the age
(B) Mother-in-law difference between 'M' and B'?
(C) Wife (A) 18 years
(D) Maternal aunt (B) 15 years
(C) 13 years
18.) Pointing to a lady in the photograph, Monika (D) 11 years
said, "Her son's father is the son-in-law of my
mother." How is Monika related to the lady? 24.) Pointing to Geeta, Sita said, ‘her mother is the
(A) Aunt only daughter of my mother’. How is Sita related to
(B) Sister Geeta?
(C) Mother (A) Mother
(D) Cousin (B) Daughter
(C) Sister
(D) Grand mother

25.) Anil’s father has a daughter named Meenu, who 26.) If ‘P × Q’ means P is the brother of Q, ‘P/Q’
is married to Robin. Relation of Robin’s daughter means P is the son of Q and ‘P – Q’ means P is the
with Anil is: sister of Q, then which one of the following will
(A) Niece show that Q is the maternal uncle of P?
(B) Nephew (A) P/(R – Q) and Q × S
(C) Cousin (B) P/(R – Q) and Q – S
(D) Grand daughter (C) Q × R/P and Q × S
(D) P × R – Q and Q × S
1. ANS. D
EXP. We have to break this sentence "He is the son of the only son of my mother."
only son of my mother → Suresh himself
Thus Suresh is Father of the boy.
2. ANS. B
EXP. We have to break this sentence " His (Ajay) father is the only son of my grandfather."
only son of my grandfather → Father of Radha
But Father of Radha is Father of Ajay.
Thus Radha is Sister of Ajay.
3. ANS. D
EXP. We have to break this sentence "Tina is the daughter-in-law of the grandmother of my father’s only son."
my father’s only son → Brother of Lalita
grandmother of Brother → Grandmother of Lalita
Thus, Tina is daughter-in-law of Grandmother of Lalita
Tina thus can be their mother of Lalita (wife of grandmother’s only son). However it is not mentioned that the
grandmother has only one son. Tina can also be wife of grandmother’s other son i.e. Tina could also be Aunt of
Lalita. Hence, answer is D.
4. ANS. D
EXP. We have to break this sentence "His mother is the wife of my father’s son".
wife of my father’s son → Wife of Ashok (because Ashok has no brother)
Wife of Ashok is mother of man.
Thus, that Man is Son of Ashok.
5. ANS. C
EXP. The diagram for the relationships is given below.
Thus, Laksh is the brother-in-law of Meena.
6. ANS. C
EXP. P - M → P is the brother of M
M + N → M is the mother of N
N × Q → N is the sister of Q
Therefore, P is the maternal uncle of Q.
7. ANS. D
EXP.

Now, if D is Male, the answer is Nephew.

If D is Female, the answer is Niece.
As the sex of D is not known, hence, the relation between D and A cannot be determined.
8. ANS. A
EXP. We have to break this sentence "Boy is the son of the daughter of the father of my uncle".
father of my uncle → Grandfather of girl
daughter of Grandfather → There can be two options (Sister of father or Sister of mother)
Thus the boy is son of either Sister of father or Sister of mother.
Thus the boy will be always Cousin.
9. ANS. A
EXP. M × N → M is the mother of N
N % S → N is the wife of S
S + T → S is the father of T.
Hence, M is the maternal grandmother of T.
10. ANS. B
EXP.
P is the mother of K. K is the sister of D. D is the father of J.

Therefore, J is the nephew or niece of K and P is the grandmother of J.
11. ANS. B
EXP. We have to break this sentence "Girl is the daughter of the only sister of my father ".
only sister of my father → Aunt of Sandeep
daughter of Aunt → Cousin of Sandeep
12. ANS. B
EXP.
C and Q are sisters and A is the son of C. Hence, C is the mother of A or Z is the mother Q.
Hence, Z is the maternal grandmother of A. P is the son of Z. Hence, P is the maternal uncle of A.
13. ANS. D
EXP. We have to break this sentence " Man is the son of the only daughter of the father of my brother ".
Father of my brother → Father of Bajpai
only daughter Father → Sister of Bajpai

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Numerical Ability and Logical Reasoning

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1. To assess your understanding of the topic.

After covering the syllabus from booklets, it is EQUALLY IMPORTANT to go through

All the best!

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13. Probability ............................................................................................................................................ 116

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Percent Change = × 100

Equating both equations, 0.40x + 20 = 0.50x

4. What is the value of 10% of 20% of 30% of 1000?

HUMAN PERITUS www.humanperitus.com 5

The total expenditure remains same in both cases.

The percent change (it will decrease) in consumption will be

11. If 60% of (a-b) = 40% of (a+b), then what percent of a is b?

We have to find ×100 = ×100= 20%

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(B) (A) 15%

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Answers and Explanations

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Salary of Suresh + Salary of Mukesh = 8000

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Marks scored in Chemistry = 75% of 100 = 75 marks

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2. Profit, Loss and Discount

Selling price = Cost Price + Profit (P %)

Profit/Loss% is calculated by dividing profit/Loss over Cost price.

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Thus, cost of 10 kgs of first kind of variety is = × 10 = Rs. 600

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Therefore, Profit percentage

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(B) 6.25% loss

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Answers and Explanations

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4. In a certain code, COMPUTER is written as RFUVQNPC. How is MEDICINE written in the

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12. If HYDERABAD is coded as DABAREDYH, then BENGALURU will be coded as:

HOSPITALS HSOLSAPTI Moves by

Thus, we get, BSILOALCOIG as answer

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Thus, the correct code for ELEPHANT is QFMFUOBI.

The answer is FPQAPME.

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Husband of Mother Father

Relations from one generation to next are shown below.

Let us understand this with an example.

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A’s son is D’s brother.

B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D. This can be shown as below.