Melanin – pigments responsible for skin, hair, eye color

I N T E G U M E N T A RY Melanin pigments – yellow (Caucasian), brown (Asians), black

(African)
SYSTEM Melanocytes – produce melanin; irregularly shaped cells; s.
basale
 It consists of the skin, and accessory structures
Melanosomes – vesicles derived from GA where melanin is
such as hair, glands, and nails. produced
Functions of the Integumentary S. (PSVTE) Factors of Melanin Production
1. Protection a. Genetic factors
2. Sensation
b. Exposure to UV light
3. Vitamin D production
c. Hormones
4. Temperature regulation
5. Excretion Albinism - recessive genetic trait that causes deficiency
Skin Epidermis / absence of melanin
 Most superficial layer
Cyanosis - bluish skin color; decreased blood O2
 Epilitheal tissue that rests on the dermis
 Stratified squamous epithelium Carotene – yellow pigment in plants (squash, carrots); source
 In deepest layers, mitosis occurs of vitamin A

Keratinization – cells change shape and chemical Birthmarks – congenital disorder of the capillaries in the
composition; cells become filed with the protein keratin dermis
(hard)
– transformation of the living cells of the stratum Subcutaneous Tissue
basale into the dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum  Attaches the skin to underlying bones
– Characteristics used to divide to form strata  Also called the hypodermis
 Loose connective tissue
LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum basale – deepest; cuboidal & columnar cells,  Storage of our body’s fat (padding, insulation)
undergo mitosis every 19 days, next to dermis
Stratum Spinosum – lipid-filled vessels called lamellar Accessory Skin Structure
bodies; flattened appearance Hair
Stratum Granulosum – flat/diamond shape; release  Columns of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
lamellar bodies, old spinosum  Produced in the hair bulb
Stratum Lucidum – occurs only on thick, hairless skin;
zone between s. granulosum and corneum Hair follicle – where each hair rises
Stratum corneum – most superficial stratum; dead Shaft – above the skin
squamous cells filled with keratin (structural strength);
lipids (prevent fluid loss); joined by desmosomes Root – below the skin
Hair bulb – site of hair cell formation, base
Dandruff – excessive sloughing of stratum corneum Cortex – hard keratin
Thick Skin – has all five strata; palms, feet sole, fingertips Medulla – soft central core
Thin Skin – lacks stratum lucidum; covers rest of the body. Cuticle – single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in
Callus – thickened area the hair follicle
Corn – bony prominence, thickened corn shaped
structure Growth Stage
 Hair is formed by epithelial cells within the hair bulb
Dermis  Divide and undergo keratinization
 Dense collagenous connective tissue, contains  Hair root + shaft = columns of dead keratinized
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages epithelial cells
 Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands,
lymphatic vessels Resting Stage
 Growth stops
Collagen (resist stretching) & elastic fibers – structural
strength  Hair is held in the hair follicle
Cleavage lines/Tension lines – collagen fibers are oriented in
some directions; skin is most resistant to stretch along these Next growth stage
lines  A new hair is formed
 The old hair falls out
Stretch marks – skin is overstretched, leaving lines that are
visible
Eyelashes – grow for about 30 days; rest for 105 days
Dermal papillae – contain blood vessels that supply the
epidermis with nutrients, remove waste products, and Scalp hairs – grow for 3 years; rest for 1 – 2 years
regulate body temperature
Arrector Pili – smooth muscles; contraction = hair to
Skin Color stand on end; produces goose bumps

M AZON , D . M .
Glands
I. Sebaceous Glands 3. Vitamin D Production
 Simple, branched acinar glands  Skin exposed to UV light produces cholecalciferol
 Connected by a duct to the superficial part of the (modified in the liver, then in the kidneys to produce
hair follicle active vitamin D)
 Sebum – oily, white substance rich in lipids; released  Best sources of Vit. D = fatty fish, vit. D fortified
by holocrine secretion; lubricates the hair/surface of milk
the skin (prevents drying and protects against  Small amounts of Vit D = eggs, butter, liver
bacteria)  Active Vit. D stimulates the small intestine to absorb
calcium and phosphate (normal bone growth,
II. Sweat Glands normal muscle function)
a. Eccrine Sweat Glands
 Simple, coiled, tubular glands 4. Temperature Regulation
 Release sweat by melocrine  Normal body temp. = 37oC (98.6 oF)
secretion  Rate of chemical rxns within the body can increased
 Numerous in the palms and soles of decreased based on the body temp.
b. Apocrine Sweat Glands  Factors that raise body temperature
 Simple, coiled, tubular glands  Exercise
 Produce a think secretion rich in  Fever
organic substances  Increase in environmental
 Released primary by melocrine temperature
secretion; some glands demonstrate  The skin controls heat loss from the body through
holocrine secretion dilation and constriction of blood vessels
 Open into hair follicles, in armpits and  Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates and
genitalia lowers body temperature
 Become active at puberty  Heat is lost by radiation (infrared energy),
convection (air movement), conduction (direct
III. Other Glands contact)
a. Ceruminous glands – cerumen (earwax)
b. Mammary glands – milk 5. Excretion
 Skin glands remove water and salt
Nails  Also removes small amounts of urea, uric acid,
ammonia
 Dead stratum corneum cells
 Contain a very hard type of keratin Integumentary S. as a Diagnostic Aid
Cyanosis – bluish color to the skin caused by decreased blod
Nail body – visible part of the nail O2 content
Nail root – part of the nail covered by skin
Cuticle – eponychium; s. corneum that extends onto the nail Jaundice – yellowish skin color caused by liver damage (viral
body hepatitis)
Nail matrix – produces the nail
Nail bed – contributes to nail formation Rashes & lesions - symptoms of problems elsewhere;
Lunula – white, crescent-shaped area; part of the nail e.g. Scarlet fever causes reddish rash, allergic reaction to food
matrix visible through the nail body or drugs can develop rashes

Physiology of the Integumentary S. Vitamin A Deficiency – excess keratin; sandpaper texture

1. Protection characteristic
 Reducing water loss
 Prevents microorganisms from entering the body Iron Deficiency Anemia – nails become flat or concave
 Protects underlying structures against abrasion
Lead Poisoning – high levels of lead in the hair
 Hair on head = insulator
 Eyebrows = keep sweat out of the eyes Burns
 Eyelashes = protects the eyes from foreign objects Burn – injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction,
 Hair in the nose, ears = prevents the entry of chemicals, electricity, and radiation
dust
 Nails = protect the ends of the fingers, toes from I. Partial-thickness Burns
damage; can be used in defense
 S. basale remains viable;
 Regeneration of the epidermis occurs within the
2. Sensation burn area
 Sensory receptors for pain, touch, hot, cold,
pressure

M AZON , D . M .
 a. First-degree burns II. Squamous cell carcinoma
 Epidermis  Immediately superficial to the s. basale
 Red and painful  Cells continue to divide as they produce keratin
 Slight edema (swelling) = nodular, keratinized tumor confined to the
b. Second-degree burns epidermis
 Epidermis, dermis  Can invade the dermis, metastasize, and cause death
 Epidermis regenerates from the
epithelial tissue III. Malignant melanoma
 Dermal damage is minimal;  Rare form of skin cancer that arises from
 Redness, pain, edema, blisters melanocytes; usually from a pre-existing mole
 Healing = 2 weeks  Mole – an aggregation or nest of melanocytes
 No scarring  Large, flat, spreading lesion or deeply
pigmented nodule
 Deep into the dermis
 Metastasis is common
 Red, tan, or white
 Often fatal
 Takes several months to heal
 Might scar FX of Aging on the Integumentary S.
 Epidermis thins
II. Full-thickness Burns
 Amount of collagen in the dermis decreases
a. Third-degree burns
 Epidermis, dermis, and underlying  Skin infections are most likely
tissues are completely destroyed  Repair of skin occurs slower
 Recovery occurs from the edges of the  Decrease no. of elastic fibers in the dermis and
burn wound loss of fat (sagging of skin, wrinkles)
 Region of the 3rd degree burn is  Decrease of activity of sweat glands = reduced
painless (sensory receptors have been ability to regulate body temp.
destroyed)  Decrease sebaceous gland activity = skin becomes
 White, tan, brown, black, deep cherry drier
red  Decrease no. of melanocytes
 Take a long time to heal  Some areas, the no. of melanocytes increase =
 Form scar tissue age spots
 Skin grafts are used to prevent  Increased melanin production = freckles; also,
complications and to speed healing gray/white hair
 Skin that is exposed to sunlight = shows signs of
Skin Cancer aging more rapidly
 Most common type of cancer
 Exposure to UV light from the sun
 Usually on face, neck, hands
 Most like to have skin cancer = fair skinned or
older than 50
 Limiting exposure to sun, using sunscreen;
reduces the likelihood of developing skin cancer
 Ultraviolet light
 UVA
 Longer wavelength
 Causes most tanning of the skin
 Development of malignant
melanoma

 UVB
 Most burning of the skin
 Development of basal cell and
squamous cell carcinoma

I. Basal cell carcinoma

 Most frequent type
 S. basale and extends into the dermis to produce an
open ulcer
 Cure; surgical removal or radiation therapy
 Little danger of cancer to spread, metastasize

M AZON , D . M .