Working With Data

The ability to interpret data is an important skill in society.

Each of the following statements involves data.
• Jerry has a size 12 foot. Mark, Vince, and Peter all have size 10 feet.
• Kim had an average of 98% in math this term. The class average was 72%.
• A group of students with summer jobs earned between $100 and $1500
each last summer.
• In a snowboarding Big Air competition, Sean finished eighth. Five judges
gave him the following scores out of ten: 8.2, 7.5, 7.0, 7.2, and 8.0.
In this chapter, you will learn ways of determining and reporting on the
centre of a set of data.

What You Will Learn Key Words

φ to determine the centre of a set of data in measure of
several ways central tendency
φ to identify unusual values in a set of data median
φ to decide when an unusual value should mode
be included when measuring the centre of mean
a set of data range
φ to choose the best measure of the centre outlier
of a set of data

MATH LINK
Think of situations in which you might want to gather data.
For example,
• What size of running shoes do people wear?
• How well did the class do on the last math test?
• How well do players score in various sports competitions?
• How much do teenagers in your community earn per hour?
By the end of the chapter, you will know how to analyse the data you
would like to collect.

420 NEL • Chapter 12

;DA967A:H /
-ÌÕ`ÞÊ/œœ

Make the following Foldable to organize

what you learn in Chapter 12.

Step 1 Staple eight sheets of paper

together along the top edge.
Step 2 Make a line
10.5 cm up
from the
bottom of the
top page. Cut
across the
entire page at this mark.
Step 3 Make a line 9 cm up from the
bottom of the second page. Cut
across the entire page at this mark.
Step 4 Cut across a line 7.5 cm up from
the bottom of the third page.
Step 5 Cut across a line 6 cm up from
the bottom of the fourth page.
Step 6 Cut across a line 4.5 cm up from
the bottom of the fifth page.
Step 7 Cut across a line 3 cm up from
the bottom of the sixth page.
Step 8 Cut across a line 1.5 cm up from
the bottom of the seventh page.
Step 9 Label the tabs
Chapter 12:
formed. Working With Data

Key Words
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
What I Need to Work On

Literacy Link
As you work through Chapter 12, take
notes under the appropriate tab.
Include information about the key
words, examples, and key ideas.

Chapter 12 • NEL 421

 Median and Mode
Early in the school year, Melanie and Amir had the exact same scores
on five weekly math quizzes. Their scores out of 10 were 8, 9, 4, 5, 9.
Their teacher asked them to report on a single score that best
Focus on… summarizes their progress in math.
After this lesson, you
9
will be able to... U8IZ QUI– Z QUIZ4 ~~ QUI–5Z ~ 9
UIZ ~~ Q –10 ~~ 10 ~ –
~Q afrac n has a tion a
10
asfraction
10 –
10
φ determine median a c
fr rit
ch W
ti
e o n
ea asWr
ch itetioeac
d aasl.enta de
anim
frac
Write
percent
. eachWr
cimasal a and
ite eac
asentl.a and
ima
decperc
as
h a
fra ctio n as a
Write ea andpearcs ena tdec perc and decimal.
as a decimal.
and mode of a percent 14 12= 63 %14–12= =71%4814%= 32%14
12 14 =–5=6%48%
48%12 –– = 48% – – – = 22%
data set 12 = 48%– = –2525 2525 2525 25 25
– 25 0 .5 6 == 0.0. 63
4 8 = 0. 4
0.71 8 = 0.32= 0.
2 5 = 0.48= = 0.48 = 22
= 0.48

How do you determine median and mode?

1. Which student do you think is right? Discuss your response with a

classmate. Do you agree with your classmate?

422 NEL • Chapter 12

 2. Both Amir and Melanie have justified their decisions. They have each measure of
found a measure of central tendency to represent the “centre” of central tendency
the data. • a value that
represents the centre
a) Amir has calculated the median of the five scores. Describe how
of a set of data
he found the median. • can be the mean,
b) Melanie has calculated the mode of the five scores. Describe how median, or mode
she found the mode.
median
Reflect on Your Findings • the middle number in
a set of data after the
3. a) Which measure, median or mode, do you think better represents data have been
how these students are doing in math this term? Explain why. arranged in order
• median of 2, 5, 6, 8,
b) Give a set of ten numbers where you think the median is a more and 9 is 6
accurate measure of central tendency. • median of 1, 3, 6, 8, 9,
c) Give a set of ten numbers where you think the mode is a more and 10 is 7
accurate measure of central tendency.
mode
• the most frequently
occurring number in a
Example 1: Determine the Mode and the Median
set of data
One month, the Edmonton Oilers • mode of 3, 5, 7, 7, and
won 7 out of 10 games. 9 is 7
As a team they scored the following • modes of 2, 2, 4, 6, 6,
8, and 11 are 2 and 6
number of goals in these 10 games: • the data 1, 3, 4, and 5
5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 3, 3, 7, 3 has no mode
a) What is the mode for the number
of goals scored?
b) What is the median number of goals scored?

Solution
a) Arrange the numbers in increasing order.
The mode is the most frequently occurring number in the list.
1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 7
The mode is 3 since it occurs four times.

b) Arrange the numbers in increasing order. The median is the middle

value. Cross off pairs of least and greatest values until you reach the
middle one or two numbers.
1 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 7
If one number remains, then it is the median value.
If two numbers remain then you must find the value halfway between
them. In this case, since the two numbers are both 3, the median is 3.
Notice that both the mode and median are 3 in this example. The
mode and median will sometimes be the same value, but not always.

12.1 Median and Mode • NEL 423

 Find the mode(s) and median of each set of values.
a) 4, 2, 9, 6, 4 b) 11, 5, 8, 11, 10
c) 4, 5, 8, 5, 5, 8, 5, 7 d) 14, 6, 14, 8, 10, 6, 10, 12

Example 2: Determine the Mode and Median From a

Frequency Table
The frequency table shows the hourly wages of
employees at a recycling depot.
Hourly Wages ($) Number of Employees
8 3
10 2
11 3
14 2
a) What is the mode for the hourly wages?
b) What is the median wage?
c) How would the mode and median be affected if one employee gets a
raise from $10 per hour to $11 per hour?

Solution
a) Method 1: List the Values in Order
Record the hourly wages, in dollars, for
Since there are
three people who each employee in increasing order.
earn $8 per hour, 8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 14 14
If no number is repeated
record three 8s. There are three 8s and three 11s. in a set of data then
So, there are two modes: $8 and $11. there is no mode.

Method 2: Use the Frequency Table

Literacy Link From the frequency table, you can determine the mode by looking
When there are two at the numbers in the second column. The highest number is 3.
modes the data are
said to be bimodal. It corresponds to 3 people who earn $8 and 3 people who earn $11.
The prefix “bi” means So, there are two modes: $8 and $11.
two. For example, a
bicycle has two
wheels.
b) Method 1: List the Values in Order
Record the hourly wages, in dollars, for each employee in
increasing order. The median is the middle value.
Cross off pairs of least and greatest values until you reach
the middle one or two numbers.
To calculate the middle value,
8 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 14 14 you could add the numbers
Since two numbers remain, find the and then divide by two.
The median does not 10 + 11 ___
have to be a number middle value between 10 and 11. _______ = 21
2 2
in a set of data. = 10.5
The median hourly wage is $10.50.
424 NEL • Chapter 12
 Method 2: Use the Frequency Table
Since there are ten employees, the median must be halfway between
the wages of the fifth and sixth employees when the salaries are
arranged in order. From the frequency table, five people earn $8 or
$10 and five people earn $11 or $14.
The median must be halfway between $10 and $11.
The median hourly wage is $10.50.

c) By changing one $10 to $11 the ordered values would now be

8 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 14 14
The only mode is $11, since $11 now occurs four times.
The fifth number is $11 and sixth number is $11, so the median
is $11.

Find the mode and median Baseball Cap Price ($) Number of Sales
prices of the baseball caps 7 5
sold in the last week.
9 5
10 6
12 4

• The mode is the most frequently occurring number in a set of data.

– If no number repeats, there is no mode.
1 2 3 4 5 No mode
– There can be more than one mode.
1 1 2 2 3 Two modes: 1 and 2 (bimodal)
• The median is the middle value in a set of data after the
numbers have been arranged in order.
1 2 3 4 5 Median is 3
• If there is an even number of data values, then the median
6 + 8 ___
is the value halfway between the two middle numbers. _____ = 14
2 2
2 4 6 8 10 12 =7

The median here is the value halfway between 6 and 8, or 7.

• The median does not have to be a number in the set of data.

12.1 Median and Mode • NEL 425

 1. Over ten days, the following numbers of juice cans were collected by the
school recycling team: 15, 20, 12, 16, 24, 20, 12, 20, 23, 17.
Which value do you think is easier to determine, mode or median? Why?

2. Create a set of five numbers where the median and mode are the same.
Explain why you chose the numbers you did.

3. Dana was asked to find the median of the following numbers: 3, 6, 5, 4, 2.

She decided to order the numbers from greatest to least: 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. She
removed outer pairs of numbers until she was left with the middle value, 4.
Has she correctly found the median? Explain.

7. In 12 hockey games, the Calgary Flames

scored the following numbers of goals:
For help with #4 to #7, refer to Example 1 on 4, 4, 0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 3, 0, 3, 2
page 423.
What were the mode and median?
4. What are the median and mode of each
set of data? For help with #8 and #9, refer to Example 2 on
a) 4, 2, 9, 6, 4 pages 424–425.
b) 21, 15, 18, 21, 20, 18 8. A new T-shirt Price ($) Number Sold
c) 3, 8, 5, 12, 10, 8, 2 company sold 8 6
26 shirts on 14 7
5. Determine the median and mode of each their first day.
17 5
set of data. The table shows
20 4
a) 6, 4, 8, 6, 2, 9 the number of
T-shirts sold 25 4
b) 14, 5, 8, 11, 10
according to price. What were the mode
c) 18, 24, 16, 18, 24, 16, 18, 18 and median for the T-shirt prices?

6. In one week, a store in the mall sold the 9. A coffee shop Price Number Sold
following numbers of Nickelback CDs: sold 36 beverages $2 12
34, 42, 37, 44, 46, 42, 51 one hour. The
$3 10
What were the mode and median for the prices of the
$3.50 9
CD sales that week? beverages sold
are shown in the $4 5
table. What were
the mode and median prices?

426 NEL • Chapter 12

 12. What is one possible set of four numbers
that have a mode of 7 and a median of 11?
10. A cat gives birth to a litter of six kittens.
The masses of the kittens are:
95 g, 100 g, 100 g, 105 g, 110 g, 110 g
a) What is the mode? 13. Five whole numbers have a mode of 4 and
a median of 3. What are the five numbers?
b) What is the median mass?
c) The mother cat has a second litter.
14. If the only mode is 4, describe all possible
The masses of these kittens are: whole number values for n.
90 g, 95 g, 100 g, 105 g, 110 g, 115 g a) 5, 6, 7, 4, 2, n
What are the median and mode of the b) 5, 6, 4, 4, n
masses of all 12 kittens?
15. If the median is 4, describe all possible
11. The following tally chart shows the whole number values for n.
heights of a grade 7 boys’ basketball team.
a) 3, 2, 6, 7, n
Height (cm) Number of Players b) 1, 3, 4, 5, n
150 ||
155 | 16. The median of the set of numbers 3, 4, 5,
160 || x, and y is 5. What are the possible whole
165 |||| number values for x and y?
170 ||||
17. Five classmates have birthdays in March.
180 |
The median of their birth dates is 12
a) What is the mode for the heights? (March 12) and the mode is 8. If the
How can you determine the mode(s) sum of the five birth dates is 56, find
quickly from the chart? all possible sets of birth dates.
b) What is the median height?

MATH LINK
David surveyed ten friends about their shoe size.
He recorded the following sizes:
6, 7, 5, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 9, 8
a) What is the median shoe size?
b) What is the mode?

12.1 Median and Mode • NEL 427

 Mean

Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to...
φ determine the
mean for a set of
data
φ solve problems
by finding the
mean Ms. Fermat was not satisfied with the way Amir and Melanie calculated
their math midterm reports. She did not feel that the median and mode
provided a correct view of their performances. Ms. Fermat asked the
students to explore another way of representing the centre of the data.

How do you calculate the mean of a set of data?

• 35 centimetre linking
We need to find a Let’s try levelling
cubes value that the test out the towers
scores are centred without adding any
around. more blocks.

1. Build a tower that represents each score that Amir and Melanie
received on their weekly math quizzes: 4, 5, 8, 9, 9.
A tower 4 cubes high represents a score of 4 out of 10.

2. Sketch a picture of your towers for each of the five scores.

3. Move cubes from the taller towers to the shorter towers to create five
identical towers with the same height. Use only the cubes that you
used in #1.
a) What is the new height of each tower?
b) How does this value represent the centre of the data?

428 NEL • Chapter 12

 4. a) What is the sum of the five original scores?
b) Divide the sum you found in part a) by the number of quizzes.
c) How does your answer compare to the height of each tower in #3?

Reflect on Your Findings

5. The value you determined in #3 and #4 above is called the mean . mean
a) How does this value compare with the median and the mode? • a measure of
central tendency
b) Do you think the mean is the best measure of how Amir and
• the sum of a set of
Melanie are doing in math this term? Explain why. values divided by the
number of values in
the set
Example 1: Calculate the Mean • for example,
6+8+4
The daily sales at More Movies for the first Number of Mean = _________
Day Daily Sales 3
week after the DVD release of The Threat of =6
the Brain Snatchers are shown in the table. Monday 140
Tuesday 90
a) What is the daily mean number of sales
Wednesday 80
from Monday to Saturday?
b) How many sales will be needed on Thursday 90
Sunday if More Movies hopes to have a Friday 110
daily mean of 100 sales for the first week? Saturday 120

Solution
a) Calculate the sum of the six numbers.
140 + 90 + 80 + 90 + 110 + 120 = 630 Look for numbers
Divide the sum by the number of days, 6. that are easy to add.
90 + 110 = 200
630 ÷ 6 = 105 80 + 120 = 200
The daily mean number of sales is 105 So, 140 + 90 + 200 + 200 = 630
from Monday to Saturday.

b) Calculate the total number of sales that will be necessary in order to Strategies
have a daily mean number of sales of 100 for 7 days (one week).
Work Backwards
Since the mean needs to be 100, multiply 100 by 7. Refer to page xvi.
100 × 7 = 700
From part a), the sum of the sales for the first 6 days was 630.
Subtract to calculate the number of sales needed on Sunday.
Total Sales = 700 − 630
= 70
70 sales need to be made on Sunday.

Literacy Link
What is the mean of each set of values? You often see the word
“average” used instead
a) 7, 8, 6, 9, 9, 5, 7, 7, 8, 4 b) 300, 250, 400, 300, 250 of the word “mean.”

12.2 Mean • NEL 429

 Example 2: Use the Mean to Make Predictions
A scientist recorded the daily distance
travelled by a spawning salmon for
five days in a row.
Day Distance Travelled (km)
Monday 44
Tuesday 52
Wednesday 51
Thursday 46
Friday 57

a) What is the mean distance travelled by the salmon each day?

b) How far would you expect the salmon to travel in the next ten days?
Assume the salmon has not yet reached its spawning destination.
c) A Chinook salmon may travel 8000 km from its feeding grounds in
the North Pacific Ocean! How many days would you predict this
journey to take based on the mean daily travel distance you
calculated in part a)?

Solution
a) Calculate the sum of the five distances. Add the tens.
44 + 52 + 51 + 46 + 57 = 250 40 + 50 + 50 + 40 + 50 = 230
Divide the sum by the number of days. Add the ones.
4 + 2 + 1 + 6 + 7 = 20
250 ÷ 5 = 50
Add the subtotals.
230 + 20 = 250
C ( 44 + 52 + 51 + 46 +
57 ) ÷ 5 = 50.
The mean distance travelled each day is 50 km.

b) The mean distance travelled each day is 50 km.

Multiply to calculate the expected distance travelled
over the next ten days.
50 × 10 = 500
You would expect the salmon to travel about 500 km
Canada is about
over the next ten days.
5000 km from east to
west, and also about c) The total distance travelled is 8000 km.
5000 km from north The mean distance travelled each day is 50 km.
to south. The
geographical centre Divide to find the length of time the total journey would take.
of Canada is located 8000 ÷ 50 = 160 C 8000 ÷ 50 = 160.
just outside Baker
Lake, Nunavut. The total journey would take about 160 days.

430 NEL • Chapter 12

 • To calculate the mean, add all of the numbers in 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 6 + 7 + 15
Mean = __________________________
a set of data and then divide by the number of 7
numbers. = 56
___
7
• The mean does not have to be a number in the =8
set of data.

1. Describe to a classmate who missed the lesson how to calculate the

mean of the following set of five numbers:
2, 6, 8, 9, 10

2. A toy store has six bins of stuffed animals. These bins contain
8, 7, 4, 5, 3, and 9 stuffed animals each.
a) What is the mean number of stuffed animals?
b) How could the vertical towers of linking cubes be levelled to
determine the mean number of stuffed animals in a bin?

6. Faith picked the following amounts

of cranberries over seven days:
Round all answers to the nearest tenth where 2 L, 1 L, 1.5 L, 3 L, 1 L, 0.5 L, 1.5 L
necessary.
What is the mean volume of cranberries
For help with #3 to #6, refer to Example 1 on she picked?
page 429.
For help with #7 and #8, refer to Example 2 on
3. What is the mean of each set of data?
page 430.
a) 5, 4, 10, 5, 6
b) 2.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, 2.1, 1.9
7. Juanita scored the following points in
her first six basketball games:
c) 30, 85, 50, 105, 100, 65, 20, 25
12, 10, 11, 12, 14, 13
4. Determine the mean of each set of data. a) What is the mean number of points

a) 6, 7, 8, 9, 4, 11
scored?
b) How many points would she need to
b) 3.4, 2.2, 1.4, 4.6, 2.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.6
score in her next game to increase her
c) 120, 72, 100, 110, 150, 75, 73
mean by 1 point for the seven games?
5. A store’s sales of projection TVs on four
Saturdays in February were 8, 7, 9,
and 10. What was the mean number of
Saturday sales in February?
12.2 Mean • NEL 431
 8. The chart shows Month Height (cm) 10. The graph shows the number of homes
the growth of a Jan 3
cleaned by Quick & Clean Housecleaning.
seed planted What is the mean number of homes
Feb 4
indoors in January. cleaned for the months shown?
Mar 4
a) What is the Quick & Clean Housecleaning
Apr 3 80
mean monthly

Number of Houses
growth? May 5 60

June 5 40
b) How much will
20
the plant have to grow in July for the
0
mean monthly growth to be 5 cm for June July Aug Sept Oct Nov
the seven-month period? Month

c) Predict the height of the plant after

one year. 11. Here are Sasha’s test scores in math
this term:
78%, 68.5%, 82%, 87%, 91%, 88%,
74.5%, 71%
9. A survey company collected information a) What is the mean of Sasha’s test scores?
about the amount of television teens b) Sasha wants to raise her mean mark by
watch each week. 1% after the next test. What mark does
she need to get on the next test?
Television Viewing
Province (hours per week)
12. The table gives the maximum daytime
British Columbia 12.4
temperatures for five cities in
Alberta 13.4
Saskatchewan during August.
Saskatchewan 14.6
Maximum
Manitoba 14.7
City Temperature (°C)
a) What is the mean for the four La Ronge 22
provinces listed? Round your answer
North Battleford 24
to the nearest tenth of an hour.
Regina 26
b) The number of hours per week of
Uranium City 19
television watched by teens for all of
Yorkton 24
Canada was given as 14.0. How does
the mean for the four provinces compare a) What is the mean SASKATCHEWAN

with the value given for all of Canada? daytime Uranium City

temperature?
c) Would you predict the mean for the
provinces not listed to be more or less b) Predict the
than 14.0? Explain your reasoning. maximum daily
temperature for La Ronge
d) How many hours of TV would you
Saskatoon, SK, in
expect a typical Canadian teen to
August. Explain North Battleford
watch in one day?
your reasoning. Saskatoon
e) How many hours of TV would you
Yorkton
expect a typical Canadian teen to Regina
watch in ten weeks?

432 NEL • Chapter 12

13. Brennan recorded his test scores for his
English course in a table.
Test My Score Out of (Total) 15. The table gives the ticket prices and
Grammar 6 10 number of seats available at each seat
location for a soccer stadium.
Spelling 11 15
Novel Study 27 35 Ticket Number of
Seat Location Price Seats
Poetry 31 40
Lower Centre $12 500
a) What is the sum of Brennan’s four scores?
Upper Centre $10 1000
b) What is the total possible score Brennan
End Zone $6 500
could have received?
What is the mean ticket price for a sell-out?
c) Calculate Brennan’s overall mean score,
to the nearest whole percent.
16. During one month, major league baseball
players Joe McEwing and Mike Lieberthal
14. The table shows the percent of people
each had 45 hits in 132 attempts.
who take their own bags shopping in
a) Determine the batting average for each
order to minimize the waste of plastic
and paper. What is the mean percent? player by dividing the number of hits
Round your answer to the nearest tenth by the number of attempts. A batting
of a percent. average is always expressed as a
decimal to 3 places.
People Who Bring Their
Province Own Shopping Bags b) Suppose these players played against
each other. Joe hit .800 by hitting 4
Alberta 31%
times in 5 attempts. Mike hit 1.000
British Columbia 31%
after successfully hitting 3 times in 3
Manitoba 35% attempts. Who do you think has the
Ontario 25% better updated batting average for the
Québec 18% year? Explain your prediction.
Saskatchewan 33% c) Calculate each player’s new batting
average. Was your prediction correct?

MATH LINK
Leah interviewed ten friends about the number of cousins they have.
Name Number of Cousins Name Number of Cousins
Danika 18 Kyle 20
Jerome 3 Nicole 8
Paula 9 Vishal 22
Sam 14 Michelle 6
Janice 12 Jonah 10
What is the mean number of cousins among Leah’s friends?
Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

12.2 Mean • NEL 433

 Range and Outliers

Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to...
φ determine the
range for data
sets
φ identify outliers
in data sets
The wooden roller coaster at Playland in Vancouver was built in 1958. It is one of the oldest wooden roller
coasters that is still in use. Most newer roller coasters are made of steel.

How can the largest and smallest values be used to

describe a set of data?
The following diagram shows the elevation changes for the Stomach
Bender roller coaster. The measurements represent the heights of the
roller coaster relative to the starting point of the ride.
B (Gut Drop)

32 m D (Queasy Hill)

18 m

Start End
0m –3 m 0m
–6 m
C
A
–21 m

E
1. Copy the table below into your notebook.
Location Along Ride Start A B C D E End
Elevation Relative
to Starting Point (m)

434 NEL • Chapter 12

 2. Fill in the elevations at each point.

3. a) What is the largest value?

b) What is the smallest value?
c) What is the range of heights for the roller coaster? range
• the positive difference
4. Do you think there are any outliers in the set of 7 locations on the between the largest
and smallest values in
roller coaster? If so, what are they? a data set

Reflect on Your Findings outlier

• a value that is much
5. How would you use the highest and lowest values of a data set to
smaller or larger than
help you describe the data? the other data values
• a data set may have
one or more outliers
Example 1: Calculate the Range or no outliers
A hospital recorded the following number of births one week.
Day Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun
Number of Births 7 10 4 6 7 8 3

a) What is the highest number of births?

b) What is the lowest number of births?
c) What is the range of the data?

Solution
a) The highest number of births is 10 births
on Tuesday.
Digital rights not available.
b) The lowest number of births is 3 births on Sunday.

c) The range is calculated by subtracting the lowest

value from the highest value.
Range = highest value − lowest value
= 10 − 3
=7

What is the range of each set of values?

a) 7, 4, 3, 6, 2, 5, 8, 3
b) 11, 8, 8, 5, 7, 6, 7, 6, 6
c) −4, 3, −1, 0, 2

12.3 Range and Outliers • NEL 435

 Example 2: Identify Outliers in a Data Set
In the 1985–1986 NHL hockey season, Wayne Gretzky set a record for
the most points (goals + assists) recorded during a single regular season.
The following table shows the top five point leaders for the 1985–1986
season and the 2005–2006 season.
NHL Point Leaders
1985–1986 Season Points 2005–2006 Season Points
Wayne Gretzky 215 Joe Thornton 125
Mario Lemieux 141 Jaromir Jagr 123
Paul Coffey 138 Alexander Ovechkin 106
Jari Kurri 131 Dany Heatley 103
Mike Bossy 123 Daniel Alfredsson 103
a) Determine the range for each season. Compare the two ranges.
b) Which data value appears to be an outlier in one of the two seasons?
c) Remove the outlier and determine the new range for that season.
Compare the new range with the range from the other season.

Solution
a) 1985–1986 Season:
215 is the highest value, and 123 is the lowest value
Range = 215 − 123
= 92
2005–2006 Season:
125 is the highest value, and 103 is the lowest value
Range = 125 − 103
= 22
The ranges are very different: 92 and 22.

b) The outlier appears to be Gretzky’s 215 points in the 1985–1986 season.

c) The new highest value is 141.

The new range = 141 − 123
= 18
The two ranges are more comparable in size: 22 and 18.

What value(s) appear to be outliers in each set of data?

a) 18, 19, 79, 17, 20, 12
b) 14, 14, 16, 15, 1, 16
c) 98, 202, 99, 91, 2, 95, 89, 88, 94

436 NEL • Chapter 12

 • The range provides information about the spread of the data.
Range = highest value − lowest value
• Outliers are values that are very different from the rest of the numbers
in a set of data. A data set can have no outliers, or one or more outliers.

1. In your own words, explain the meaning of range and outliers.

2. How can you determine the smallest value in a data set if you are given
the range and the largest value? Use an example to explain your response.

7. Identify any possible outlier(s) in each set

of data.
For help with #3 to #5, refer to Example 1 on a) 666, 11, 9, 12, 8, 13, 10
page 435.
b) 43, 54, 62, 64, 0, 211, 45
3. What is the range of each set of data? c) 82, 75, 76, 85, 89, 95, 92, 88, 80
a) 11, 8, 7, 10, 6, 5, 18, 13
b) 4, −5, 3, −2, 0, 7 8. Curb-cut ramps are often built at
intersections to allow wheelchairs and
4. Determine the range of each set of data. strollers to cross streets more easily. In
one town, a study was done to count
a) 16, 11, 7, 29, 31, 18, 21, 18
the number of curb-cuts at ten random
b) 7, 1, −1, −2, 9, −7, 4 intersections. The results for five different
neighbourhoods are given:
5. Leanne timed how long she could hold her
9, 8, 8, 1, 7
breath while swimming under water. She
recorded the following timings, in seconds: a) What is the range?

47, 55, 42, 65, 61 b) Which data value may be an outlier?

What is the range of the data? c) If you remove the outlier, what is the
new range?
For help with #6 to #8, refer to Example 2 on
page 436.
6. What value(s) appear to be outliers in
each set of data?
a) 6, 9, 9, 37, 8, 7
b) 24, 34, 46, 26, 32, 43, 115
c) 48, 32, 67, 61, 47, 95, 89, 888, 1

12.3 Range and Outliers • NEL 437

 11. The table gives the mean number of wet
days per year for several locations across
9. Vincent received a 200-piece jigsaw Canada. What is the range of wet days?
puzzle for his birthday. The following Mean Number of
times indicate how long it took him to Location Wet Days
complete the puzzle the first six times St. John’s 217
he did it: Halifax 170
54 min, 36 min, 34 min, 29 min, Fredericton 156
27 min, 28 min Toronto 139
a) What is the range? Winnipeg 119
b) Which time may be an outlier? Regina 109
c) Why might this particular value be Edmonton 123
so different from the others? Vancouver 164
d) If you remove the outlier, what is Whitehorse 122
the new range? Yellowknife 118

10. The following table shows the mean 12. The table gives the magnitudes of five of
high temperature for each month in the largest earthquakes that have occurred
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory. in western Canada.
Month Mean Temp. Location Date Magnitude
January −13ºC West of
February −7ºC Vancouver Island, Jan 26, 1700 9.0
March −1ºC BC

April 6ºC South of Hope,

Dec 14, 1872 7.4
BC
May 13ºC
West Coast of
June 18ºC Dec 6, 1918 7.0
Vancouver Island
July 20ºC Central
June 23, 1946 7.3
August 18ºC Vancouver Island
September 12ºC Queen Charlotte
Aug 22, 1949 8.1
October 4ºC Islands, BC
November −5ºC Magnitude refers to the relative size of an
December −11ºC earthquake. Magnitude measurements are
recorded using the Richter scale, which is
a) What is the highest value?
a special scale that goes from 0 to 10.
b) What is the lowest value? What is the range of magnitudes of the
c) What is the range of the data? five earthquakes in the table?

Web Link
To learn more about earthquakes in Canada,
go to www.mathlinks7.ca and follow the links.

438 NEL • Chapter 12

13. Final times, in minutes, for the top ten b) What was the mean number of minutes it
contestants in a race were 55.2, 56.7, took the five contestants to eat their pies?
56.9, 57.3, 58.8, 58.9, 59.2, 59.3, 59.3, c) What strategy did you use to determine
and 59.7. the mean?
a) What is the range of times?
b) Do you think this set of data contains 16. Conduct the following experiment to
any outliers? Explain. simulate rolling two 10-sided dice each
numbered from 0 to 9.
• Randomly choose a page from your
textbook.
14. A data set contains five numbers: • Calculate the sum of the last two digits of
12, 20, 18, 15, 5 the page number. For example, for page
a) Determine the range, median, mode, 108 you would add 0 and 8 to get 8.
and mean of the data set. • Randomly choose 49 more pages for a
total of 50 pages.
b) Add 10 to each of the five numbers and
• Copy and complete the frequency table.
recalculate the range, median, mode,
and mean. How do your answers Sum Tally Freq. Sum Tally Freq.
compare with your answers to part a)? 0 10
c) Multiply the numbers in the original 1 11
data set by 10 and calculate the new 2 12
measures of central tendency. How 3 13
do your answers compare with your
4 14
answers to part a)?
5 15
15. Five students competed in a pie-eating 6 16
contest. 7 17
• The range of times for the group to 8 18
finish eating their pies was 9 min. 9 19
• The least amount of time it took for
someone to finish their pie was 1 min. a) What is the mode?
• The mode was 4 min. b) What is the mean?
• One boy took 2 min more than the median. c) What is the median?
a) What are the finishing times for the five d) What is the range?
contestants? e) Why are there no tally marks on 19?

MATH LINK
Measure and record the heights of ten people in your class, including your teacher.
a) What is the range of heights?
b) Identify any possible outliers.

12.3 Range and Outliers • NEL 439

 The Effects of Outliers

Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to...
φ explain the
effects of
outliers on
measures of
central tendency Can you spot the outlier in the cartoon shown?
φ justify whether Suppose you are asked to determine the mean mass of these babies.
outliers should Should this outlier be removed from the data set?
be included when
determining Some outliers are caused by mistakes in data collection. Other outliers
measures of are just as important as the other data values. When there are outliers in
central tendency a data set, the mean, median, and range can be different from what they
are when the outliers are removed. People who work with data need to
decide when outliers should and should not be used when calculating
measures of central tendency.

How do outliers affect measures of central tendency?

• ruler For a grade 7 science project, students were asked to plant and
observe the growth of six bean seedlings. Students were given
specific instructions to give their planted seeds 1 h of light and
30 mL of water per day. After two weeks the students brought
their plants back to school.

440 NEL • Chapter 12

1. With a ruler, measure the heights of the six bean seedlings shown.
What are the heights?

2. Copy the following table into your notebook.

Mean Median Largest Smallest
Plant Height (cm) (cm) Value Value Range
With Outlier
Without Outlier

3. Complete the following calculations. Record your answers in the first

row of your table.
a) Determine the mean and median heights for the plants.
Round your answers to the nearest tenth of a centimetre.
b) What is the highest seedling height?
c) What is the lowest seedling height?
d) What is the range in heights?

4. Identify a possible outlier value.

5. Remove the outlier from your data. Repeat the calculations from #3.
Record these answers in the second row of your table.

6. a) How has the median changed by removing the outlier?

b) How has the mean changed by removing the outlier?

7. What are some possible reasons why the one plant grew so much
more than the other five? Compare your reasons with those of a
classmate.

Reflect on Your Findings

8. a) Which value is affected more by the presence of an outlier, the
median or the mean? Explain.
b) Should the outlier value be included in the data for the science
experiment? Explain why or why not.

12.4 The Effects of Outliers • NEL 441

 Example 1: Identify Outliers Number of
Shannon practised shooting baskets every Day Baskets
day last week to prepare for a basketball Sunday 14
tournament. She recorded the number of Monday 17
baskets she made each day out of 25 shots. Tuesday 16
a) What is the range of baskets scored? Wednesday 20
b) What are the median and mean numbers Thursday 5
of baskets scored? Friday 22
c) Identify any possible outliers. Should the
Saturday 18
outlier(s) be removed from the data set?
Explain why or why not.

Solution
a) The highest and lowest values are 22 and 5. Range = 22 − 5
= 17

b) Arrange the data in order: 5, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22

The median number of baskets scored is 17.

Mean = 5 + 14 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 20 + 22
_______________________________
7
112
= ____
7
= 16
The mean number of baskets scored is 16.

c) The value 5 could be considered an outlier. This value is significantly

different from the other values. But this value should not be removed
from the data set because it is just as important as the other data
values. It is probably not an error in measurement. It may simply
represent a poorer performance that day.

Example 2: Identify Outliers and Determine Their Effects

In a science experiment, students were asked to measure the length of
their right thumb from the first knuckle to the end of their thumb. The
table shows the lengths that were measured by ten different students.
Student A B C D E F G H I J
Length (cm) 3.2 2.7 3.1 2.8 2.8 2.7 31 3.3 2.6 3.0
a) What is the range?
b) What are the median and the mean?
c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should the outlier(s) be removed
from the data set? Explain why or why not.
d) How would removing the outlier affect the median and the mean?

442 NEL • Chapter 12

Solution
a) The highest value is 31 cm. Range = 31 − 2.6
The lowest value is 2.6 cm. = 28.4
The range 28.4 cm.

b) To find the median, arrange the numbers in order.

2.6, 2.7, 2.7, 2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 31
With ten values, the median will be halfway
between the fifth and sixth values.
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
The median is 2.9 cm.
3.2 + 2.7 + 3.1 + 2.8 + 2.8 + 2.7 + 31 + 3.3 + 2.6 + 3.0
Mean = ___________________________________________________
10
= 57.2
____
10
= 5.72
The mean is 5.72 cm.

c) The value of 31 is an outlier. It is about ten times greater than the

other measurements and is most likely an error in either measurement
or recording. The student may have measured in millimetres instead of
centimetres. Or, it is possible that the student forgot to place the
decimal point between the digits 3 and 1. In this case, the outlier
should be removed.

d) Remove the outlier value of 31 from the ordered list of values from
part b). Recalculate the median and the mean.
2.6, 2.7, 2.7, 2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Since there are only nine values now, the median will be the fifth
value. The median is 2.8 cm.
2.6 + 2.7 + 2.7 + 2.8 + 2.8 + 3.0 + 3.1 + 3.2 + 3.3
Mean = ______________________________________________
9
≈ 2.9
The mean is approximately 2.9.
The median changes from 2.9 to 2.8. The mean changes from 5.7
to 2.9. The mean is affected more by removing the outlier.

The following times were recorded, in seconds, for the runners in a race:
20.2, 16.5, 40.4, 18.5, 21.4, 20.5, 17.1, 24.5, 19.0
a) What is the range of times?
b) What are the median and mean times?
c) Identify any possible outliers. Should the outlier(s) be removed
from the data set? Explain why or why not.

12.4 The Effects of Outliers • NEL 443

 • Outliers can affect all measures of central tendency.
• When a small set of data has an outlier, the mean is usually affected
more by the outlier than the median.
• Some outliers are just as important as the other data values, while
others are better removed from the data set.

1. Brian’s bowling scores are 135, 132, 128, 316, 135, and 138.
Identify a possible outlier in his scores. Should you remove it
from the data set? Explain your reasoning.

2. a) Give an example of a situation where an outlier would be used

when reporting on measures of central tendency.
b) Give an example of a situation where an outlier would not be
used when reporting on measures of central tendency.

4. Two grade 7 students randomly ask the ages

of the first eight people to pass them in the
For help with #3 to #5, refer to Examples 1 and 2 on hallway. They record the following ages:
pages 442–443. 7, 11, 8, 8, 52, 9, 9, 10
3. The table shows the percent of students a) What is the range?
surveyed that had at least one song on b) What are the median and mean age?
their MP3 players by the musicians listed. c) Identify any possible outliers. Should
Students With at the outlier(s) be removed from the data
Musician Least One Song set? Explain why or why not.
Snoop Dogg 42%
Shania Twain 38% 5. Sharon recorded the following prices for
Britney Spears 6% five different brands of canned tomatoes
Kanye West 40%
on the grocery store shelf:
Led Zeppelin 41% $1.29, $1.69, $1.59, $9.61, $1.39
Avril Lavigne 38% a) What is the range?
U2 88% b) What are the median and the mean?
a) What is the range? c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should
b) What are the median and mean? the outlier(s) be removed from the data
set? Explain why or why not.
c) Identify any possible outliers. Should
d) How would removing the outlier(s)
the outlier(s) be removed from the data
affect the median and the mean?
set? Explain why or why not.
444 NEL • Chapter 12
 7. David had the following scores on his
eight weekly spelling tests:
6. A medical study was conducted to learn the 70%, 80%, 80%, 70%, 100%, 80%,
effect of caffeine on heart rate. Participants 20%, 90%
were asked to drink one 250-mL cup of a) What is the range?
coffee and record their number of
b) What are his median and mean scores?
heartbeats over a 15-second interval. The
following data were collected. c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should
the outlier(s) be removed from the data
Heartbeats in 15 seconds:
set? Explain why or why not.
33, 35, 30, 70, 33, 31, 36, 40, 37, 29
d) How would removing the outlier(s)
a) What is the range?
affect the median and the mean?
b) What are the median and the mean?
e) Describe two different ways that you
c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should could determine David’s overall mark
the outlier(s) be removed from the data to be between 75% and 85%.
set? Explain why or why not.
d) How would removing the outlier(s)
affect the median and the mean?
8. A set of nine numbers has two outliers.
The mean and median both equal 50 if
you include or exclude the outliers. What
are the possible nine numbers?

MATH LINK
In a gymnastics competition, each performance was judged by eight judges
on a scale from 0.25 to 10.00. In order to calculate the gymnast’s overall
performance, the top score and bottom score were removed and the mean of
the remaining scores was determined. This value is called the trimmed mean.
Jordan recorded the following scores for her friend’s performance.

Judge A B C D E F G H
Digital rights not available.
Score 8.25 7.50 9.75 8.50 6.50 7.75 8.00 8.25

Round your answers to 2 decimal places.

a) Using all the scores, what is the median? mean? highest score? lowest
score? range?
b) Remove the top and bottom scores. What is the new median? mean? range?
c) Which value in part b) has changed the most?
d) Would you consider the highest and lowest scores to be outliers in this
example? Explain.

12.4 The Effects of Outliers • NEL 445

 Choose the Best Measure of
Central Tendency
Focus on…
After this lesson,
you will be able to...
φ determine when
to use the mean,
median, or mode
to best describe
a set of data
φ solve problems
using mean,
median, and
mode

The table below shows school T-shirt sales for the past ten weeks.
The school wants to make one more order for the next 30 weeks.
How could the school decide how many T-shirts to order?
Sept Sept Sept Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov
Date
10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12
Sales 7 50 8 9 10 12 7 7 9 11

Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate?

1. What are the mean, median, mode, and range of the T-shirt data
shown above?

2. Compare the mean, median, and mode. Which measure seems to

best represent the ten numbers? Explain.

3. Share your answer from #2 with a classmate. Do your answers

agree? If not, explain the reasons for your selection.

4. How many T-shirts should be purchased for the next 30 weeks?

Explain your thinking.

446 NEL • Chapter 12

Reflect on Your Findings
5. a) Why do you think the sales in the second week were so high
compared to the other nine weeks?
b) Which measure of central tendency was most affected by the
large number of sales in the second week?
c) Which measure of central tendency do you think is not a
good measure of the centre of these data? Explain why.

Example 1: Compare Measures of Central Tendency

Amir and Melanie’s weekly quiz scores were 4, 5, 8, 9, 9.
Which measure(s) of central tendency best describe the data?
Explain why.

Solution
Since the mode represents the highest score, it is not the best
representation of the five scores. The other two measures, median
and mean, are both acceptable.

a) What are the mean, median, and mode for the following data set?
Round your answers to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
16, 53, 14, 16, 11, 11, 12, 13, 11
b) Which measure(s) of central tendency best describe the data?
Explain.

12.5 Choose the Best Measure of Central Tendency • NEL 447

 Example 2: Choose Mode as the Best Measure of
Central Tendency
Students have taken a vote
on the new official school
colours for sports uniforms.
The number of votes for
each colour is shown.
Which measure of central
tendency would you use to
decide the winning colour?
7 4 1 5 6 10

Solution
The data collected involve the frequency of colour choices.
The most popular choice wins.
In this case, the median and mean do not provide any meaningful
information about colour choice. The best measure to use is the mode.
The mode is purple since purple is the most popular choice.

Example 3: Compare Median and Mean

Suki paid the following amounts for her last six pairs of jeans
before tax:
$44, $38, $45, $49, $125, $50
a) What are the median and the mean jean prices?
b) Which measure of central tendency best describes these data?

Solution
a) Arrange the numbers in order. The median is the middle value.
38 44 45 49 50 125
The median is halfway between the values of 45 and 49 at 47.
The median price is $47.00.

38 + 44 + 45 + 49 + 50 + 125
Mean = ____________________________
6 The number of pairs
= 58.50 of jeans is 6.
The mean price is $58.50.

b) The value of $125 is very different from the other five values.
The single value, $125, alters the mean much more than the median.
The median is a better measure of central tendency for the six prices.

448 NEL • Chapter 12

 • The mode is the best measure of central tendency for data that represent
frequency of choice such as favourite colour, clothing and shoe sizes, or
most popular musical group.
• If all the numbers in a set of data are relatively close together, either the
median or mean can be used as a measure of central tendency.
• If a data set contains unusually large or small numbers relative to the rest
of the data, the median is usually the best measure of central tendency.

1. A group of adults were asked to choose their favourite female singer:

Sarah McLachlan, Hillary Duff, Avril Lavigne, Shania Twain, or Celine
Dion. Which measure of central tendency would best represent the
data? Explain why.

2. A student recorded the following hours of volunteer work for

each of the past ten months:
23, 18, 21, 19, 23, 24, 84, 22, 20, 16
Determine the median and mean. Which measure of central tendency
better represents the data? Explain why.

Round all answers to one decimal place unless

otherwise specified.
For help with #3, refer to Example 1 on page 447.
3. Min recorded the number of baskets she
made out of ten attempts during each
basketball practice. After nine practices, Digital rights not available.
her results were:
4, 7, 5, 6, 3, 7, 2, 3, 7
a) What are the median, mode, and mean?
b) Which measure of central tendency best
describes these data? Explain why.

12.5 Choose the Best Measure of Central Tendency • NEL 449

For help with #4 and #5, refer to Example 2 on 7. In a grade 5 class, 16 students are 10 years
page 448. old, 2 students are 9 years old, and
2 students are 11 years old. The teacher
4. Which measure of central tendency best
and her assistant are both 50 years old.
represents the following data? What is
its value? a) What are the mean, median, and mode
ages of all students and teachers?
Favourite Hockey Player Number of Votes
b) Which measure(s) of central tendency
Sidney Crosby 8
best describes the data? Explain why.
Jarome Iginla 5
Alexander Ovechkin 8
Ryan Smyth 7

5. The following tally 8. The following table shows survey results for
chart represents the the percent of radio listening time by music
sizes of running type among 100 Canadian teens.
shoes that were
sold last Saturday. Music Type Listening Time (%)
Pop 19.0
Size 7 8 9 10
Contemporary rock 31.0
Number Sold |||| |||| ||
Rap 14.7
a) What are the mean and the mode size
Album rock 10.6
of shoe?
Country 8.7
b) If you are restocking the shoes at the
Other 16.0
end of the day, which measure of
central tendency is more meaningful? Which single music type
Why? best represents Canadian
teenagers? Which measure
Digital rights not available.
For help with # 6 and #7, refer to Example 3 on of central tendency did you
page 448. use to find your answer?
Explain why.
6. A realtor in Rainbow Town sold the
following houses in the past month. 9. Juan’s Cleaners had developed a new
House Description Selling Price disinfectant to kill germs. Ten tests were
Red starter house $80 000 performed with the following results.
Blue house $140 000 Percent of germs eliminated:
Green house $145 000 67, 99, 91, 87, 99, 70, 99, 69, 92, 61
Grey house $150 000 a) If you were the owner of the company,
Pink mansion $2 100 000 which measure of central tendency
would you use for advertising? Why?
a) What are the median and mean?
b) If you were working for the Centre for
b) Which measure of central tendency
Disease Control, which measure of
is more representative of the house
central tendency would be best for the
prices in Rainbow Town?
public to use in evaluating the product?
Why?

450 NEL • Chapter 12

10. A school held a canned food drive for 13. A set of three whole numbers has a median
holiday season food baskets in their of 17. If the smallest number is 10 and the
community. The following numbers of mean is 15, what is the largest number?
cans were collected.
14. A set of four whole numbers has a mode
Number of Total Cans
Grade Students Collected of 7. The smallest number is 2. What is
the mean if the largest number is 8?
1 20 100
2 24 96
15. On a recent class test, the mean score was
3 22 99 80%, the mode score was 70%, and the
4 20 120 median score was 90%. Kyle scored 80%.
5 18 90 Which measure of central tendency would
6 26 130 you use to make Kyle feel
7 25 125 a) confident about himself? Why?
a) Which grade collected the most cans? b) like he could do better? Why?
b) What was the mean number of cans
collected for each student in each grade? 16. Work with a partner to create a scenario
where there are two groups that take
c) Which grade should win a prize for most
opposite positions (labour and
cans collected? Explain your choice.
management, children and parents, etc.).
a) Provide data that supports using the
mode as the best measure of central
11. A set of five distinct natural numbers has a tendency.
mean of 6 and a median of 6. What is the b) Provide data that supports using the
largest possible number in the set? median as the best measure of central
tendency.
12. The mean of four natural numbers is 28. If
there is only one mode, what is a possible
set of numbers?

MATH LINK
A set of seven judges gave the following scores to
Susan’s diving performance:
7.2, 6.8, 7.3, 8.0, 8.5, 8.2, 6.8
a) What is the mean? Round your answer to the
nearest tenth.
b) What is the median?
c) What is the mode?
d) Which measure(s) of central tendency best
represent the centre of the data? Explain why.

12.5 Choose the Best Measure of Central Tendency • NEL 451

Key Words 7. Make a data set with six numbers for
which the values of the median and mode
For #1 to #4, unscramble the letters to identify the
differ by 2. Explain how you found your
appropriate key word.
answer.
1. A E I M N D
the middle number in a set of data
arranged from smallest to largest 12.2 Mean, pages 428–433
2. N A M E 8. Between January and March one year,
the sum of a data set divided by the school was cancelled in Chesterfield
number of values in the set Inlet seven times due to blizzards. The
following data give the number of days
3. L R U O I T E
each blizzard lasted:
a value that is significantly smaller or
larger than the other values in a data set 1, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3
What was the mean length of a blizzard
4. A G R E N that year?
the positive difference between the largest
and smallest values in a data set 9. The Wong family took a family vacation
to California. The one-way driving trip
12.1 Median and Mode, pages 422–427 was 2100 km. It took them 3 days to
drive there.
5. The number of phone calls received at
Jessica’s house in the last seven days were a) What was the mean distance they
5, 9, 8, 5, 6, 3, and 4. What is the mode travelled each day?
and median? b) Predict how many days it would take
them next summer to drive one way to
6. The table shows the mean wind speed in eastern Canada, a distance of 4900 km.
kilometres per hour from weather readings Assume they can travel the same mean
taken at the Blood Reserve near distance each day.
Lethbridge, Alberta.
10. A set of five numbers has a sum of 35.
Wind Speed Wind Speed
Month (km/h) Month (km/h) a) What is the mean of the five numbers?
Jan 22 July 16 b) If one of the numbers is removed, the
Feb 20 Aug 15 mean is 6. What is the sum of the
Mar 19 Sept 17 remaining four numbers?
Apr 21 Oct 21 c) Which number was removed?
May 20 Nov 21
June 19 Dec 22
What is the mode and median?

452 NEL • Chapter 12

12.3 Range and Outliers, pages 434–439 12.4 The Effects of Outliers, pages 440–445
11. The following table shows the number of 13. The following table shows the October
forest fires that were caused by humans in rainfall in several locations.
one year. Location October Rainfall (mm)
Fires Caused by La Ronge, SK 22
Region Humans in One Year
Regina, SK 14
Manitoba 203
Jasper, AB 24
Saskatchewan 239
Edmonton, AB 10
Alberta 336
Slave Lake, AB 18
British Columbia 644
Terrace, BC 197
Yukon Territory 25
Kelowna, BC 21
Northwest Territories 17
a) What are the median and mean
a) What are the highest and lowest values? October rainfalls?
b) What is the range? b) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should
c) Identify any possible outlier(s). What the outlier(s) be removed from the data
might be a possible explanation for the set? Explain why or why not.
outlier(s)? c) How would removing the outlier(s)
affect the median and the mean?
12. The following table shows the mean
hourly wages of six different categories Geography Link
of employment in British Columbia, The rainfall recorded for Terrace, BC is correct. You
Manitoba, and Alberta in 2006. may wish to learn more about the geography of
Terrace that makes it such a wet place.
Type of Hourly Wages ($)
Occupation MB AB BC
processing and 12.5 Choose the Best Measure of Central
13.62 17.68 17.53
manufacturing Tendency, pages 446–451
health related 20.41 22.72 25.16
14. Two grade 7 classes collected cans of food
trades, transport, for a local food bank. The table shows the
16.87 19.98 20.73
and equipment
number of cans of food that were collected
science related 23.99 28.84 25.71 by each student.
business, finance,
16.29 18.77 18.94 Number of Cans Per Student
and administration
sales and service 11.37 12.68 13.60 0 1 2 3 4 5 37
Class A |||| |||| || |||| ||| |
a) What is the range of wages in each
province? Class B |||| |||| |||| || || |
b) What is the range for the three highest a) What is the median for each class?
paying categories in each province? b) What is the mean for each class?
c) If a tie is not allowed, which class
should get the prize? Explain.

Chapter Review • NEL 453

For #1 to #3, choose the best answer. 8. a) Give an example of a situation where
the mode is the best measure of central
Use the following information to answer #1 to #3.
tendency.
In April, 2003, Canadian Mike Weir won the
b) Give an example of a situation where
Masters golf tournament. His scores for the
the median is the best measure of
four-day event appear in the table.
central tendency.
Day Score c) Give an example of a situation where
Thursday 70 the mean is the best measure of central
Friday 68 tendency.
Saturday 75
Sunday 68 9. The table shows the percent of homes in
four provinces that have water-saving,
1. What is the mode of the set of golf scores? low-flow shower heads installed.
A 7 B 68 C 69 D 70.25

2. What is the mean of the set of golf scores?

A 7 B 68 C 69 D 70.25

3. What is the range of the set of golf scores?

A 7 B 68 C 69 D 70.25 Homes With Low-Flow
Province Shower Heads (%)
Use the following information to answer #4 to #6. Manitoba 34.0
In the past year the following sizes of litters of Saskatchewan 26.6
kittens were born in one neighbourhood: Alberta 32.2
5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4 British Columbia 43.4

4. The mode is . a) What is the range of percents?

b) What is the mean of percents?
5. The median is .
10. Mary and Iblauk went sledding after
6. The mean is . school. They both went down the hill six
times on the same sled. The following list
gives the distances they slid, in metres:
Short Answer 25, 42, 53, 47, 41, 51
7. Suppose every piece of data in a set is a) What is the mean distance travelled, to
increased by 20. How does this affect the the nearest tenth of a metre?
values of the mean, median, and mode? b) Identify any outlier(s). Should the
outlier(s) be included in the calculation
of the mean? Explain why.

454 NEL • Chapter 12

11. The following times, in seconds, were 13. For every soccer practice, Cam keeps track
recorded for a mouse to run through a of the number of goals he makes in ten
maze: attempts. In the last ten practices, he made
34, 12, 10, 11, 12, 13, 9 the following numbers of goals:
a) What are the median and mean times? 2, 6, 8, 7, 8, 9, 7, 8, 6, 8
b) Which measure of central tendency best a) What is the range?
represents the data? b) What is the median as a percent?
c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should c) What is the mean as a percent?
the outlier(s) be removed from the data d) What is a possible explanation for
set? Explain why or why not. Cam’s low score on the first day?
d) How would removing the outlier(s) e) How would the mean
affect the median and the mean? and median change if
Cam did not include
his low score of 2?
Extended Response
f) If Cam wishes to use
12. Laura tracks the number of hours she the mean to describe
spends playing games on the computer his performance,
each night for one week: should he
2.5, 2.0, 1.0, 2.5, 2.0, 15, 3.5 include his
a) What is the range? low score?
Explain.
b) What are the mode, median, and mean?
c) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should
the outlier(s) be removed from the data
set? Explain why or why not.
d) Which measure of central tendency
changes the most when the outlier is
removed? By how much does it change?

WRAP IT UP!
Collect at least ten pieces of numerical data about a topic of your choice.
Analyse the data to show what you know about working with data. Your
report should include:
• a description of why you collected this data set and how you collected it
• the range, mean, median, and mode
• an explanation of which measure of central tendency best represents the data
• a description of any possible outliers
• an explanation for whether any outliers should be used in determining the
measures of central tendency

Practice Test • NEL 455

Data Duel
Play Data Duel with a partner. These are • 4 six-sided dice
the rules: • Data Duel spinner
• Each player rolls two dice, adds the • paper clip
results, and records the total. Each
player rolls 9 more times to make a list mean
of 10 totals.
• Either player spins the Data Duel range median
spinner.
• Both players use their list of 10 totals mode
to determine the measure shown on the
spinner.
• The players compare the measures and The spinner stopped on
check each other’s reasoning. The higher “mode,” so I find the
measure scores a point for this round. mode of my 10 totals.

• If the measures are tied, both players

score a point for the round.
• There are some extra rules if players are
finding the mode:
– If both players find that there is no
mode, the round is tied and both
players score a point.
– A player who finds two or more
modes should compare the highest
mode with the other player’s mode. We found the mode. My
mode is 9 and my partner’s
– Any mode value beats finding no mode is 6, so I score a point.
mode.
• Play more rounds using a new list of 10
totals for each round. The first player
to reach 5 points wins. If both players
reach 5 points in the same round, play Digital rights not available.
more rounds until one player pulls
ahead. This player wins.

456 NEL • Chapter 12

Managing a Business
Before buying items to sell in their stores, store owners collect and
analyse data about their customers and their needs in order to predict
sales and place their orders.
You be the store owner!
You are going to open a shoe store for teens and need the following
information about the teens in your area:
• What sizes of shoes are worn by teens between 12 and 14 years old?
• What styles of shoes are most popular? Consider basketball, trainer,
skateboarding, tennis, and so on.
• How much are teens willing to pay for a pair of shoes?
a) Collect and organize data from your class on shoe sizes, style
preferences, and prices.
b) Analyse the data to help you decide what you need to order. Include
measures of central tendency, such as mean, median, and mode, as
appropriate.
c) Choose which measure of central tendency is best for each set of
results. Explain your choices.

Challenge in Real Life • NEL 457

Chapter 9 Add and Subtract Integers 5. The surface of Great Bear Lake is 156 m
1. What addition statement does each above sea level. The bottom of the lake is
diagram represent? 257 m below sea level. Estimate and
calculate the depth of the lake.
a)

Chapter 10 Patterns and Expressions

b) 6. Describe each pattern. What are the next
two numbers in each pattern?
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a) 1, 4, 7, 10, …
b) 8, 13, 18, 23, 26 …
2. What subtraction statement does each
c) 17, 14, 11, 8, …
diagram represent?
a) b)
7. Look at the following number pattern.
__
2 = 0.0666..., or 0.06
___
30
__
5 = 0.1666..., or 0.16
___
30
__
8 = 0.2666..., or 0.26
___
30
a) Describe the pattern.
b) What is the next fraction in the pattern?
17 written as a repeating
c) What is ___
30
decimal using bar notation?

8. The tile pattern shown is being used to

3. What is each sum or difference? cover a bathroom floor.
a) (+5) + (−5) b) (+7) + (−4)
c) (−9) − (−7) d) (+8) − (−8)
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
e) (+3) − (+7) f) (−2) − (−9)
a) Make a table showing the number of
4. One October morning in Prince Edward, white and blue tiles in the first five
Saskatchewan, the temperature was −3°C. designs.
In the late afternoon, the temperature was b) Describe the pattern for the number of
12°C higher. What was the temperature in blue tiles in relation to the number of
the late afternoon? white tiles.

458 NEL • Chapter 12

 c) Choose a variable and tell what it d) If there are 10 cars in the roller coaster
represents. Then use the variable to train, how many riders are allowed on
write an algebraic expression for the the train?
number of blue tiles.
d) How many blue tiles will there be if Chapter 11 Solving Equations
there are 24 white tiles? 11. The diagram represents an equation.

9. The expression 2n + 4 represents the + – =

perimeter of any figure in this pattern,
where n is the figure number. a) What are the two expressions that
make up this equation?
b) What is the equation?
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
a) What would be the perimeter of 12. Solve by inspection. Verify your answer.
Figure 12? a) k − 7 = 19 b) p + 12 = 12
b) Make a table of values for the first six c=3
c) 2n = 18 d) __
figures in the pattern. 8

10. The graph shows the number of roller 13. Solve the equation modelled by each
coaster riders allowed on a roller coaster diagram. Check your solution.
train, depending on the number of cars a)
that make up the train. + + + =
y
16 b)
x
14
x
Number of Riders

12

10

4
14. The formula for the perimeter of an
equilateral triangle is P = 3s. What side
2
length is needed to make an equilateral
0 1 2 3 4 5 x triangle with a perimeter of 48 cm?
Number of Cars
15. An adventure company charges $95 per
a) Make a table of values for the first five
day for canoeing equipment plus $10 per
values of x starting at x = 1.
student for food. The total cost for one
b) What is an algebraic expression for day can be modelled using the equation
the number of riders in relation to the C = 10n + 95.
number of cars?
a) What do the variables C and n represent?
c) Describe the pattern of points on the
b) Students in one class raised $345 for
graph in two different ways.
a one-day trip. How many students
can go?

Chapters 9–12 Review • NEL 459

Chapter 12 Working With Data 19. Steven scored 338 points in 26 basketball
16. The following numbers of haircuts were games this fall. Micha played in 8 fewer
given at a salon in the last five days: games than Steven. Her mean score per
game was 0.5 points higher than Steven’s.
25, 29, 25, 26, 35.
How many total points did Micha score in
a) What is the mode? her basketball season?
b) What is the median?
c) What is the mean? 20. Thirty students wrote a science test.
Twenty-five students achieved a mean mark
17. The mode is 6 for the set of numbers 3, 4, of 74%. The other five students had a mean
4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, x, and y. What are mark of 45%. What was the class mean
possible whole number values for x and y? mark? Express your answer as a percent.

18. Robert takes his dog for a walk six days a 21. Melissa found the following prices for five
week. The following times indicate how different brands of orange juice in the
long they walked last week: refrigerated section at the grocery store:
54 min, 56 min, 60 min, 58 min, 55 min, $3.29, $2.99, $3.49, $6.98, and $3.79.
28 min a) What is the range?
a) What is the range? b) What are the median and the mean?
b) Which time may be an outlier? c) Which is the best measure of central
c) Why might this value be so different tendency for the data?
from the others? d) Identify any possible outlier(s). Should
d) If you remove the outlier, what is the the outlier(s) be removed from the data
new range? set? Explain why or why not.
e) How would removing the outlier(s)
affect the median and the mean?

22. Roach-Away developed a new chemical to

destroy cockroaches. Ten tests were
performed. The percent of roaches
destroyed were:
60, 99, 90, 99, 70, 91, 88, 71, 69, 99
If you were the owner of the company,
which measure of central tendency would
you use for advertising? Explain your
choice.

460 NEL • Chapter 12

The Birthday Party
1. Students in two classes were asked how many
friends were invited to their last birthday party.
Class A: 5, 10, 10, 6, 8, 9, 6, 5, 4, 6, 8
Class B: 11, 9, 13, 11, 18, 12, 14, 18, 16, 15, 11, 14
a) Find the mean, median, and mode for each class.
b) What is the range for each class?

2. You are planning a birthday party. You can choose

from the following three activities. Costs include all
taxes.
A Bowling: Cost is $12 per person. This includes
the cost of food, drinks, shoe rental, and 1 h of
bowling.
B Swimming: Cost is $8 per person plus $55 for
renting the pool.
C Movie: Cost is $10 per person plus $30 for the
party room.
In all cases, the birthday person is free.
You want to invite at least 8 friends. The total cost
cannot be more than $200.
Model the cost of each activity using an algebraic
equation.

3. Which party would you choose? How many friends

can you take? What is the total cost?

4. Explain the decisions you made in #3. Justify your

response using at least two of a table of values,
equations, or graphs.

Task • NEL 461