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ST. FRANCIS ACADEMY OF PAMPANGA

Junior School Department
SY 2022-2023
SCIENCE 10 – FOURTH QUARTER
Module 1

A. You Will Learn to

 Explain the three variables by which gases are measured: pressure, volume, and temperature.
 Perform calculations involving gas laws.

B. Let’s Learn
Gases
o Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
o Gas Laws

C. Let’s Study

Gases have definite shapes and

volumes, about completely filling
a container. The volume of the
container is the volume of the
gas in it. A gas exerts pressure on
all sides of the container that
holds it. A gas can be
compressed by pressures greater
than the pressure of the gas on
its container. Air describes the
common mixture of gases in the
atmosphere. In the gaseous
state, the matter is made of
particles (atoms or molecules)
that are not attached to each
other.
PRESSURE, VOLUME, AND TEMPERATURE
Gases behave differently from solids and liquids. Unlike solids and liquids, gases have neither fixed volume
nor shape. They are molded entirely by the container in which they are held. The three variables by which
gases are measured: pressure, volume, and temperature.
o Pressure – a force exerted by a substance per
unit area on another substance. The pressure Units of Pressure
of a gas is the force that the gas exerts on the 1 pascal (Pa) 1 N/m2
wall of its container. Pressure is the property 1 atmospheric pressure (ATM) 1.01325 x 10 Pa
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that determines the direction in which mass 1 atmospheric pressure (ATM) 760 torr
flows. Gas pressure is measured in mmHg 1 atmospheric pressure (ATM) 101.32 kPA
(millimeters of mercury) with a barometer.
Force F
o Pressure= P=
Area A

o Volume –the space occupied by matter. All gases must be enclosed in a sealable container. The
three-dimensional space enclosed by the container walls is the volume of the gas. The SI unit of
volume is the cubic meter (m 3).
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o Temperature – The temperature of a gas is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy
of the molecules. In a hot gas, the molecules move faster than in a cold gas; the mass remains the
same, but the kinetic energy, and hence the temperature, is greater because of the increased
velocity of the molecules. Gas temperatures are usually measured in degree Celsius ( oC). However,
all gas law problems will be done with Kelvin temperatures (K). You can covert between Celsius
and Kelvin using this formula: Kelvin = Celsius + 273.15

D. Let’s Do This

Answer the following problems. Show the GUFSA.

1. If 22.5 L of nitrogen at 748 mm Hg is compressed to 725 mm Hg at a constant temperature. What is the new
volume?

2. Calculate the decrease in temperature when 6.00 L at 20.0 °C is compressed to 4.00 L.

3. Maybelline Cousteau’s backup oxygen tank reads 900 mmHg while on her boat, where the temperature is
27o C. When she dives down to the bottom of an unexplored methane lake on a recently-discovered moon of
Neptune, the temperature will drop down to –183o C. What will the pressure in her backup tank be at that
temperature? (270 mmHg)

4. A gas balloon has a volume of 106.0 liters when the temperature is 45.0 °C and the pressure is 740.0 mmHg
of mercury. What will its volume be at 20.0 °C and 780 .0 mm of mercury pressure?
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E. Let’s Test Ourselves

Answer the following questions:

F. Assignment

Answer the following questions.

1. According to Charles’ Law, if you have a balloon inside a car at noon during a hot summer day the balloon
molecules inside will increase in pressure. Is it true or false? Explain your answer.

2. Hot air balloons use simple principles from physics to create a serene sense of natural flight. Explain how it
works.

3. Which gas law explains why lungs expand as they fill with air? Prove your answer.
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ST. FRANCIS ACADEMY OF PAMPANGA

Junior School Department
SY 2022-2023
SCIENCE 10 – FOURTH QUARTER
Module 2

A. You Will Learn to

 Define biochemistry.
 Identify the applications of biochemistry.
 Recognize the major categories of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and
nucleic acids.
B. Let’s Learn
Biomolecules

C. Let’s Study

Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances in living
systems. It is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular levels.
It emerged as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, or physical chemistry
and began to study such topics as how living things obtain energy from food, the chemical basis of heredity, and
what fundamental changes occur in diseases. Biochemistry is both a life science and a chemical science - it
explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells.
Biomolecules are organic molecules produced by a living organism. They consist primarily of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. They form the bodies of all living beings and are the causes and products of the
chemical processes that keep them alive.
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D. Let’s Do This

Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, lipid or nucleic acid (only used once).

1. Starch 9. Polysaccharide

2. Cholesterol 10.__________________ Phospholipid

3. Steroid 11. DNA & RNA

4. Glycogen 12. Monosaccharide

5. enzyme 13. Cellulose

6. saturated fat 14. amino acid

7. polypeptide chain 15. unsaturated fatty acid

8. Glucose

E. Let’s Test Ourselves

Answer UNIT TEST (I, II, & III), on your Science 10 Book,
Pages 327-329. Write your answers in your Notebook for II and III.

F. Let’s Enrich Ourselves

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

G. Assignment

How do humans benefit from the following?

1. carbohydrates

2. proteins

3. lipids

4. nucleic acids
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ST. FRANCIS ACADEMY OF PAMPANGA

Junior School Department
SY 2022-2023
SCIENCE 10 – FOURTH QUARTER
Module 3

A. You Will Learn to

 Describe the four general types of chemical reactions.
 Balance equations, given the formula for reactants and products.

B. Let’s Learn
Chemical Reaction

C. Let’s Study

Chemical Reaction
A chemical reaction is the change of a substance into a new one that has a different chemical identity. It is
the pathway by which two substances bond together. A chemical reaction preserves the number of atoms
and the total mass involved but redistributes the materials into new arrangements.

Reaction Energy
o Chemical reactions
always involve a
change in energy.
Energy’s absorbed
or released in
chemical
reactions. If
stronger bonds
form in the
products that are
broken in the
reactants, heat is
released to the
surroundings, and
the reaction is
termed
exothermic. If
stronger bonds
break when
formed, heat must
be absorbed from
the surroundings,
and the reaction is
endothermic.
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

=two or more elements or compounds may combine to form a more complex compound

= a single compound breaks down into its component parts or simpler compounds

=a more reactive element takes the place of another element in a compound and sets the less active
one free

= also known as an Ionic reaction; occur between ions in an aqueous solution. A reaction will occur
when a pair of ions come together to produce at least one of the following: a precipitate, a gas, water
or some other nn-ionized substance

=reaction of an element or compound with oxygen to form an oxide and produce heat; hydrocarbons
combust with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat

CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
A chemical equation
is a way to describe
what goes on in a chemical
reaction, the actual change
in a material. Balancing of
equations requires the same
number of atoms on both
sides of a chemical reaction.
The mass of all the reactants
must equal the mass of the
products.

Example:

D. Let’s Do This
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E. Let’s Test Ourselves

Show your solution on the last page of this module.

ANSWER SHEET FOR “LET’S TEST OURSELVES”

BALANCING THE EQUATION